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Technical  World  Magazine 

Contents  for  March,  1914 


Strong  Drink     ..........         Elbert  Hubbard 

Being  a  little  temperate  talk  on  temperance        .       . 

Democracy  Chooses  an  Autocrat        .      .      .    William  W.  Renwick 

The  city  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  has  given  over  its  city  government  to  a 
manager  who  has  complete  power.  He  is  subject  to  recall  but  as 
long  as  he  is  in  office  he  can  fire  all  department  heads  or  order  your 
window  curtains  pulled  down.  Dayton  is  now  a  big  corporation 
with  an  active  superintendent 13 

The  Heart  of  the  Mine  Berton  Braley 

Poem 21 

Wireless'  Fate George  H.  Cushing 

There  will  be  five  ages  of  wireless  and  at  the  end  of  the  last  one 

we  shall  see  it  competing  with  the  telegraph  lines  which  at  present 
form  a  network  of  copper  over  the  world.  Wireless  will  inevitably 
fail  as  a  private  enterprise 22 

Henry  Ford 

This  man,  who  is  at  present  the  greatest  individual  manufacturer, 
has  turned  ten  million  dollars  into  the  pockets  of  his  twenty-six 
thousand  employes.     Photographs.         29 

When  Is  Man  Old? Byron  C.  Utecht 

The  clerk  at  forty  is  in  danger  of  losing  his  job  and  if  he  does  lose 
it  he  always  has  great  difficulty  in  finding  a  new  position  because 
of  his  advanced  age".  But  science  and  a  study  of  statistics 
show  that  this  is  probably  a  mistaken  conception  of  the  usefulness 
of  men  and  women  over  forty — or  sixty 37 

Beating  the  Meter         

How  one  man  avoided  high  prices  for  electric  current  and  got  better 

service 44 

The  Hoodoo  Drydock Jonas  Piatt 

Just  because  Fate  seemed  to  be  on  the  trail  of  a  big  government 

enterprise,  two  contractors  were  ruined  and  millions  of  dollars  lost       ....        46 

Establishing  the  Elephant's  Royalty        .      .      .    Warren  H.  Miller 

When  Darwin  tried  to  prove  his  theory  of  evolution,  scientists,  who 
could  not  believe  it,  held  the  case  of  the  elephant  against  him. 
Lately  the  line  has  been  established  in  the  heart  of  the  Sahara        ....        54 

Millions  of  the  Cellar Bailey  Millard 

New  York  spends  a  large  part  of  its  time  underground.  If  you 
plan  to  move  to  the  second  city  of  the  world,  you  may  count  on 
traveling  and  buying  and  eating  underneath  the  city.  You  may 
even  do  all  your  work  there 64 


Playing  Golf  Indoors 

Golfers   of  the  city   are  playing  a   real  game   all  winter         '73 

Sun  Hitched  to  Bathtub 

Western  Coast  flats  are  using  a  supplementary  sun-heating 
plant  with  great  success '74 

Flushing  Streets  with  Mountain  Streams 

They  sweep  the  streets  with  a  stream  turned  through  a  hose 80 

Ohio  Matzos  for  Old  World 

A  Cincinnati  factory  turns  out  vast  quantities  of  Jewish  Passover 

bread  each  winter.      It  is  shipped  all  over  the  world 81 

Coal  by  Waterpovver 

Appalachian  coal  mines  art  using  waterpower  instead  of  burning 

their  coal o± 

Insurance  Across  the  Counter Donald  Wilhelm 

Massachusetts  has  gone  into  the  business  of  selling  insurance  to  all 

who  apply.      The  rates  are  lower  than  those  of  any  company 88 

Farming  for  Furs 

Art  you    interested  in  fur  farming?        There   is    money   in    it       ...  92 

Salvor's  Luck David  A.  Wasson 

The  laws  of  salvage  are  beneficent  ones— for  the  salvor;  and  when 
a  big  steamer  is  in  distress  or  wrecked,  he  who  aids  or  saves  her 
often  reaps  a  huge  reward 95 

Thirteen  Knots  Through  a  Typhoon      .      .      .      Louis  E.  Browne 

Our  joy  riding  fleet  passed  through  one  of  the  most  severe  storms  of 
history  on  the  Atlantic.  They  were  ready  for  battle  even  in 
the  midst  of  it 1 Q2 

New  Art  to  Cheapen  Printing  Cost        .      .      .      T.  C.  O'Donnell 

Intaglio  printing  will  enable  tht  magazines  to  use  the  finest  pictures 

on  cheap  paper 1  nj 

B0™1*5    .•      • Charles  W.  Person 

There  is  a  man  in  New  York  who  makes  a  business  of  opening 

every  bomb  that  is  found.      He  has  had  experiences 109 

Irrigation  for  Every  Farm 

Supplementary    irrigation    will  raise   crop    values 116 

Divining  Rod  Mystery 

A  new  form  of  divining  rod  is  being  used  by  scientists  to  find  water       ....      120 

Made  by  Our  Readers 

Eight  prizes,  aggregating  forty-five  dollars,  for  interesting  short 

articles  were  given  this  month,  in  addition  to  the  regular  space  rates        ...  121 

Blowing  Off  Steam 

The  best  humor  found  in    our   contemporaries 126 

^v^zr"^*™"  -'  a**-.  w"ru-  wh"w,K  *•*  ■- E*S «"  •"  mWNinT^y £y ,hoow  ,n"n,rt  tba' Ne- 

1  f.KMS.     Il.su  a  year;  75  cenii  (or  m  mcmlhi:  15  crnn  a  ropy.      Forrirn  poacare  tl  00  additional.  c,.ii„  „^ .„   en  „ 
a*Udo«L    Notk*  o,  ct-m.  o«  .ddr™.  .hould  be  «i,™  thin,  day  I-"  ranee™ „uTmlSn«  a *££ ;'  CUMtiW  """^  5°  Ce,,,, 

TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 

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TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 


VOL.XXI    '   MARCH 


IN  THIS  NUMBER 

"STRONG  DRINK" 

by  ELBERT  HUBBARD 


PRIZE  WINNERS 

"MADE  BY  OUR  READERS" 

See  Page  121 


STRONG  DRINK 


Being  a  Little  Temperate 


"That  the  world  will  some  day  be  educated  to  the  fact  that  strong  liquors, 
even  in  moderation,  are  an  enemy  to  efficiency  seems  now  quite  probable. 

"The  sane,  the  sober,  the  efficient,  must  and  will  prevail  through  the  grad- 
ually growing  common  sense  of  the  times." — Elbert  Hubbard. 


PEOPLE  who  write  on  the  sub- 
ject of  strong  drink  generally 
use  strong  language. 
In  writing  on  the  subject  I 
would  like  to  treat  the  matter 
in  a  judicial  way,  frankly,  fairly,  truth- 
fully. 

I  am  not  in  the  employ  of  the  dis- 
tilling or  brewing  interests.  Neither 
am  I  on  the  pay  roll  of  prohibition. 

Personally,  I  have  never  been  under 
the  influence  of  intoxicants;  and  the 
taste  of  liquors,  wines,  or  beer  is  not 
alluring  to  me. 

I  have  no  vows  recorded  on  the  sub- 
ject of  drinking  or  not  drinking.  Like 
a  certain  great  politician  and  ex-presi- 
dent, I  have  dipped  to  social  usage  at 
banquets  in  times  past,  and  followed 
the  established  custom  rather  than  to 
call  attention  to  myself  by  refusing  the 
entertain-  ment  offered. 


However,  within  recent  years  I  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  strong 
drink  in  any  form  was  not  doing  me  any 
good.  Granting  that  the  effect  was  nil, 
there  was  still  an  expense  to  somebody. 
Besides  that,  there  was  the  example. 
And  other  things  being  equal,  I  would 
rather  be  known  as  a  total  abstainer. 

That  is,  I  do  not  require  stimulants. 
And  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  things 
which  you  do  not  require,  if  used,  may 
in  the  course  of  time  work  you  a  dis- 
advantage. And  so  I  simply  follow  my 
own  sweet  will,  and  no  matter  where 
I  am  or  whom  I  am  with,  if  drinks  are 
ordered  I  call  for  ginger  ale,  butter- 
milk, or  spring  water.  This  because 
ginger  ale,  buttermilk,  or  spring  water 
has  no  unpleasant  reactionary  effect. 

There  is  something  about  prohibi- 
tion of  every  sort  that  tends 
to  create   oppo-             ^^^  sit  ion    and 


By  Elbert  Hubbard 


Talk  on  Temperance 


then    excess.     We 
are   prone    to    do 
the   t  h  i  n  of   that 
we  are  told  not 
to  do. 

On    the   other 
hand,  yon  do  not 
have   to  go  .  far 
to   find   that   the 
children   of 
saloon     keepers, 
distillers,   or 
brewers  are       j 
eminently 
moderate  in 
their  drinking 
habits. 


songs.  The  drink- 
ing song,  how- 
ever, seems  to 
have  gone  out  of 
vogue  to  a  great 
degree.  I  think 
the  idea  is  be- 
cause we  are 
living  on  a 
pragmatic  basis. 
That  is,  we  are 
In- coming  a 
common  sense 
people. 

The  tragic 
effects  of  strong 
drink  have  been 


For  instance) 
Willia m    K  wart 
<  iladstone  w  a  -  t  h  e 
SOfl  of  a  distiller.     He 
was  an  only   son.  and 
inherited   a   vast    for- 
tune made  through   the  manufacture  of 
strong  drink. 

John  Ruskin.  one  of  the  most  ethical 
and  high-minded  of  all  the  world's 
great  teachers,  was  the  son  of  a  whole- 
sale dealer  in   wines. 

Both  Ruskin  and  Gladstone  used 
strong  drink  in  great  moderation,  and 
were  always  on  the  side  of  temper- 
ance. 

England,  until  very  recently,  had 
quite  as  many  drinking  songs  as  love 


'  Hit   How  AaODI  mi    Man  Win    I  \k i  -  A 

'.Sii-'  Now  and  Ttaatl"   nii  mi 
That  11k  Is  1'fri-hi;ai.lv  brroxiCATBP 


pictured  in  glar- 
ing b  1  ac  k  f  ace  in 
literature  and  by  the 
orators.  The  suffer- 
ings of  the  family  of  a 
drunkard  have  been 
most  vividly  depicted.  The  woes  of  a 
household,  where  the  children  hide  under 
the  lied  when  they  hear  the  approaching 
footsteps  of  father:  the  drunkard,  who 
pawns  his  wife's  clothing',  carries  away 
the  household  articles,  selling  them  for 
drink — here  is  a  condition  horrible  be- 
yond compare. 

Bui  how  about  the  man  wdio  is  not 
a  drunkard ;  how  about  the  man  who 
takes  spirituous  liquors  in  "moder- 
ation"?    What  moral  rating  shall  we 


But  when  women  gather  in  larger  numbers  it  is  tea  and  not  the 
contents  of  a  decanter. 

It 


The  Noon  Hour 
Intelligent  people  are  deserting  the  lit- 
tle "nip*'  at  the  midday  meal  because, 
it  does  them  no  good  and  probably 
does  harm. 

give  him  ?  Let's  not  con- 
s  i  d  e  r  him   from  the 
viewpoint    of    morals — 
as    the    word    is    ordi- 
narily understood.   Let's 
consider   him    from   the 
viewpoint   of   efficiency. 
Economics     is     the    big 
thing   in   the   world,   and 
economics    is   the   produc- 
tion, the  transportation,  and 
distribution     of     the     things 
that  are  necessary  to  life.    Effi- 
ciency is  the  big  word. 

Solomon,  writing  a  thousand 
years  before  Christ,  says:  "Wine 
is  a  mocker,  strong  drink  is  rag- 
ing; and  whosoever  is  deceived 
thereby  is  not  wise. 

"Who  hath  wounds  without 
cause?  Who  hath  redness  of 
eyes  ?" 

And  he  himself  answers  the 
question  by  saying: 


STRONG    DRINK 


11 


"They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine." 

Solomon  was  a  builder,  a  creator, 
a  man  of  wealth,  a  man  of  power.  He 
needed  assistance  in  helping  him  carry 
out  his  designs  and  plans.  He  saw 
men  who  were  lowering  their  efficiency 
by  strong  drink.  These  men  excited 
him  to  a  degree  of  disgust  and  wrath, 
and  he  wrote  his  opinion  in  good  vig- 
orous language,  so  charged  with  the 
red  corpuscles  that  it  has  come  down 
the  centuries  to  us  now  in  concrete 
form,  vivid,  crystalline,  intense  words 
of  disgust,  of  hatred,  of  detestation  of 
drink. 

The  Jews,  while  it  is  their  custom  to 
have  wine  on  the  table  in  conjunction 
with  their  meals,  use  it  simply  as  an 
appetizer,  and  the  liquor  question 
seems  to  be  no  problem  with  them. 

The    Mosaic    law   contains    no    pro- 
hibitions  on    the    drink    question, 
covetousness  has  a  place  in  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments. 

What  liquor  the  Jews  use  is  drunk 
in  extreme  moderation.  And  certainly 
this  is  no  impediment  to  their  being 
an  ambitious,  enterprising,  prosperous 
lot  of  people,  which  the  Jews  as  a  class 
certainly  are. 

F'.ut  how  about  the  man  who  takes 
a  "nip"  now  and  then ;  how  about  the 
man  who  spends  an  evening  in  quietly 
consuming  a  few  glasses?  Well.  An- 
thony Trollope,  the  novelist  who  wrote 
ividly  that  he  was  said  to  have  created 
a  new  county  in  England,  declared 
that  drink  interfered  with  a  writer's 
efficiency.  He  had  no  patience  with 
the  man  who  waited  for  inspiration 
before  he  penned  a  line.  The  man  who 
was  neither  too  well  dined  nor  wined 
the  night  before  found,  he  believed,  his 
own  inspiration  each  morning.  And 
Anthony  Trollope  by  this  rule  of  life 
was  always  as  fit  as  a  fiddle.  Xo  mat- 
ter where  he  was.  whether  in  his  own 
study,  in  a  hotel,  or  aboard  train,  he 
always  turned  out  his  three  thousand 
words  a  day.  And  he  didn't  need  to 
rest  up  after  finishing  a  work.  The 
day  following  the  finishing  of  one 
novel  saw  the  beginning  of  another. 
That  surely  meant  efficiency  of  a  high 
order.  Great  literature  rarely  has  its 
rise  in  the  muddy  fountain  of  strong 
alcohol. 


We  find  that  men  who  breathe  bad 
air.  who  are  imperfectly  fed,  who  are 
economically  dependent,  crave  stimu- 
lants. 

People  who  live  in  the  open,  who 
have  ventilated  houses,  who  are  prop- 
erly nourished,  find  inspiration  without 
rt  to  artificial  methods. 

.Mm  who  drink  are  often  very 
human,  companionable,  generous — the 
fellows  who  are  really  worth  while.  So 
much  more  the  pity  that  they  drink  as 
they  do :  so  much  more  the  pity  that  they 
are  not  set  aright. 

Life  is  full  of  gloom,  disappointment, 
unrest,  misery,  strife.  Misunderstand- 
nfrouts  us  on  every  hand.  Strong 
drink  comes  along  and  enables  the  in- 
dividual for -a  time  to  forget  it — it 
gives  a  temporary  buoyancy  and  hope. 

This  is  decidedly  a  misfortune,  for 
unquestionably  it  decreases  a  man's  ef- 
ficiency as  a  business  getter,  as  a  gain- 
ful producer. 

Often  this  desire  for  drink  is  largely 
a  matter  of  environment.  But  living 
in  the  country  as  I  do,  blessed  beyond 
the  lot  of  most,  with  love,  and  work, 
and  the  companionship  of  horses  and 
cattle,  with  the  sweep  of  waving  grain 
fields  before  my  vision,  or  the  silent 
white  coverlet  of  snow  in  the  winter, 
and  the  woods  upon  woods  in  every 
direction,  and  the  running  streams 
singing  their  lullabies,  hastening  to  the 
sea — with  all  these  things  and  the  ex- 
action* of  daily  duties,  why  should  I 
look  for  something  that  would  deaden 
my  brain  or  limit  my  capacity  for  the 
manifold  joys  and  blessings  which 
await  me  on  every  hand? 

I  believe  the  common  sense  tendency 
of  today  is  away  from  the  consumption 
of  fiery  liquids. 

The  soda  fountain  forty  years  ago 
was  an  experiment — now  it  seems  to  be 
a  social  necessity.  Now  drug  stores 
make  their  money  out  of  caramels,  ice 
cream  soda,  and  souvenir  postal  cards. 

Wine  and  beer  have  been  substi- 
tuted in  a  great  number  of  districts  for 
the  fiery  liquors.  Vodka  in  Russia, 
absinthe  in  France,  whiskey  in  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  and  England,  brandy  in 
America — each  and  all  are  becoming 
bad  form.  That  is,  their  consumption 
is  considered  by  many  as  absurd,  un- 


TWO  WAYS  AND  SIZES 

"Often  this  desire  for  drink  is  largely  a  matter  of  environment.    But  living  as  I  do.  blessed  beyond  the  lot  of  most  with 

love  and  work— why  should  I  look  for  something  that  would  deaden  my  brain  r 


necessary,  uncalled-for.  Moreover,  their 
deleterious  effect  upon  the  individual's 
efficiency  is  being  more  and  more  under- 
stood. Witness  the  attitude  of  the  rail- 
road magnates  and  big  factory  heads  on 
this  score. 

That  the  world  will  some  day  be 
educated  to  the  fact  that  strong  liquors 
even  in  moderation  are  an  enemy  to 
efficiency  seems  now  quite  probable. 

Slowly,  surely,  the  world  is  chang- 
ing. It  is  not  today  as  necessary  to 
forget  the  horrors  of  life  as  it  is  to 
awaken   our   souls   to   the  many   bless- 


ings that  we  may  find  at  every  hand. 
The  sane,  the  sober,  the  efficient 
must  and  will  prevail  through  the 
gradual  growing  common  sense  of  the 
times. 

The  world  is  growing  better. 

And  so  the  summing  up  might  be 
this:  Let  every  man  study  his  own 
case.  We  are  working  for  health,  for 
happiness  and  for  efficiency.  Does 
strong  drink  add  to  your  well  being? 
If  not,  isn't  it  better  to  omit  it?  And 
this,  certainly,  a  large  number  of  in- 
telligent people  are  doing. 


a 


DEMOCRACY 


CHOOSES 
an  AUTOCRAT 

By  William  W  Renwick 

Henry  M.  U'aite  is  Czar  over  the  municipal    affairs    of    the   one   hundred   and 
tv-firc  thousand  citizens  of  Dayton. 

ll'dite  has  exclusive  powers  to  appoint  every  city  employe.  Even  the  five  new 
Commissioners  of  Dayton  will  not  dictate 
to  him  in  appointments.  Xo  mayor  or 
executive  head  of  any  city  has,  so  far, 
been  given  as  wide-reaching  powers  and 
authority  as  those  given  Watte  under 
form  of  government. — 
Editor's  .\ 

TI  i  E   engineer   of    the    Dayton 
Municipal    Watcrw.  irks 
walked  slowly  up  the  Btept 
of  the  City  Hall     The 
new  city  manager  had 
sent  for  him,  and  he  did  not 
relish  the  thought  of  the  in- 
terview.   The    conduct    of 
his  plant  had  been  heavily 
criticised   during  the  cam- 
paign of  a  few  months  be- 


13 


14 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


fore  which  had  wiped  out  the  old  city 
council  government  and  had  installed  in 
its  place  the  new  commission  form, 
pledged  to  a  program  of  efficiency  and 
economy.  Deep  in  his  heart,  he  felt  that 
the  way  that  he  had  run  the  plant  would 
stand  the  utmost  scrutiny  of  a  competent 
and  fair  investigation,  but  at  this  time,  he 
expected  neither.  Somebody  would  have 
to  be  let  out  to  show  tue  new  city  mail- 


ing the  waterworks  that  came  into  the 
mayor's  office,  and  for  hundreds  of  others 
that  lay  far  deeper  than  in  the  actual 
running  of  the  plant.  He  had  come  to 
the  new  manager's  office  fully  expecting 
to  be  dismissed  from  the  city's  service. 
Instead,  here  was  the  new  manager 
ready  to  shoulder  the  load  with  him. 

The  conference  lasted  an  hour  and  a 
half,  and  more  real  questions  relating  to 


ager's  power  and  he  had  already  con- 
cluded that  he  had  been  selected  to  be 
the  scapegoat  for  all  the  past  deeds  of 
the  old  administration. 

A  moment  later  he  found  himself 
before  a  stocky,  serious,  spectacled 
Yankee-looking  individual  who  greeted 
him  with  the  greatest  cordiality. 

"Mr.  Kelley,"  he  said,  "I  have  called 
you  over  to  talk  to  you  about  the  water- 
works situation.  You  know  that  while 
you  are  paying  your  actual  running  ex- 
penses, you  are  not  meeting  the  interest 
on  the  bonds." 

"Yes,  I  know,"  responded  Kelley,  "but 
look  at  the  new  pumps  we  put  in.  Think 
of  the  extra  cost  of  the  flood  and  the 
equipment  that  was  ruined  then,  which 
was  replaced  without  bonds." 

"I  know  that,  Kelley.  I  didn't  send 
for  you  to  criticise  you.  I  know  what 
you  have  been  up  against.  But  the  city 
is  looking  to  you  and  me  to  show  a  good 
balance  for  this  year  and  the  time  to 
begin  to  get  it  is  now.  I  have  sent  for 
you  to  see  what  this  office  can  do  to 
help  you." 

Kelley  looked  up  in  amazement.  In 
all  his  years  of  city  service,  he  had  borne 
the  blame  for  every  complaint  concern- 


Dayton.  Ohio 
In  building  up  the  city  government  0f  Dayton  into  a 
potent  machine  of  service,  the  city  manager  is  stopping  at 
no  superficial,  point.  He  is  striking  out  the  rotting  fibre 
of  the  city's  old  government  with  a  strong  hand  that  is 
guided  only  by  the  instincts  of  good  business.  There  is  do 
sacredness  in  past  ways. 


the  conduct  of  the  waterworks  plant 
were  discussed  than  had  been  considered 
in  the  City  Hall  for  years  before.  The 
new  manager  knew  pumps,  boilers,  coal, 
hydraulics,  and  all  the  details  of  the  plant. 
He  suggested  solutions  for  some  of  the 
problems  that  sounded  reasonable  to 
Kelley'1:  practical  mind,  so  when  the  con- 
ference was  over  he  had  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent idea  of  the  new  city  manager. 

"He's  all  right,"  said  Kelley  after- 
ward. "He  knows  what's  what  and  if 
the  old  station  don't  pay  for  herself  this 
year,  it  won't  be  because  Bill  Kellev 
didn't  try." 

This  is  the  way  that  Henry  W.  Waite, 
the  new  city  manager  of  Dayton,  is  using 
his  power.  He  has  the  task  of  building 
up  an  efficient  form  of  government, 
where  only  waste  and  inefficiency  reigned 
before,  and  to  do  it,  he  is  reorganizing 
the  whole  machinery  of  government  to 
meet  the  standards  of  modern  business. 
He   is   weeding  out   the    sickly    human 


DEMOCRACY  CHOOSES  AN  AUTOCRAT 


15 


plants  among  the  sturdier  and  more 
promising  growths  but,  as  in  Kellcy's 
case,  every  plant  is  given  a  chance  to 
prove  that  it  is  not  a  weed,  after  all, 
before  it  is  cast  out.  There  are  dozens 
of  capable  subheads  who  held  office 
under  the  old  government  who  can  make 
good  order  Waite's  requirements.  "Get 
out  or  get  in  line,"  has  been  the  principle 
of  Waite's  .selection,  and  this  merely 
means   that  ea:h   employe   sbrll   do  his 


city  of  Dayton  with  a  fine  tooth  comb. 
The  men  who  were  looking  for  the  jobs 
were  not  wanted.  In  all  cases  every 
candidate  was  held  up  to  a  most  thor- 
ough investigation  of  character  and, 
after  that,  a  searching  examination  into 
his  particular  fitness  for  the  job. 

The  actual  administration  of  the  city 
government  is  akin  to  that  of  the  con- 
duct of  the  business  of  a  corporation. 
The  city  commission  sits  as  a  board  of 


best  to  become  efficient.  Waits  has  been 
hired  to  run  the  government  along  the 
same  lines  of  economy  and  efficiency  that 
any  business  man  expects  in  the  conduct 
of  private  business  and  he  is  using  every 
legitimate  means  to  do  it. 

Again,  as  in  Kelley's  case,  he  is  not 
Overlooking  the  powerful  personal  factor. 
Efficiency  is  the  first  word,  and  loyalty 
is  the  second.  Waite  wants  no  one  in 
a  city  job  who  is  not  potting  his  heart 
and  soul  into  doing  the  best  possible 
kind  of  work.  P.v  keeping  the  old  em- 
ployes in  office  and  educating  them  up 
to  his  own  standards  of  service,  he  is 
bound,  in  time,  to  secure  a  city  govern- 
ment that  wi''  rival  the  best  organized 
private  corf  rationa, 

All  the  <  nief  heads  of  departments  are 
new  officials.  Nowhere  in  the  old  city 
government  could  be  found  men  of  the 
ability  and  character  to  assume  the  re- 
sponsibility of  building  up  new  depart- 
ments of  their  own.  In  his  selection, 
Waite  was  absolutely  non-partisan.  A 
month  after  they  had  been  appointed,  he 
told  me  that  he  did  not  know  what  their 
political  views  were.  He  brought  the 
director  of  city  service  from  Cincinnati ; 
to  select   the  others   he   went  over  the 


directors.  It  can  make  plans  and  lay  out 
policies  but  the  city  manager  is  entrusted 
with  carrying  them  out.  For  instance, 
the  commission  can  decide  to  pave  a 
certain  street.  With  the  passing  of  the 
ordinance  the  commission's  power  is 
over.  Waite  buys  the  materials  and 
puts  the  job  through.  The  commission 
can  decide  to  purchase  the  street  car 
lines  and  run  them  as  a  public  utility, 
but  Waite  appoints  the  man  who  will 
directly  operate  them. 

Waite  is  paid  twelve  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars  per  year,  but  holds  office 
for  no  stated  term.  He  is  subject  to 
recall  by  the  commission  in  case  his  work 
does  not  meet  the  standard  set  by  that 
body  and  he  can  be  recalled  by  the  people 
just  as  can  the  commissioners. 

This  provision  secures  a  high  degree 
of  responsiveness  in  the  actual  govern- 
ment of  the  city.  Waite  has  recognized 
this  from  the  very  beginning  and  has 
endeavored  to  bring  the  government 
closer  to  the  people  than  ever  before. 
The  Dayton  City  Hall  is  to  be  the  house 
of  the  people,  in  a  true  sense. 

A  melting  snow  in  the  early  days  of 
January  left  the  streets  covered  with  slush. 
Someone  called  up  the  manager's  office. 


"Why  can't  you  get  a  hose  from  the 
fire  department  and  wash  the  streets?" 
Waite  was  asked.  In  the  days  of  the  old 
government  in  Dayton,  such  a  request 
would  have  been  referred  to  the  com- 
missioner of  streets  or  to  the  fire  depart- 
ment. Mr.  Citizen  would  probably  have 
never  heard  of  it  again. 

Not  so  today  in  Dayton.  The  next 
morning  at  four  o'clock  a  gang -of  men 
were  on  the  street  with  a  hose  and  when 
business  began  the  streets  were  as  clean 
as  on  a  summer's  day. 

As  far  as  the  big  policy  of  the  city 
government  is  concerned,  such  a  thing 
is  a  mere  detail,  but  it  is  significant  of 
a  quality  which  Waite  is  building  into 
the  Dayton  government  and  which  the 
old  council  government  did  not  possess. 
While  Dayton's  government  gives  the 
city  manager  almost  an  empire  of  control 
and  power,  it  shears  him  of  all  the  divine 
rights  of  politics  and  makes  him  as  de- 
pendent upon  the  people  whom  he  serves 
as  was  the  old  officeholder  upon  the 
board  of  aldermen.  He  sits  at  the  head 
of  a  mighty  corporation  of  stockholders, 
holders  of  the  privilege  of  citizenship, 
and  his  fitness  is  judged  by  the  dividends 
of  service  that  he  declares. 

In  building  up  the  city  government  of 
Dayton  into  this  potent  machine  of 
service,  he  is  stopping  at  no  superficial 
point.  He  is  striking  out  the  rotting 
fibre  of  Dayton's  old  government  with 
a  strong  hand  that  is  guided  only  by  the 
instincts  of  good  business.    There  is  no 


sacredness   in   past   ways, 
looking  ahead,  not  back. 

Recently  he  sent  his  secretary  to  the 
auditor's  office  for  some  figures.  He  was 
deciding  an  important  question  and 
needed  some  simple  cost  statistics  before 
he  could  go  on.  A  moment  later  the 
secretary  returned  with  the  report  that 
the  figures  could  not  be  secured  until  the 
afternoon.  To  get  them  would  require 
three  hours  of  search  and  calculation. 

Waite  dropped  the  task  of  the  moment 
and  hurried  to  the  auditor's  office.  One 
glance  at  the  books  showed  that  the  sec- 
retary was  absolutely  right  and  that  the 
data  was  unobtainable.    The  figures  that 


"The  workhouse  is  now  located 
in  a  central  part  of  the 
city  on  property  whose 
rental  will  more         ^ 
than  maintain 
a  prison 
farm." 


DEMOCRACY   CHOOSES   AN    AUTOCRAT 


17 


he  wanted  were  not  kept,  because  no  one 
had  ever  asked  for  them  before. 

During  the  next  half  hour  W'aite  gave 
an  exhibition  of  the  value  01  the  serv- 
of  a  trained  business  executive  in 
running  a  city.  He  showed  in  detail 
bow  the  form  of  government  which  he 
represents  in  Dayton  can  fulfill  the  ideal 
that  every  business  man  kttOWS  should 
be  attained  in  municipal  administration. 
He  reached  down  into  the  uttermost 
depths  of  the  old  city  accounting  system 
and  held  it  op  for  inspection  in  the  light 
of  modern  business  methods  and  effi- 
ciency. He  found  that  no  check  was 
kept  on  city  material.  He  found  no  cost 
records  for  city  repairs  and  construction 
work.  The  requirements  to  be  met  in 
paying  oat  the  city  money  were  loose  in 
the  extreme.  He  found  no  definite  city 
pay  roll — no  way  of  checking  tabor  per- 
formed— no  way  of  even  checking  the 
work  of  department  heads.  As  far  as 
the  city  records  were  concerned,  there 
was  absolutely  no  agency  to  make  -tire 
that  any  man  who  received  city  pay  was 


doing  city  work.  Vouchers  covering  day 
labor  were  made  out  from  the  boss's 
time  book  alone.  There  was  not  the 
crudest  rudiment  of  system  or  certainty 
in  the  keeping  of  all  the  city's  business 
records. 

The  greater  the  task,  the  greater  the 
need  for  immediate  action,  and  Waite 
did  not  return  to  his  desk  until  the 
auditor  had  been  given  exceedingly 
definite  instructions  for  the  construction 
of  a  new  accounting  system  that  would 
make  the  records  of  all  departments  of 
the  city's  business  so  open  and  clear  that 
any  citizen  at  any  time  could  know  just 
how  much  each  item  of  the  city's  busi- 
ness  is  costing. 

One  of  the  greatest  savings  that  will 
be  furnished  under  the  new  system  will 
be  in  the  handling  and  purchasing  of 
supplies.  City  material  and  property 
will  Ik-  listed  and  inventoried  on  exactly 
the  same  principles  that  the  private  busi- 
ness checks  its  property.  Purchases  will 
be  made  under  similarly  careful  direc- 
tion.   The  new  Dayton  charter  provides 


f 


. 


*  * 


=? 


Tbi    placid   Miami 

winds    around    tin' 

first  city  to  mrolu- 

Ikmln    its  goTi*rn- 

nn-nt.    The  city  is 

the    factory,    the 

roanatfr    is    tht> 

MjfTintrnd.-nt  ;tnd 

he  is  subject  to  the 

rrcall    by    the    stock 

holders— the   citizens. 


for  a  purchasing  agent,  and  all  materials 
used  by  the  city  will  be  purchased 
through  this  office.  Bids  are  secured  on 
everything — steam  rollers,  office  supplies, 
a  gang  of  men.  or  a  carload  of  cement — 
and  the  purchasing  agent  must  buy  in 
the  open  market,  subject  only  to  the  con- 
siderations of  price,  quality,  and  service. 
The  personal  element  is  entirely  removed 


18 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


from  the  purchase  of  city  supplies.  Even 
Waite  himself  cannot  change  this. 

One  of.  the  first  requisitions  to  go 
through  this  department  was  one  for 
newspaper  space  to  advertise  for  city 
bids  and  to  publish  reports  of  routine 
city  business,  commission  board  proceed- 
ings, and  assessment  ordinances.  By 
ordinance,  the  old 
city  council  had 
fixed  the  rate  for 
such  advertising 
at  one  dollar 
for  the  first 
insertion  of 
each  item 
and  fifty 
cents  for 
the  sec- 
ond. It 
further 
stipulated 
that  all 
items  be  in- 
s  e  r  t  e  d  in 
three  papers. 
The  requisition 
for  the  1914 
advertising  bore 
the  same  conditions 
Undecided  as  to  what  to 
do,  the  purchasing  agent 
brought  the  document  to 
Waite. 

Waite  looked  the  requisi- 
tion over  and  wrinkled  his  forehead.    He 
has  a  peculiar  way  of  doing  this  when 
he  is  thinking  out  a  new  plan  or  idea. 

"Bring  me  the  last  half  dozen  issues 
of  the  city  papers,"  he  said. 

He  looked  them  over.  They  all  looked 
alike  to  him.  A  moment's  conversation 
over  the  telephone  with  the  advertising 
manager  of  a  business  house  who  used 
all  of  the  Dayton  newspapers  verified 
his  own  conclusions.  One  insertion  in 
any  one  paper  would  secure  all  the  pub- 
licity for  city  announcements  that  was 
necessary.  He  called  the  city  solicitor. 
Assessment  notices  were  served  person- 
ally and  the  law  did  not  require  that  they 
be  advertised.  Their  advertisement  had 
been  a  plum  offered  to  the  newspapers 
in  bygone"  days.  Waite  habitually  uses  a 
long  blue  pencil  in  going  over  his  ordi- 
nary papers  and  in  a  moment  the  adver- 
tising requisition  had  been  cut  to  specify 


They  assumed  control  during 
the  great  flood  and  showed  the 
city  what  an  efficient  govern- 
ment would  mean. 


service  that  will  afford  a  saving  that  will 
pay  the  salaries  of  Waite  and  the  entire 
set  of  department  heads  for  a  year  to 
come.  The  first  week's  saving  was  eighty- 
six  dollars  in  routine  business  announce- 
ments alone.  By  leaving  out  assessment 
notices,  the  total  amount  saved  on  this 
one  apparently  insignificant  action  will 
be  between  thirty-five  and  forty  thousand 

dollars  a  year. 
It  is  not  in  cut- 
ting down   ex- 

John  H.  Patterson 

penditure 
alone    that 
Dayton's 
new  city 
manager  is 
proving  his 
worth. 
There   are 
times    when 
the  most  eco- 
nomical   thing 
is    the    posses- 
sion of  the  ability 
to  expend  large 
sums  wisely.    An 
illustration  of  this  is  his 
supervision  over  the  welfare 
department. 

This  department  is  unique 
in  city  government  in  that  it 
makes  clean  cut  recognition  of  the 
duty  that  the  city  owes  to  its  people 
to  provide  in  a  direct  way  for  their 
welfare.  It  is  a  separate  department 
devoted  to  furthering  the  individual 
happiness  of  the  citizens  of  Dayton.  It 
provides  for  the  time  when  the  city  will 
conduct  dance  halls,  when  it  will  give 
more  attention  to  its  playgrounds  and 
parks,  and  will  definitely  take  some  part 
in  improving  the  living  conditions  of 
Dayton.  Waite's  appointee  in  this  de- 
partment is  a  minister  named  Garland 
who  has  been  fiehting  in  his  shirt  sleeves 
for  good  government  for  the  past  ten 
years  and  who  is  the  friend  of  every 
hopeless  and  homeless  man  in  Dayton. 
Garland  wanted  an  efficient  head  for  the 
board  of  health  but  hesitated  to  seek  the 
man  he  desired  because  he  feared  that 
the  city  could  not  pay  the  salary  that 
would   be   sure   to   be   asked.     Finally, 


DEMOCRACY  CHOOSES  AN  AUTOCRAT 


19 


fearing  that  it  could  not  be  done,  he 
came  to  Waite. 

"Whom  do  you  want?"  asked  the  city 
manager.  Garland  named  one  of  the 
city's  leading  physicians. 

"If  you  think  that  he  is  the  best  man, 
pay  what  you  will  need  to  get  him  to 
give  his  whole  time  to  the  job.  The 
greatest  asset  that  we  possess  as  a  city  is 
our  health.  And  by  the  way,  have  you 
found  quarters  for  your  department  yet  ? 
[The  City  Hall  is  too  crowded  to  house 
all  the  city  departments.)  How  much 
would   a   floor    in   the  Cappel    Building 

• 

"More  than  a  hundred  dollars  a  month, 
and  that  is  too  much."  replied  Garland. 

"How  long  before  your  department 
can  fill  it  r 

"We  can  use  all  the  space  as  soon  as 
we  get  organized." 

"Well  then,  get  it,"  was  the  emphatic 
reply. 

Under  the  old  plan  of  government, 
such  a  proceeding,  settled  by  Manager 
Waite  in  a  few  moments,  would  have 
taken  weeks  of  manipulating  in  the  city 
council.  Even  in  such  an  emergency  as 
that  which  followed  the  flood,  a  Demo- 
cratic city  council  refused  to  appoint  a 
Republican  as  head  of  the  Board  of 
Health  even  after  he  had  been  declared 


"Br  moTinc  the  ritr  jail  to  the  citr  limit!  and  leasing  the 
■round  upon  which  it  stands  — 
within  a  stone's  throw  ot  the 
I  Mr.-.-t  in  Darton —  more 
than  sufficient  income  can  be 
secured  to  maintain  the  jail." 


by  Major  Rhoadas  of  the  U.  S.  Army  to 
be  the  best  man  in  Dayton  for  the  job. 
A  proposition  such  as  securing  quarters 
for  the  welfare  department  would  have 
been  made  the  object  of  months  of 
logrolling. 

Another  plan  which  Manager  Waite 
has  under  way  is  typical  of  what  any 
businesslike  city  executive  could  secure. 
This  plan  will  not  only  save  money  but 
will  carry  out  in  a  practical  way  a  reform 
which  has  been  one  of  the  crying  needs 
of  this  country  for  many  years.  Man- 
ager Waite  proposes  to  abolish  the  city 
workhouse,  with  its  contract-labor  sys- 
tem, and  replace  it  with  a  prison  farm. 
The  workhouse  is  now  located  in  a  cen- 
tral part  of  the  city  on  property  whose 
rental  will  more  than  maintain  a  farm. 
In  addition  to  the  actual  saving,  city 
offenders  will  be  given  an  opportunity  to 
build  up  both  their  minds  and  their 
bodies  and  return  to  citizenship  far  more 
benefited  than  is  possible  after  a  sojourn 
in  the  present  workhouse.  By  moving 
the  city  jail  to  the  city  limits  and  leasing 
the  ground  upon  which  it  stands — within 
a  stone's  throw  of  the  busiest  street  in 
Dayton — more  than  sufficient  income  can 
be  secured  to  maintain  the  jail.  Such  a 
thing  should  have  been  done  years  ago. 
It  remained  for  Henry  W.  Waite  to 
show  the  people  of  Dayton  the  actual 
plan  for  doing  it. 


A  COED  BLACKSMITH 


F 


FIFTEEN  or  sixteen  stalwart 
young  Vulcans  make  up  the 
merry  Anvil  Chorus  that  fills 
the  air  with  white  hot  sparks 
of  iron  as  they  shape  the  crude 
into  various  designs  at  the  forge 
n  the  College  of  Mechanical  and 


metal 
shop  i 

Electrical  Engineering  of  Kentucky  State 
University!  There  is  nothing  remark- 
able about  these  stalwart  young  fellows 
being  there,  but  there  is  in  the  fact  that 
at  one  of  the 
anvils,  a  pretty 
young  woman 
stands,  holding 
in  one  hand  a 
pair  of  large 
iron  tongs, 
which  clasp  a 
strip  of  heated 
steel,  while  in 
the  other  she 
grasps  a  sledge 
with  which  she 
zealously 
pounds  the 
steel.  Over 
her  daintily 
embroidered 
waist  and  her 
white  skirt, 
she  wears  a 
very  business- 
like leathern 
apron,  which 
drops,  to  the 
top  of  her  gun- 
metal  pumps ; 
pulled  tightly 
down  over  a 
goodly  quan- 
tity of  wavy 
hair,  which 
persists  in 
peeping  out,  is 
a  black  sateen 
workman's 
cap. 

The  young 
lady,  who_  has 
laid  aside"  the 
bonbon  tongs 
for  the  black- 
smith's pincers 

26 


Fundamentals 
She  is  learning  them  that  she  may  be  a  pood  architect  and  she  is  shy- 
ins  at  nothing.    But  nevertheless  she  is  purely  feminine. 


and    "the    latest    creation    from    Paris" 
for  the  sateen  laborer's  cap,  is  Miss  Mar- 
garet   Ingels   of   Lexington,    Kentucky, 
who  is  doing  what  is  a  part  of  the  re- 
quired   work    for    the    degree    of    me- 
chanical engineer.     Miss  Ingels  entered 
Kentucky  State  University,  in  the  fall  of 
1912,  to  study  architecture,  but,  as  she 
expressed  it,  thought  she  "might  as  well 
take  it  all"  while  she  was  about  it.     She 
was  in  a  class  in  woodwork  in  her  fresh- 
man year,  and 
her   instructors 
say  that  she 
turned   out 
some  of  the 
very  best  work 
in  the  class. 
She    has    also 
worked    in    the 
foundry.    Miss 
Ingels    refuses 
all  proffers  of 
assistance 
from  her  chiv- 
a  1  r  o  u  s  class- 
mates  and 
"roughs  it" 
with    the    rest 
of  them.    At 
the  first  glance 
her    presence 
among  the 
grimy   young 
workers   is   in- 
congruous, but 
after    one 
watches  the 
ease     and    ap- 
parent lack  of 
self -conscious- 
n  e  s  s    with 
which  she  goes 
about    her 
work,    she 
seems   not  out 
of   place    after 
all.    She  is  not 
fighting  for 
woman's  rights 
— she  is  simply 
an    energetic 
woman   of   to- 
day. 


The  Heart  of  the  Mine 

By     BERTON     BRALEY 

QOMETIMES  my  heartbeats,  calm  and  slow, 
^ Seem  like  the  sound  of  long  ago: 
The  rhythmic  pulsing  of  my  blood 
Is  like  the  steady  throb  and  thud 
The  air  compressors  used  to  play 
All  night  and  day,  all  night  and  day, 
Where,  at  the  shaft,  there  formed  the  line 
Of  miners  going  down  the  mine! 


The  pumps  below  would  thump  and  sob, 

But  up  on  top  was  just  the  throb 

Of  huge  compressors  never  still 

Storing  the  air  that  runs  each  drill. 

And  singing  endlessly  this  song, 

"Be  strong,  be  strong,  be  strong,  be  strong!' 

And  strong  we  were,  who  formed  the  line 

Of  miners  going  down  the  mine! 

So  now,  afar  from  stope  and  drift. 
From  running  drill  or  changing  shift. 
My  very  heartthrobs  serve  to  call 
My  thoughts  back  surely  to  it  all; 
I  seem  to  hear  as  music  sweet 
The  air  compressors'  steady  beat, 
To  be  a  portion  of  the  line 
Of  miners  going  down  the  mine! 

Comes  swiftly  then  to  me  once  more 
The  "hough!"  of  engines  hoisting  ore, 
The  hoot  of  whistles,  and  the  shock 
Of  air  drills  gouging  at  the  rock; 
And,  somehow,  down  within  me  deep 
Awakes  the  ghost  J  thought  asleep, 
The  lure  of  days  I  joined  the  line 
Of  miners  going  down  the  mine! 


WIRELESS'  FATE 

By  George  H.  Cushing 


VI 


In  "Wireless"  Fate"  Mr.  Cushing  presents  to  us  in  con- 
densed form  another  "Looking  Backward."  He  does  not, 
however,  treat  of  socialism,  as  did  the  author  of  that 
famous  work.  Instead  his  central  theme  is  wireless  and 
the  extraordinary  effect  it  will  have  first  upon  finance  and, 
secondarily,  upon  government  in  the  tatter's  efforts  to 
solve  a  new  trust  problem.  In  this  article  we  are 
carried  forward  in  five  stages  to  a  period  somewhere 
beyond  the  year  1930.  It  is  a  most  unusual  combination 
of  science  and  business  affairs — an  article  that  is  bound 
to  stimulate  thought  and  to  provoke  discussion.  The 
photos  of  wireless  here  used  are,  of  course,  types,  and 
have  no  relation  to  Mr.  Cushing's  imaginary  system. — 
Editor's  Note. 

EARLY  m  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and  four- 
teen, an  inventor,  who  had  perfected  a  method  of 
transmitting  telegraph  messages  without  wires, 
began  in  the  United  States  to  operate  a  series  of 
stations  which,  communicating  with  one  another, 
would  send  a  message  around  the  world. 

This  was  a  new  thing.  The  Americans,  being  rich  and 
loving  new  things,  opened  their  purses  and  loaned  the 
Italian  a  sum  exceeding  five  millions  of  dollars.  This 
money  was  loaned  freely — America  took  great  pride  in 
being  the  home  of  such  an  enterprise — but  it  was  given 
first  into  the  hands  of  the  money  lenders,  who  were  to 
collect  the  interest  and  profit. 

What  Will  Happen  When  the  Tentacles  at  the  Top  of  These  Towers 

Are   Common  ^Sights   Even   in  the   Interior?     Will  the   Clash  with 

the  Old  Precipitate  a  Financial  Calamity  f 


a 


WIRELESS'   FATE 


23 


Ericting  a 
Km 
A  tower  after  a 
period  of  a  day 
■  id  ■  half. 
Whin  tho  iu 
trrial  is  on  hand 
th'-r  can  be 
erected  Terr 
rapidly. 


interest  which  was  due  to  be  paid.  But  those  who  had  borrowed  asked  to  be 
excused  for  a  while,  saying  that  the  money  had  not  yet  been  earned.  When  this 
was  told  them,  the  money  lenders  threatened  the  wireless  company,  saying: 

"You  borrowed  our  money  only  when  you  made  great  promises  to  pay.  Now  you 
must  pay  or  we  will  drive  you  from  the  land,  level  your  towers  to  the  ground,  and 
give  what  is  left  of  your  company  into  the  hands  of  the  lawyers  to  quarrel  over." 

Then  one  director,  who  spoke  for  his  fellows,  answered:  "If  wireless  telegraphy 
had  not  been  and  if  our  company  had  not  been  formed,  many  ships  and  their  pas- 
sengers would  have  gone  down,  because  the  captains  could  not  have  called  for  help. 
Have  patience,  then,  for  we  have  done  good,  even  though  we  have  not  made 
mom 

Bat  the  money  lenders  were  cold-hearted  and  refused 
to  listen  further,  saying:  "We  did  not  give  our  clients' 
money  to  philanthropy,  but,  instead,  lent  it  in  business. 
Because  this  is  a  business  undertaking,  we  want  our 
interest." 

In  answering  this  impatient  demand,  the  director  said: 
"Have  even  a  little  patience  and  we  will  pay  you  the 
interest  money  and  a  profit.  You  know  how  the  news- 
papers crave  need.  We  can  transmit  a  message  a  thou- 
sand miles  before  the  human  mind  can  conceive  of  such 
a  distance.  So  soon  as  this  become-  known,  we  mill 
carry  the  news  of  the  world  inconceivably  fast.  Our 
company  will  reap  great  profits  thereby,  and  from  these 
we  will  pay  you." 

But  those  who  sat  at  the  door  of  the  money  markets 
would  not  lie  appeased  by  promises.  Instead,  they 
answered  angrily: 

"Have  we  not  lent  our  clients'  money  to  cable  and 
telegraph  companies  on  the  same  promise  and  have  they 
not  told  us  the  same  thing?  How  is  it  possible  for  the 
two  of  you  to  prosper  while  doing  the  same  thing?  If 
one  of  von  succeeds,  most  not  the  other  fail?  If  either 
of  you  is  to  fail,  let  it  be  you,  for  of  the  two  we  have  lent 
the  other  by  far  the  DM 

When  they  had  said  this,  they  went 
away,  tearing  the  directors  to  worry 
over  the  threat.  When  a  few  days  had 
I.  the  director  who  served  a* 
spokesman,  and  who  ma  I  shrewd  man, 
appeared  in  the  inner  chamber  of  the 
banks  to 

"Vmi  know  how  much  the  Americans 
love  novelty.  You  know,  also, 
that  each  American  thinks  him- 
self to  be  a  humorist,  always 
to  display  his  wit  in  public 
places.  To  appeal  to  their  vanity 
and  their  love  of  new  sensations, 
we  will  announce  a  rate  which 
will  persuade  those  who  travel 
on  ships  or  into  foreign  countries 
to  communicate  freely  with 
those  at  home.  Our  earnings 
from  this  service  will  | 
you  both  your  interest  and  a 
profit." 


24 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


turned  to  you,  all  that  is 
left  you  is  to  force  us  to 
stop  sending  messages. 
This,  the  people,  out  of 
consideration  for  those 
who  travel  by  sea,  will 
not  permit  you  to  do. 
Whatever  your  anger 
dictates,  do  it,  but  do  not 
come  here  speaking  as 
little  children." 

Knowingthathe 
spoke  the  truth,  the 
bankers  walked  away, 
hopeless.   Thereafter. 


Cairo.  Egypt,  Will  Have  Its  Wireless 

Across  the  desert,  the  wireless  is  the  only  successful 

means  of  communication. 


When  they  knew  that  this  was  an 
empty  promise,  the  money  lenders  be- 
came angry.  They  said  to  the  director: 
"We,  a  long  time  ago,  tried  that  on 
the  railroads  and  the  spiders  spun  their 
webs  on  the  telegraph  keys.  You  speak 
as  a  boy  who  dreams  of  conquering  the 
world  when  he  is  yet  being  mastered  by 
the  multiplication  table.  As  to  you,  our 
decision  is  reached.  You  must  pay  our 
interest  or  we  shall  withdraw  our  money 
and  your  enterprise  will  rot." 

The  director  was  cunning  as  well  as 
shrewd.  In  answering  the  money  lend- 
ers, he  said : 

"Withdraw  your  money  you  cannot, 
for  already  it  has  been  spent.  In  its 
place  ar£  steel  towers,  machinery  for 
producing  electricity,  and  telegraph  in- 
struments, which  are  good  for  nothing 
save  only  to  send  messages  without 
wires.    Since  your  money  cannot  be  re- 


Tall  and  Slender 
In  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic,  on  the  con- 
tinents of  the  world,  these  tall  slim  bits  of  metal  stand 
potent,  each  capable  of  lifting  the  message  three  thousand 
miles. 


WIRELESS'   FATE 


25 


bitterness  preyed  upon 
the  money  lenders,  who 
continually  cursed  those 
who  had  borrowed 
foolishly. 

The  period  extending 
from  the  building  of  the 
stations  to  the  quarrel 
with  the  bankers  is  called 
the  first  stage  of  wire- 
less telegraph  v. 
*     *     * 

At  the  end  of  the  third 
year  of  the  wireless  com- 
pany—  which  was  the 
lining  of  the  year 
nineteen  hundred  and 
enteen — the  money 
1  e  n  d  e  r  s  went  to  the 
director  who  was  the 
company  spokesman  and 

said  : 
"<  >ur  hope  is  growing 

cold  in  our  hearts  and 
our  faith  in  your  prom- 
ise i>  as  the  leaves  which 
wither  and  die  in  the 
frost  and  fall  away.  Do 
ii"t  try  to  deceive  us  any 
further,  hut  tell  us  when 
we  may  expect  the  profits 
which  you  told  us  would 
he  paid  from  the  begin- 
ning." 

"It  is  for  you,  and  not 
me.  to  judge,"  he  an- 
red.  '"when  vou  know 
the  facts.  When  you 
compelled  us  to  pay  you 
the  interest  money,  we  were  forced  to 
make  the  most  of  all  oUr  resources.  We 
then  realized  that  our  electric  waves  ex- 
tended as  far  back  over  the  land  as  they 
reached  out  over  the  ^ea.  It  is  upon  the 
land  where  men  think  most  and  speak 
oftenest.  It  was  from  the  land  that  we 
SOtlghl  our  revenue.  We  still  tell  of  the 
ships  in  distress,  but  today  we  inform 
New  York  of  the  weather  in  California 
and  California  of  the  market  for  fruit  in 
New  York. 

"As  an  individual,  I  wish  your  old- 
styled  telegraph  company  well.  As 
director  of  its  competitor,  I  must  con- 
sider other  things.  With  one  station  at 
either  side  of  the  continent,  conducted 
by  but  one  set  of  operators,  we  can  send 


■w     1                                          T 

IKtori? '  '  '  '  ■  •  r 

-g*^W*  Jtk         m.         DSL 

v-        ij 

M 

UsjJaT      .      ,i  |n^   ?           iji 

*Ok. 

#    1 .      wM 

St.  Paul's,  Loxdon 

Kigbt  thruugb  civilization  as  well  as  the  jungle,  bothered  not  by  currents,  winds, 

or  storms,  it  leaps  buildings  as  well  as  mountains. 


messages  far  cheaper  than  can  the  old- 
styled  telegraph  lines  which  must  employ 
many  stations  and  many  men  to  relay 
messages.  Today,  all  the  transconti- 
nental business  is  coming  to  us.  You 
who  are  eager  for  your  profits  should 
have  them  presently." 

The  money  lenders  scowled  with  im- 
patience.   The  director  spoke  further: 

"Not  enough  messages  are  going  out 
upon  and  across  the  ocean  or  across  the 
continent,  or  even  both,  to  pay  you  in- 
terest and  a  profit.  We  can  pay  interest 
now,  but  if  you  want  profit  you  must 
build  more  stations  that  we  may  take 
nn  ire  of  the  business  away  from  wired 
telegraphy." 

When  they  heard  this,  the  money  lend- 


Through  the 
Wilderness 
The  dense  tropical 
jungles  will  not  har- 
bor poles  to  string  the 
wires  on,  but  wireless 
goes  on  and  does  not 
mind  the  wilderness. 


A  Landing  Place 

The  Hawaiians  form  one  of  the  links  in  the  chain  of  stations  which  will  enable 

the  Englishman  to  send  a  message  to  his  Chinese  office  to  the  West  and  have  it 

come  back  from  the  East. 


ers  lost  patience.  .They  broke  forth  in 
querulous  speech. 

"Have  we  not  told  you,"  they  said, 
"that  we  have  lent  money  also  to  the 
telegraph  lines?  Do  you  not  see  that 
when  you  take  business  and  profit  from 
them  and  add  it  to  your  own,  you  take 
the  profit  from  us  in  one  place  and  re- 
turn it  to  us  from  another  place  ?  What 
we  ask  of  you  is  new  business  and  new 
profit.  Are  you  so  slow-witted  you  can- 
not find  a  new  use  for  a  new  tool  ?" 

The  director  resented  the  criticism,  for 
he  knew  it  was  unjust.  He  said  to  him- 
self: 

"A  new  method  of  carrying  messages 


does  not,  of  itself,  create 
messages  to  be  sent." 

Then  he  said  boldly  to 
the  money  lenders : 

"We  have  bought  the 
plow  and  leased  the  land. 
We  must  run  the  fur- 
row. The  people  know- 
that  we  have  cheapened 
the  rates  on  messages 
across  the  continent. 
They  are  demanding 
that  we  do  the  same  in 
t  h  e  i  n  t  e  r  i  o  r.  If  we 
should  say  to  them  :  'We 
cannot  do  what  you  ask 
because  it  would  inter- 
fere with  the  investments  of  the  bankers 
in  telegraph  lines,'  they  would  say  to  us : 
'You  have  formed  a  trust  and  the  Gov- 
ernment will  crush  you  both.'  Having 
said  that,  the  Government  would  con- 
fiscate both  properties,  for  the  new  law 
lays  such  a  penalty  upon  monopoly. 
Then  what  would  become  of  your  invest- 
ment?" 

When  the  money  lenders  had  heard 
and  understood,  they  loaned  another  five 
million  dollars  to  put  up  stations  which 
extended  from  New  York  to  San  Fran- 
cisco to  serve  the  larger  cities. 

The  time  between  the  quarrel  with  the 
bankers  and  the  beginning  of  competition 


WIRELESS'   FATE 


27 


between  the  new  and  the  old  telegraphic 

systems  is  called  the  second  era   in  the 

history    of    wireless    telegraphy.    This 

covered  a  period  of  five  years. 
*     *     * 

From  the  eighth  year  until  the  four- 
teenth in  the  history  of  wireless  teleg- 
raphy— which  was  from  the  beginning 
of  nineteen  hundred  and  twenty-one  to 


with  this  display  of  shrewdness,  did  as 
he  was  told.  While  pursuing  this  policy, 
he  came  to  the  time  when  the  interest 
money  was  due  on  the  new  investment. 
There  was  no  money  in  the  treasury  with 
which  to  pay  it,  for  his  managers  had  sat 
at  their  desks  doing  nothing.  Hoping 
for  approval,  the  director  went  to  the 
banks  to  tell  what  had  happened.     The 


[  \v 

The  guy  wire*  lor  great  lowers,  of  the  sort  that  are  uwd  to  relay  messages  in  their  flash  around  the  world,  are  anchored 

so  that  the  works  will  stand  forever. 


the  end  of  nineteen  hundred  and  twenty- 
six — there  aro-e  another  perplexity.  In 
the  eighth  year,  the  men  who  lend  money 
in  America  went  to  the  director  and 
said: 

"To  own  a  hoe  does  not  force  one  to 
(lit:  with  it.  Because  you  have  built 
wireless  telegraph  stations,  does  not 
signify  that  you  must  solicit  business 
vigorously.  If  you  wish  to  serve  us,  you 
will  appoint,  as  your  local  managers. 
men  who  are  lazy.  If  they  fail  to  take 
business  away  from  the  old  telegraph 
companies,  do  blame  can  attach  to  us  or 
i.  If  the  Government  should  come 
to  you  inquiring  why,  you  could  say  that 
from  the  revenues  arising  from  low 
rates,  you  have  not  enough  money  to 
hire  good  men.  For  that  reason,  all  per- 
sons arc  not  aware  of  the  saving  you  can 
afford  them." 

The  director,  who  was  much  pleased 


money  lenders  were  angry  and  cursed 
him,  saying: 

"Is  your  mind  barren,  that  it  cannot 
think  of  new  things?  Are  there  no 
places  on  earth  outside  of  American 
cities  where  you  may  get  business  and 
thus  make  back  that  which  we  lose  on 
the  business  in  the  interior  ?" 

The  director  spoke  the  truth  when  he 
said: 

"We  have  had,  from  the  beginning, 
stations  which  extend  around  the  world. 
They  are  in  the  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
in  Japan,  in  India,  in  Africa,  and  in 
South  America.  We  could  do  there  the 
same  as  we  have  done  here.  We  could 
erect  more  stations  at  shorter  distances 
from  each  other,  handle  more  messages, 
and  thus  make  the  profit  which  you  want, 
but  it  would  demand  more  capital." 

The  money  lenders  thought  for  many 
days  upon  this  recommendation.    At  the 


28 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


end  of  their  meditations,  they  went  to 
the  director  and  said: 

"We  have  heard  that  in  all  tropical 
countries  the  vegetation  grows  so  rank 
and  the  floods  are  so  severe  as  to  make 
the  transmission  of  messages  by  wires 
all  but  impossible.  You  who  can  send 
messages  over  the  hills  and  water  and 
into  all  places  where  ether  penetrates 
can  transmit  messages  even  through  the 
tropical  jungles.  Establish  your  stations 
in  South  America,  in  Africa,  and  in  India 
and  send  us  the  expense  bill.  We  have 
no  investment  there.  You  might,  in  those 
places,  serve  the  railroads,  which  must 
use  the  telegraph  but  cannot  now  depend 
upon  it." 

The  director  was  overjoyed  because  by 
this  commission  he  would  become  a 
world-power  in  telegraphy.  He  dreamed 
of  the  power  he  would  wield  and  of  the 
honors  which  would  come  to  him.  In 
time,  he  had  finished  the  new  stations 
and  went  to  ask  the  bankers  to  send  out 
representatives  to  inspect  the  finished 
work.  But,  when  he  reached  the  door 
of  the  bank,  he  met  a  deputation  from 
those  who  lend  money  in  London,  in 
Paris,  in  Berlin,  and  in  St.  Petersburg. 
They  had  crossed  the  ocean  quickly  in 
their  airships  to  say  to  the  money  lenders 
of  New  York: 

"Are  we  not  members  of  one  profes- 
sion, safeguarding  the  interests  of  each 
other?  When  you  were  in  need  of 
money,  have  we  ever  refused  it?  Why 
do  you  reward  our  kindness  as  you  have 
just  done?  We  had  spent  millions  of 
dollars  to  keep  open  the  telegraph  lines 
in  India,  Africa,  and  Brazil.  When  the 
floods  and  rank  vegetation  carried  away 
our  conduits,  or  broke  down  our  wires, 
we  spent  more  money  for  new  ones. 
Now,  when  we  have  spent  all  we  can 
afford  and  when  our  venture  is  about  to 
return  its  first  profit,  your  wireless  teleg- 
raphy comes  to  pick  the  fruits  for  which 
we  planted." 

The  New  York  bankers  were  worried 
by  what  they  heard,  for  they  knew  that 
the  men  from  Europe  spoke  the  truth. 

The  period  from  the  building  of  the 
stations  in  the  interior  to  the  expansion 
into  the. foreign  countries  is  called  the 
third  era  in  the  history  of  wireless  teleg- 
raphy. 


From  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth, 
to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  year  of  the 
history  of  wireless  telegraphy — which 
was  from  the  end  of  nineteen  hundred 
and  twenty-six  to  the  end  of  nineteen 
hundred  and  twenty-eight — there  arose 
another  development.  The  director  of 
the  company,  early  in  the  year  nineteen 
hundred  and  twenty-seven,  went  to  the 
money  lenders  to  make  his  report  for  the 
preceding  year. 

"We  prospered  last  year,"  he  said, 
"more  than  we  had  reason  to  hope.  We 
increased  our  business  with  the  ships  of 
the  sea.  We  have  added  the  business  of 
the  ships  of  the  air.  Africa  and  South 
America  have  patronized  us  increasingly. 

"But  a  new  demand  has  been  made 
upon  us  that  calls  for  vast  sums  of 
money.  From  our  stations,  today,  a 
wireless  current  radiates  for  thousands 
of  miles  in  all  directions.  Any  one  who 
chooses  may  tune  his  instruments  to  our 
wave  lengths  and  steal  all  of  our  mes- 
sages. One  newspaper  may  steal  a  dis- 
patch intended  for  its  rival.  One  busi- 
ness man  may,  in  this  way.  know  the 
business  secrets  of  his  competitor.  Out- 
laws of  all  descriptions  traffic  in  our 
messages.  For  this  reason,  there  is  a 
demand  for  more  secrecy. 

"This  is  a  reasonable  demand,  but  to 
satisfy  it,  we  must  purchase  the  new 
equipment  which  but  recently  has  been 
invented.  We  must  send  our  electrical 
currents  in  straight  lines  instead  of  per- 
mitting them  to  radiate  in  a  circle.  This 
calls  for  new  apparatus  in  all  plants.  We 
must  install  delicately-keyed  instruments 
which  will  give  every  man  secrecy,  even 
though  his  next-door  neighbor  be  oper- 
ating upon  the  same  current.  This  calls 
for  a  new  style  of  instrument.  To  buy 
this  new  outfit  will  take  all  of  the  profits 
of  last  year  and  all  we  expect  to  earn  for 
some  years  to  come." 

The  money  lenders  only  smiled  at  the 
misgivings  of  the  director  and  replied  to 
him: 

"Men  have  confronted  such  situations 
since  the  world  began.  They  have  solved 
them  all  in  the  same  way.  They  have 
put  the  old  profits  in  their  pockets ;  they 
have  borrowed  money  with  which  to  buy 
the  new  thine,  and  they  have  charged 
rates  which  would  make  profitable  both 

(Continued  on  f>agc  136) 


HENRY  FORD 


30 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  Man  and  His  Work 
The  other  day  he  notified  his  men  and  women  that  for 
the  work  of  getting  out  his  thousand  automobiles  a  day. 
they  were  to  have  ten  million  dollars  more  during  the 
coming  year  in  the  way  of  wages  than  they  had  been  get 
ting.  Even  the  janitor  who  sweeps  out,  if  he  is  over 
twenty-two  and  a  state  citizen,  will  receive  a  minimum 
wage  of  five  dollars  a  day.  Those  higher  up  will  share  in 
a  smaller  proportion,  the  average  raise  being  four  hundred 
dollars  a  year.  The  eighteen-year-old  boy  who  is  support- 
ing his  mother  will  also  be  paid  at  the  advance  rate.  In 
all,  some  twenty-six  thousand  will  b  >  made  happy  and 
more  prosperous,  which  Ford  says  is  better  than  making 
a  few  slave  drivers  multi-millionaires.  The  country  is 
asking  if  this  might  not  really  point  to  a  solution  of  our 
labor  troubles. 


TO  CONSERVE  OUR  EGGS 


TWO  government  experts  in 
the  handling  of  eggs  and 
poultry  are  demonstrating  im- 
proved methods  of  shipping 
these  products,  in  a  car  which 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  send- 
ing throughout  the  country.  The  car 
is  a  complete  refrigerating  laboratory 


ready  stored  there  would  gather  moist- 
ure from  them. 

The  engine  drives  a  fan  which  forces 
air  through  the  false  walls  and  dam- 
pers of  the  car.  This  fresh  air  passes 
through  large  bunkers  of  ice  and  salt, 
which  will  reduce  the  temperature  of 
the  car  to  thirty-two  degrees  in  thirty 


THE  DEMONSTRATOR  CAR 

There  are  scientific  ways  of  packing  and  shipping  eggs  and  poultry  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  trying  to 

teach  the  farmers  and  local  handlers  how  it  should  be  done. 


on  wheels,  carrying  its  own  gasoline 
engine  to  operate  the  chilling  appa- 
ratus and  to  generate  electric  current. 
It  is  divided  into  two  rooms  of  differ- 
ent temperatures,  the  first  for  cooling 
fowls  and  fresh  warm  eggs  and  the 
other  for  storing  them.  This  arrange- 
ment is  necessary,  because  if  unchilled 
products  were  brought  into  the  cold 
storage  room  the  poultry  and  eggs  al- 
ii' 


minutes.    Eggs  can  be  chilled  to  forty 
degrees  inside  of  twenty-four  hours. 

Scientific  candling  of  the  eggs  to  de- 
termine their  freshness  was  shown  and 
a  practical  demonstration  of  skilled 
packing  of  eggs  for  long  shipment  was 
given  daily.  At  the  conclusion  of  the 
tests  the  local  owners  of  the  eggs  were 
free  to  go  ahead  and  ship  them  to  their 
consumers. 


The  beginning— Lincoln  Beachel 
has  been  demonstrating  the 
possibilities  of  the  loop- 
the -loop. 


The  first   loop— lighting  on  top 
of  the  tent  but  not  on  purpose. 


EMULA- 
TING 
PEGOUD 

I    tNCOLN 

*-'  Beachey's 
first  attempted 
loop  -  the  -  loop 
came  to  a 
tragic  ending. 
Following  the 
achievement  of 

■  p  u  (1      i  ii 

Prance,  this 

daring  aviator 
came     out     of 

retirement    and 

constructed    at 

the  C  u  r  t  i  s  s 
factory  an 
aeroplane  with 
which  be  re- 
■ohred  to  outdo 
the  French- 
man. He  has  now  succeeded  in  looping  the  loop 
oil  several  different  occasions  and  has  even  nego- 
tiated seven  loops  in  one  flight,  but  it  cost  the  life 
of  one  girl  and  serious  injury  to  another  before  he  learned  the  tricks. 

jtf 


lay  En 

Nobodr  hurl,  hut  an  inglorious  finish.    Store 

th.-  first  tinir  ba  has  mad.-  srvrn  loops  during 

one  flight. 


34 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


of  inhabitants  of  the 
province  but  engineers 
believe  that  the  clanger 
is  not  imminent. 

This  is  probably  the 
most  remarkable  natural 
dam  in  the  world. 
Nature's  handiwork  is' 
sometimes  even  more 
dangerous  than  that  of 
man,  who  must  step  in 
to  correct  her  errors. 

..* 

CINEMATOGRAPHS 
FOR  LINERS 


M( 


Held  by  a  Thin  Wall  of  Stone 
A  view  of  the  lake  which  is  perched  in  the  heart  of  the  Chilean  Andes 


TAPPING  THE  LAKE  OF  THE 
INCAS 

A  THIN  wall  of  granite  holds  the 
enormous  weight  of  the  Lake  of 
the  Incas  in  the  Chilean  Andes  and 
prevents  it  from  breaking  loose  and 
sweeping  from  its  height  of  ten  thou- 
sand feet  into  the  valley  of  the  Acon- 
cagua below.  A  dangerous 
possibility  lurked  in  th 
fact  that  an  earthquake 
or  a  snowslide  was 
liable  to  precipitate 
the  flood  at  any 
time,  but  Ameri 
can  engineers 
have  tunneled 
up  to  the  bed 
of  the  lake  and 
are  using  the 
water  for 
power  to  serve 
the  valley  and 
to  remove  the 
greatest  danger 
of  catastrophe. 
The  cities  of  the 
province  below  wi 
be  served  by  the  t 
bines  which  are 
installed  at  the  mouth  of  the 
tunnel  tapping  the  lake.  A 
great  earthquake  would  still 
be  apt  to  send  a  flood  roar- 
ing down  on  the  thousands 


The  Mouth  of  the  Tunnel 
Pressure  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Incas  will  be  relieved  and  the 
stream  used  to  generate  electric 
power  for  the  valley  below. 


OVTNG  pictures  are 
being  established  on 
transatlantic  liners  for 
advertising  and  for  the 
amusement  of  the  passengers.  Regular 
dramatic  films  will  be  shown  during  the 
trips  and  the  cost  will  be  covered  by  the 
advertisers  who  will  have  films  picturing 
their  places  of  business  to  the  people 
traveling  to  strange  countries.  Arrange- 
ments are  being  made  whereby  a  film 
which  a  hotel  company  or  a  drygoods 
store  has  taken  for  exhibition  in  the 
salon  can  be  shown  in  one  or 
11  of  the  ships  of  a  certain 
e.  Many  advertisers 
may  join  in  the  pro- 
"uction  of  a 
single  reel,  a  lec- 
turer giving  de- 
tailed informa- 
t  ion,  as  to 
where  a  n  d 
what  the  for- 
eigner should 
b  u  y.  Ameri- 
can films  will 
be  shown  on 
the  wester  n 
passage  and 
European  views 
on  the  eastern 
passage. 
\dvertising  men  say 
t  for  actual  returns 
on  an  indirect  advertising 
plan,  the  moving  picture 
thus  used  should  prove  to 
be  absolutely  unsurpassed  as 
a  result  getter. 


BLIND  AUTO  REPAIR- 
MAN SUCCEEDS 

M  ]•:  VER  has  Ray 
*^  Fortaey  seen  an 
automobile.    But  he 

can  take  one  apart  and 
put  it  together  again 
with  the  carbureter  in 
])  e  r  f  e  c  t  "tune"  and 
every  cam  in  place  and 
tlie  gears  where  they 
ought  to  be.  Fortaey 
is  a  blind  man  who 
"sees"  with  his  fingers. 
Repairing  pianos  has 
been  his  occupation. 
but  recently  he  started 
to  learn  the  automobile 
repair  busi  n  e  I  s.  He 
now  does  much  of  the 
work  on  cars  left  at 
the    automobile    school 

for  repairs.     In  a  few 

weeks  he  will  lie  grad- 
uated from  the  school 
as  an  expert  automo- 
bile machinist,  having 
demonstrated  that  eye- 
-ight  is  not  necessary  in  the  repairing  of 
a  motor-car. 

The   sense  of   hearing   is   greatly   ac- 
centuated in  the  blind  and  ears  often 

It     in    locating    the    trouble 
engine. 


m     an 


MARKER  FOR  WHEAT  DRILL 

A   T    I    R    E    I)  neck,     acting 

**    as  a  spur  to  the    inventive 

ability    of    EL    T.  J*     J  O  n  e  B,     a 

Kansas  farmer,  ^M     rc>lme('   '"   :i 

practical     marker  ^^^  attachment 


He  grew  tired  of  twisting  his  neck 
sideways  to  watch  the  drill  mark.  So  he 
cut  a  two-by-four  just  as  long  as  the  drill 
is  wide  and  fastened  one  end  of  it  directly 
behind  the  center  of  the  drill,  running  a 
wire  from  the  middle  of  the  timber  to 
the  left  side  of  the  drill.  With  a  little 
wo.  ,den  runner  fastened  to  the  outer  end 
of  the  timber,  weighted  down  so  that  it 
would  cut  into  the  ground,  the  marker 
was  complete.  He  drives  so  as  to  keep 
the  little  wheel  on  the  mark  made  the 
round  before. 


nilS  MAKK.F.K  lb  A  PREVENTIVK  OF  STIFF  NECKS 


JtS 


OVER  THE  SIERRAS 
These  mammoth  locomotives  are  used  to  haul  freight  and  passengers  over  the  mountains.    The  cabs  are  in  front. 


It  looks  as  though  it  were  built  for  the  war  office  but  in  reality  it  is 
merely  an  hanest  attempt  by  an  English  engineer  to  build  the  right 
sort  of  a  car  to  contend  with  the  British  climate.  The  only  battles  it 
will  have  to  pass  through  are  those  with  wind.  rain.  snow,  sleet  and 
mud,  for  all  of  which  Great  Britain  is  famous.  As  it  is  the  little  car 
can  sail  through  almost  anything  which  presents  itself. 

36 


THE  "WAMPUS"  OF  THE 
TRACKS 

[  OCOMOTIVES  with  smoke- 
*— '  stacks  next  to  the  tender 
and  the  cab  at  the  front  end  are 
used  in  hauling  heavy  passenger 
and  freight  trains  up  the  steep 
grades  of  the  Sierras.  This 
avoids  the  blinding  and  choking 
of  the  enginemen  by  smoke 
while  going  through  the  miles  of 
snow-sheds  and  tunnels.  The 
passenger  engines  have  twelve 
high  drivewheels  and  double- 
headed  can  take  the  heavy  trains 
over  steep  grades  at  high  speed. 
The  freight  engines  have  sixteen 
drivewheels  of  smaller  diameter. 
They  are  built  for  power,  their 
capacity  being  rated  at  nearly 
two  thousand  tons  each  up  a  two 
per  cent  grade  at  ten  miles  per 
hour,  ten  times  their  own  weight. 
Both  types  use  oil  for  fuel. 
These  engines  are  known  among 
railroad  men  as  "wampuses." 

The  railway  station  men  still 
enjoy  the  novelty  of  seeing  the 
huge  locomotives  top  a  grade, 
the  big  cab  square  in  front  like 
an  interurban  car,  the  smoke- 
stack belching  exhaust  steam 
from  the  rear,  just  in  front  of 
the  tender.  * 

The  "Wampus"  is  a  pro- 
nounced stride  forward  in  the 
engineer's  problem  of  putting 
trains  over  the  steep  mountain 
grades  of  the  West. 


WHEN  IS  MAN  OLD? 

By 

BYRON    C.    UTECHT 

There  WOS  a  time  'ehen  man  sought  an  elixir  to  keep  him  young.  Nowadays 
he  strides  to  find  out  what  arc  nature's  laws  and  so  tries  to  obey  them,  with  the 
end  in  view  of  attaining  a  ripe  old  age.  Throughout  the  world  there  are  mow 
living  scores  of  men  and  women  who  arc  near  or  even  beyond  the  century  mark. 
Mr.  Utecht  here  tries  to  analyze  why  the  old  laze  of  threescore  years  and  ten 
does  not  apply  in  their  particular  cases.  Perhaps  you  may  find  in  this  article 
exactly  the  right  hint  to  obtain  for  yourself  health  and  longevity. — Editor's  Note. 


IF  the  average  length  of  life  of  man- 
kind continues  to  increase  at  the 
same  percentage  of  gain  of  the 
last  century,  the  time  is  not  far 
distant  when  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years  will  be  the  usual  span  of 
a  human  life.  This  may  seem  a  re- 
markable statement  but  it  is  no  more 
remarkable  than  the  facts  upon  which 
it   is  based. 

The  average  longevity  in  the  United 
States  at  present  is  placed  at  44  yen-. 
Records  kept  in  the  New  England 
States  show  that  in  1789  the  average 
life  was  35  year-:  in  1855, 
40  years;  in  1895, 45 years ; 
and  in  1903,  47  years.  The 
increase  of  longevity 
Europe  is  still  mure  sig- 
nificant In  Switzerland. 
in  the  sixteenth  century, 
the  average  life  was  only 
21.2    years,     but     in     the 

nteentb  century  it 
had  reached  2?. 7  year-. 
The  eighteenth  century 
W  a  I  marke  d  by  an 
average  of  33.6  years. 
while  the  nineteenth 
century  saw  an  in- 
crease to  3'>.7  years. 

Lei  the  ettnnati 
1'rofessnr  I'inkelnberg 
of  Boon  University  an- 
swer those  skeptics 
who  gloomily  assert 
that  people  do  not  live 

dug  as  they  used 
to.  that  we  are  becom- 
ing   a    race    of    weak- 


lings, and  that  civilization  is  prov- 
ing the  undoing  of  mankind.  The  av- 
erage life  over  all  Europe  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  was  18  years.  Now  it 
is  40  years,  a  gain  of  more  than  one 
hundred  per  cent  in  three  centuries. 

The  m<  ire  progressive  and  civilized 
a  nation,  the  longer  is  the  average  life 
there,  for  it  is  shown  conclusively  that 
the  countries  of  the  United  States,  Eng- 
land, Germany,  France,  Sweden,  and 
others  have  greatly  lengthened  the  chain 
of  life,  while  the  average  in  India  at 
present  is  only  23.6  years.  In  1881,  the 
average  in  India  was  23.7  years  and 
two  hundred  years  ago  the 
average  was  19  years. 
Chinas  average  human  life 
is  but  fractionally  different 
from  that  of  India. 
I!ut  the  increase  of  the 
past  does  not  indicate  the 
increase  of  the  present 
or  the  future,  for  all 
authorities  agree  that 
the  more  highly  civil- 
ized nations  are  ac- 
tually doubling  the 
percentage  of  in- 
creased longevity, 
due  to  discoveries 
of  the  last  ten 
years  in  causes 
and  cures  of  dis- 
eases, enforced 
observance  of 
the  hygienic  and 
sanitation  laws, 
pure  food, 
length  of  work- 


AT  Oil    Hl'MiRFD 

Up  io  Coldwatcr,  Michigan.  Mrs.  Mary  Harrison  is  still 
•.'Djoying  life. 


SI 


ing  day,  and  working  condition  laws. 
People  not  only  live  longer  than  they 
formerly  did,  but  what  is  better,  they 
retain  their  vitality  and  usefulness 
longer.  The  condition  and  happiness 
of  the  average  man  has  improved  with 
his  longevity.  They  cannot  be  sep- 
arated. One  element  is  essential  to 
the  other. 

There  are  few  persons  in  the  United 
States  who  realize  that  we  have  with 
us  more  individuals  of  great  age  than 
fifty  years  ago.  There  are  from  five  to 
six  thousand  persons  in  the  United 
States  today  who  have  reached  one 
hundred  years.  Some  have  reached 
one  hundred  and  twelve  years  and 
there  are  records  of  still  greater  ages. 
A  Montana  Indian  proves  that  he  is 
one  hundred  and  thirty-three  years 
old;  an  Oregon  woman  reached  one 
hundred  and  twenty.  Only  two  years  ago 
there  died  near  Quitman,  Texas,  Mrs. 
Laura  Kilcrease,  at  the  age  of  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-six. 

Flourens  and  Haller,  famous  physi- 
ologists, pointed  out  the  fact  that  other 
mammals  live  five  times  the  length  of 
their  growing  period.  They  put  the 
human  growing  period  at  thirty  years, 

JS 


Average  Age:  Over  Eighty-Eight 
Octogenarians  of  Monroe  County.  Pennsylvania,  in  their 
first  annual  reunion  last  fall.  In  the  middle  of  the  first 
row  is  Mr.  Macager  Weiss,  who  is  one  hundred  and  twelve 
years  old.  He  gets  around  as  though  he  were  not  more 
than  sixty  and  seems  to  be  good  for  twenty  or  thirty  more 
years  of  life. 


and  asserted  that  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years,  therefore,  should  be  the  span  of 
human  life. 

Pure  water  has  played  an  impor- 
tant part  in  lengthening  life.  It  was 
not  so  many  years  ago  that  little  or 
no  attention  was  given  to  sources  of 
water  supply.  Now  cities  spend  im- 
mense sums  to  furnish  fresh,  pure 
water.  Between  the  years  of  1902  and 
1906,  figures  on  typhoid  fever  victims 
showed  that  the  death  rate  per  one 
hundred  thousand  inhabitants  in  four 
cities  that  used  water  from  wells  was 
18.1  per  cent.  Again,  figures  from 
nineteen  cities  that  used  polluted  river 
water  showed  that  the  death  rate  from 
typhoid  was  61.1  per  cent.  This  dif- 
ference shows  what  a  little  care  will  do 
to  extend  human  life. 

In  the  eighteenth  century,  fifty  mil- 
lion persons  died  in  Europe  from  the 
ravages  of  smallpox.  This  was  easily- 
half  the  population.     But  when  vacci- 


nation  was  introduced.  this  disease  lost 
it^  terrors.  Yellow  fever,  cholera,  and 
typhoid  have  also  been  conquered. 

Laws  have  been  passed  giving  the 
workingmen  an  eight-hour  day  and  re- 
(|ttiring  that  conditions  of  factories 
shall  be  sanitary.  It  has  been  shown 
that  longer  working  hours  mean 
shorter  lives:  that  tenement  districts 
have  a  much  lower  mortality  rate  than 
districts  where  the  well-to-do  live. 
People  who  rent  have  a  higher  death  rate 
than  those  who  own  their  own  homes, 
and  persons  living  in  five-  and  six-room 
houses  live  longer  than  those  who  live 
in   houses  of  less   rooms.    Of  course 

there  are  exceptions,  but  these  facts 
have  been  found  by  the  highest  au- 
thorities, chief  among  whom  is  Pro- 
•  Irving  Fisher  of  Yale.'  lie  was 
commissioned  by  the  United  States 
Governmenl  to  investigate  and  report 
on  the  conservation  of  human  life,  and 
his  search  included  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  comparisons  of  all  data  and 
authorities. 

Mankind  is  making  a  determined  but 
gradual  effort,  not  only  to  add  years 
to  life,  but  to  add  years  of  usefulness. 
and   to  increase  the  length  of  working 


power  of  man,  and  success  is  crowning 
these  efforts. 

Some  men  and  women  in  the  United 
States  who  have  advanced  past  a  hun- 
dred years  of  age  display  vitality  that 
amazes,  yet  which  should  onlyr  be  ex- 
pected in  view  of  the  lives  they  have 
lived.  These  remarkable  old  persons 
are  young  compared  to  the  age  human- 
ity will  attain  if  it  keeps  on  increasing 
the  average.  Some  of  these  persons 
of  more  than  a  century  of  years  are  as 
robust  as  many  half  their  age.  How 
have  they  retained  this  vitality?  It  is 
no  secret.  Simple  living,  plenty  of 
outdoor  life,  not  too  much  work  or  too 
much  idleness,  and  absence  of  worry 
are  the  greatest  factors. 

Abraham  Wilcox  of  Fort  Worth. 
Texas,  is  one  hundred  and  twelve 
years  old.  but  he  takes  keen  enjoyment 
in  life.  lie  walks  two  miles  or  more 
every  day  as  a  "constitutional"  and, 
occasionally,  he  even  takes  a  small 
jjlass  of  beer.  He  looks  forward  with 
all  the  enthusiasm  of  a  boy  to  a  visit 
to  the  Panama- Pacific  Exposition  in 
1915,  when  he  will  be  one  hundred  and 
fifteen  years  old.  Mr.  Wilcox  reads 
the  newspapers  every  day  and  is  inter- 

39 


40 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ested  in  everything  about  him,  from 
the  food  being  prepared  for  his  dinner 
to  the  latest  feats  by  aeroplanes.  This 
aged  man  looks  forty  or  fifty  years 
younger  than  he  really  is.  His  skin 
is  white  but  not  deeply  lined.  His  vis- 
ion is  excellent  and  he  walks  nearly 
erect.  Thirty  years  ago  he  gave  up 
smoking,  as  his  doctors  warned  him  he 
was  near  death  from  old  age  and  that 
use  of  tobacco  would  only  hasten  the 
end. 

Wilcox  not  only  shows  various  fam- 
ily records  to  prove  his  age  but  relates 
with  much  vividness  events  during  his 
childhood  connected  with  the  history 
of  England  that  would  be  impossible 
to  recite  unless  he  were 
living  then.  Question-  ■■■^^^■H 
ers  often  have  tried  to 
trip  him  but  they 
always  have  failed  and 
he  takes  delight  in  trip- 
ping  them.  Wilcox 
was  born  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  in  1801 
and  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1831.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out 
he  tried  to  enlist  but 
was  rejected  because 
he  was  too  old. 

In  the  Ozark  Moun- 
tains of  Marion  county, 
Arkansas,  just  across 
the  Missouri  line,  lives 
Mrs.  Elmyra  Wagoner. 
She,  too,  is  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  years 
old.  There  are  a  thou- 
sand wrinkles  in  her 
face  and  she  looks  her 
age,  but  in  her  actions 
she  is  sixty.  Up  until 
a  very  few  years  ago, 
when  still  past  the  hun- 
dred-year mark,  Mrs. 
Wagoner  kept  a  large 
garden  and  was  able  to 
work  in  the  fields. 
While  she  has  given 
up  outdoor  work,  she 
is  still  active.  On  in- 
clement days  she  sits 
by  the  fireplace  in  her 
mountain  home  and 
spins.    On  pleasant 


days  she  may  be  found  walking  about  the 
yard.  Recently  her  great-great-grand- 
daughter was  married  at  Protein,  Mis- 
souri, six  miles  from  the  Wagoner 
home.  This  woman  of  one  hundred 
and  twelve  years  walked  to  the  wed- 
ding, enjoyed  it,  and  then  walked  back 
home,  a  distance  that  would  tire  out 
many  persons  half  that  age.  There- 
are  scores  of  persons  at  Protein  who 
vouch  for  this  and  they  tell  of  similar 
feats  by  Mrs.  Wagoner  showing  re- 
markable physical  power. 

Asked  to  give  the  causes  of  her 
longevity,  the  aged  woman  smiled  and 
said  that  she  hated  to  admit  she  was 


getting    old. 


Rejected  in  Civil  War  Times  as  Too  Old 

Abrahnm  Wilcox  is  one  hundred  and  twelve 

years  old  but  be  walks  two  miles  a  day. 


"Clean,  honest  living, 
plenty  of  work,  plenty 
of  good  food,  and  a 
desire  to  help  others 
when  sick  or  in  trouble, 
I  think  gave  me  my 
long  lease  of  life."  she 
said.  "I  was  always  so 
busy  caring  for  others 
and  thinking  of  them 
that  I  never  had  time 
to  worry  whether  I 
was  getting  old  or 
not." 

Asa  Goodwin  of 
Sterrett,  Alabama,  is 
one  hundred  and  six 
years  old.  His  endur- 
ance powers  are  even 
more  remarkable  than 
those  of  Mrs.  Wagoner 
or  Abraham  Wilcox. 
He  walks  five  miles 
every  day.  He  works 
several  hours  daily  in 
his  garden,  eats  any- 
thing he  likes,  and 
reads  without  glasses. 
His  family  is  probably 
the  largest  in  the 
United  States.  A  re- 
union recently  held  in 
his  honor  was  attended 
by  eight  hundred  and 
fifty  persons,  three 
hundred  and  fifty 
being  blood  relatives. 
Goodwin  has  been  a 
hunter  all  his  life  and 
he  frequently  takes 
down     his     rifle     and 


WHEN  IS  MAN  OLD? 


41 


At   Home   in  the 

OzARKS       AT      (INK 
H  D  If  D  t  ■  D    AND 

Twelve 
Mrs.  E 1  m  y  r  a 
\\  :i  y  <>n  t-  r  re- 
cently gave  up 
outdoor  work 
but  spends  a 
good  d' 
time  spinning 
the  hri- 
plao-  during  in- 
li-nif-nt  weather. 


weed    the    garden    and    then     feel 
better." 

Mrs.  Mary  Harrison,  residing 
near  Coldwater,  Michigan,  celebrated 
the  hundredth  anniversary  of  her 
birth  last  June.  At  that  time  two 
hundred  relatives  and  friends  gath- 
ered at  the  home,  and  Mrs.  Harrison 


proves  that  his  aim  is  still  good. 
lie  ascribes  his  length  of  life 
and  vitality  to  his  great  interest 
in  outdoor  sports  and  hunting, 
when  a  young  man.  developing 
a  rugged  constitution  that  lasted 
him  many  years  after  he  was 
forced  to  i|ttit  strenuous  work 
because  of  "'old  age."  lie  asserts 
that  he  was  so  busy  living  that  he 
reached  his  one  hundred  and  six 
years  before  he  realized  it  and  wants  to 
live  fifty  years  more  if  possible.  "I  feel 
as  if  I  could  do  it.  too."  he  declared.  "I 
now  can  take  my  ease  and  comfort  and 
the  world  looks  good  to  me.  I  have  al- 
ways lived  a  temperate  life,  never 
drank,  never  kept  late  hours,  and  still 
have  had  as  much  or  more  fun  than 
the  average  man.  I  think.  It  is  only 
now  when  I  have  nothing  to  do  that  I 
get  to  worrying  and  when  I  find  my- 
self in  that  condition  I  take  a  walk  or 


made  it  a  point  to  talk  and  joke  with  all 
of  them.  At  the  close  of  the  day's  fes- 
tivities she  showed  no  signs  of  fatigue. 
Others,  fifty  years  younger,  were  tired 
out. 

All  her  life  Mrs.  Harrison  has  been 
a  humorist.  She  always  has  refused 
to  look  on  the  dark  side  of  anything 
even  when  there  was  occasion  for  sad- 


42 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ness.  Because  she  has  always  been 
cheerful  and  jolly,  and  because  of 
cleanly,  careful  jiving  she  has  reached 
one  hundred  years  and  still  feels  young. 

There  is  a  '"young"  lady  living  in 
Warren,  Ohio,  who  is  devoted  to  mo- 
torcycle riding.  She  is  only  ninety- 
one  years  old  and  doesn't  expect  to 
give  up  her  "joy  rides"  for  several 
years  longer.  She  is  Mrs.  Catherine 
Osborne  and  she  takes  a  daily  ride 
with  a  young  man  who  drives  the 
machine.  Until  very  recently,  she  did 
all  the  housework,  milked  cows, 
churned,  and  did  farm  chores.  She  has 
lived  the  most  of  her  life  in  the  coun- 
try and  has  been  an  expert  horse- 
woman. To  these  rides,  Mrs.  Osborne 
ascribes  her  long  life  and  rugged  con- 
stitution. 

Another  remarkable  woman  is  Mrs. 
Bertha  M.  Rose  of  Denver,  who  is 
sixty-four  years  old  and  an  athlete. 
She  learned  to  swim  at  forty-five,  and 
to  dance  at  fifty-five  years.    Mrs.  Rose 


does  a  handspring  with  ease  and  uses 
dumb-bells  daily  as  light  exercise. 
She  can  outrun  a  girl  of  twenty,  and 
she  is  an  expert  on  the  parallel  bars. 
She  attributes  her  vitality  to  outdoor 
life,  banishing  drugery  and  being  an 
optimist.  She  says  she  will  never 
grow  old. 

Here  is  a  list  that  gives  a  few  of  the 
very  oldest  persons  in  this  country 
who  still  retain  agility  of  mind  and 
body.    No  invalids  are  included  : 

Macager  Weiss,  aged  one  hundred 
and  twelve,  Beaverbrook,  New  York. 
Walks  around  as  much  as  a  man  of 
sixty. 

Joseph  Fray,  aged  one  hundred  and 
twelve,  New  York  City.  Born  in  Po- 
land. Possesses  all  faculties.  Never 
sick.  Says  plain  food,  plain  living, 
honesty,  and  plenty  of  sleep  gave  him 
long  life.     Was  a  merchant. 

George  Banks,  aged  one  hundred  and 
fifteen,  of  Bangor,  Maine.  Civil  war 
veteran.      Looks    after    small    chicken 


INTERESTED  IN  MOTORCVXLING 
Mrs.  Catherine  Osborne,  at  over  four  score  and  ten.  has  stopped  outdoor  work  but  she  is  still  interested  in  riding    She 

has  forsaken  her  favorite— the  horse, 


WHEN  IS  MAN  OLD? 


43 


and   truck   farm,   doing  a  great  deal  of 
manual  labor. 

George  VY.  Austin,  aged  one  hun- 
dred and  five,  of  Kent,  Ohio.  Walks 
down  town  every  day.  Goes  to  church 
nn  Sundays.  Eats  anything  and  reads 
everything.  Born  in  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut.    Carpenter  and  contractor. 

.Mrs.    Sarah    Todd, 
aged  one  hundred 
and    three,    of 
Eugene,   Oregon. 
Sister-in-law    of 
Lincoln's    wife. 
Attends  to  household 
duties.     Does     market- 
ing.    Reads  and  writes.     Re- 
cently registered  as  voter. 

Robert  Golitely,  aged  one 
hundred   and   five,   of  Ozan, 
Arkansas.   Educated 
negro.    Now  police 
judge:  served  as 
united  States  Consul 
at   Madagascar  under 
President  McKinlcy. 

Mrs.  Mary  Lindsey, 
aged  one  hundred  and 
three,  of  Sh  erman, 
Texas.     Able  to  read  and  write.     Takes 
lively  interest  in  affairs. 

Mrs.  Ellen  I).  Kotrammcll.  aged  one 
hundred,  of  Sherman.  Texas,  i  Tearing 
and  voice  good  as  ever.  Enjoys  life. 
Eyesighl   a   little  dim.     Eats  heartily. 

James  II.  Snyder,  aged  one  hundred, 
of  Oklahoma  City.  Oklahoma.  Walks 
with  a  crutch  because  of  injury  re- 
ceived when  a  sailor.  Eats  freely, 
reads  well  and  smokes  daily.  Takes 
great  interest  in  politics.  Is  a  pro- 
i  re. 

Joseph  Fisher,  aged  one  hundred 
and  seven,  of  Bedford,  Indiana.  Uses 
tobacco,  drinks  a  little  liquor;  never 
sick  in  life.  Recently  drove  one-horse 
wagon  from  Linton.  Indiana,  to  Bed- 
ford. Born  in  Washington  county, 
Indiana. 

Dr.  F.  X.  B.  Oliver,  aged  one  hun- 
dred and  five,  of  Altus.  Oklahoma. 
Civil  War  veteran.  Walks  easily  and  a 
great  traveler.  Came  here  recently 
from    visit     in     several    Texas    towns. 


Walks    Kiv*  Milks  and  Weeds  the  Gardkn 
Although  he  has  bad  one  hundred  and  six  years  of 
h<  is  not  tired  of  it  and  is  planning  his  time  (or 
th.-  n.\t  hfty  years. 


lit 


traveling  alone.     Does  not  drink  or  use 
tobacco. 

J.  M.  Phipps,  aged  one  hundred  and 
one,  of  Shenandoah,  Iowa.  Looks 
like  sixty.  Tall,  straight  and  walks 
with  rapid  stride.  Hasn't 
eaten  meat  in  ten  years. 
Recently  traveled  alone 
to  Oklahoma  for  visit. 
Says  he  will  reach  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five. 
None  were  great 
athletes,  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  weak- 
lings. They  were 
just  average  men 
and  women  who 
took  good  care  of 
themselves.  Each 
had  plenty  of  out- 
door life,  was  al- 
ways busy,  and  ob- 
served the  health 
laws.  Of  cou  r  se, 
none  of  them  lived  in- 
temperate lives. 
These  men  and 
women  did  not  have 
the  advantage  of  the 
boons  of  civilization  in  their  youth.  They 
underwent  hardships  and  drudgery  that 
people  now  do  not  have.  They  did  not 
have  the  modern  house  with  its  bathroom 
— and  that  bathroom,  by  the  way.  is 
accounted  a  great  factor  in  the  exten- 
sion of  life.  They  did  not  have  gas 
and  electricity  and  a  hundred  other 
devices  to  make  work  less  hard  and 
give  them  more  time  for  enjoyment 

When  doe-  a  person  become  old? 
Think  before  yon  answer.  There  are 
thousands  of  men  who  are  over  sev- 
enty that  work  every  day,  who  take 
a  prominent  part  in  the  world's  affairs 
and  who  get  much  out  of  life. 

Among  great  scientists  and  men  who 
have  shaped  the  world's  history,  a  long 
life,  in  which  the  latter  part  was  the 
most  effective,  has  been  an  often  noted 
circumstance.  The  case  of  the  French 
naturalist  Fabre  is  perhaps  the  most  re- 
markable. At  fifty  he  was  absolutely 
unknown,  the  last  half  century  of  his  life 
being  the  productive  period. 


D    C 


3  a 


BEATING  THE  METER 

By 
ROBERT    H.    MOULTON 


THOMAS  B.  WELLS  of 
New  York  and  Spring  Lake, 
New  Jersey,  claims  no  kin- 
ship with  the  mystic  Alad- 
din, who,  we  are  assured, 
could  by  the  simple  process  of  rubbing 
a  magic  lamp  summon  a  genie  and 
cause  him  to  execute  any  commands 
his  master  might  give  him.  But  Mr. 
Wells  seems  to  be  about  the  nearest 
approach  to  that  wonderful  personage 
of  which  we  have  any  record,  for  he 
produces  results  almost  as  marvelous 
and  his  methods  are  similar.  About 
the  only  difference  is  that,  instead  of 
a  magic  lamp,  he  uses  the  modern 
electric  switch,  while  the  mystic  elec-  i 
trie  current  takes  the  place  of 
the  genie. 

Mr.     Wells    has     recently 
brought  into  being  the  first 
electric    residence.     Ac 
cording    to    his    own 
story  he  was  forced 
into  doing  it. 
While     a     wealthy 
man,  Mr.  Wells 
objected  very 
strenuously     when      the 
bills,     which     came     in 
from    the    Spring    Lake 
Electric   Lighting   Com- 
pany,   showed    that    he 
was  being  charged 
eighteen  cents  per  kilo- 
watt   hour.      Protests    availing   nothing. 
Mr.  Wells  determined  to  become  his  own 
electrician. 

Here  are  some  of  the  things  he  has 
succeeded  in  doing:  making  ice  for  six- 
tenths  of  a  cent  per  pound ;  lighting  and 
heating  his  bungalow ;  doing  the  cook- 
ing, washing  and  ironing ;  mixing 
drinks;  running  his  own  moving  picture 
machine  and  phonograph,  and  an  elec- 
tric fountain  for  table  decoration ;  oper- 
ating an  apparatus  for  drying  hair; 
a  vacuum. cleaner ;  mechanically  mixing 
bread,    beating    eggs,    chopping    meat, 

44 


V 


slicing  potatoes,  freezing  ice  cream, 
boiling  coffee,  making  toast,  sharpening 
knives,  buffing  silver,  operating  a  sew- 
ing machine,  electrocuting  mice — and 
he  is  still  working  on  new  things. 

Mr.  Wells'  first  move  was  to  install  in 
his  bungalow,  which  is  really  a  handsome 
summer  villa,  a  ten-horsepower  gas 
engine  with  the  necessary  equipment  for 
manufacturing  current.  Immediately, 
the  cost  of  lighting  his  house  was  re- 
duced from  eighteen  cents  to  one  cent 
per  kilowatt  hour.  This  engine,  of  the 
four-cycle,  water-cooled 
gasoline  type,  is  directly 
connected  to  a  _  five-kilo- 
»tx  watt  generator,  supplying 
:'/%  direct  current  at  one 
hundred  and  fifteen 
volts. 


Some  of  the  Household  Devices 
The  percolator  works 
rapidly  at  very  little  cost: 
the  toaster  and  the  hroiler 
Jfc  '  have  the  same  advantages 
for  tahle  use:  the  home 
moving  picture  machim  — 
well,  just  think  of  that  for 
all  the  family. 


The  abundance  of  cur- 
rent set  Mr.  Wells  to 
thinking  and  later  to  ex- 
perimenting and  invent- 
ing with  the  idea  of 
making  it  work,  not  only 
after  sunset,  but  all 
through  the  day.  What  he  ac- 
complished in  a  few  months  has 
already  been  chronicled.  His 
house  today  is  undoubtedly  the 
most  perfectly  appointed  and  smoothly 
working  electric  dwelling  in  the  world,  a 
fact  which  is  due  in  large  measure  to 
two  comparatively  recent  inventions — 
the  Edison  storage  battery  and  an  auto- 
matic controller  which  regulates  voltage. 
Along  with  the  gas  engine  there  is 
located  in  the  rear  of  the  Wells'  bunga- 
low one  hundred  storage  batteries.  By 
running   the    engine    only    seven    hours, 


BEATING  THE   METER 


45 


enough  current  is  stored 
up  in  these  batteries  to 

supply  the  house  for  a 
week.     By    an    ingenious 
device,  the  engine,  which 
IS    self-starting,    is    auto- 
matically shut  off  as  soon 
as  the  batteries  are 
charged.     The     automatic 
controller    keeps    the   volt- 
age the  same  whether  one 
light  or  fifty  are  turned  on  at        ^B 
the    same    time.     The    battery 
requires    DO    attention    with    the 
exception  of  an  occasional  addition 
of  distilled  water,  fur  which  purpose 
an   automatic   filler   is  provided.      More- 
over,    it     can     be     left     standing     in- 
definitely, either  charged  or  uncharged, 
and     in     either     a     hot     or     a     freez- 


ing climate,  without  the  slightest 
injury.  This  last  is  a  very  de- 
sirable feature  where  the  plant 
is  to  be  used  only  in  summer. 

One  of  the  most  interesting 
parts  of  this  electric  house  is 
the  kitchen.  This  contains  an 
electric  range  and  an  electric 
power  table ;  the  latter  is  oper- 
ated by  a  one-quarter  horse- 
power motor,  and  is  mounted 
on  castors  so  that  it  may  be 
moved  to  any  part  of  the 
kitchen  and  attached  to  a  wall 
socket.  It  is  a  great  time  and 
labor  saver  and  very  sanitary, 
as  food  prepared  on  it  does  not 
need  to  come  in  contact  with 
the  hands.  The  various  attach- 
ments for  grinding  coffee,  slic- 
ing vegetables,  freezing  ice 
cream,  beating  eggs,  chopping 
meats,  mixing  breads,  etc.,  can 
be  put  in  position  in  a  few 
seconds. 

The  electrical  washing  and 
ironing  machine,  which  is  oper- 
ated by  a  one- 
sixth  horse- 
power 
motor, 


Hitched  Up  in  the  Kitchen 
Most  of  the  appliances  speak  for  themselves,  but  the  little 
portable  motor  on  the  table  is  everything  from  a  remark- 
ably good  vacuum  cleaner  to  a  silver  polisher. 


46 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


has  cut  the  combined  work  of  washing 
and  ironing  by  hand  from  three  and  one- 
half  to  four  days  to  one  or  one  and  one- 
quarter  days.  The  daintiest  laces  may  be 
washed  absolutely  clean  without  fear  of 
injury,  and  the  machine  handles  the 
heaviest  blankets  and  thoroughly  cleans 
them.  The  electric  ice  making  plant  en- 
ables Mr.  Wells  to  make  fifty  pounds  of 
ice  daily  and  maintain  his  ice  box  with  a 
refrigeration  capacity  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  besides,  for  the  modest 
sum  of  fifteen  cents.  With  ice  at  forty 
cents  per  one  hundred  pounds  this  is  no 
small  saving. 

The  equipment  of  the  dining  room  is 
equally  perfect,  with  its  array  of  electric 
percolators,  toasters,  and  chafing  dishes. 
Two  real  novelties  here  are  an  electric 
drink  mixer,  and  a  tiny  electric  foun- 
tain in  the  center  of  the  dining-room 
table,  the  water  playing  over  subdued 
colored  lights,  producing  a  unique  and 
very  beautiful  effect. 

The  owner's  bedroom  in  this  electric 
wonder  house  contains  everything  that 
the  comfort-loving  could  desire.  In  the 
dressing  room  are  an  electric  heater  for 
the  curling  iron,  an  electric  hair  dryer, 
which  supplies  both  hot  and  cold  air,  and 


every  necessary  appliance  for  massage 
treatment  worked  by  the  same  means. 
Even  electric  pads  take  the  place  of  the 
old-fashioned  hot  water  bags.. 

Mr.  Wells'  success  does  not  mean  that 
the  next  man,  who  objects  to  the  exor- 
bitant prices  charged  by  most  electric 
companies  for  current,  can  follow  the 
same  plan  independently,  for  the  cost 
of  installing  an  individual  plant  is  high. 
Mr.  Wells,  however,  has  figured  out  a 
rather  interesting  plan  of  an  isolated 
plant,  which  he  calls  the  "block  sys- 
tem," intended  to  cover  equipment  for 
a  block  of  ten  residences,  supplying  each 
with  seventy-five  sixteen  candle  power 
lamps,  one  hundred  pounds  of  pure  ice 
per  day,  and  power  to  run  small  motors, 
such  as  are  used  on  sewing  machines, 
vacuum  cleaners,  silver  polishers,  etc. 
The  total  cost  of  equipment  for  such  a 
plant  Mr.  Wells  has  figured  would  be 
about  four  thousand  dollars,  or  four 
hundred  dollars  per  house,  and  the  fuel 
cost  two  hundred  and  seventy  dollars  per 
year,  or  twenty-seven  dollars  per  house. 
The  cost  of  current  would  amount  to 
only  one  and  one-tenth  cents  per  kilo- 
watt hour,  as  against  eighteen  cents, 
which  is  charged  by  many  companies. 


THE  HOODOO  DRYDOCR 


By 
JONAS    PL ATT 


a  T  last  there  is  a  place  on  the  east- 
l\  em  coast  of  America  where  the 
/\  greatest  dreadnaught  likely  to 
i^^\  be  built  within  twenty  years 
-L  \.  can  be  properly  massaged  and 
groomed  for  a  fight  or  a  frolic.  This  re- 
cently completed  Drydock  Number  Four 
in  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  was  not  built, 
however,  without  extraordinary  difficul- 
ties being  overcome.  In  fact  it  is  called 
the  "hoodoo  drydock",  since  it  cost  the 
lives  of  twenty  men,  the  serious  injuring 
of  four  hundred  others,  and  brought  two 
big  contracting  firms  to  ruin.  Yet  naval 
officers  say  it  is  worth  it.  Although  the 
whole  structure   occupies   a   space   only 


seven  hundred  and  twenty-six  feet  long 
and  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  wide,  it 
was  almost  eight  years  from  the  time  the 
work  was  started  until  the  first  ship  was 
floated  into  the  finished  dock.  When 
C  mgress  appropriated  one  million  dol- 
lars for  its  construction,  in  1905,  it  was 
expected  that  the  dock  would  be  ready 
for  use  in  two  years. 

It  seemed  a  comparatively  simple  task, 
at  first.  After  all,  a  drydock  is  merely  a 
lined  hole  in  the  shore  with  water  gates 
at  one  end  and  pumps  for  emptying  the 
dock  when  the  ship  has  been  floated  in 
and  the  gates  closed.  The  building  of 
such  a  dock  had  never  before  attracted 


THE   HOODOO   DRYDOCK 


47 


more  than  passing  attention ;  it  was 
hardly  more  interesting  than  the  laying 
of  a  suburban  trolley  line.  But  the 
"hoodoo  dock"  asserted  itself  early  in  its 
career.  It  was  not  long  after  the  first 
spadeful  of  earth  was  turned,  when  the 
mention  of  Number  Four  among  any 
group  of  engineers  was  the  signal  for  an 
argument. 

As  originally  planned,  the  dock  was  to 


dock  site  at  a  depth  of  about  fifty  feet. 
But  the  contractor  finally  got  down  his 
steel  piling  and  began  to  excavate  from 
inside  this  metal  box.  Then  the  quick- 
sand began  to  boil  up  into  the  center  of 
the  excavation,  sliding  in  from  all  around 
the  sides.  This  drew  the  soil  from  under 
the  foundations  of  several  nearby  navy 
shops  and  the  big  buildings  settled  dan- 
gerously. 


DOCK  WHICH  RUINED  TWO  BUILDERS 
Two  contractors  wen-  hn.ino.iliy  ruined  because  of  the  repeated  accidents  that  happened  dunni:    thi- 
ol th<-  work. 


construi  tinn 


be  of  masonry  construction,  built  on  a 
foundation  of  piles  driven  deep  into  the 
earth.  A  certain  big  contracting  com- 
pany planned  to  surround  the  entire  site 
of  the  dock  with  steel-sheet  piling  and 
thus  secure  a  large  open  excavation.  The 
chief  engineer  had  hardly  gone  lower 
than  the  surface  soil  when  every  pile  his 
men  drove  showed  a  strange  desire  to 
return  to  the  surface.  Xo  matter  how 
hard  the  drivers  pounded  them  down, 
they  came  bobbing  up  to  the  surface 
again.  Soundings  proved  that  there  was 
a  thick  layer  of  quicksand  underlying  the 


This  was  not  the  worst  of  the  con- 
tractor's misfortunes.  Two  big  sewers. 
one  six,  and  the  other  seven  feet,  flowed 
past  the  dock  site.  One  of  these  burst 
and  poured  its  waters  into  the  excava- 
tion :  then  the  other  cracked  and  added  its 
share  so  that  the  contractor  had  to  stop 
all  other  work  and  build  a  concrete  dam 
across  the  face  of  one  sewer,  while  he 
patched  up  the  other  as  best  he  could. 

So  far  the  great  drydock  was  nothing 
but  a  big  jagged  hole  in  the  ground,  lit- 
tered with  debris,  and  filled  at  the  bot- 
tom with  pools  of  sewer  leakage.    Hun- 


48 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


dreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  had  been 
thrown  into  this  hole  with  little  or  noth- 
ing to  show  for  it.  The  quicksand  had 
been  too  much  for  the  engineers ;  the 
contract  was  annulled  three  years  after 
it  was  let,  and  the  contracting  concern  is 
said  to  have  been  impoverished  through 
damage  suits  preferred  by  injured  work- 
men and  unforeseen  expenses  of  fighting 
the  shifting  sands. 

A  second  engineering  company  took  its 
spade  in  hand  and  tackled  the  quicksand. 
After  studying  the  formation  of  the 
ground,  it  was  decided  to  build  a  con- 
crete wall  on  the  west  side  in  an  effort 
to  stop  the  motion  of  the  sub-surface 
sands.  Not  only  did  this  wall  fail  to 
overcome  the  shifting  of  the  sand,  but 
under  pressure  of  earth  and  water  it 
began  to  slide  inward.  There  was  more 
trouble  with  breaking  sewers  and  finally 
the  big  power  plant  at  the  head  of  the 
dock  site  collapsed  and  threatened  to  sink 
down  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  Sev- 
eral men  were  hurt  in  this  chain  of  new 
misfortunes  and  the  government  finally 
annulled  the  second  contract.  The  sec- 
ond contracting  firm,  like  the  first,  left 
the  drydock  contract  financially  crippled 
and  facing  a  score  of  lawsuits. 

It  was  chiefly  during  the  two  earlier 
contracts  that  the  dock  earned  the  name 
"'hoodoo",  although  men  continued  to  get 
themselves  maimed  or  killed  in  the  dock 
excavation  almost  up  to  the  day  of  its 
completion.  A  strange  fatality  seemed  to 
follow  the  project.  In  nearly  all  of  the 
big  setbacks  that  overtook  the  work, 
such  as  the  bursting  of  sewers,  the  col- 
lapse of  sidewalks  and  the  sinking  of 
buildings,  men  were  seriously  or  fatally 
hurt.  But  in  the  everyday  course  of 
construction  the  accidents  were  just  as 
numerous.  Men  fell  from  scaffolding, 
dropped  hammers  or  bolts  on  each  other's 
heads,  ladders  broke,  donkey  engines 
blew  up,  and  in  a  hundred  ways  Fate 
seemed  determined  that  the  dock  should 
never  be  built. 

After  the  second  company's  failure,  the 
Government  altered  its  policy  toward  the 
dock  project.  In  addition  to  letting  the 
contract  to  a  new  firm,  a  naval  engineer. 
was  named  .to  supervise  the  work  and 
advise  with  the  contractors.  Civil  Engi- 
neer Frederick  R.  Harris,  U.  S.  N.,  was 
given    this    position,    and    between    this 


naval  officer  and  the  general  manager  of 
a  third  firm  of  contractors,  the  credit 
for  the  successful  outcome  may  be  di- 
vided. 

Since  the  original  appropriation,  the 
entire  design  of  the  dock  had  been 
changed.  Its  size  had  been  increased 
twice,  and  the  features  of  its  construction 
had  been  radically  altered.  Since  the  first 
plans  had  been  drafted,  the  superdread- 
naught  type  of  fighting  ship  had  been 
built,  and  not  only  must  the  dock  be 
larger,  but  the  floor  must  be  able  to  sup- 
port the  weight  of  such  vessels.  Mr. 
Harris  abandoned  all  idea  of  using  piles 
and  turned  to  a  method  never  before 
used  in  the  construction  of  a  drydock. 
Before  another  step  was  taken,  the  engi- 
neers made  up  their  minds  to  know  just 
what  there  was  beneath  the  dock  site  that 
was  causing  all  the  trouble.  In  a  vague 
way  it  had  all  been  ascribed  to  "quick- 
sand", but  borings  showed  that  what  the 
previous  contractors  had  thought  to  be 
hard  pan  rock  about  eighty  feet  below  the 
surface  was  merely  large  boulders  wholly 
unsuitable  for  a  foundation.  At  the  head 
of  the  dock,  rock  bottom  was  encountered 
at  ninety-five  feet.  One  hundred  feet 
further  from  the  head  this  ledge  had 
sunk  to  one  hundred  feet,  but  at  the 
entrance  it  was  lost  entirely. 

The  information  thus  obtained  is  really 
responsible  for  the  ultimate  success  of 
the  naval  officer  and  the  contracting  en- 
gineer. It  showed  them  the  futility  of 
any  attempt  to  use  pile  construction. 
Caissons  such  as  those  used  in  laving 
clown  the  foundations  of  the  great  sky- 
scrapers were  sought  as  the  only  alterna- 
tive, although  they  had  never  been  used 
in  this  manner  before.  Two  things  had 
to  be  guarded  against :  The  flow  of  the 
quicksand  in  from  the  sides,  with  its  con- 
sequent peril  to  the  big  buildings  all 
around,  and  the  persistent  tendency  of 
the  shifting  sands  to  bubble  up  in  the 
center  of  the  excavation.  The  dock  must 
have  not  only  string  walls  to  protect  it 
on  all  sides,  but  a  floor  sturdy  enough  to 
resist  the  upheaval  of  the  sands  and  the 
downward  pressure  of  the  ships  that 
would  be  docked. 

First,  a  concrete  retaining  wall  was 
put  down  all  around  the  dock  site.  Cais- 
sons were  driven  to  bed  rock  wherever 
possible  and  on  these  the  retaining  wall 


THE   HOODOO   DRYDOCK 


49 


was  built.  For  the  floor,  one  hundred 
and  fifty-tour  separate  caissons  were 
driven  to  get  a  rock  foundation  for  the 
same  number  of  concrete  piers.  The 
floor,  eight  feet  thick,  is  the  most  inter- 
esting portion  of  the  work.  It  had  to  be 
built  to  withstand  stresses  that  reversed 
every  time  the  dock  was  filled  or  emptied. 
In  the  first  place,  the  whole  dock  lias  a 


evenly  distributed  over  the  bottom  and 
sides,  but  this  enormous  weight  all  comes 
within  a  comparatively  restricted  area. 
To  resist  it,  a  row  of  especially  strong 
piers,  their  bases  on  the  solid  rock,  extend 
under  the  center  of  the  floor. 

These  piers  are  sunk  to  depths  that 
vary  from  ninety-five  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 


\l- TI-'.R  IT  WAS  COMPLETED 
Th.-  hoodoo  drydock  in  use.    It  was  finished  only  after  a   United  States  army  engineer  m  appointed  to  idl 

assist  in  the  building. 


tendency  to  float,  when  empty,  on  the 
water  and  mud  that  sweep  in  beneath  it. 
Thus  it  must  be  anchored  against  this 
upward  thrust,  and  the  floor  must  be 
strong  enough  not  to  bulge  over  the 
points  of  upward  pressure.  When  filled 
the  burden  is  reversed.  Then  the  dock 
floor  must  withstand  the  load  of  thou- 
sands of  tons  of  water :  but  the  greatest 
stress  comes  when  a  great  ship  is  placed 
on  the  blocks.     All  the  other  pressure  is 


floor.  The  center  line  piers  arc  anchored 
each  with  a  one-million-pound  slab  of 
concrete  a'nd  the  side  piers  with  anchors 
that  weigh  eight  hundred  thousand 
pounds. 

All  this  has  cost  money.  Instead  of 
the  original  appropriation  of  one  million 
dollars,  the  dock  has  consumed  three 
million  dollars.  The  actual  time  needed 
for  the  construction  of  the  new  dock  by 
the  successful  firm  was  but  two  years. 


50 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


TO  HANDLE  A  SUITCASE 


1V/IOHAMMED  ALI,  who 
**•*■  dislikes  to  carry  his  suit- 
case, has  patented  a  little  device 
which  makes  a  smooth  path  for 
him  on  the  way  to  and  from  rail- 
way stations  when  he  does  not 


wish   to 
On  the 
case  he 
a  perma- 
with  an  auto 
lock    which 
his  little 
w  heeled 

And  then 

wheel  it 

just  like  a 

perambulator. 


hire  a  taxicab. 
end   of  his 
has   fastened 
ncnt plate 
matic 
fastens 
t   w   o- 


carrier  to  it.  and  on  the  other  end  is  a 

regular  suitcase  handle.    The  truck  slips 

easily  into  place  on  the  end  of  the 

case   and   can   be   wheeled   off 

like  a  baby  carriage.     It 

has  proved  successful 

enough      to      interest 

American  business 

men. 


CITY'S  MEDICINAL 
BATHHOUSE 

HE     first     municipal     medicinal 
baths  in  America  have  just  been 
dedicated   at   Guthrie,   Oklahoma, 
with  appropriate  ceremonies,   in- 
cluding the  breaking  of  a  bottle 
of  mineral  water  over  the  bal- 
cony of  the  building. 
The   bathhouse   idea   had   its 
origin    in    the    discovery    a 
few  years  ago  that  a  flow 
of   artesian    water,    struck 
while    drilling    for   oil   or 
gas,  and  allowed  to  go  to 
waste    for    many    years, 
was    highly    medicinal    in 
its    character.     This    first 
well  was  in  a  city 
,___        park    and    several 
others     were     put 
down  by  the  park 
commission- 
ers,   all    re- 
sulting in 
the  striking  of 
mineral     waters     of     slightly 
varying  character. 

The  bathhouse  is  of  reinforced  con- 
crete and  marble,  with  a  big  swimming 
pool,  filled  with  salt  water  from  one  of 
the  mineral  wells.  The  concrete  floor 
of  the  pool  is  several  feet  from  the 
ground,  made  necessary  by  the  fact  that 
there  were  springs  at  that  point,  but 
there  is  no  chance  of  its  sagging. 


GUTHRIE'S  BATHS 
The  mineral  waters  of  the  city's  artesian  wells  have  been  gathered  for  use  in  a  municipal  establishment. 


IN  PLIGHT 
One  of  ihe  chid  virtues  of  the  new  iwfhit  is  ibat  it  can  be  handled  in  close  qaarten  •ntooa  trees  ind  buildings. 


WRIGHTS  AIRBOAT 

QRVILLE  WRIGHT,  noted  birdman. 
^  has  recently  completed  the  hydro- 
aeroplane which  marks  the  last  efforts  ac- 
complished along  this  line  by  his  brother. 
lie  has  been  working  on  the  new  flyer 
since  Wilbur  Wright's  death  and  he  now 
pronounces  it  aboul  perfect. 

Experiments  with  the  machine  are 
now  being  conducted  upon  the  .Mad 
River,  which  is  about  seven  miles  from 
the  factory  and  school  at  Dayton.  Ohio. 
Wright  is  highly  pleased  with  this  latest 
flying  boat  and  thinks  it  is  a  great  im- 
provement over  other  models,  since  it  is 
capable  of  attaining  great  speed  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  and  can  rise  grace- 
fully into  the  air  from  'he  water  in  a 
distance  of  less  than  two  hundred  feet. 
Heretofore  hydroaeroplanes  required 
long  distances  of  water  to  skim  along 
Upon  before  being  able  to  rise,  but  this 
new  Wright  machine  mounts  into  the  air 
almost  as  easily  as  a  duck.     It  is  easily  con- 


trolled and  can  be  manipulated  in  close 
quarters  among  trees  and  buildings. 


FOR  PLASTER  OF  PARIS 

r>OCTOR  GUILLAUME-LOUIS 

"-^  of  Tours,  France,  has  prepared  fab- 
rics for  surgical  bandages  and  for  an 
apparatus  to  hold  injured  limbs  in  posi- 
tion, with  a  preparation  of  acetone  such 
as  has  been  used  by  aviators  to  produce 
even  wing  tension.  In  the  case  of  the 
aeroplane,  a  solution  of  cellulose  was 
painted  onto  the  fabric  to  get  an  even 
tension,  and  the  doctor  adopted  the  idea 
for  bandages  to  do  away  with  splints 
and  plaster  of  Paris  for  certain  injuries 
not  requiring  heavy  reinforcement.  I  low 
ever,  the  film  will  never  replace  the 
plaster  because  it  dries  too  slowly  and 
is  not  strong  enough  to  support  a  limb. 
Its  best  use  is  after  the  regular  dressing 
has  been  removed  from  a  fractured  limb 
and  a  slight  support  is  still  required. 


WRIGHT  AIKBOAT 
The  machine  will  rise  after  a  short  glide,  and  has  proved  to  be  very  successful. 


SI 


52 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Visiblk  for  Thirty  Milks 

Oil  fires  are  very  difficult  to  subdue  but  this  one  was  con 

quored  with  chemicals 


FIRE  AT  TEN  THOUSAND 
DOLLARS  A  DAY 

A  PILLAR  of  flame  and  smoke  visible 
for  thirty  miles  around  was  caused 
by  the  accidental  ignition  of  a  gusher 
near  Bakersfield,  California.  It  burned 
steadily  for  a  couple  of  weeks  with  a 
loss  to  the  company  of  about  ten 
thousand  dollars  a  day.  The  method 
of  fighting  this  oil  fire  by  steam  was 
tried  and  twenty-six  boilers  from  adjoin- 
ing plants  were  brought  to  the  scene, 
but  this  was  not  successful.  Finally, 
chemicals  in  large  quantities  were  ap- 
plied and  the  fire  was  subdued  after  a 
strenuous  battle.  In  approaching  the 
burning  well,  the  fire  fighters  were 
constantly  sprayed  with  water  from  fire 
hose  to  keep  their  clothes  from  blaz- 
ing. 

SANDING  SLIPPERY  STREETS 

THE  old-fashioned  method  of  spread- 
ing sand  on  slippery  streets  is  slow 
and  costly,  and  to  save  labor  and  ex- 
pense a  revolving  sand  spreader  has 
been  placed  upon  the  market.  The  ma- 
chine works  like  a  rotary  snowshovel. 
and  does  the  work  of  twelve  men.  A 
team  and  driver  will  distribute  the 
sand  evenly  over  twelve  blocks  of 
average  length  in  an  hour.  It  was 
recently  tried  out  by  the  Street 
Cleaning  Department  of  the  city 
of  Milwaukee,  and  found  to  be 
satisfactory. 


ICdlll 

4 


ON  ICY  MORNINGS  THIS  WAGON  WITH  A  ROTARY  SPREADER  SANDS  THE  STREETS  TO  PREVENT 
SLIPPING  OF  HORSES.    THE  MACHINE  DOES  THE  WORK  OF  TWELVE  MEN 


HAULING  (ANAL  BOATS  WITH  TRUCKS 
Thi-  famous  mu!<-  which  has  MM  Med  sunt--  Ih  rirst  canal  was  built  for  work  on  the  towpaths  is  about  to  lose  his  job. 


Chicago  was  the  first  city  to  use  the 
machine.  It  has  purchased  several, 
and  the  Department  of  Streets  has 
pronounced  them  very  successful.  The 
sand  used  in  the  spreader  must  he 
dried,  hut  this  process  i-,  nol  expensive. 


DISCARDING  THE  TOWPATH 
MULE 

A  MOTOR  truck  has  made  the  experi- 
■*  ment  of  towing  the  canal  barges  of 
Schenectady.  New  York,  so  successfully 

that  there  is  a  possibility  that  the  day  of 
the  mule  is  past.  Three  barges  were 
hooked  together  and  a  load  of  fourteen 
men  taken  on  the  truck  before  the  start 
was  made.  The  machine  traveled  along 
the  old  towpath  at  a  rate  of  four  miles 
on  hour.  As  the  mules  which  have  al- 
ways done  the  towing  on  small  canals 
proceed  very  slowly,  a  great  deal  of  time 
is  lost  in  using  this  method  of  transpor- 
tation. It  is  hoped  that  an  economic 
saving  can  be  made  by  substituting 
powerful  trucks  to  do  the  hauling.  Ship 
canals  of  today  employ  electric  locomo- 
tives for  this  purpose. 


LOCATES  PIPE  LEAKS 

EAKS  in  water  mains  which  necessi- 
*~>  tate  the  digging  of  long  trenches, 
often  in  streets  where  the  traffic  is  heavy. 
may  now  he  located  by  the  pulsograph, 
a  device  that  has  been  thoroughly  tested 
by  the  New  York  City  Water  Depart- 
ment. The  inventor  also  claims  that  the 
machine  will  save  thousands  of  gallons 
of  waste  water  each  year  through  location 
of  the  leaks,  which  often  flow  for  a  con- 
siderable time  before  being  discovered. 
A  detachable  pump  is  fastened  to  a  hy- 
drant and  an  overpressure  i>  produced 
which  travels  along  the  pipe  being  tested. 
The  pressure  is  registered  on  the  ma- 
chine and  at  any  point  where  it  is  re- 
duced by  even  a  very  small  leak  the 
machine  shows  it.  To  locate  the  leak,  a 
wave  of  pressure  is  used,  it  having  been 
previously  determined  at  what  rate  of 
speed  the  wave  will  travel  along  a  pipe. 
The  pressure  is  increased  and  then  re- 
duced at  regular  intervals  and  the  pulso- 
graph registers  these  changes.  Hence, 
knowing  the  speed  of  the  wave,  it  is  easy 
to  tell  at  what  distance  from  the  hydrant 
there  is  a  leak,  or  a  reduction  in  the 
overpressure. 

S3 


ESTABLISHING  THE  ELE- 
PHANT'S ROYALTY 


By 

WARREN    H.    MILLER 

"Any  animal  with  four  tusks  and  a  trunk  [the  elephant  teas  not  always  two- 
tusked]  ought  to  show  forerunners  something  like  it  in  the  next  earlier  geological 
period,  or  else  the  whole  theory  of  evolution  is  wrong."  Dr.  Henry  F.  Osborne 
of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  has  found  this  connecting  link  by 
running  down  the  origin  of  the  great  beast  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  Any  king 
might  well  envy  the  elephant  his  distinguished  pedigree. — Editor's  Xote. 


SCIENTIFIC  exploration  and 
excavation  have  brought  to 
light  the  fact  that  the  ele- 
phant, which  had  his  greatest 
development  in  America  as 
the  mastodon  and  mammoth,  origin- 
ated on  the  site  of  the  present  desert 
of  Sahara. 

Doctor  Henry  Fairfield  Osborne,  of 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, had  made  a  careful  study  of  the 
ancestry  of  this  species,  but  up  to  a 
few  years  ago,  he,  like  the  other  geolo- 
gists of  the  world,  was  at  sea  as  to 
whence  it  came. 

The  elephant  is  a  highly  specialized 
beast,  being  provided  with  unique 
equipment  for  gaining  his  food,  and 
for  defending  himself  from  attack ;  also 
having  an  unusual  bony  structure  to 
anchor    its    mighty    muscles    and     sus- 


tain its  enormous  weight.  And  in  this 
immense  creature,  the  strongest  of  all 
quadrupeds  and  the  most  dangerous 
of  all  big  game,  resides  a  brain 
acknovvledged  as  the  most  sagacious  in 
all  the  animal  kingdom. 


long 


Such  a  beast  must  have  come  a 
way  in  the  scale  of  evolution.  Back  of 
the  mammoth  and  the  mastodon  was 
the  Miocene  elephant,  so-called  be- 
cause of  the  geological  period  in  which 
he  appeared.  This  animal  was  about 
the  size  of  our  own  elephant,  but  with 
four  tusks,  the  upper  and  lower  pairs 
being  designed  to  seize  and 
pull  down  the  branches 
and  canes  on  which  he 
f  e  d,  while  the 
trunk    w  a s 

y 


"INTO  THE  SOFT 
The  exploration  party  in  camp  for  the  night.  "At  Cairo  an   Arab  Sheik   with  his  caravan  of  camels  was  engaged. 

overhung  with  tall  sigillaria 

M 


ESTABLISHING   THE   ELEPHANT'S   ROYALTY 


55 


and  acted  more  like  a  flexible  upper 
lip  than  as  a  prehensile  trunk  with 
which  to  seize  food,  as  in  the  mam- 
moth, the  mastodon,  and  the  modern 
elephant. 

Before  the  Miocene  elephant  there 
appeared  to  be  no  development  of  the 
species.  This  was  extraordinary,  for 
any  animal  with  four  tusks  and  a 
trunk  ought  to  show  forerunners  some- 
thing like  it  in  the  next  earlier  geolog- 
ical period,  or  else  the  whole  theory 
of  evolution  is  wrong.  In  fact,  in  Dar- 
win's time,  they  used  the  case  of  the 
elephant  to  controvert  his  arguments, 
knowing  well  that  he  could  show  noth- 
ing further  back  than  the  highly- 
developed  Miocene  elephant.  Scientists, 
with  their  insatiable  passion  for  truth. 
longed  to  have  this  i,rrcat  mystery  satis- 
factorily cleared  up. 

Even  in  present  times  one  can  judge 
about  how  long  an  island  has  been 
-eparated  from  the  mainland  by  not- 
ing how  much  its  animals  differ  from 
their  cousins  on  the  mainland,  and 
through  geological  data.  ancient 
islands  and  continents  can  be  traced 
1>\  the  fossil  animal  records.  The 
Miocene  elephant  "started"  in  Middle 
Europe,  as  has  been  shown  by  fossil 
skeleton-,  of  them  that  have  been  tin- 
ea r  t  h  e  d  e  v  e  r  y- 
w here  in  t  h  e 
Miocene  strata 
of   Europe. 


But  in  the  next  epoch  there  was  a 
bridge  thrown  up ;  what  are  now  the 
Aleutian  Islands  was  then  solid  land, 
and  the  descendants  of  the  Miocene 
elephant,  the  mammoth,  and  the  masto- 
don, not  only  roamed  all  over  Europe 
and  Asia  but  crossed  to  America  and 
wandered  over  our  entire  western  hemi- 
sphere, skeletons  of  them  being  found  as 
far  south  as  Patagonia,  for  they  are 
great  travelers,  and  will  go  wherever 
there  is  dry  land. 

Reasoning  from  the  extensive  travels 
of  the  elephant  race  in  Europe,  Asia. 
and  America.  Dr.  Osborne  declared 
that,  up  to  Miocene  times.  Africa  must 
have  been  an  island  continent;  that  the 
ancestors  of  the  Miocene  elephant 
must  have  originated  in  Africa  and 
crossed  over  at  the  end  of  the  Eocene 
period — the  oldest  geologic  age  in 
which  mammals  are  supposed  to  have 
existed — when  amidst  the  birth  of 
great  chains  of  mountains  all  over  the 
earth,  a  bridge  of  land  was  formed  be- 
tween Africa  and  Europe.  In  the 
strata  of  this  period,  in  Africa,  Pro- 
fessor Osborne  predicted  that  the 
bones  of  the  early  ancestors  of  the  ele- 
phant would  be  found,  probably  small 
animals,  but  true  proboscidians,  with 
tusks  and  trunks. 

It  was  a  pretty  theory,  but  hard  to 
test  From  the  excavations  in  Egypt, 
geologists  knew  that  the  original  shore 
line  of  Africa  lav  buried  far  under  the 


i 


AND  SILENT  EAST" 

Sweltering  days  were  spent  in  locating,  by  the  conformation  of  the  strata,  the  beds  and  mouths  of  ancient  creeks  once 
and  great  tree  ferns." 


56 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


sands  of  the  Sahara  desert.  It  did  not 
seem  as  if  the  intrepidity  of  any  ex- 
plorer risking  his  life  in  the  Sahara 
would  ever  reveal  anything  but  sand 
hills  and  valleys,  themselves  a  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  ancient  Eocene 
earth  surface.  But  if  some  natural 
canyon  like  our  Grand  Canyon  of  the 
Colorado  could  be  found,  some  strata 
of  the  unknown  Eocene  period  of  Af- 
rica might  be  uncovered  and  possibly 
the   mystery   of   the    elephant    solved. 

Crossing  the  desert  from  the 
hinterland  to  the  Mediterranean 
Coast,  explorers  had  found 
the  bed  of  an  ancient 
river,  two  thousand 
miles  in  length, 
and  had  mapped 
it  and  searched 
it  from  source 
to  mouth,  but 
never  did  its 
bed  scour  as 
deep  as  the 
Eocene  strata. 
Then  an  Eng- 
lish scientist 
and  explorer, 
Mr.  B  e  a  d- 
nell,  entered 
the  Fayum, 
a  curious  de- 
pression 
washed  out 
by  the  waters  of  an  immense  in- 
land sea,  that  poured  into  the  Nile 
through  the  forty-mile  canyon  of  the 
Fayum.  The  ancient  Egyptians  used 
its  steep  banks  for  the  walls  of  a  great 
reservoir  and  by  damming  up  its 
mouth  in  time  of  flood,  a  deep  storage 
lake  was  made  which  you  will  find 
mentioned  on  obelisks  and  tombs  as 
Lake  Mceris.  It  stored  up  the  Nile 
flood  water  against  the  droughts  of 
summer,  and  this  Lake  Mceris  be- 
came a  fashionable  summer  resort  for 
Egyptian  royalty — the  summer  capital 
of  the  Ptolemies.  Then  came  the  con- 
querors— Greek,  Roman,  Saracen,  and 
Turk— and  once  more  the  desert 
claimed  Lake  Moeris  for  its  own,  leav- 
ing nothing  but  a  salty  pond,  now 
called  Birket-Kerun. 

Into  this  valley  of  death  rode  Bead- 
nell,      searching     for      the      unknown 


HEAD  BOWED 

The  royal  beast  now  serves  the  Hindu  at  his  tasks  in 

tiie  lumber  yards.     This  species  has  smaller  ears  than 

the  African. 


Eocene  of  Africa.  After  a  toilsome 
climb  up  the  steep  escarpments,  his 
pickaxe  dislodged  a  whitish  mass  of 
fossil  shells.  He  stooped  to  examine 
them  and  found  a  cluster  of  those  flat 
white  shells,  as  round  as  a  coin — the 
most  characteristic  Eocene  fossil  the 
world  over — and  the  Eocene  of  Af- 
rica was  found !  Only  a  small  portion — 
forty  miles  of  it — but  enough  to  rouse 
unbounded  hopes.  The  rest,  for  three 
thousand  miles  west  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  is  buried  under  the  Desert  of 
Sahara. 

But  of  that  little  which  crops 
out  in  the  Fayum,  scientific 
men  the  world  over  were  eager 
to  avail  themselves.  As  a 
British  scientist  made  the 
discovery,  the  honor  of 
the  first  excavation  be- 
longed to  the  British 
Museum  and  Dr.  An- 
drews of  that  institution 
promptly  headed  an  ex- 
pedition into  the  desert,  to 
lay  bare  the  secrets  of  an 
Africa  so  remote  as  to 
make  even  the  birth  of 
the  Nile  itself  a  thing  of 
yesterday.  To  be  the  first 
to  look  upon  the  animal 
life  of  a  new  continent,  to 
describe  to  the  world  new 
and  strange  forms,  not 
figments  of  the  imagination  in  some 
other  world,  but  creatures  that  really 
lived  on  this  planet,  millions  of  years 
ago,  is  the  dream  of  the  explorer. 
What  man  would  not  risk  the  priva- 
tions and  dangers  of  the  Great  Desert 
for  such  a  chance  as  this ! 

Professional  ethics  required  that  un- 
til Dr.  Andrews  was  through,  our  own 
expedition  under  Dr.  Osborne  should 
remain  at  home,  and  so  it  came  about 
that  Dr.  Andrews  was  the  first  man  to 
discover  and  describe  the  forerunners 
of  the  elephant,  which  Dr.  Osborne 
had  declared  would  be  found  in  the 
Eocene  strata  of  Africa. 

Our  own  expedition  soon  followed. 
From  the  American  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History,  with  funds  furnished  by 
a  group  of  patriotic  Americans,  Dr. 
Osborne,  Professor  Granger,  the  spe- 
cialist in  Eocene  fauna,  and  two  stone 


THE  ARAB  LEADER'S 
FIND 


It  turned  out  to  be  the  beast  of 

Lake  Mams,  the  patriarch  of 

all  the  elephant  family,  a 

small   animal   about 

three  and  a  half  feet 

high. 


experts  set  out  with  their  special  tools 
f<-r  clearing  the  rock  away  from  fossil 
skeletons.  At  Cairo,  an  Arab  Sheik 
with  his  caravan  of  camels  was  en- 
1-  The  all-important  problem 
was  water.  There  is  none  in  the 
laviim  and  none  within  fifty  miles. 
Sand   storms   could   come  and   go,   the 


pitiless  heat  and  glare  of  the  desert 
blind  one's  eyes  and  crack  open  one's 
lips— but  water  one  must  have.  A 
dozen  of  the  camels  carried  nothing 
else,  in  long  tin-lined  wooden  boxes 
slung  in  pairs  over  the  camels'  backs. 
On  the  return  trip,  these  boxes  held 
Fossils;     skeletons    of     the     unknown 


AT  WORK  0N  THE  ESCARPMENTS  OF  THE  ANCIENT  RIVFR 
"*  Pr°b"m  m  ,h"  ^  "  ^^-tfSMWfi,  —-■-.-*«■,.■.    A -o«„ 


SI 


58 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Eocene  animals  of  Africa — specimens 
that  cost  ten  thousand  miles  of  travel 
and  the  facing  of  hardships  and  perils 
in  the  Great  Desert  that  every  one 
might  look  on  these  strange  creatures 
and  understand  something  of  the  great 
law  of  evolution  under  which  the  hu- 
man race  has  developed. 

Arrived  at  the  Fayum  with 
its  forty  miles  of  Eocene 
escarpments,  the  first  prob- 
lem was  where  to  begin 
digging.  These  excava- 
tions are  expensive  and 
the  available  funds 
would  soon  have  been 
exhausted  without  turn- 
ing to  light  a  single 
specimen  unless 
the  mind  of  the  <*£ 
trained  geologist 
had  selected  the 
right  place  to  dig. 
Fossil  specimens 
are  most  numerous  in  the  deposits  at  the 
mouths  of  ancient  creeks  and  rivers,  for 
the  river  has  always  been  the  great  car- 
rier of  dead  bodies  from  the  fastnesses 
of  the  jungle  down  to  the  sea.  So  swel- 
tering days  were  spent  in  locating,  by 
the  conformation  of  the  strata,  the  beds 
and  mouths  of  ancient  creeks  once 
overhung  with  tall  sigillaria  and  great 
tree  ferns,  with  the  uplands  bearing 
Eocene  oaks  and  maples  not  differing 
very  greatly  from  our 

present    trees. 
Meanwhile 
the    Arabs 
demanded 
double  the 
pay  orig- 
inally   agreed 


I 


Prkskrvkd  for  Fifty  Thousand  Years 

This  mammoth  fell  into  an  ice  crevasse  and  was  killed.  The 

Siberian  climate  kept  him  in  cold  storage. 


upon.  If  the  expedition  yielded  to  them. 
only  half  the  digging  planned  for  could 
be  done :  if  not,  there  loomed  up  the 
probability  of  being  left  without  camels 
and  water  in  a  trackless  desert ;  but  with 
the  help  of  a  British  scientist  who 
went  along  from  Cairo  with  the  ex- 
pedition, the  strike  was  settled 
excavation  was  begun  in 
earnest.  A  promising 
looking  outcropping  was 
attacked,   and 

V^  soon,  amid  the 
S  bones  of  numerous 
small  Eocene  animals 
of  ancient  Africa — 
all  new  specie  s- — 
they  came  upon  the 
perfect  skull  of  a 
Palaeomastodon  or 
ancient  mastodon, 
the  immediate 
forerunner  of  the 
Miocene  elephant. 
You  will  recall  that  the  elephant  had 
four  tusks  in  pairs,  the  lower  ones  be- 
ing merely  extensions  of  the  lower 
jawbone.  This  African  forbear  had 
tusks  that  were  barely  visible  outside 
his  mouth,  and  these  two  long  front 
teeth  jutted  out  to  engage  two  corres- 
ponding extra  long  teeth  in  the  lower 
jaw,  in  effect,  a  primitive  four-tusked 
elephant.  The  trunk  was  short  like 
that  of  the  Miocene  elephant  and  the 
whole  beast  much  smaller,  about  half 
the  size  of  either  the  Miocene  or  our 
own  elephant  and  one-quarter  the  size 
of  the  great  mammoth  and  mastodon. 
Like  the  Miocene  elephant  it  was 
evidently  a  tree-browsing  animal, 
for  only  much  later  on  in  geo- 
logical times  came  the  canes 
and  grasses  re- 
quiring  that 
the  trunk 
should  be  devel- 
oped  as  the 
principal  food- 
seizing    equip- 


African  Elephant 
He  is  the  last  devel- 
opment in  the  evolution 
of  his  race.  The  tare- 
ears  came  for  protec- 
tion against  insect  foes. 
Meanwhile,  his  Indian 
brother  kept  small 
ones. 


IS  IABLISHING   THE   ELEPHANT'S    ROYALTY 


59 


ment.    the    lower    jaw    just  back  of  the  mastodon 

tusks  disappearing  and     The  Miocene  elephant  was  about  the 

t       i     .  size  of  our  own,  but  had  lour  tusks 

the    Upper    tUSkS    being'     and  almost  no  trunk  at  i 

pushed    out     for    de- 
fense. These  were  used  by  the  mammoth 

as  a  hooking  horn  and  by  the  mastodon 
as  a  spear. 

A    good   maii\    hones   of  the  ^^* 

Palaeomastodon    were   dis-  fc': 

covered    during    exea-  ^gri 

vation — not  enough        ^^L 
for    a    complete 
skeleton,    but  ^ 

enough  ye* 

f  o  r 


restoration 
form    of 


of 

Un- 


reasonable 
the    bodily 

animal. 
The  next   spot   explored 

was  the  (Juasr-el-Sagah  bed 
of  Middle  Eocene  deposits  in  the  Fayum 
I  fere  it  was  almost  certain  that 
the  ancestor  of  the  Palaeo- 
mastodon would  be  found, 
and  during  the  second 
week  of  work  on  these 
beds,  one  of  the 
Arahs  came  run- 
ning with  excite- 
in  e  n  t  to  a  n- 
n ounce  the 
finding  of  a 
new  skull.  It  turned  out  to  he  the 
Mu-ritherum.  the  patriarch  of  all  the  ele- 
phant family,  a  small  animal  about  three 
and  one-half  feet  high,  with  a  primitive 
trunk — a  mere  prehensile  snout — two 
downward-pointing  tusks  in  the  upper 
jaw  and  two  forward-pointing  ones  in 
the  lower,  partially  covered  by  the  lips. 
This  little  animal,  smaller  than  a 
donkey.  lived  in  swampy  country  on 
rank  lush  water-plants  and  tree  ferns. 
The  Palaeomastodon  evidently  devel- 
oped from  some  of  the  M<e'ritherum 
species     who    went    to    drier    ground, 


His  Missl.Nt;  Link 
apleta  skull  "I  the  Palaeo 
mastodon,  found  in  the  Fayum  in 
the  Sahara,  which    proved 

tie-  thf'.rv  of  the  scientists 
(hat  tbe  forefathers  lived  m 
Africa  when  the  desert  was 
a  fertile  plain. 


consequently  living  on  tree  leaves  and 
browse.  Roth  species  existed  together 
in  the  early  part  of  the  Upper  Eocene 
and  then  the  Mneritherum  became  ex- 
tinct, probably  from  the  development 
of  some  powerful  swam])  animal,  such 
as  the  early  crocodile. 

The  recent  discovery  of  a  Miocene 
elephant  at  Mogara.  seventy-five  miles 
northwest  of  the  Fayum,  shows  that 
the  Miocene  elephant  first  developed 
in  Africa  directly  from  the  Palaeomas- 
todon, while  Africa  was  still  an  island 
continent.     Bones  of  the  Miocene  ele- 


60 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


phant  have  been  dredged  up  in  the 
shoals  tinder  the  Mediterranean  be- 
tween Tunis  and  Sicily,  showing  that 
the  African  elephant  entered  Europe 
via  Italy  and  not  where  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez  now  is.  This  Miocene  beast 
was  migratory  and  eventually  found  his 
way  over  the  Alaskan  peninsula  into 
North  America  where  his  descendants 
became  the  special  form  of  mastodon 
known  as  Dibelodon  and  were  the 
first  elephants  to  reach  South 
America,  crossing  over 
when  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama  was  formed 
at  the  end  of  the 
Miocene  or  begin- 
ning of  the 
PI iocene 
epoch. 
Some  of 
these 
a  n  i- 
m  a  1  s 
lived 
in  the 
Andes 
at  a  height 
of  twelve 
thousand  feet 
above  the  sea, 
showing  that  even 
high  altitudes  were 
much  warmer  and  richer 
in  vegetation  than  they 
now  are. 

The  mammoth,  the  near- 
est relative  of  all  these  pre- 
historic elephants  to  our  own 
living  species,  reached  his 
culmination  in  the  age  just  before  ours 
and  extended  over  the  whole  north  tem- 
perate zone  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America. 
He  was  a  great  hairy  beast  with  immense 
curved  tusfts  eleven  feet  in  length.  The 
cave  men  knew  the  mammoth  well,  and 
made  many  pictures  of  him  which  survive 
until  this  day — carvings  on  fossil  ivory, 
jade,  and  obsidian,  and  rude  paintings  in 
earth-colors  on  the  walls  of  their  caves, 
long  since  sealed  up  with  great  walls 
of  stalagmite. 

We  today  know  accurately  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  mammoth,  for  in  sev- 
eral cases  he  has  been  discovered 
nearly  or  quite  intact,  the  hair,  hide, 
and  even  viscera  and   muscles  being 


Skull  of  His  Highness' 
Ancestor 
There  are  no  long  head  hones 
that   would    support    a  trunk, 
and  no  tusks  but  these  over- 
grown teeth. 


wonderfully  preserved.  The  best 
known  of  these  is  the  one  discovered 
in  1901  at  Beresovka,  Siberia,  eight 
hundred  miles  west  of  Bering  Strait 
and  sixty  miles  within  the  present  arc- 
tic circle.  Even  at  that  time,  fifty 
thousand  years  ago,  when  Niagara  was 
just  beginning  to  cut  its  gorge,  there 
was  plenty  of  ice  in  Siberia  and  this 
mammoth  broke  through  into  a  hidden 
crevasse  in  an  ancient  glacier.  He 
broke  a  hip  bone  and  one  fore- 
leg in  the  fall  and  ruptured 
a  big  blood  vessel,  as 
shown  by  a  great 
mass  of  clotted 
blood  in  his 
chest.  He  must 
have  died  in- 
stantaneously 
from  the 
shock,  for 
there  was 
still  unswal- 
lowed  grass 
between  his 
teeth  and  on 
his  tongue. 
His  hair  con- 
sisted of  a  thick, 
woolly  under 
coat,  yellowish 
brown  in  color, 
and  an  outer  bristly 
coat  of  brown  and  black  at 
least  half  a  yard  long  on  the 
chin  and  breast,  precisely 
as  shown  in  the  cave  men's 
drawings.  This  mammoth 
is  mounted  in  the  St.  Peters- 
burg museum,  exactly  as  found — the  only 
extinct  animal  that  has  come  down  to 
us  intact,  flesh  and  blood  fifty  thousand 
years  old,  preserved  in  the  solid  ice  all 
those  years. 

He  represents  the  culmination  of  the 
race  of  elephants;  with  the  coming  of 
the  cave  men  a  race  of  hunters  ap- 
peared on  the  earth  that  conquered 
even  the  great  mammoth,  for  many  a 
skeleton  has  been  found  with  flint  arrows 
and  spear  heads  piercing  the  fossil  bones. 
The  "true"  elephants,  a  race  which 
also  developed  from  the  Miocene  ele- 
phant, survive  to  this  day,  the  only  evo- 
lution taking  place  being  the  enormous 
ears,  for  self-protection  against  foes. 


ELECTRIC  SERVICE  FOR  THE 
FARMER 

T^HE    time    is    rapidly    approaching 
when    a    large    number    of    farm- 


entire  community.  A  screech  owl  which 
alighted  on  a  thirty-three-thousand-volt 
system  put  the  lights  of  two  cities  out 
for  about  two  hours,  in  the  instance 
shown  in  the  picture. 


BCKBECH-OWL  r  MI  v.ijisiif.k 
The  bird  lit  on  a  thirty-tbree-tbousaad-volt  transmission  line  and  put  out  the  lights  in  two  cities. 


within  reasonable  dis- 
tance of  high-tension 
transmission  systems 
will  be  supplied  with 
electric  service  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  city 
dwellers. 

To  supply  electric 
energy  from  these  high- 
tension  lines,  usually 
having  a  voltage  of 
eleven  thousand  or 
more,  it  is  necessary  to 
transform  it  to  the  com- 
mercial pressure  of  one 
hundred  and  ten  or  two 
h  u  n  d  r  c  d  and  twenty 
volts.  The  equipment 
furnished  by  power 
companies  is  shown  in 
the  accompanying  illus- 
tration. This  installation, 
consisting  of  transform- 
ers, switches,  fuses,  and 
lightning  arresters,  is 
known  as  an  outdoor 
substation,  many  of 
which  are  now  in  service. 

One  of  these  stations 
suitably  located  can 
s  u  p  p  1  y  c  u  r  r  e  n  t  t  o  a 
single  consumer,  to  a 
group  of  farms,  or  to  an 


Power  for  a  Farmhouse 

Stepping  down  a  voltage  to  give  farmers  on  the  line  power  lor  farm  machines 

One  owner  or  a  group  is  served  by  each  transformer. 


CI 


62 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


REMOVES  AUTO'S  GLARE 


A1 


NEW  dimmer  has 
been  placed  upon 
the  market 
w  h  i  c  h 

solves 


the  problem 
r  a  i  s  ed    by 
C  h  i  c  a  g  o '  s 
new    ordi- 
nance   on 
automobile 
driving 
lights.    It 
can    be 
used    to 
dim    the 
lights  ac- 
cording  to 
the  ordi- 
nance  for 
driving 
within  the  city 
limits,     and     yet 
can  be  instantly 
changed  by  a  turn  of 
the    button    to   give    a 


full  light,  when  it  is  needed  for  driving 
on  dark  country  roads,  or  on  very  dark 
nights,  when  a  full  glare  is 
needed  to  protect  both 
driver  and  pedestrians. 
This  device  is  made 
of  white  celluloid, 
cut  in  circular 
shape  to  fit 
just  within 
the  glass  of 
the  head 
lights.  In 
the  very 
center  of 
this  circle 
is  a  series 
of  slats 
k  that  work 
r  on  a  wire 
on  the  same 
principle  as 
the  slat 
blinds  used  on 
old  -  fashioned 
houses.  A  wire 
handle  is  used  to  con- 
trol the  slats. 


Complying  with  a  City  Ordinance 

To  dim  the  lights  while  the  car  is  in  the  city,  but  to 

let  them    shine    brilliantly  when    the    country    road 

stretches  ahead. 


GENERAL  TERRAZ 
AT  THE  LINE 


fHOTO  CO»Y«KiHTE0— IHTCftNATIOI'Al 


The  officers  of  the  Mexican  army  have  to  pass  the  same  sort  of  a  medical  examination  that  the  lowest  peon  does  when 

he  passes  across  the  line  into  the  United  States. 


LARGEST  AND 
FASTEST 


The  new  dreadnaught  Texas,  with 

h.r  sister  ship  the  New  York, 

marks  the   latest   step   in 

battleship  building  for 

the  United  Stat.-s. 


NAVY'S  LATEST  DREAD- 
NAUGHT 

THE  Texas,  the  new  warship  of  our 
Xavy,  is  the  largest,  Fastest  and 
most  formidable  of  Uncle  Sam's  fight- 
ing craft.  In  her  recent  speed  tests  ofl 
the  coast  of  Maine,  she  exceeded  her 
contract  requirements  in  all  the  trials. 

The  Texas  was  built  by  the  Newport 
News  Shipbuilding  Company.  Her  first 
keel  plate  was  laid  April  17th.  1911,  and 
she  was  launched  May  lXt'n.  1912.  She 
carries  the  largest  guns  ever  used  by  our 
fighting  craft:  ten  fourteen-inch  forty- 
five  caliber  guns,  besides  twenty-one  five- 
inch  fifty-one  caliber,  and  four  three- 
inch  powder  saluting  guns.  Four  twenty- 
one-inch  submerged  torpedo  tubes  com- 
plete her  battery. 

The    Texas 
c  o  m  plet  ed 

and    i>   about 
to  be   turned 
over  to  the  Govern- 
ment.    She    will    be 
manned   by   sixty-five 
officers  and  one  thou- 
sand men.    She  is  tht 
most  complete, 
as    well    as    the 
most  for- 
midable 
warship 
built    by    any 

The  Spit  for  a  Family 


power  up  to  this  time,  and  when  fully 
manned  and  equipped  it  is  thought  she 
will  exceed  her  contract  requirements 
by  far. 

A  sister  ship  to  the  Texas — the  New 
York — is  under  construction. 


BROIL  ON  KITCHEN  RANGE 

A  FRENCH  broiler  has  been  designed 
**  for  an  ordinary  kitchen  range  as 
well  as  for  use  in  hotels  and  res- 
taurants. The  larger  meat  broiler 
equipment  is  constructed  of  a  polished 
iron  frame  built  up  with  tiles;  it 
usually  has  four  or  five  spits  but  as 
many  can  be  made  as  desired.  These 
spits  rotate  simultaneously  in  front  of 
the  urate  so  that  the  meat  mounted  on 

them  is  ex- 
posed   to    the 
heat   of    the 
fire  grate  and  is 
roasted    evenly, 
not   burned   in 
one     place     and 
raw    in    another, 
as     in     ordinary 
broiling. 


It  hag  KMIfl  bt  01  r<  -cognized  that  meats 
cooked  in  this  way  are  more  satisfactory  than 
those  prepared  in  any  other  way. 

63 


MILLIONS 
of  the  CELLAR 


By  Bailey  Millard 


Fifty  feel 
under  the 
Waldorf: 
drying 
lace 
curtains. 


J 


UST  think  of  it!"  cried  a 
proud  New  Yorker  to  a  phleg- 
matic Philadelphia!!.  "With- 
in two  years  from  now  you 
can  take  a  train  from  Philadel- 
delphia,  run  up  to  Jersey  City,  speed 
under  the  river  and  go  underground 
all  the  way  through  New  York  and  on 
to  Boston." 

"That's  the  trip  I  want  to  take," 
replied  the  man  from  Philadelphia,  not 
at  all  impressed.  "In  fact  when  I'm 
in  New  York  I  like  to  travel  in  a  tube 
better  than  on  a  surface  line." 

"Do  you?"  said  the  pleased  Baby- 
lonian.    "Why?" 

"Because  when  I'm  in  the  tube  I 
can't  see  New  York." 

"Bah  V  cried  the  New  Yorker,  in 
disgust. 

But  he  needn't  have  felt  this  dispar- 

64 


They  Open  Your  Oysters  Where 


agement  so  keenly  after  all,  for  in  the 
tubes  and  their  ramifying  corridors  one 
sees  a  very  important  and  very  inter- 
esting feature  of  New  York — the  cave 
life  of  the  great  city — a  life  which  the  out- 
sider has  but  little  opportunity  to  study. 

In  round  numbers,  there  are  two  mil- 
lion cave  men,  women,  and  children  in 
New  York  who  come  and  go.  or  who 
work,  eat  and  drink,  read,  play,  buy. 
and  sell  underground,  year  after  year. 
They  not  only  endure  this  strange 
mode  of  life,  but  they  are  cave  folk 
from  choice  and  most  of  them  seem 
really  to  enjoy  it. 

Think  of  it !  Two  million  people  who 
spend  from  two  to  twenty-four  hours 
a  day  in  the  underground  corridors, 
sub-cellars,  tunnels,  and  river  tubes  of 
New  York.  These  two  million  consti- 
tute the  great  cave  colony.    They  are 


MILLIONS  OF  THE  CELLAR 


65 


of  all  types  of  the  population  of  the 
biggest  city  on  the  continent,  from  the 
"sand-hog"  in  the  tubes  or  in  the  new 
aqueduct,  hundreds  of  feet  below  the 
foundations  of  the  skyscrapers,  to  the 
man  of  affairs  ;  from  the  raw.  "just-over" 
servant  girl,  to  milady  herself.     And  so 


Alwavs in 
lamplight: 
thi-  cave 
women 
laundr 


ments  in  Toronto,"  replied  the  men  of 
the  association.  "Tell  us  about  some- 
thing that's  above  ground  and  out  in 
God's  sunlight  and  pure  air." 

But  do  you  suppose  for  one  minute 
that  New  York  minds  such  criticism? 
Not  in  the  least.  It  goes  its  new 
gnomic  way  with  complete  indifference. 
1  At  us  consider  the  modern 
cave  man  of  nether  New  York, 
beginning  with  the  sand-hog 
deep  down  in  the  foundation  of 
it  all,  for  he  is  the  pioneer,  and 
he  is  very  representative,  indeed, 
of  the  cave  life  of  the  great  city. 
Me  belongs  to  the  army  of  seven 
thousand  men  who  are  boring  the 


Tin    -ANDHOG  OSCF   DUG 


outsiders  who  affect  to  scorn  this  present- 
day  feature  of  metropolitan  existence  are 
likely  to  miss  a  chance  to  study  cave  life 
in  its  newest  and  most  wonderful  aspect. 

But  still  the  scoffers  continue  to  scoff. 
A  keen-eyed  Canadian.  Dr.  Edward  T. 
Burridge,  was  sent  to  New  York  by  the 
Toronto  Association  not  long  ago  to  find 
out  what  modern  improvements  it  had 
that  Toronto  lacked. 

This  was  about  the  time  when  pne  of 
the  big  subways,  the  Brooklyn  loop,  was 
finished  and  there  was  a  great  celebration 

in  commemoration  of  the  sending  of  two 
thousand  more  men  and  women  to  join 
the  under-ground  colony  of  New  York. 

"Here  is  one  of  the  new  improve- 
ments— a  return  to  cave  living,"  re- 
ported Dr.  Burridge  to  the  Toronto 
is  after  up-to-date  ideas. 

"Oh,   we  don't  need  such  improve- 


new  subways,  aqueducts,  and  river  tubes 
— the  seven  thousand  who  help  to  make 
up  the  thirty  thousand  who  spend  all 
their  laboring  hours  in  the  electric- 
lighted  caverns  in  the  bowels  of  Man- 
hattan Island  and  its  under-river  and 
beyond-river  environs.  For  over  eight 
years  a  big  division  of  this  army  has 
toiled  and  moiled  in  and  about  the 
terminal  of  the  New  York  Central  in 
the  heart  of  the  city  and  in  the  tube 
that  is  to  connect  it  in  two  years  with 
the  Hudson  and  Manhattan  Railway 
which  runs  from  Manhattan  Transfer, 
in  New  Jersey,  through  Bergen  Hill 
and  under  Jersey  City,  Hoboken  River 
and  across  the  West  Side  to  Thirty- 
Third  Street  and  Sixth  Avenue. 

Think-  of  the  labor  of  these  men,  the 
energy,  the  breath  of  life  itself  which 
they  have  put  into  this  work  and  are 


A  Bar  and  Restaurant 

In  this  particular  bar  they  have  stools  for  ladies  and  in 

this   particular    restaurant  they    serve   mostly  wine,  but 

there  are  many  others. 

putting  into  it  now !     The  breath  of 
life  ?    Yes  ;  for  many  and  many  a  time, 
has  that  breath  been  exhaled  for  the 
last   time  down   in  the   dim   caverns, 
snuffed   out    in   the   carrying   out   of 
some  plan  of  the  master  mind  which 
holds  human  life  cheaply  so  long  as 
the  big  idea  is  being  materialized.    The 
terminal  of  the  New  York  Central  has 
been  a  slaughter  pit.     A  coroner's  jury 
in   censuring   the   contractors    for   their 
carelessness  pointed  out   that   there  had 
been   killed   or   seriously   injured    in   that 
place  a  man  for  every  working  day  in  the 
year! 

The  army  that  has  been  working  in  the  river 
tubes  has  been  a  picked  army  and  a  stalwart  one. 
Had  you  gone  down  there  in  the  thick  of  opera- 
tions you  would  have  seen  that  the  "sand-hogs",  who 
are  generally  supposed  to  be  the  riff-raff  of  creation, 
are  in  reality  among  the  best  physical  specimens  of 
humanity  to  be  found  anyhere.  Dr.  A.  J.  Loomis,  the  chief 
medical  officer  of  the  Hudson  and  Manhattan  Railway,  would  have 
none  but  men  who  were  well  above  the  average  in  physical  development  and 
condition.  Many  authorities  on  the  caisson  disease  had  agreed  that  it  was  riving 
in  the  face  of  Providence  to  supply  less  than  twelve  thousand  cubic  feet  of  air 
to  each  man,  and  that  in  emerging  from  the  locks  twenty  minutes  to  a  half-hour 


66 


MILLIONS   OF   THE  CELLAR 


67 


must  be  given.  But,  by  the  careful  selection  of  men,  Dr.  Loomis  has  been  able 
to  use  only  three  thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  to  each  of  them  and  to  hustle  them 
out  in  seven  to  eight  minutes.  True  he  has  had  to  deal  with  as  many  as  four 
hundred  cases  of  caisson  disease  in  fifteen  months  among  ten  thousand  men,  but 
the  average  would  have  been  much  higher  had  it  not  been  for  the  judicious 
selection.  In  the  East  River  work,  where  the  selection  evidently  was  not  quite 
so  careful,  the  average  was  higher.  In  a  certain  fifteen  days  the  coroner  found 
that  there  had  been  one  hundred  cases  of  "bends"  among  the  men  employed  in 
the  tunnels  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  under  that  river,  or  that  about  one 
man  in  ten  had  been  overcome  in  a  fortnight. 

To  work  deep  down  in  a  river  tube,  under  an  air  pressure  that  makes  your 
oars  sing  and  buzz,  to  delve  in  the  sand  and  mud  all  day  while  fairly  panting 
for  oxygen  and  to  know  that  when  you  come  reeling  and  half-blind  out  into  the 
open  air  you  are  liable  to  an  attack  from  a  terrible  disease  that  literally  sets  your 
blood  boiling,  is  possible  only  to  men  who  have  in  them  the  stuff  of  which  heroes 
are  made  or  the  recklessness  that  comes  of  ignorance  or  indifference.  Few 
Americans  can  be  found  to  do  this  work.  New  York  has  been 
largely  dependent  upon  the  descendants  of  ancient  Rome  for 
the  building  of  her  vast  and  complex  system  of  under- 
ground channels.  Some  day,  perhaps,  its  citizens  will 
awake  to  this  fact  and  erect  a  monument  to  the 
poorly-paid,  long-suffering,  and  much-deserving 
sand-hog. 
I '.ut  long  and  hideous  as  has  been  the  record 
of  disease  and  mortality  in  the  digging  of  the 
|^BC_  Ik  underground    passages   and   terminals,   the 

^k         subway    managers    point    proudly    to   the 

k|k         fact    that    in    the    running    of    all    their 
^^^  i  ^L        trains   no  one   has   ever   been  'killed   by 

them,   though   they  have  carried   over 
three    hundred     million    passengers    a 
year,  often  a  million  a  day. 
This    immunity    from    disaster    is    due 
very  largely   to  the   wonderful   block 
system,  but  it  is  also  due  to  the  splen- 
didly trained  army  of  employes.     Of 
these  there  are  over  four  thousand  in 
the  subway  systems  now  in  operation 
and  there  will  be  about  as  many  more 
when  the  new  subway  is  complete.   The 
guards,    the    motormen,    the    platform 
men.  the  signal  men.  the  track-walkers, 
the  ticket  sellers  and  choppers,  the  repair- 
ing and  other  gangs  make  up  the  present 
army    of    all-day    and    all-night     subway 
operators. 
They  say  that  the  steel  dust  ground  up  from 
the  tracks  and  always  flying  in  the  tubes  gets  into 
the  luns^s  of  these  men  and  does  a  lot  of  mischief,  but 
on  the  whole  they  look  fairly  healthy.   Being  a  subway 
guard  would  be  nerve-racking  work  to  the  average  man, 
but  these  stalwart  sons  of  Ireland  and  Germany  seem  to  have 
no  nerves,  and  the  clank  and  clatter  of  the  cars,  the  crushing 
crowds,  and  the  stifling  atmosphere  do  not  disturb  them. 

Besides  the  regular  employes  there  are  the  news-stand  employes,  the  bill  hangers 
and  others  constantly  at  work  in  the  great  tubes.  These  subway  gnomes  are  said 
to  have  larger  eyes  than  folk  who  work  above  ground  and  yet  to  have  poorer 


THREE  HUNDRED  FEET  BELOW  MADISON  SQUARE 
The  digger  is  the  first  of  the  cave  men  of  New  York,  because  he  has  to  build  the  caves.      There  is  a  great  army  o(  then 

working  all  the  time. 


sight.  A  statement  was  made  the  other 
day  by  a  medical  man  that,  perhaps  five 
hundred  years  hence,  when  Manhattan 
is  honeycombed,  it  will  be  inhabited  by 
persons  who  have  gone  blind  in  their 
caves. 

Subway  life  is  new  to  Brooklyn,  but 
it  is  fast  becoming  popular.  A  Brook- 
lyn woman  can  go  shopping  in  the  sub- 
way in  her  own  borough,  as  there  are 
big  department  stores  that  face  upon  it 
having  vast  underground  show  win- 
dows from  which  a  large  choice  of 
goods  can  be  made.  But  if  she  doesn't 
find  what  she  wants  there,  she  can, 
without  going  above  ground,  get  into 
a  subway  train  that  will  whisk  her 
away  under  the  East  River  to  Astor 
Place  where,  without  once  issuing  into 
the  sunlight,  she  soon  can  be  facing 
other  big  show  windows  and  select- 
ing her  goods  from  them.  Going  in 
through  -the  basement  door,  the  shop- 
per wanders  down  long  aisles  of  mer- 
chandise and  through  a  goods-lined 
tunnel  to  another  big  store  where  she 

6S 


can  hunt  bargains  at  her  own  sweet 
will. 

Back  again  the  shopper  may  go  by 
the  same  route  to  the  subway,  take  a 
north-bound  train,  get  off  at  one  of 
the  big  underground  stations  on  Forty- 
Second  street,  pass  through  a  corridor 
in  which  telephone  girls,  sales  girls, 
and  manicure  maids  work  day  and 
night,  as  pleasantly  and  apparently  as 
happy  as  though  they  were  above 
ground.  Or  she  can  pass  along  a  tun- 
nel to  either  one  of  two  big  hotel  res- 
taurants, eat  her  luncheon  down  there 
and  go  back  to  Brooklyn  under  the 
river  without  once  having  set  foot  upon 
the  street. 

This  subway  shopping  is  fascinating 
to  the  fair  suburbanite.  Suppose  that 
she  lives  in  Hoboken  or  Jersey  City, 
that  it  is  a  rainy  day,  and  that  she 
wants  to  go  to  New  York  to  buy  a  few 
things.  She  can  get  into  the  Hudson 
tube  on  the  Jersey  side  and  after 
breathing  for  just  eight  minutes  the 
strange,  pungent  air  which  smells  as 


MILLIONS   OF  THE  CELLAR 


69 


if  rubber  were  being  scorched  in  the 
car.  she  is  in  Xew  York.  There  she 
can  go  either  to  the  great  down-town 
underground  market  or  she  can  pass  on 
in  the  Sixth  Avenue  subway  line,  get 
off  at  one  of  the  stations  under  that 
thoroughfare,  peer  into  the  big  elec- 
tric-lighted underground  display  win- 
dows, see  what  the  fashions  are.  and 
go  in  and  buy.  Also  without  going 
upon  the  street  she  can  go  to  a  circu- 


Whfrk  Thky  IIh'f.  a  Printer's  Dkvil 
This  plant  is  completely  beneath  the  n 
doing  job  work  (or  office  buildings.      the 
rent  is  not  so  high  as  on  the  surface. 

kiting    library,    a    writing-room 
where  she  can  write  a  letter  and 
mail  it  in  a  branch  post  ofh« 
she  can  visit  a  florist's,  or  go  to 

a  savings  hank-  and  deposit  or 

draw  funds.  She  can  go  back  to 
her  home  town  in  the  tube  and 
though  the  heavens  are  opened 
and  the  rain  descend  in  sheets 
ii'  4  a  drop  need  to  fall  upon  her. 

Subway  shopping  is  all  the 
rage.  Vast  throngs  of  shoppers 
come  and  go  from  morning  until 
evening.  So  great  is  the  lure  of 
the  underground  life  to  them 
and  so  much  money  do  they  take- 
out of  their  home  towns  to  Spend 
in  the  city  that  the  despairing 
suburban  merchants  put  forth 
strenuous  protests. 

Down  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
overcrowded  isle  of  Manhattan, 
down  where  the  skyscraping 
giants  huddle  together,  under 
the  great  Hudson  Terminal 
Building  into  and  out  of  which 
the  river  tubes  swallow  and  dis- 


gorge the  great  human  flux  of  com- 
muters, one  sees  the  most  interesting, 
and  the  most  novel  aspect  of  under- 
ground life.  There  the  steady  tramp  of 
the  suburban  infantry  to  and  from  the 
tunnel  trains,  up  and  down  the  great  con- 
crete incline  through  the  cyclopean  con- 
course, is  heard  day  and  night.  For  day 
and  night  are  all  one  under  the  great 
glowing  electrics  of  the  most  wonderful 
subterranean  show  in  the  world. 

What  a  scene  it  is !  Hungry  way- 
farers serving  themselves  from  help- 
yourself  lunch  counters ;  hobble-skirted 
i,rirls  appeasing  their  thirst  at  the' 
soda  fountains ;  children  buying  penny 


Three  O'clock  in  the  Mormm; 
A    ballasting  gang  at  work  in  the  subway  before  the  daily  rush 


HUDSON  TUBE  USERS  GETTING  A  SHINE  AND  USING  THE  TELEPHONE  IN  A  SHOP  THAT  IS 

FIFTY  FEET  BELOW  THE  STREET  LEVEL 

Shop  keepers  build  around  the  subway  so  that  underground  business  places  abound. 


lollipops ;  spectacled  old  women  deftly 
fingering  flannels  to  see  if  they  are  all 
wool ;  suburban  citizens  picking  up  big 
rolls  of'  rubber  hose,  or  automobile 
tires,  or  chicken  wire,  or  axes,  or  pails 
of  paint,  or  even  lawn-mowers,  and 
trundling  down  to  the  home-bound 
train. 

Under  the  incline  gleams  a  bright, 
white-tiled  barber-shop  where  you  will 
see  men  taking  off  their  coats  and  col- 
lars, hurrying  into  the  chairs  at  the 
call  of  "next"  from  the  gnomic  barbers, 
men  who  are  being  brushed  or  shoe- 
shined  or  manicured ;  old  men,  young 
men — men  you  never  saw  before  and 
never  will  see  again,  while  above  them 
the  hurrying,  hammering  feet  of  the 
headlong  commuters  go  tramp,  tramp, 
tramping  down  the  incline  to  the 
trains. 

And  the 

"Gimme 
terhouse, 
to    the    butcher, 
catch  my  train !" 

"Try  this  on  the  piano ;  I  want  to 
know  how  it  sounds,"  says  a  big- 
hatted  beauty  to  the  music  clerk,  hand- 
ing him  a  copy  of  "Ragtime  Jim"  she 
has  just  picked  up  from  the  counter. 

"Got  any  hen-feed  that  really  makes 


shopping  sights  and  sounds  ! 
three  pounds  off  that  por- 
cries  an  opulent  Jerseyite 
"Quick !     I    want   to 


'em  lay?"  demands  a  lean,  bewhiskered 
man.  "That  last  stuff  I  got  here  wasn't 
worth  shucks." 

"Gee !  This  here  buttermilk's  too 
cold  to  throw  down  in  a  hurry." 

"Yes,  two  yards  and  a  half.  That's 
enough  for  a  skirt,  the  way  they're 
making  'em  now." 

"Give  us  two  seats  for  Thursday 
night  in  the  tenth  row — on  the  aisle  if 
you've  got  'em.  Be  sure  they  ain't  be- 
hind a  post!  Hurry,  please!  The  5.15 
leaves  in  a  minute." 

What  does  the  concourse  mean?  It 
means  the  carrying  out  of  a  great  plan 
of  hurry-up  shopping  and  other  facil- 
ities on  a  wonderful  scale.  It  was  de- 
signed by  William  G.  McAdoo,  the 
builder  of  the  Hudson  tubes,  who  said  : 
"I'm  a  commuter  and  I'm  going  to 
plan  something  whereby  a  commuter 
can  gather  up  his  goods  on  the  way  to 
his  train  and  not  waste  a  second." 

Fully  qualified  for  membership  in 
the  Ancient  Order  of  Cave  Dwellers 
are  the  five  thousand  men  and  women 
who  work  down  deep  in  the  basements 
and  sub-basements  of  the  New  York 
hotels.  Cooks,  bakers,  dish-washers, 
and  waiters  labor  all  day  and  all  night 
in  varying  shifts  down  in  these  sunless 
places.     All  they  see  of  daylight  are 


MILLIONS   OF  THE  CELLAR 


71 


the  glimpses  they  catch  as  they  rush 
to  and  from  the  subway  on  their  way 
to  work  or  to  their  homes  at  the  day's 
end. 

Go  down  into  one  of  the  three  sub- 
cellars  of  a  certain  hotel  near  the 
Grand  Central  and  you  will  see  the 
laundry  girls  at  the  mangles  or  iron- 
ing tables,  toiling  away  over  piles  of 
white  linen  to  be  worn  by  prosperous- 
looking  people  in  the  buildings  high 
above   them— well-groomed    men    and 


women  bv  whom  the  picture  of  the 
toilers  down  below  is  never  given  a 
thought.  They  take  what  is  given  them 
as  a  matter  of  course. 

Go  into  the  clean,  spacious  kitchen 
cavern  and  see  the  white-coated  men 
cutting    up    meat    and    roasting    it    in 
ponderous    ovens    or   broiling    it    over 
white-hot     coals.     Smell     the     fragrant 
odors   of   coffee,   of   savory   stews   and 
sautes  to  be  eaten  by  those  same  pros- 
perous ones.     See   the  oyster-openers, 
piling  the  half-shells  upon  beds 
of    ice    and    the    white-aproned 
waiters  hustling  them  away.  See 
the  girls  of  the   fruit  and  salad 
counters    handing    out    the    lus- 
cious   grapes    and    the    big    red 
apples.    See  the  stacks  of  plates, 
the     grand     array     of     platters, 
cups,     saucers,     and     bowls     in 
the    dish-room    and    the    busy 
workers  cleaning  them  in  great 
washing    machines,    and    drying 
and  preparing  them  for  the  up- 
stairs tables.     Think  of  how  all 
over  the  great  cave  city  other 
groups  of  men  and   women  are 


•'Often  a  Million  a  Day" 
nun  at  the  Grand  Central  Station 
the  div'intc "  h.' ,'arth  .-very  ..yvninir  of  horde,  of  men  and  women. 


FOR  COMMUTERS 

The  Penn.yWania  Underground  Station  at  Flatbush  Av,  nu.-,  Brooklyn. 


72 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


doing  the  same  thing  in  the  same  way 
and  other  things  in  other  ways  under  the 
glaring  electrics  of  nether  New  York. 

Think  of  the  salespeople  down  in  the 
department  store  basements  and  sub- 
basements  who  are  displaying  and  vend- 


lions  we  are  considering  is  easily  two 
hours — enough  to  place  them  all  in  the 
category  of  cave  men  and  women.  Be- 
sides that,  remember  the  thirty  thou- 
sand who  regularly  labor  down  there. 
And  the  tendency  is  toward  a  greater 
and  still  greater  under- 
ground population.  In 
ten  years,  the  regular 
army  of  thirty  thousand 
in  the  subterranean 
service  will  be  increased 
to  sixty  thousand  and  the 
two  million  transients 
will  be  four  million. 

What  will  the  cave- 
dwelling  harvest  be  ? 
Will  it  fulfill  the 
gloomy  prediction  of  a 
certain  medical  expert 
who  declares  that  hu- 
man lungs  cannot  with- 
stand the  effects  of 
g  e  r  m  - 1  a  d  e  n    subter- 


"A  Brooklyn  Woman  Can  Go 
Shopping  in  the  Subway  in  Her 
Own  Borough,  as  There  Are 
Great  Department  Stores 
with  Subway  Show  Windows" 


ing  cotton  goods,  rugs, 
hardware,  paints,  oils, 
lead  pencils  and  all  sorts 
of  things  to  all  sorts  of 
people  far  below  the 
sidewalk  along  which 
you  saunter  in  the  free 
open  air.  To  these  folk 
the  sunlight  is  strange 
and  almost  blinding. 

Ten  or  fifteen  years 
ago  this  sort  of  thing 
would  have  been  con- 
sidered very  remarkable, 
almost  uncanny,  even  by  the  city  dwell- 
ers themselves,  but  so  large  a  proportion 
of  them  now  find  themselves  under- 
ground on  an  average  of  two  hours  a 
day  that  hardly  a  thought  is  given  to  the 
subject.-  Two  hours  a  day?  Yes,  for 
though  the  average  subway  trip  is  only 
twenty  minutes,  twice  or  three  times  a 
day  brings  the  tube  journeying  up  to 
nearly  an  hour  and  when  to  that  is  added 
all  the  basement  sojournings  in  stations, 
stores,  hotels  and  rathskellers,  the 
daily  underground  life  of  the  two  mil- 


At  the  Busy  Hour  There  Are  "Hobble-Skirted  Girls    Appeasing 
Their  Thirst  at  the  Soda  Fountains.  Children  Buying  Lollipops" 


ranean  air  and  that  human  eyes  will  lose 
their  keenness  of  vision  ?  Or  will  it  be 
all  for  the  best  in  an  evolutionary  way 
and  justify  the  declaration  of  a  noted 
doctor  who,  when  I  asked  him  if  it 
wasn't  better  for  people  to  keep  out  of 
the  tubes,  replied : 

"I  hear  that  kind  of  talk  every  day. 
but  it's  all  rubbish.  If  a  man  isn't  well 
enough  to  stand  a  subway  trip,  he's 
too  sick  to  go  anywhere."  And  so, 
although  it  is  crowded,  and  dark,  and 
smelly,  most  people  don't  care. 


PLAYING  GOLF  INDOORS 


WITH  a  real  golf  club 
swung  over  his  shoulder, 
a  genuine  championship 
ball  on  the  bristle  mat 
which  takes  the  place  of 
turf,  the  indoor  golfer  swings  for  his 
best  drive,  squints  at  the  canvas  field 
and  announces,  "Four  hundred  and 
three  yards."  Placing  another  ball,  he 
selects  the  proper  club  for  the  type  of 
field  he  is  playing,  drops  the  ball  upon 
the  mat  and  plays  his  next  stroke.  Pro- 
ceeding thus,  he  can,  in  the  space  of 
three-quarters  of  an  hour,  play  the  long- 
est course  in  the  coun- 

providing    he      ■^^■HHH 
knows   that   course,   or 
he     can     practice     the 
same    shot    over    and 
over. 

The  new  game  of  in- 
door golf  is  not  real 
eolf  in  miniature. 
There  is  no  string  fas- 
tened to  the  ball ;  the 
clubs  are  your  own 
pets  which  have  seen 
valiant  service  on  the 
links,  or  they  may  be 
rented  ones.  The  balls 
are  exactly  the  same  as 
the  ones  you  use  in  the 
summer  time  when 
perspiration  rolls  oil 
your  brow  as  you 
stride  miles  and  miles 
over  the   sward. 

The  game  is  played 
in  a  room  which  does 
not  need  to  be  more 
than  thirty  feet  square. 
At  one  end  is  a  canvas 
wall  containing 
pockets,  which  are 
numbered.  Each  club, 
the  brassie,  cleek,  iron, 
and  driver  have  a 
numerical  value  on 
each  pocket.  Thus  the 
player  drives  off.  He 
slices  the  ball,  it  rises 
but  a  few  feet  and 
goes   off   at    an   angle 


from  the  course,  landing  in  pocket  num- 
ber eight.  The  figure  opposite  "driver" 
on  pocket  number  eight  is  seventy-four. 
The  ball  has  thus  traveled  on  the  links, 
seventy-four  yards,  which  value  includes 
the  fact  that  the  player  sliced  the  ball. 

The  player  may  have  a  card  for  any 
links  in  the  country.  He  plays  the  To- 
ledo, Ohio,  links  today,  because  he  re- 
members a  particularly  fine  game  he 
once  had  there.  He  has  driven  but  sev- 
enty-four yards.  To  make  the  second 
hole,  he  has  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
six    yards    to   go.      Selecting    the    club 


{*       I  M  *  II". 

«  i»it»i 
t> 

m  \*% 

f.  no 

#1121 

•  <<• 


OR     !•• 

ISO 


n  \t-<  el     **' 


111 

ll 


1 


Any  Cboasi  in  the  Country 
Take  your  dub  card  and  your  bag  of  clubs  and  you  can  play  your  favorite  course 
as  many  limes  as  you  wish  i'n  an  cveninir  and  never  have  to  ford  a  creek  or 


jump  a  bunker. 


13 


74 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


which  he  would  use  in  that  place,  he 
gets  his  ball  from  pocket  number  eight, 
drops  it  on  the  sward,  which  in  indoor 
golf  is  usually  a  bristle  door-mat,  and 
makes  his  stroke.  He  uses  his  brassie  and 
makes  a  beautiful  long  shot.  In  his  im- 
agination he  sees  the  ball  soar  toward 
the  little  speck  in  the  distance  which 
marks  the  second  hole.  In  reality  he 
hears  a  sharp  thud  as  the  golf  ball  strikes 
the  canvas  and  drops  into  hole  two.  The 
printed  diagram  shows  two  hundred 
and  fifty  yards  as  the  brassie  stroke  on 
pocket  number  two. 

Approaching  the  hole,  the  last  shot, 
providing  the  golfer  has  not  done  that 
most  remarkable  trick  of  holing  out 
without  a  put  at  all,  is  the  put.  On  the 
floor  is  a  strip  of  shaggy  carpet  which 
represents  and  closely  resembles  a  close- 
cropped  green.  It  is  marked  off  in  feet 
according  to  the  distance  from  the  hole 
in  the  floor,  which  in  turn  is  just  the  size 
of  the  regulation  hole  on  the  courses 
throughout  America.  On  the  last  shot, 
the  golfer  has  dropped  from  a  mudhole 


far  back,  a  pretty  little  effort  with  his 
lofter.  The  card  reads  "eight  feet." 
Placing  his  ball  on  the  carpet,  eight  feet 
from  the  hole  in  the  floor,  he  makes  his 
put,  scores  his  game  and  prepares  to 
drive  off  for  the  next  hole.  The  ball  is 
teed  and  the  game  renewed. 

It  will  be  easy  to  see  that  a  man  can 
play  any  course  in  the  country  with  ac- 
curacy of  detail.  The  game  can  con- 
tinue throughout  the  winter  but  with 
the  conspicuous  absence  of  snow  and 
cold  winds.  Indoor  golf  halls  are 
springing  up  all  over  the  country  and 
have  found  immediate  favor  with  the 
inveterate  fans  of  the  ancient  game.  Its 
best  opportunity  is,  however,  in  teaching 
the  game  to  beginners.  The  walking 
ordinarily  required  is  removed,  so  that 
even  a  tired  man  can  play  the  game 
without  becoming  exhausted.  Neither 
does  darkness  throw  a  blanket  on  the 
game.  The  halls  are  usually  open  all 
evening  so  that  night  does  not  call  a 
halt  to  the  sport  any  more  than  does  the 
blizzard  which  rages  outside. 


SUN  HITCHED  TO  THE 
BATHTUB 


BY  an  ingenious  combination  of 
the  principles  of  the  solar 
heater  and  the  tireless  cooker, 
it  is  possible  to  keep  the  house- 
hold supplied  with  hot  water, 
even  after  two  or  three  days  of  cloudy 
weather,  while  by  a  piping  system  that 
supplies  water  to  the  tank  both  from  the 
furnace  or  gas  heater,  and  from  the 
solar  heater  as  well,  the  device  is  ren- 
dered suitable  for  almost  any  climate  in 
the  world. 

The  plan  of  utilizing  the  rays  of  the 
sun  for  heating  water  has  developed 
extensively  since  the  first  crude  coil  was 
set  upon  the  southern  exposure  of  a  roof 
and  it  was  found  that  water,  drawn 
from  it  after  the  heat  of  the  day,  was 
warm.  Since  then  the  principles  of 
radiation  of  heat  have  been  carefully 
studied  and  applied  to  the  perfected  de- 
vice.    A  flat  box,  covered  with  glass,  is 


set  at  an  angle  on  the  roof,  pergola,  ga- 
rage, or  other  convenient  place  where  it 
will  get  the  most  benefit  from  the  sun's 
heat.  This  air-tight  box  contains  a  heating 
coil  of  approximately  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  of  galvanized  pipe,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  is 
soldered  on  a  base  of  sheet  copper.  This 
metal  is  used  because  of  its  rapid  heat- 
conducting  property  and  the  soldering 
forms  a  metal  contact  which  transmits 
the  heat  to  the  under  side  of  the  pipe, 
where  the  water  is  coldest.  The  small 
pipe  and  the  sheet  of  copper  re- 
spond so  quickly  to  the  sun's  rays  in 
warm  weather  that  hot  water  can  be 
drawn  after  exposure  of  only  five 
minutes. 

In  order  to  conserve  the  heat  for 
hours,  or  even  days,  the  tank  which  re- 
ceives the  hot  water  is  packed  after  the 
manner    of    a    tireless    cooker,    so    that 


SUN   HITCHED  TO  THE   BATHTUB 


75 


early  in  the  morning  the  supply  of  water, 
hot  from  yesterday's  sun,  is  available. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  important  im- 
provements in  the  solar  heater  system, 
as  the  great  demand  for  hot  water  is  in 
the  early  part  of  the  day,  before  the  old- 
style  heater  could  possibly  be  in  opera- 
tion. 

Of  course  the  heat  is 
retained  longer  in  pro- 
portion to  the  capacity 
of  the  tank.  The  stand- 
ard size  tanks  range 
from  thirty  to  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  gallons, 
while  larger  ones  are 
constructed  for  special 
purposes. 

By  combining  the 
solar    heating    system 
with  an  artificial  heater, 
the  hot   water  supply  is 
kept  up  in  winter  with- 
out   additional    cost,    as 
the     furnace     used     for 
warming  the  house   will 
keep  the  contents  of  the 
tank    at     a     high     tem- 
perature,   and    the    packing   around    the 
boiler  keeps  the  water  hot  for  a  period 
of  forty-eight  hours,  or  longer  even,  ac- 
cording to  its  size. 

This  device  is  especially  popular  in 
California,  where  it  is  extensively  used. 
Homes  thus  equipped  are  found  all  over 
the  Southwest.  Not  only  residences, 
but  apartment  houses,  schools,  and  other 


public  buildings  in  California  have  in- 
stallations, similar  in  character,  for  filch- 
ing sunshine. 

The  device  need  not  be  a  disfigure- 
ment to  the  finest  mansion.  If  not  de- 
sired on  the  roof,  facing  the  street,  it 
may  be  set  on  a  garage  or  other  out- 
building,   or    some    other    inconspicuous 


The  System 

It  is  arranged  so  that  it  can  b<-  used  in  any  climate  and  will  be  effective  during  a 

long  stretch  of  cloudy  weather.    Connected  to  the  furnace  and  a  gas  heater. 


place.  The  tank  usually  occupies  some 
space  otherwise  wasted  in  the  attic,  or 
it  may  be  installed  in  a  corner  of  a  closet 
or  porch.  Thus  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
finding  accommodation  for  it. 

The  device  makes  a  great  saving  in 
the  fuel  bill,  for  after  the  heater  is  once 
installed  you  need  fear  no  monthly  state- 
ment from  "Old  Sol." 


TBS  HEATERS  ON  THE  ROOF 
A  Sat  building  which  depends  on  the  sun  for  its  supply  of  bath  water. 


76 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


DRY  THEM  ELECTRICALLY 

""THE  electric  hand  dryer  is  the  last  word  in 
*■  sanitary  devices  for  public  buildings,  and 
promises  to  relegate  the  paper  towel  to  the  junk 
heap  the  roller  towel  now  occupies.  The  machine 
is  the  invention  of  J.  M.  Ward,  superintendent 
of  the  Municipal  Building,  Washington.  One 
has  just  been  installed,  and  it  has  proven  such  a 
success  that  a  score  of  others  are  being  manu- 
factured. They  will  be  placed  throughout  the 
building.  The  electric  hand  dryer  is  contained 
in  a  large  box.  There  is  an  opening  at  the  top 
over  which  wet  hands  are  held.  By  pushing 
down  a  foot  lever,  the  machine  is  put  in  opera- 
tion and  a  strong  current  of  warm  air  comes 
through  the  opening. 

The  air  is  driven  through  the  opening  by  a 
powerful  electric  blower,  first  passing  over  two 
miniature  electric  furnaces  which  warm  it  to  a 
temperature  which  does  not  chill  the  hands. 


Just  Put  Your  Hands  in  the  Hole  Above  and  Step  on  the 

Pedal.    Your  Hands  Will  Be  Dry  in  Thirty  Seconds  and  It 

Will  Cost  Less  than  a  Paper  Towel 


Air  Castle  Visualized  in  Glass 

GLASS  AIR  CASTLE 

""THERE  is  none  of  the  glamor 
*■  of  Spain  connected  with  the 
air  castle  shown  herewith.  It  is 
the  product  of  the  hand  of  an 
Oklahoma  glass  worker  and  rep- 
resents three  hundred  and  fifty 
hours  of  work.  It  is  forty 
inches  in  height  and  fifty  inches 
in  circumference,  and  contains 
ten  thousand  glass  tubes  ranging 
from  one-half  inch  up  to  nine 
and  one-half  inches  in  length. 

The  castle  is  built  upon  sil- 
vered braces  and  is  decorated 
with  baby  ribbon  and  small  bells. 
It  is  capped  with  a  double  star 
and  hangs  by  a  silvered  cord. 

It  has  been  the  Germans  who 
have  carried  on  this  sort  of 
work,  not  Americans. 


SPRAYING  HOT  OIL  ON  ROADS 

TTHE  magnificent  auto  roads  of  Los 
*  Angeles  County,  California,  are 
treated  with  hot  oil  which  makes  a 
smooth,  waterproof  binder  when  prop- 
erly applied.  For  this  purpose  the 
motor  truck  has  been  put  to  excellent 
use. 

The  tank  is  asbestos  lined,  as  the  oil 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  from  four 
hundred  to  five  hundred  degrees  and 
no  less  than  two  inches  of  asbestos 
lining  is  required.  The  oil  is  sprayed 
upon  the  road  surface,  entering  every 
crevice  and  forming  a  durable  and 
evenly  wearing  binder,  the  pressure 
being  kept  at  sixty  pounds  to  the 
square  inch  in  the  tank.  This  drives 
the  oil  through  the  spreader  teeth  as  a 
fine  spray.  I!v  an  ingenious  use  of  the 
heat  from  the  exhaust,  the  teeth  are 
kept  at  a  high  temperature  to  prevent 
cl<  >gging.  The  pressure  of  the  air  com- 
pressor may  be  regulated  either  by  the 
driver  or  by  an  operator  on  the  rear  of 
the  truck,  and  indicators  are  placed  at 
both  ends  of  the  vehicle  to  register  it. 

As  a  test  of  the  machine,  it  was  ar- 
ranged to  place  sufficient  oil  in  the 
tank  to  spread  three-fourths  of  a  gallon 
of  oil  per  square  yard  over  half  a  mile 
of  road.  The  accuracy  of 
the  device  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  it  came  within 
twenty  feet  of  the  finish, 
on  the  estimated  amount 


of  oil.  This  truck  has  covered  seven 
thousand  miles,  spreading  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  thousand  gallons 
of  oil  and  has  proven  so  effective  that 
further  trucks  of  similar  construction 
are  to  be  bought. 

j« 

NEW  GLOVES  FOR  X-RAY 
OPERATORS 

CILK  gloves  "sized"  with  lead  are  be- 
*"'  ing  manufactured  for  the  protection 
of  X-ray  operators.  In  the  past,  the 
gloves  which  have  been  employed  have 
been  heavily  plated  on  the  backs  with 
lead,  but  they  were  unwieldy  and  failed 
to  protect  the  palms  of  the  hands.  The 
new  fabric  is  a  French  product  and  has 
been  thoroughly  tested  for  arresting  the 
rays  which  so  often  seriously  injure  the 
operators.  It  is  found  that  all  parts  of 
the  hands  are  protected  by  them  and 
that  they  are  flexible  and  much  easier 
to  use  than  the  old  form  of  glove. 

Medical  science  had  lost  several  men 
before  the  dangers  of  these  terrible  rays 
were  fully  understood.  The  pioneers 
did  not  suspect  that  the  rays  from  those 
particular  tubes  were  any  more  danger- 
ous than  those  from  any  ordinary  in- 
candescent lamp,  and  exposed  themselves 
freely.  But  now  the  expert  hides  behind 
lead. 


Oil  at  Very  High  Temperatures  IsSprayeh 
ok  California  Roads  with  Motor  Truck 
Machines.    They 

Will  Deliver  an 

Accurate    Quan 

tity  of    Oil   I'er 

Yard 


"mmmm 


78 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Garage  in  a 

Cliff 

Wall 


The  owner's 
home  was  up  a 
flight  of  stairs  and 
the  machine  had  to  be 
left  somewhere  below. 


PARKS  MACHINE  IN  CAVE 

A  HOLE  -  IN  -  THE-GROUXD 
•**  for  a  garage  is  the  innovation 
of  a  Los  Angeles  man.  Upon 
taking  a  suburban  home  in  a 
nearby  mountain  canon,  this 
motor  enthusiast  found  that 
there  was  no  place  upon  the 
premises  for  storage  of  his 
machine.  The  house  is  built  on 
the  steep  side  of  the  canon,  and 
can  be  approached  only  by  a 
stairway.  Consequently,  being 
prevented  from  "parking"  his 
machine  on  the  porch  by  the 
narrowness  and  steepness  of 
the  approach  to  the  house.  Mr. 
Suburbanite  was  forced  either 
to  leave  his  machine  over  night 
in  the  road  or  else  to  put  it  in 
the  ground.  Since  it  was  mani- 
festly dangerous  to  leave  the 
automobile  to  obstruct  the 
steep,  narrow,  canon  road,  the 
underground  scheme  was  all 
that  remained.  Hence,  the 
reinforced  concrete  cave- 
garage  in  the  hillside  was  built, 
and  the  California  man  has  a 
real  garage. 


A  Motor- 
cycle 
Cab 


An  eight- 
horsepower 
cycle  with  a 
side  car  built 
to  carry 
three  people 
has  been 
operated 
successfully 
for  some  time 
in  Berlin. 
Germany. 
London 
operators 
have  taken  up 
with  the 
idea  and 
several  are 
being  built 
for  their  use. 
They  are 
fast  and 
easily 
hindled. 


THE  NEW  BOOTH 

Vofng  is  being  brought  down  to  a  «ci,nc.-  in  France.    A  large  number  of  men  are  handled  by  this  new  arrangement 
and  there  is  almost  no  chance  for  fraud. 

SIXTY  VOTES  A  MINUTE 

POLLING    booths    in    France    have 
been  revolutionized  by  a  recent  in- 
vention  which   has  been  adopted,  en- 
abling   sixty    men    to   cast   their   votes 
simultaneously.     As  the  men  come  in 
they  are  handed  ballots,  and  go  into 
the  separate  booths  which  line  the  cen- 
ter of  the  room.     After  recording  their 
votes  they  pass  on  through  the  roopi 
and  deposit  the  ballots  in  the  box   for 
that   purpose   placed   at   the   exit   door. 
Each    booth    is    parti- 
tioned   off    so   that    the      «- 
marking  is  done  in  ab- 
solute  secrecy   and   the    v 
- 1  re  am   of   incoming 
voters    does    not    meet 
the  outgoing  stream.    A 
large    number    of    men 
can     thus     be     handled 
during    a    short    time. 
The  ballot  box  is  cov 
ered   with   wire  netting 
so  that  it  is  semi-trans- 
parent and  fraud  is  al- 
most impossible. 

In  America  the  vot- 
ing is  rarely  hurried 
and  the  wards  are 
divided  into  such  small 
units  that  such  an  ar- 
rangement has  not  been 
found  necessary. 


"Mill,  of  Joy" 

l'atrons  of  this  attraction  at  a  Paris  amusement  park  go  up  in  an  elevator  and 

toboggan  down. 


BUT  A  HORSE  HELPS 
All  he  docs  is  to  steer.    It  is  as  much  fun  as  watering  the  garden  or  sprinkling  the  lawn. 


FLUSHING    STREETS   WITH 

STREAMS 


MOUNTAIN 


ONE  of  the  most  effective 
and  economical  methods 
ever  employed  in  street 
cleaning  is  that  in  use  at 
Baker  City,  Oregon  —  a 
town  with  a  population  of  ten  thousand, 
and  an  unusually  large  percentage  of 
paved  streets. 

The  source  of  the  city's  water  supply 
is  a  huge  reservoir,  fed  by  mountain 
streams,  located  on  the  top  of  a  moun- 


tain more  than  a  thousand  feet  above 
the  street  levels.  At  this  height,  the 
pressure  of  the  water  under  gravity  is 
so  great  that,  when  it  reaches  the 
city,  it  will  easily  throw  a  stream  from 
an  ordinary  fire  hose  a  distance  of  one 
hundred  feet  or  more,  thus  making  the 
use  of  fire  engines  quite  unnecessary 
during  a  conflagration. 

With  fire  plugs  on  every  block,  it  oc- 
curred to  one  of  the  city   officials   that 


SWEEPING  WITH  A  STREAM 
The  man  at  the  nozzle  end  can  handle  it  as  ho  will,  and  the  hose  travels  around  with  him. 


OHIO   MATZOS   FOR   OLD   WORLD 


81 


here  was  a  happy  means  for  flushing  the 
streets.  The  only  trouble  was  that  the 
plugs  were  too  far  apart  to  allow  of 
more  than  half  a  block  at  a  time  being 
covered,  unless  a  hose  of  such  length 
was  used  that  its  weight  would  make  it 
cumbersome  and  difficult  to  handle. 
Moreover,  a  very  long  hose  was  liable  to 
suffer  from  frequent  breaks  or  punc- 
tures, to  say  nothing  of  the  labor  re- 
quired in  hauling  about  and  coupling 
the  sections  composing  it. 

The  plan  was  then  suggested  of  using 
sections  of  iron  pipe,  each  about  ten  feet 
long,  and  two  inches  in  diameter,  coup- 
led together  with  short  pieces  of  hose 
and  the  whole  mounted  on  little  iron 
wheels  placed  at  the  ends  of  each  section 


of  pipe.  This  combination  of  pipe  and 
hose,  which,  when  stretched  along  the 
street,  has  the  appearance  of  a  gigantic 
centipede,  is  about  five  hundred  feet  long 
and  is  easily  drawn  about  by  a  single 
horse  hitched  to  the  nozzle  end.  The 
pieces  of  hose  render  it  flexible,  so  that 
it  can  be  turned  in  any  direction  or  even 
doubled  on  itself.  Two  men  are  re- 
quired to  operate  the  contrivance ;  one 
to  fasten  and  unfasten  if  from  the  fire 
plugs  and  another  to  handle  the  nozzle. 
As  will  be  seen  from  the  illustrations, 
the  nozzle  throws  a  powerful  stream  of 
water,  which  effectively  breaks  up  and 
carries  off  all  refuse  on  the  streets.  The 
cleaning  is  so  thorough  that  one  opera- 
tion a  week  is  amply  sufficient. 


Ready  for  China 

Three  thousand  pounds  of  matzos  packed  in  the  storage  room 

for  shipment  half  way  round  the  world. 

OHIO    MATZOS    FOR    OLD    WORLD 


M 


OST  all  the  Jews  in  the 
world  get  their  supply  of 
bread  from  the  United  States 
to  use  during  Passover 
week,  when  they  celebrate 
the  deliverance  of  their  ancestors  from 
the  bondage  of  their  Egyptian  masters 
some  three  thousand  years  ago.  In 
Hebrew,  the  bread  is  called  matzos.     A 


Cincinnati  matzos  factory,  in  operation 
only  three  months  out  of  twelve,  bakes 
bread  for  about  one-fourth  of  all  the 
Jews  living.  The  unleavened  bread 
starts  from  the  factory  early  in  De- 
cember and  when  the  Passover  week 
comes  in  March,  the  bread  is  in  the 
hands  of  its  people  in  China  and  Egypt. 
The  present  day  matzos  is  baked  by 


CUTTING  IT 


It  slides  from  the  cutter  straight 
into  the  oven  on  the  right. 
It  looks  the  same  be- 
_        fore  and  after  baking. 


steam  and  electricity,  unlike  the  original 
product   baked   in   the   heat   of  the   sun, 
when  the  fleeing  Jews  left  Egypt  in  such 
a  hurry  that  they  did 
not  have  time  to 
let    their 
bread  go 


through  the  proper  leavening  process. 
The  product  is  so  in  demand  from  this  one 
factory  that  five  hundred  barrels  of  flour 
are  consumed  every  week  for  three 
months  in  converting  the  pasty  dough 
into  the  big.  overgrown  crackers,  void  of 
salt  and  shortening.  About  ten  pounds 
of  baked  matzos  a  minute  is  the  average 
rate  of  production. 

From  the  flour  barrel  to  the  mixing 

It  is  sorted  and  the  imperfect  squares  are  not  packed    Two 

Out  n*  th*  .A.         ?k6CuS  caP,  be  se,en  "roPPing  onto 

Oven     ^^^  '  ''ndl,,ss  h'  "• 


OHIO   MATZOS   FOR   OLD   WORLD 


83 


board,  the  bread  is  in  the  hands  of 
skilled  bakers  whose  ancestors  have 
baked  matzos  probably  dating  back  to 
the  time  of  the  flight  from  Egypt.  The 
dough,  stiff  and  tough,  is  worked  out 
into  long  strips  twelve  inches  wide  and 
yards  long.  From  the  dough-boards  the 
strips  of  unbaked  matzos  are  transferred 
to  the  cutting  machine,  where  rollers  and 
circular  knives  convert  the  strips  of 
dough  into  squares  six  inches  by  six 
inches.  An  endless 
chain  of  wire  netting 
next    receives    the 


away  to  the  store  room.  Men  here  are 
busy  filling  orders  received  from  all  parts 
of  the  globe.  One  calls  for  a  few  hun- 
dred pounds ;  another  for  a  thousand 
pounds  and  still  another  for  several 
thousand  pounds  to  London,  England, 
and  another  for  Canton,  China. 

So  busy  is  this  matzos  factory,  be- 
ginning early  in  December  and  continu- 
ing throughout  February,  that  the  work- 
ing force  is  handled  in  relays  and  the 
factory  turns  out  matzos 
day  and  night  for  ninety  »" 
days.    After    this,    the         )'    ' 


unbaked  crackers  and  carries  them 
through  an  oven  which  bakes  the  dough 
to  a  crisp  brown  cracker  in  four  minutes' 
time.  As  the  sheets  emerge  from  the  far 
end  of  the  oven,  two  men  with  hand-,  deft 
at  the  work  of  sorting  the  perfect  crackers 
from  the  ones  which  perchance  have  met 
with  a  mishap  in  the  oven  journey,  trans- 
fer the  good  to  another  endless  chain, 
which  carries  a  continuous  stream  of 
newly  made  matzos  to  the  weighing  and 
packing  room  upstairs.  In  the  weighing 
room  the  warm  product  is  divided  into 
five  pound  lots  and  wrapped  with 
moisture  proof  covering.  These  packages 
are  loaded  onto  huge  trucks  holding 
several  hundred  pounds  each  and  hurried 


owners    say    they   can 

afford  to  take  a  rest  until  the  following 

season. 

The  sale  of  the  unleavened  bread  has 
in  fact  heen  increasing  steadily  for  some 
years  and  this  factory  has  prospered 
mightily.  Although  this  custom  was  car- 
ried across  the  Atlantic  by  Orthodox  Jews 
and.  theoretically,  the  bread  is  for  their 
use  alone,  and  that  during  the  Passover 
week  in  March,  it  has  gradually  been 
spreading  in  use  among  other  people 
simply  because  they  like  it.  The  Nor- 
wegians have  a  bread  which  is  very  much 
like  the  matzos,  although  it  is  slightly 
more  crisp  and  not  as  flaKy.  The  prin- 
ciple of  making  is  very  much  the  same. 


COAL  BY  WATERPOWER 


OPERATING  a  coal  mine 
with  electric  power  devel- 
oped by  a  mountain  stream 
miles  away  would  seem  to 
the  average  layman  like 
the  old  game  of  carrying  coals  to  New- 
castle. If  there  is  anywhere  that  coal 
should  be  cheap  and  economical,  it 
should  be  at  the  mouth  of  the  mine ; 
therefore,  to  turn  about  and  use  current 
which   is  carried  over  expensive  trans- 


development  company  has  been  due  to 
the  large  amount  of  current  used  by  the 
coal  mines,  and  the  company  is  now 
building  on  other  sites.  Almost  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  transmission  lines  have 
already  been  constructed,  and  about 
twenty-six  thousand  horsepower  is  being 
used  in  fifteen  nearby  towns  and  by 
about  forty  mines,  besides  various  other 
industries. 

Two  dams  have  been  constructed  on 
the  Few  River  about  fifty  miles 
from  the  coal  fields,  and  plans  to 
utilize  the  rest  of  the  available 
ninety  thousand  horsepower  are 
under     way.     But     along     the 


From  Upstream 

This  one  is  labeled  by  the  company 

"number    four"    and    it    develops 

nine   thousand   horsepower. '  The 

woods  are  full  of  them. 


mission  lines  and  devel- 
oped by  a  tremendous 
installation  and  system 
of  dams  and  generators 
at  a  great  distance 
would  seem,  on  first 
thought,  as  out  of  the 
question.  But  down  in 
the  heart  of  the  Appa- 
lachians, near  Bluefield, 
West  Virginia,  the 
mine  owners  are  buy- 
ing power  to  run  their 
hoists  and  drills  from  a 
hydroelectric  central  power  station. 

Some  four  years  ago  a  company  of 
men  conceived  the  idea  of  building  a 
power  station  near  the  great  Pocahontas 
fields  in  the  southwest  Virginias. 

It  was  almost  necessary  to  the 
financial  success  of  the  scheme  to  in- 
clude most  of  the  mines  eventually, 
meanwhile  supplying  the  requirements 
of  nearby  towns  and  the  other  mining 
industries  of  that  region 


The    success    of    the    plans    of    the 


Way  Off  in  the  Appalachians 
A  bird's  eye  view  of  the  site  of  one  of  the  bigpest  developments  to  furnish  elec- 
tricity to  the  coal  mines. 


lines  which  carry  the  power  are  located 
seven  reserve  stations  which  take  up  the 
load  in  case  of  failure  of  the  hydro- 
plants. 

The  mines  are  selling  the  coal  which 
they  are  producing,  to  a  company  which 
uses  it  to  make  electric  power  to  operate 
the  mines,  and  although  the  mutual  as- 
pect of  the  affair  prevents  cut-throat 
business  methods,  a  condition  is  created 
which  is  probably  unparalleled  in  in- 
dustry. 


84 


TO    AID    THE    DEAF 


IT  has  been  found  that  there  are 
thirty-rive  hundred  different  grades 
of  hearing  and  that  anyone  with 
normal  capacity,  by  using  a  special 
receiver,  can  hear  distinctly,  for 
example,  the  dropping  of  a  small  paper 
wafer  onto  a  table  or  the  stroking  of  a 
piece  of  paper  with  the  finger,  this  pro- 
ducing a  wavy,  hissing  sound.  It  is 
claimed  that,  on  testing  with  the  machine 
the  actual  degree  of  hearing,  a  receiver 


can  be  made  which  will  give  perfect 
audition  to  any  person  save  one  born 
deaf. 

Alter  the  exact  determination  of  the 
condition  of  an  individual's  hearing  is 
obtained,  this  sound  educator  which  acts 
directly  on  the  membrane  that  is  actu- 
ated by  sound,  if  used  for  some  time  in 
training  this  membrane,  will  increase  the 
range  of  vibrations  which  can  be  heard, 
making  the   hearing   much   more   acute. 


TUNES  SOUNDS  FOR  INDIVIDUAL  EAR 
With  the  aid  of  this  machine  it  is  possible  to  tell  just  what  a  person  needs  to  aid  his  hearing. 


is 


The    cumbersome   ox' 
drawn    sprinkling 
cart  and  the  auto- 
mobile   may 
both  be  seen 
on  Singa- 
pore's 
streets. 


BURNING  A  HOUSE  TO  SELL 
LOTS 

"THE  burning  of  an  eight-room  cot- 
*  tage  in  the  outskirts  of  Los  Angeles 
attracted  buyers  to  a  real  estate  plat 
opening  recently.  It  was  a  substantial 
cottage,  which  had  cost  about  twenty-five 
hundred  dollars  to  build,  and  though  it 
was  old,  it  was  in  good  condition.  The 
firm  advertised  its  destruction  by  fire, 
and  in  order  to  draw  the  greatest  crowd 


possible,  an  elaborate  program  of  sports 
was  prepared.  Local  high  school  boys 
ran  races  and  contested  in  other  athletic 
feats  ;  a  "cowgirl"  rode  a  broncho  among 
the  crowd,  throwing  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  in  small  change  to  be  scram- 
bled for ;  and  toy  balloons  were  sent 
aloft.  In  connection  with  the  house- 
burning  feature,  a  moving  picture  outfit 
was  on  hand  to  secure  a  photoplay,  giv- 
ing the  crowd  a  chance  to  see  a  film 
drama  in  the  making. 


GATHERED  BY  A  FIRE 
A  cottage  was  burned  by  a  real  estate  company  near  Los  Angeles  to  draw  a  crowd.    It  was  advertised  in  advance. 


66 


mm  rr  iwwumo  *  wwetimi 

RED  CROSS  MEMORIAL 

It  is  to  serve  as  national  offices  for  the  society  and  is  to  cost  ball  a  million  dollars. 


TO  IMMORTALIZE  CIVIL 
NURSES 

A  FIVE  HUNDRED 
**  thousand  dollar 
building'  is  to  be  erected 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  in 
memory  of  the  Red 
Cross  nurses  who  min- 
istered to  the  soldiers  of 
the  North  and  the  South 
during  the  Civil  War. 
Congress  has  recently 
I  an  appropriation 
for  three  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars 
for  the  erection  of  the 
structure  and  the  Red 
Cross  Society  is  to  sup- 
ply the  remaining 
amount  through  sub- 
scription. 

•* 

HARMLESS  GLASS 

"THREE  layers  of  glass 
are  welded  together 
with  layers  of  xylonite 
between  to  produce  a 
new  material  for  win- 
dow lights  and  automo- 
ble  wind  shields  which 
will    not    shatter.    This 


WAR      nL.w  substance  is  just  as  transparent  and 
brilliant  a^  ordinary  glass. 


FOILING  THE  MILITANT  SUFFRAGETTES 


Window  lights  that  will  not  break,  except  under  terrific  blows,  have  been  per- 
fected.   The  new  glass  does  not  shatter  as  ordinary  brittle  panes  do.  but  acts 
more  like  metal  under  shocks. 


S7 


INSURANCE 

ACROSS  THE 

COUNTER 


By 
DONALD    WILHELM 

The  poorhouse  is  going  out  of  fashion 
and  all  because  state  governments  are 
taking  an  active  hand  in  insurance. 
Wisconsin  only  the  other  day  put  into 
active  operation  a  life  insurance  act  and 
the  State  of  Washington  has  had  for 
some  time  a  system  of  compulsory  in- 
surance against  accident.  But  Massa- 
chusetts maintains  a  system  of  insur- 
ance across  the  counter,  direct  to  the 
consumer.  This  State  issues  several 
forms  of  policies,  from  straight  life  to 
combination  life  and  annuity.  Thus 
three  states  have  taken  the  initiative  to 
protect  their  citizens,  at  very  little  cost 
to  the  latter,  against  death,  accident,  and 
old  age.  This  article  treats  of  the  work 
in  Massachusetts. — Editor's  Note. 


M 


Miss    Alice  Grady.    Financial  Secretary  of  the 
Massachusetts  Savings    Insurance    League.     Dis- 
penser of  Antitoxin  for  Human  Woe 


ASSACHUSETTS  is 
preaching  a  new  evangel — 
the  glories  of  an  antitoxin 
for  much  of  human  woe,  the 
advantages  of  a  new  de- 
stroyer of  seventy-five  per  cent  of  all 
human  misery.  And  in  this  year  of  in- 
dustrial strife,  1914,  old  and  young,  em- 
ployers and  employes  have  come  forward 
to  work  hand-in-hand  with  the  Common- 
wealth, for  the  common  weal. 

Five  years  ago,  shortly  after  a  certain 
disquieting  insurance  investigation,  Mas- 
sachusetts listened  to  a  plan  put  forth  by 
Louis  D.  Brandeis,  whereby  week  by 
week  or  month  by  month,  a  wage-earner 
might  deposit,  or  have  his  employer  de- 
posit for  him,  his  big  or  little  mite  of 
savings,  in  a  state  savings  bank,  there 
to  accumulate  with  regular  interest  and 
automatically  go  to  thwart  improvidence 
— that  bacillus,  Mr.  Brandeis  says,  which 
is  accountable  for  three-fourths  of  all 
human  woe. 

The  State  adopted  the  plan  and  agreed 


INSURANCE    ACROSS  THE  COUNTER 

to  furnish  fifteen  thousand  dollars  a  year,  the  services 
of  the  state  medical  director,  and  the  state  actuary ; 
and  Mr.   Brandeis  and  a  league  of  Massachusetts 
citizens,  most  of  whom  are  employers,  assumed  the 
burden  of  establishing  and  continuing  to  permanency 
the  new  state  savings  bank  insurance.    At  the  end 
of  a  half  decade,  as  the  result  of  much  educa- 
tional   work,    there    has    accrued    three    million 
dollars  in  policies,  and  two  hundred  agencies  and 
eight  thousand  policy  holders  who  are  happy 
under  the  strictest  state 
supervision,    protected 
by   four  separate 
funds,  employing 
no    paid    repre- 
sentatives,  and 
doing    altogether 
an   over-the 


89 


Louis  D.  Brandeis 
Although  eleewliere  bo  is  known  for 
other  Ihincs.  in  his  own  State  thcf  call 
him   the  "Father  of  savings  bank  in- 
surance." 


counter,  direct  -  to  -  the  -  consumer 
business.  These  policy-holders  are 
loud  in  their  praise  of  the  benefits  of 
truly  mutual  insurance  of  a  score  of 
kinds  that  exacts  no  charge  for  ad- 
ministration, loses  nothing  from  an 
inflated  lapse  rate,  boomed  by 
solicitors  swarming  after  policy 
premium,  and  gives  any  resident  of  the 
State  of  Massachusetts  insurance  thirty- 
five  per  cent  cheaper  than  any  private 
industrial  insurance  company. 

"Insurance  across-the-countcr,  direct- 
to-the-consumcr"  is  a  new  slogan  in  this 
day  of  the  cry  against  the  middleman. 
The  story  of  a  typical  stenographer  tells 
the  tale  of  its  workings-out. 

She  was  in  the  throng  of  old  men  and 
young  men  and  of  old  women  and  young 


\\  ARREN    A.    REED 

Id'  is   President   of   tbe 
Trustees  of  the  General  In- 
surance Guaranty  Fund  of 
Massachusetts. 


w  (i  111  e  ii  t  h  a  t 
streamed  from 
a  suburban 
factor  y — a 
striving 
w  o  m  a  n  ii  I 
twenty-eight, 
settling  d  o  w  n 
grimly  to  grap- 
ple with  life  and 
its  troubles  alone. 
She  was  "fagged," 
and  needed  a  vaca- 
tion, but  she  was 
haunted  by  the  specter 
(if  "losing  her  job": 
hence,  every  week,  de- 
spite her  need  of  recre- 
ation, she  put  away 
every  possible  penny  in  provision  for  the 
rainy  day  when  might  come  a  discharge 
envelope,  or  illness,  or  one  of  the  many 
infirmities  of  old  age.  She  was  afraid  of 
being  forced  into  the  growing  procession 
of  industrial  unfortunates  who  are  wind- 
ing their  way  over  the  hill  to  the  poor- 
house. 

One  evening  at  her  boarding  house, 
the  school-girl  daughter  of  the  landlady 
said  that  a  lecturer  had  come  from  Bos- 
ton that  afternoon  to  explain,  from  the 


Hi    Looks  Them  Over 
Dr.  Horace  D.  Arnold. 
St.ii''  Medical  Director  of 

candidates  for  insurance. 


and 


platform  in  the  school,  that  school  chil- 
dren should  learn  to  be  thrifty  and  should 
invest  their  pennies  in  savings  bank  in- 
surance. .That  same  Saturday  evening, 
on  her  pay  envelope,  the  stenographer 
studied  thoughtfully  two  pictures — one 
of  a  woman  worker  young  and  capable, 
and  the  other  of  an  old  woman  stooped 
and  decrepit,  and  beneath  those  pictures 
was  the  pertinent  inquiry  "Who  will  care 
for  you  when  you  are  old  and  grey?" 
She  retraced  her  steps  to  the  desk  of 
the  paymaster,  was  given  a  circular  de- 
scribing Massachusetts  savings  bank  in- 
surance, an  application,  and  a  handbill 
announcing  that  the  same  evening  the 
financial  secretary  from  Boston  would 
give  an  address  on  the  subject  of  insur- 
ance. 

"It  is  only  six  years,"  explained  the 
lecturer,  Miss  Alice  H.  Grady,  Secretary 


Pictures  That  Talk 

If  the  factory  robs  a  man  of  his  ability  to  work  or  kills  him. 

what    becomes  of  the  youngster  in  the  lower  left-hand 

corner  ? 


of  the  Massachusetts  Savings  Insur- 
ance League,  that  evening,  "since  the 
time  when,  if  you  wanted  to  insure 
your  life  for,  say,  two  hundred  dollars, 
assuming  that  you  are  but  sixteen 
years  of  age,  you  would  have  had  to 
go  to  an  industrial  insurance  company 
and  pay  therefor  ten  cents  a  week,  or 
$5.20  a  year.  But  under  state  savings 
bank  insurance  you  who  are  still  as 
young  as  sixteen  need  pay  but  thirtv- 
one  cents  a  month,  or  $3.72  a  year,  a 
saving  to  begin  with  of  $1.48  a  year. 
In  addition,  since  our  system  is  really 
mutual,  and  there  are  no  collectors  to 
be  paid  and  no  policy-holders  to  receive 
dividends,  you  will  receive  at  the  end  of 
the  first  year  a  dividend  equal  to  the 
premium  for  one  month,  making  the  net 
cost  of  your  insurance  the  first  year 
$3.41,  a  saving  over  the  private  compa- 
nies of  $1.79. 

"But  that  is  not  all.  The  policy-holders 
being  the  only  persons  entitled  to  share 
in  the  profits  of  the  business  under  the 
savings  bank  plan,  it  has  been  found  that 


INSURANCE   ACROSS    THE   COUNTER 


91 


the  dividends  the  second  year  will  be 
greater  than  the  first,  the  third  greater 
than  the  second,  the  fourth  greater  than 
the  third,  and  so  on,  so  that,  in  the  fourth 
year,  you  holders  of  monthly  premium 
policies  will  he  receiving  in  dividends  an 
amount  equal  to  sixteen  and  two-thirds 
per  cent  of  the  year'-  premium,  and  the 
net  cost  of  vour  insurance  that  year  will 
he  hut  $3.10.  instead  of  $5.20.  Thus 
you  see  you  will  have  saved,  because  of 
savings  insurance.  $2.10,  or  forty  per 
cent.  You  can  take  out  a  policy  of  al- 
most any  amount  up  to  five  hundred 
dollars  in  any  of  the  four  state  savings 
banks  having  insurance  departments,  and 
thus  vou  can  take  out  two  thousand  in 
all.-'  ' 

The  secretary  then  described  other 
forms  of  policies  besides  the  straight-life 
policy.  She  mentioned  twenty-payment 
life  policies,  twenty-year  endowment 
policies,  various  forms  of  annuity  and 
combination   life   and   annuity   policies. 

This  "fagged"  woman  stenographer  of 
twenty-eight  learned  that  she  might  take 
out  a  combination  life  and  annuity  policy 
for  five  hundred  dollar-  by  paying  $3.04 
a  month  and  thus  provide  five  hundred 
dollars  instantly  at  her  death  if  she 
should  die  at  any  time  before  -lu-  attained 
her  sixtieth  birthday,  and.  if  -he  should 
outlive  that  age,  -he  might  draw  from 
a  state  savings  bank  with  the  good  name 
of  the  Commonwealth  written  over  its 
portals,  two  hundred  dollar-  a  year,  as 
Jong  as  -he  lived.  She  thought  -he  -aw 
a  way  from  her  many  worries,  and  after 
the  secretary  had  finished  speaking,  she 
inquired  more  specifically  about  tin-  par- 
ticular policy. 

"It  would  not  cost  you  quite  so  much 
for  this  form  of  policy,"  explained  the 
speaker,  "if  you  were  a  man.  because 
statistic-  -how  that  a  woman  usually  lives 
longer  than  a  man.  And  a  policy  would 
prolong  your  life  too." 

"Prolong  my  life?"  repeated  the  sten- 
ographer, "I  suppose  you  mean  I 
wouldn't  be  worried  so  much?" 

"Not  only  that,"  laughed  Miss  Grady, 
"but  Statistics  also  show  that  any  person 
lives  longer  when  he  has  an  annuity 
That  is  due,  it  is  thought,  to  the  fact 
that  dependence  upon  relatives  and 
friend-  i-  lessened  or  done  away  with 
and    the   policy-holder   lives   more   hap- 


F.XPI.AIWNG  It 

A  class  in  savings  bank  insurance  conducted  by  a  state 

r.  i'  tor  in  a  department  store.     "Policies  at  cost"  is  the 

incentive. 

pily."     It's  just   practical  psychology  at 
work. 

This  typical  stenographer,  like  many 

(Continued  on  page  Hffl 


FARMING  FOR  FURS 


By 


RAYMOND    S.    SPEARS 


TALES  of  the  value  of  a  silver 
fox  skin  have  started  the 
booms  in  fur  farming.  But 
the  successful  fur  farmer 
usually  does  not  begin  with 
the  silver  or  the  black  fox,  nor  does  he 
go  to  breeding  fishers  or  seals  unless  his 
conditions  are  peculiarly  suitable  and  his 
knowledge  great  concerning  the  produc- 
tion of  those  furs.  A  muskrat  pelt  sells 
for  little,  but  a  muskrat  farm  is  probably 
one  of  the  most  profitable  ventures  that 
can  be  undertaken  in  developing  my 
lady's  neckwear. 

The  young  of  almost  any  fur  animal 
is  gentle  and  easily  "tamed"  in  captivity. 
Certain  animals  are  obviously  hardly 
available  for  fur  farming.  Wolves  and 
coyotes,  for  instance,  have  no  great  pelt 
value,  and  perhaps  never  will  have.  Yet, 
when  some  of  the  states  and  ranch  own- 
ers put  large  bounties  on  these  animals, 
there  were  men  who  caught  the  young 
and  raised  them  to  get  the  bounty  on 
the    scalps    of    the    adults — a    curious 


swindle,  but  illustrating  the  point  that 
there  is  probably  not  one  animal  of  fur 
value  that  could  not  be  reared  in  captiv- 
ity, with  some  sort  of  profit  at  present 
day  prices. 

If  one  has  a  brook  on  his  farm,  he  may 
begin  any  kind  of  water-animal  farming. 
The  muskrat  is  the  easiest  to  start  with, 
for  he  needs  only  a  Stillwater  or  pond  or 
slow-flowing  brook.  I  know  of  a  little 
brook,  dry  several  months  of  the  year, 
which  has  a  tenement  house  of  musk- 
rats  in  it,  and  from  my  own  observations 
I  know  there  must  be  a  score  of  the  rats, 
along  one  particular  quarter-mile  of  that 
brook.  They  are  within  the  limits  of  a 
city  of  twelve  thousand  inhabitants. 

To  develop  a  muskrat  herd,  you  have 
only  to  protect  the  animals  from  trap- 
ping, and  from  predatory  animals.  Foxes 
kill  many  muskrats,  dogs  sometimes  hunt 
them  for  sport,  and  mink,  of  course,  use 
muskrats  as  a  regular  food  supply.  Hav- 
ing protected  the  muskrats,  you  may  dis- 
courage   their    wandering   by    supplying 


A  WINTER'S  WORK 
"In  Wisconsin,  on  a  private  lake,  one  man  took  (our  thousand  dollars  worth  of  furs  in  a  season.' 


V 


FARMING  FOR  FURS 


them  with  a  patch  of 
turnips,  carrots,  or  cab- 
bages. They  will  do 
their  own  digging.  If 
there  is  an  orchard  near 
the  place,  you  will  find 
the  windfalls  and  other 
culls  are  excellent  food 
for  them.  Well-fed.  the 
muskrats  will  remain 
the  year  around,  am 
they  are  easily  caught  in 
the    very    early    spring 


"THE  WHOLE  SUBJECT  SIMPLY  KEOUIRES  THAT  PEOPLE  LOOK  AT  THE  PROBLEM  FROM  A 
NEW  VIEWPOINT:  INSTEAD  OK  WONDERING  HOW  TO  KILL  THE  CREATURES. 
THE  SUBJECT  SHOULD  BE  AND  MUST  BE  APPROACHED  FROM  THE 
VIEWPOINT  OF  HOW  TO  KEEP  THEM  ALIVE" 


when  their  fur  is  at  the  best,  by  setting 
box  traps,  or  barrel  traps  of  simple 
design.  After  the  animals  have  been 
caught  alive,  selection  for  the  kill  is  easy 
enough.  Pale  colors  will  bring  the 
highest  price,  leaving  the  dark  colors  for 
breeders. 

Although  muskrats  need  only  to  be  en- 
couraged by  caution  and  food,  other  fur 
bearers  must  be  penned,  and.  because  of 
this,  perhaps  the  next  easiest  to  raise  is 
the  placid,  care-free,  home-loving  skunk. 
Last  summer,  I  found  a  family  of  eight 
young  ones  beside  a  public  highway,  and 
they  were  easily  picked  up.  They  did  not 
object  to  being  patted  on  the  back  or  to 
having  their  ears  pulled.  The  mother, 
who  was  always  away  all  night,  gave 
no  trouble.  The  family  broke  up  in 
September  and  one  of  them  was  killed 
by  an  automobile  a  mile  distant  from  the 
home  hole,  and  another  on  the  state 
road,  as  it  headed  for  an  orchard.  They 
could  not,  under  the  state  law,  be  caught 


out  of  season,  but  there  were  the  begin- 
nings of  a  large  skunk  farm  in  that  one 
family. 

The  skunk  needs  a  pen,  with  burrow- 
ing space,  and  boxes  for  nests.  Fed 
clean,  fresh  meat,  vegetables,  fruits,  table 
scraps,  the  skunk  is  healthy  and  clean 
and  a  simple  surgical  operation  renders 
him  harmless.  But  they  will  tolerate  an 
astonishing  amount  of  teasing  and  tor- 
menting before  retaliating,  and  most  fur 
farmers  do  not  bother  to  deodorize  them. 

Climbers  like  opossums  and  raccoons 
must  be  penned  in  cages  that  have  roofs 
as  well  as  sides  and  "burrow  proofs," 
made  of  wire  fencing  sunk  in  the  ground. 
They  are  especially  favored  in  the  South- 
ern States  where  their  food  is  plenty  and 
the  climatic  conditions  encourage  them  in 
the  natural  state.  With  a  stub  or  two 
to  climb  and  comfortable  nests,  they  are 
as  easy  as  skunks  to  take  care  of,  and 
already  several  "coon  and  'possum  plan- 
tations" have  been  reported,  usually  in 


94 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


conjunction    with    trap    lines    or    small 
farming  operations. 

The  problem  of  the  finer  furs  is  met 
in  the  mink  farm.  The  first  mink  farm 
was  probably  that  of  H.  Resseque,  who 
in  1874  exhibited  live  mink  at  various 
country  fairs  in  central  New  York.  He 
had  twelve  stalls,  or  pens,  and  from  the 
progeny  of  one  female  had  in  seven  years 
as  many  as  ninety  mink  at  one  time, 
worth  at  present  day   rates,  more   than 


higher  prices  than  the  trappers,  for  selec- 
tion of  dark  skins,  which  are  worth  from 
fifty  cents  to  two  dollars  above  current 
quotations,  may  be  made. 

Fur  farming  has  made  many  men 
wealthy,  and  Prince  Edward  Island  will 
long  be  known  as  the  place  where  fur 
farming  started  on  a  large,  or  commercial 
scale.  The  Indians  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public raised  dogs  for  their  fur,  and  the 
live  animals   were  used  as  blankets,  a 


ni 


"I  KNOW  OK  A  LITTLE  BROOK.  DRY  SEVERAL  MONTHS  OF  THE  YEAR.  WHICH  HAS  A  TENE- 
MENT HOUSE  OF  MUSKRATS  IN  IT.  AND  FROM  MY  OWN  OBSERVATIONS  THERE  MUST  BE 
A  SCORE  OF  RATS  ALONG  ONE  PARTICULAR  QUARTER  MILE  OF  THAT  BROOK" 


five  hundred  dollars.  The  pens  were 
each  twelve  feet  square,  and  in  each  stall 
was  the  home  of  the  female.  Two  open- 
ings were  required,  one  for  egress,  and 
one  for  ingress.  Fresh,  sound  meat 
was  fed,  enough  for  each  day  in  warm 
weather,  and  in  cold,  a  large  chunk  was 
thrown  in.  From  three  to  ten  comprise 
a  litter. 

Mink  are  found  on  practically  every 
watercourse  in  the  United  States.  They 
range  in  value  from  one  dollar  and  fifty 
cents  for  small  Southern  State  primes 
to  large  Northern  primes  at  six  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  (1913-14  quotations). 
The  raiser  of  mink  would  probably  get 


pack  of  these  dogs  always  accompanying 
■  the  family  and  spreading  themselves 
down  on  the  Indians  in  their  tents  at 
night. 

The  bears  that  feed  on  the  refuse 
heaps  in  Yellowstone  Park,  the  hundreds 
of  raccoons  that  feed  on  similar  hotel 
kitchen  refuse  in  Florida,  the  mink  and 
skunk  that  raid  henhouses,  the  musk- 
rats  in  drain  pipes,  all  prove  absolutely 
how  willingly  these  wild  animals  would 
come  under  domestication. 

The  wild  animals  do  not  hate  mankind, 
nor  fear  man,  nor  seek  the  remote  places 
away  from  civilization,  until  men  have 

(Continued  on  page  144) 


SALVOR'S  LUCK 


By  David  A.Wasson 


WILLIAM  H.  JOHNSON 
recently  refused  one  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  for 
the  steel  steamship  Caro- 
lyn of  the  Atlantic  trade. 
It  was  but  a  year  or  two  ago  that  he 
bought  her  for  two  hundred  dollars. 
Loaded  with  a  general  cargo,  mostly  pa- 
per and  potatoes,  she  had  gone  ashore. 
worth  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in 
a  fog,  off  the  Maine  coast,  and  the  under- 
writers could  not  pry  her  loose.  The 
owners  abandoned  her :  the  underwriters 
stripped  her  of  what  valuables  the 
vigilant  lobster-catchers  hadn't  taken 
first.  .Meanwhile  the  Carolyn  had  settled 
on  bottom  and  practically  broken  in  two. 
for  her  plates  were  cracked  from  gar- 
board  strake  to  waterways. 

Here  was  when  Johnson,  a  Boston 
plumber,  stepped  in.  When  the  wreck 
was  sold  at  auction  he  bought  it 
for  two  hundred  dollars.  Then  he  or- 
ganized a  salvage  company  of  his  own 
and  set  about  floating  her.  With  the  aid 
of  divers,  temporary  patches,  and  pon- 
toons, he  accomplished  it,  after  she  had 
been  a  year  on  the  rocks.  Half  a  dozen 
tugs  towed  her  to  Last  Boston  and  she 
was  dry-docked. 

Johnson  decided  that  a  plumber  who 
couldn't  rebuild  a  twenty-four  hundred- 
ton  steamship  wasn't  much  of  a  plumber. 
At  any  rate,  he  himself  supervised  the 
job  of  putting  thirty-eight  new  frames 
and  over  a  hundred  new  plates  in  her 
hull,  to  say  nothing  of  many  bent  and 
dented  plates  made  (shipshape.  Lloyd's 
surveyor  admitted  that  Cramp's  couldn't 
have  done  a  better  job  and  gave  her  his 
blessing.  Now  she  has  stepped  back  into 
the  coast  trade  to  find  the  highest  freight 
rates  for  years,  and  is  reaping  the  benefit. 
Johnson  can  sell  the  Carolyn  today  for 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  if  he  but 
says  the  word. 

Salvage,  according  to  the  lexicogra- 
phers, is  the  act  of  saving  a  ship  or  her 
cargo  at  sea.     The    profession    of    the 


salvor,  both  organized  and  incidental, 
long  ago  won  recognition,  and  is  still 
getting  increased  consideration.  His 
Britannic  Majesty.  King  George,  who 
rules  the  world's  greatest  merchant  fleet, 
officially  sanctions  the  calling.  Officers 
in  the  Royal  Navy  are  special  agents  of 
the  salvage  associations  maintained  by 
the  big  English  ports.  In  this  country, 
Congress  at  its  last  session  passed  a  bill 
more  clearly  defining  the  rights  of  salvors 
of  life  and  property,  so  the  salvor's  in- 
terests are  well  looked  after.  During 
the  past  year,  awards  in  the  British  Ad- 
miralty Court  totaled  about  half  a  mil- 
lion dollars. 

The  banner  salvage  feat  of  recent 
years  was  the  recovery  of  bullion  and 
specie  to  the  value  of  $3,750,000  from 
the  sunken  Peninsular  and  <  'riental  Line 
steamship  Oceana.  The  Oceana's  mani- 
fest read  like  the  bill  of  lading  of  a 
Spanish  galleon.  She  had  on  board 
forty-six  bags  of  coin  and  bar  gold 
valued  at  $1,017,055.  and  silver  worth 
$2,841,610.  Captain  Young  of  the  Liver- 
pool Salvage  Association  probably  will 
never  do  a  better  job,  for  he  recovered 
all  the  treasure  but  two  bars  of  silver 
valued  at  SI. 375.  It  was  a  piece  of  work- 
that  dealt  in  big  figures  all  around.  The 
Salvage  Association  got  sixty  thousand 
dollars,  the  five  divers  who  did  the  actual 
work  a  bonus  of  one  thousand  dollars 
apiece,  and  various  tugs  and  steamers 
that  helped  to  save  passengers  and  tow 
the  stricken  ship  into  shoal  water  reaped 
rewards  to  the  extent  of  nearly  sixty 
thousand  dollars. 

The  Britisher,  Ikalis,  from  San  Fran- 
cisco for  Yokohama  with  a  million-dollar 
general  cargo,  ran  ashore  in  a  desperate 
position  on  the  Japanese  coast  last  May. 
Along  the  whole  length  of  her  bottom 
she  was  stabbed  through  by  needle-like 
pinnacles  of  rock,  and  she  filled  with 
water  to  the  decks.  A  Japanese  wrecking 
company  took  the  contract  to  get  her  off 
on  the  basis  of  "no  cure,  no  pay." 


% 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


companies  that  took  a 
hand  in  the  salving  de- 
cided that  they  weren't 
in  the  excavation  busi- 
ness, and  withdrew. 

This  well  suited  cer- 
tain thrifty  citizens  of 
Ocos.  They  not  only 
utilized  her  great  empty 
holds  as  a  coffee  ware- 
house, but  actually  made 
her  machinery  furnish 
the  town  with  electricity. 
Finally,  however,  a  com- 
pany of  salvors  appeared 
who  were  successful  in 
floating  her. 


Using  Pontoon  Barges 
They  are  run  alongside  of  the 
submerged  ship  and  then  oper- 
ated to  brine  her    to  the   sur- 
face.   The  Pythian. 


They  jettisoned  her 
cargo,  patched  the  rents 
in  her  steel  hull,  blasted 
the  ledges  that  impris- 
oned her,  started  all  the 
available  steam  pumps, 
applied  compressed  air 
to  her  holds;  and  in 
three  months,  much  of 
which  time  was  lost 
through  bad  weather 
which  threatened  to 
smash  her  to  pieces,  the 
Ikalis  was  floated  and 
taken  to  Hakodate  for 
repairs.  Salvage  work 
alone  cost  her  owners 
just  one  hundred  and  nine  thousand 
dollars.  But  they  may  have  considered 
themselves  lucky,  for  when  the  Canadian 
Pacific  liner  Empress  of  China  stranded 
in  the  Pacific  the  year  before,  the  salvors 
got  one  hundred  and  eighty  thousand 
dollars  for  their  work. 

There  was  a  signal  victory  for  the 
wreckers  who  lately  floated  the  German 
steamer  Sesostris  of  the  Kosmos  Line 
from  the  beach  near  Ocos,  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Guatemala.  She  went  ashore 
in  1907  while  on  a  passage  from  Ham- 
burg to  San  Francisco.  Driven  high  on 
the  sand,  her  hull  was  hardly  injured. 
Her  cargo  was  removed,  but  the  shifting 
sand  half  buried  her.    Various  wrecking 


Almost  Triumphant 

Lighter  alongside  taking  out  the  cargo  so  that  she  may  be  brought  clear  to  the 

surface.    The  Alice  E.  Clark. 


Walter  McCrea,  a  deep-sea  diver  of 
Seward,  Alaska,  feels  amply  justified  in 
having  chosen  one  of  the  most  dangerous 
of  callings.  He  recently  located  at 
Chignik,  Alaska,  the  long-lost  wreck  of 
the  American  full-rigged  ship  Jabes 
Hoives,  and  salvaged  her  entire  cargo  of 
block  tin,  worth  thirty-seven  thousand 
dollars.  The  Howes  was  bound  from  the 
Columbia  River  to  Chignik  with  a  cargo 
consigned  to  the  salmon  canneries.  She 
arrived  off  the  port  in  April,  1911,  in  a 
sinking  condition  and  was  run  ashore  in 
a  last  desperate  attempt  to  save  her. 
Later,  she  slid  off  the  rocks  and  went 
down  in  deep  water.  In  recovering  the 
prize,  McCrea  earned  all  he  got,  for  he 


SALVOR'S   LUCK 


97 


had  to  work  at  the  maximum  depth  and 
pressure  that  man  can  endure. 

The  big  French  barque  Jean  Bart,  sail- 
ing from  Antwerp  with  a  cargo  for  Wal- 
laroo, Australia,  went  ashore  last  March, 
only  a  few  miles  from  the  end  of  her 
voyage.  She  promptly  filled  and  settled 
to  bottom.  Her  discouraged  owners, 
knowing  the  fickleness  of  weather  in  the 
desolate  Antipodes,  decided  that  she 
could  not  be  saved  and  gave  her  up  to 
the  underwriters.  Then  a  Wallaroo  stev- 
edore did  a  little  investigating  on  his 
own  account,  and.  when  the  vessel  was 
sold  at  auction,  he  bought  her  for  eight 
hundred  and  forty  dollars.  He  found 
that  the  hole  in  her  was  much  smaller 


She  was  bound  from  Vancouver  to  Mel- 
bourne when  she  went  ashore  three  years 
ago  near  Nukualofa,  in  the  South  Seas. 
In  that  remote  region  there  was  nothing 
for  her  owners  but  to  abandon  her,  as 
has  happened  to  many  good  ships  before. 
But  in  the  years  since  her  wreck,  some 
freak  of  old  Ocean  has  landed  the 
Knight  square  on  top  of  the  reef,  and 
high  out  of  water.  The  contact  with  the 
lacerating  coral  tore  her  whole  bottom 
out,  but  her  steel  sides  kept  the  cargo 
in.  A  million  feet  of  lumber  and  much 
of  her  machinery  have  been  removed  by 
amateur  wreckers  and  sold  to  Australian 
dealers.  As  long  as  there  is  anything  left 
of  the  Knight  of  St.  George  they  will 
continue  to  dismantle 
her.  and  there  is  no  one 
to  say  them  nay. 

It  is  usage  quite  in 
keeping  with  the  other 
inviolable  laws  of  the 
sea  that  lets  the  salvor 
take  advantage  of  a  man 
when  he  is  down,  and 
encourages  emulation  of 
the  shark,  which  attacks 
the  injured  of  its  own 
kind.  To  illustrate  in  a 
small    way,    the    writer 


Down  in  Shallow  Water 
The   divers  went   down    and    put 
chains  under  the  sunken  vessel  and 
she  was  hauled  to  the  surface  and 
bailed  out.    The  Alice  E.  Clark. 


than  suspected;  re- 
cruited a  gang  of  wreck- 
ers, and  in  due  time 
floated  the  Jean  Bart, 
and  towed  her  into  port 
The  reward  for  his  en- 
terprise came  when  he 
sold  the  big  steel  ship 
and  her  cargo  for  sixty 
thousand  dollars. 

In  the  hulk  of  the 
liritisli  tramp  steamer 
Knight  of  St.  George  is 
a  harvest  for  anyone 
who    cares    to    reap    it. 


High  and  Dry 
She  was  waterlogged:  a  hopeless 
and  dangerous  derelict  of  the  high 
s.-as.  They  ran  h>-r  ashor--  and  the 
tide  left  her  up  on  the  beach.  The 
Evolution. 


TAKING  A  CHANCE 

A  "hurry-up"  or  "kill  or  cure"  method.    Twisting  a  vessel  off  the  rocks  at  risk  of  leaving  the  keel  behind.    The  Agnes 

Manning, 


was  once  aboard  a  tug  that  towed  into 
Portsmouth  Harbor,  New  Hampshire, 
two  three-masted  schooners  that  had 
been  in  collision  outside.  The  skipper 
of  the  undamaged  schooner  paid  fifteen 
dollars  for  the  tug's  services.  The 
master  of  the  other,  which  had  lost  her 
fore-topmast  and  flying  jib  boom,  was 
taxed  fifty  dollars  for  precisely  the  same 
service,  and  accepted  it  as  a  matter  of 
course. 

Hence  a  towboat  company  of  Wash- 
ington has  just  been  awarded  eight  thous- 


and dollars  for  towing  into  port  the 
coasting  steamer  Fair  Oaks  after  she 
struck  the  bar  and  became  unmanageable. 
Otherwise  it  was  a  hundred  dollar  job. 

Salvor's  luck  is,  then,  a  product  of 
rights  in  the  Admiralty  Court  times  en- 
gineering ingenuity,  times  business  acu- 
men. It  iPa  field  worth  the  while  of 
strong  men ;  it  has  been  a  factor  in  men's 
lives  since  the  first  savage  swamped  in 
his  dugout  and  will  be  until  the  time 
when  the  last  savage  will  forsake  the 
sea  for  the  air. 


Turn  to  page  121  if  you  are  interested  in  the  "Made  By  Our 
Readers"  Department,  and  we  feel  sure,  by  the  large  number 
of  manuscripts  coming  in,  that  Technical  World  Maga- 
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siasm. A  careful  study  of  prize  winners  in  this  and  in  the 
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98 


AT  THE  HOPED  FOR  RATE 
The  twenty-foot  hydroplane  of  the  Smith  Brothers  recently  attained  a  (peed  of  sixty  miles  per  hour  over  a  measured 


SIXTY-MILE  SPEEDER 

'"THE  builders  of  small  motor  speed 
*  boats.  Smith  Brothers,  of  Algonac, 
Michigan,  have  turned  out  a  boat 
which  will  make  the  long-desired  speed 
of  sixty  miles  per  hour  over  the  sur- 
face of  a  lake  or  sea.  Their  latest  flier 
swept  around  a  seven-mile  govern- 
ment-measured course  at  a  speed  of 
over  sixty  miles  an  hour,  recently,  and 
it  is  claimed  by  them  that  she  will 
stand  up  at  that  terrific  pace  for  the 
thirty  miles  required  in  big  power 
boat  races. 

In  the  case  of 
the  as  yet  unnamed 
speed   boat's   trials, 
she  was  run  over 
the  course 
on  three 
di  f f erent 
days  and 
timed   in   each 
case  by  five 
stop  watches. 
She  is  of  the 
well  -  known 

"Baby  Reliance"  type  but  differs  in  de- 
sign in  various  ways  which  have  not 
as  yet  been  made  public.  Ilcr  twenty 
feet  of  length  look  to  the  casual  ob- 
server very  much  the  same  as  the  boats 
which  this  firm  has  turned  out  in  the 
past,  but  there  are  many  changes  accord- 
ing to  the  designers. 


HIS  OWN  MARE 

A  DMIRAL  LI  CHUNG  of  the  Chi- 
**  nese  navy  is  a  good  mechanic.  He 
is  always  working  away  at  something 
during  his  leisure  and,  recently,  he 
turned  out  an  automobile  which  would 
do  credit  to  the  best  of  European  or 
American  designers.  It  has  but  three 
wheels,  yet  it  will  carry  four  people 
with  its  four  horsepower.  The  streets 
of  China  are  indescribably  bad  and 
there  was  a  considerable  problem  to 
solve  in  finding  the  sort  of  ma- 
chine that  would  stand  up  well 
and  still  be  fairly  comfortable. 
The  center  of  gravity  is 
at  the  rear  axle,  very 
close  to  the 
ground.  All 
the  machin- 
ery  is   also 


Built  by  an 

Admiral 

In  his  spare  moments  Li 

Chung  of  the  Chinese  navy 

built  this  machine  for  his 

own  use. 


at  the  rear  axle,  and  the  result  is  a  very 
comfortable  car  which  can  be  easily  han- 
dled even  in  crowded  streets. 

Such  a  machine  could  not  be  used 
under  ordinary  conditions  in  American 
cities,  because  the  power  would  not  be 
sufficient  to  carry  it  under  our  traffic  con- 
ditions. 

99 


100 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Putting  a  Freight  Car  Back 

Wrecking  cars  for  all  railroads  are  being  built  with  very  powerful 

cranes  to  handle  the  heavier  equipment. 


PICKS 


LOCOMOTIVES 


A  HOOK  for  every  purpose  is  carried 
**  by  the  powerful  wrecking  cars  now 
used  by  every  railroad  in  the  country. 

These  hooks  can  clear  a  wreck  con- 
sisting of  a  single  wooden 


car  to  the  immense  steel  locomo- 
tives weighing  thousands  of  tons, 
in  less  time  than  a  man  can 
shovel  in  a  load  of  coal.  Speed 
is  essential  in  order  that  the  least 
possible  time  be  wasted  in  the 
resumption  of  traffic. 

There  is  a  small  hook  at  the 
end  of  the  big  steel  crane  with 
a  single  steel  cable  attached 
which  is  strong  enough  to  tear 
apart  and  lift  out  of  the  way  any 
wooden  coach  or  freight  car. 
Next  to  this  is  one  a  little  more 
powerful.  This  second  hook 
takes  care  of  steel  coaches,  loaded 
freight  cars,  and  any  locomotive 
of  medium  size  and  weight.  But 
when  it  comes  to  removing  an 
overturned  modern  steel  loco- 
motive, the  work  falls  upon  the 
third  and  most  powerful  double 
hook  located  upon  the  crane. 
This  is  capable  of  picking  up  any 
locomotive,  no  matter  what  size 
or  weight,  and  lifting  it  around 
as  though  it  weighed  only  a  few 
pounds.  It  can  drag  one  of  these 
steel  monsters  up  a  steep  em- 
bankment and  set  it  on  the  tracks 
again  in  less  than  one  hour's 
time. 


The    machine  which 

will     effectively    foil 

the   forger   and    the 

counterfeiter. 


H1«T0  »Y  MUl  THOMrtOH 


TALKATIVE  MONEY 

IT  would  be  impossible  for  a 
*■  forger  to  change  the  notes  that 
an  English  expert  is  turning  out, 
because  by  his  invention  he  has 
marked  them  with  a  line  which, 
if  run  through  the  right  machine, 
will  speak  right  up  what  the 
value  of  the  note  actually  is.  The 
banker  who  receives  it  needs  only 
to  run  it  through  a  pair  of  twin 
rollers  which  are  connected  t<> 
ear  tubes,  and  the  note  will  say 
in  a  low  voice,  which  can  be 
heard  by  no  one  else,  "Five 
dollars"  or  whatever  was  the 
original  value  of  the  note,  no 
matter  to  what  amount  the  forger 
mav  have  raised  it. 

A  picture  of  the  words  "Five 
dollars"  is  taken  with  a  photo- 
mechanical process,  the  proof  re- 
sembling a  jagged  line.  This  is 
turned  into  zinc,  the  bank  note 
being  made  a  record  for  a  phono- 
graphic machine,  so  that  it  is 
only  necessary  to  run  it  through 
the  duplicator  to  hear  the  secret 
ige.  At  the  same  time,  the 
banker  can  mark  his  own  notes 
with  a  set  of  the  zinc  knives  and 
a  roller.  The  inventor,  Alfred 
E.  Bawtree  of  Sutton,  England, 
hi-  given  many  demonstrations 
and  has  practically  proved  that 
the  forger  could  not  tamper  suc- 
cessfully with  notes  prepared  in 
that  way. 


FLAG  AND  BIBLE 
TOGETHER 

D  EVEREND  DOCTOR  AUGUSTUS 
1X  E.  BARNETT,.  of  Philadelphia, 
is  the  first  minister  to  endorse  the 
plan   of  having  the    Bible   supported  by 

the  United  States  flag  in  the  churches. 
Doctor  Harnett  noticed  that  in  many 
western  churches  the  flag  was  as  con- 
spicuous as  the  liible,  patriotism  being 
fostered  a-  a  part  of  religion.  He 
therefore  decided  to  start  a  movement 
for  displaying  the  Stars  and  Stripes  near 
the  pulpit  of  every  church  in  the  East. 


Patriotism  and  Religion 

A  Philadelphia  minister  preaches  with  the  American  flair  beside  him 

and  is  trying  to  establish  the  custom. 


RAISING  CHICKENS  IN  THE 
ARCTIC  CIRCLE 

A  FORMER  Texan  is  raising  chickens 
**  at  Manley's  Hot  Springs,  Alaska, 
and  is  doing  it  successfully.  He  has  more 
than  two  thousand  White  Leghorns.  His 
chicken  houses  are  heated  with  hot  water 
from  natural  hot  springs.  Even  in  the 
winter  time  he  secures  many  eggs  from 
his  flock.  These  eggs  bring  high  prices, 
for  eggs  are  scarce  in  that  part  of  Alaska. 

101 


THIRTEEN  KNOTS 
through  a  TYPHCDN 

By  Louis  E.  Browne 

The  Atlantic  fleet,  homeward  bound  from  the  Mediterranean,  encountered  the 
severest  storm  in  the  memory  of  our  naval  men.  So  great  was  its  fury  that  it 
might  very  properly  be  called  a  typhoon.  Driven  into  the  face  of  a  ninety-mile-* 
an-hour  gale,  at  a  speed  of  thirteen  knots,  tlie  ships,  owing  to  the  violence  of  the 
elements,  were  presently  laboring  along  at  nine  knots.  While  this  particular 
experience  confirms  the  opinion  of  naval  architects  as  to  the  great  handicap  tlie 
present  arrangement  of  guns  offers  for  efficient  combat  during  heavy  seas,  yet  it 
also  proves  hoiv  splendidly  built,  equipped,  and  manned  the  American  battle  fleet 
is  today. — Editor's  Note. 


WHEN  a  ship  weathers  a 
typhoon  and  comes  out 
of  it  safe  and  sound,  she 
is  said  to  be,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  sea,  one  of 
"Neptune's  own".  When  that  ship  hap- 
pens to  be  one  of  Uncle  Sam's  dread- 
naughts,  which  not  only  came  out  of  the 
storm  unscathed  but  during  it  was  at  any 
time  ready  to  go  into  actual  battle  within 
five-minutes  notice,  it  is  a  thorough  test 


of  the  seaworthiness  of  this  type  of 
battleship.  This  is  the  experience  of  five 
American  battleships  of  the  Atlantic 
Fleet  during  a  typhoon  encountered  while 
returning  to  the  United  States  from  the 
recent  visit  to  the  Mediterranean  ports. 
The  value  of  this  experience  will  read- 
ily be  seen.  Should  the  Admiral  have 
ordered  "prepare  for  battle",  the  ord- 
nance crews,  except  those  of  the  two  for- 
ward turrets,  could  have  unlimbered  their 


GREATEST  STORM  IN  THE  MEMORY  OF 
"Everything  movable  was  double-lashed  and  all  the  hatches  leading  to  the  main  deck  were  battened  down.    In  the  sick 

wrapped  in 

102 


SMASHING  INTO  IT 
"Spray  was  thrown  hich  above  the  tops  of  the  stacks  and  after  reaching  port  many  lounds  of  salt  were  removed  from 

the  upper  works  of  the  ship." 


guns  and  been  ready  to  hurl  thousand- 
pound  projectiles  in  less  than  five  min- 
utes. 

This  storm  was  the  severest  encoun- 
tered by  these  ships,  yet  they  ploughed 
into  the  tempest  at  thirteen  knots  an 
hour.  They  were  tossed  about  by  the 
gigantic  seas  like  egg  shells,  five  times 
a    minute    the    bows    and    sterns    de- 


LIVING  NAVAL  MEN 

bay.  the  ship's  hospital,  bottles  of  precious  medicine  were 

cotton." 


scribing  arcs  of  more  than  fifty  feet. 
At  each  dip,  tons  of  water  rolled  over 
the  forecastle,  roaring  like  a  score  of  blast 
furnaces  and,  piling  over  the  forward  tur- 
rets, smashed  against  the  bulkhead  with 
a  crash  that  shook  the  ship  from  stem 
to  stern.  On  the  drop,  looking  forward 
from  the  bridge,  nothing  could  be  seen 
of  the  ship — nothing  was  visible  save 
surging  seas.  On  the  rise,  great  torrents 
poured  over  the  sides  like  so  many 
N  iagaras. 

Rain,  spray,  and  often  seas  them- 
selves drove  across  the  bridge,  subjecting 
officers  and  men  to  the  rigorous  ele- 
ments. During  the  height  of  the  storm, 
it  began  to  hail.  Then  the  men  stood 
two-hour  watches  instead  of  the  usual 
watch  of  four  hours.  Spray  was  thrown 
high  above  the  tops  of  the  stacks  and 
after  reaching  port  many  pounds  of  salt 
were  removed  from  the  upper  works  of 
the  ship. 

The  blow  was  forecasted  by  mackerel 
skies  and  a  rapidly-falling  barometer. 
In  the  language  of  the  bluejackets,  the 
barometer  "fell  through  the  bottom  of 

m 


104 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


the  ship".  For  twenty-four  hours  gigantic 
ocean  swells  washed, growing  greater  and 
greater  every  hour.  Everything  movable 
was  double-lashed  and  all  hatches  lead- 
ing to  the  main  deck  were  battened 
down.  In  the  sick  bay,  the  ship's  hos- 
pital, bottles  of  precious  medicine  were 
carefully  wrapped  in   cotton.    The  store 


bottom  someone  should  pour  several 
barrels  of  water  down  the  shaft  to  thor- 
oughly drench  the  occupants. 

During  all  this,  maneuvers  were  con- 
stantly carried  out  under  direction  of 
the  Admiral.  In  the  wardroom  of  each 
ship,  there  were  more  than  a  score  of 
officers  fighting  imaginary  naval  battles. 


* 


keeper  packed  his  boxes  and  cans  so  that 
they  would  not  come  tumbling  down 
about  his  head. 

Never  in  the  memory  of  our  seamen 
now  living,  had  the  navy  encountered 
such  a  storm  in  the  North  Atlantic. 
A  few  of  the  long-service  men  re- 
member famous  typhoons  of  the  China 
Sea  but  even  they  admit  that  this  storm 
was  as  fierce  as  those. 

If  anyone  cares  to  sample  the  ex- 
perience of  Uncle  Sam's  bluejackets,  just 
let  him  enter  one  of  these  rapid  transit 
elevators  that  whisk  one  from  the  base- 
ment to  the  twentieth  story  of  a  sky- 
scraper in  such  incredibly  short  time. 
Instruct  the  elevator  operator  to  let  the 
car  drop  suddenly  for  twenty  feet,  slow 
down,  and  drop  again,  this  time  faster 
than  before.  Continue  this  until  the 
car  brings  wp  with  a  convulsive  crash 
at  the  bottom.  Repeat  this  five  times  a 
minute  for  nearly  two  whole  days.  To 
get  the  true  effect,  just  as  the  car  reaches 


BOBBIN'  UP 
Before  a  great  storm  at  sea  breaks,  the  ground  swell  gets 
drops,  everything  on  board  ismade  "tight"  in  preparation. 


THIRTEEN   KNOTS  THROUGH   A  TYPHOON 


105 


with  great  tables  to  represent  the  ocean 
and  tiny  toy  ships  to  represent  battle- 
ships. To  them,  the  game  was  more 
absorbing  than  chess.  In  the  sea  itself 
the  great  dreadnaughts  were  going 
through  all  sorts  of  complicated  move- 
ments, steaming  first  in  one  formation 


and  then  in  another,  varying  their  posi- 
tions frequently. 

Often,  during  these  maneuvers,  the 
seas  ran  so  high  that  another  ship  of  the 
fleet,  but  six  hundred  yards  away,  was 
hardly  visible. 

This  terrific  storm  met  the  American 


Mountain  Seas 
Often  during  then  maneuvers,  the  seas  ran  so  high  that 
another  ship  of  the  fleet,  but  six  hundred  yards  away,  was 
hnrdlv  visible. 


AND  DOWN 

larger  and  larger.    When  this  happens  and  the  barometer 

The  picture  shows  clearly  this  smooth  long  swell. 


fleet  when  it  was  still  one  thousand  miles 
from  home,  and  it  did  not  begin  to  abate 
in  violence  for  nearly  a  day.  At  times 
the  hurricane  bore  down  at  a  speed  of 
ninety  miles  an  hour  and  Rear  Admiral 
Charles  J.  Badger,  commanding  the  fleet, 
feared  he  was  putting  his  powerful 
battleships  to  too  great  a  strain. 

The  pounding  and  wrenching  strained 
the  gun  ports  of  the  Florida  and  several 
times  the  officers  of  that  ship  wore  rub- 
ber boots  during  dinner.  The  mess  at- 
tendants, as  they  served  steaming,  savory 
food  on  bright  silver  platters  to  the 
officers  seated  at  the  table  covered  with 
a  snowy  white  cloth  and  delicate  china, 
waded  through  three  inches  of  briny 
water. 

Some  damage  was  inflicted  on  the 
ships.  On  the  forecastle  of  the  Wyo- 
ming, a  water  breaker  —  an  immense 
strip  of  heavy  steel  used  to  ward  off 
the  great  seas — was  torn  loose.  This 
was  fixed  in  mid-ocean,  while  the  ship 


"AT  EACH  DIP,  TONS  OF  WATER  ROLLED  OVER  THE  FORECASTLE.  ROARING  LIKE  A  SCCRE  OF 

ULAST  FURNACES  AND.  PILING  OVER  THE  FORWARD  TURRETS.  SMASHED  AGAINST  THE   BULK 

HEADS  WITH  A  CRASH  THAT  SHOOK  THE  SHIP  FROM  STEM  TO  STERN" 


hove  to.  Several  small  boats  were 
smashed  and  on  two  of  the  ships,  chests 
and  boxes  were  washed  overboard. 

All  familiar  with  the  plight  of  the 
battleship  Vermont,  which  just  before 
the  storm  broke  her  propeller  shaft,  re- 
member how  she  was  towed  to  port  by 
the  dreadnaught  Delaware.  Even  this 
ship,  one  of  the  older  craft  of  the  navy, 
could  have  reached  port  under  her  own 
steam  had  it  been  necessary.  The  other 
ships,  all  of  the  dreadnaught  type,  were 


ready  for  sea  again  within  twenty-four 
hours  after  reaching  port. 

In  spite  of  the  splendid  record  the  fleet 
made,  this  extraordinarily  severe  test 
only  added  proof  that  some  of  the  guns 
of  the  modern  battleship  are  misplaced. 
To  use  the  secondary  battery  of  guns 
requires  the  opening  of  the  gun  ports  and 
in  heavy  seas  this  would  flood  the  ship's 
interior.  The  consequence  would  be  that 
the  electrical  apparatus  would  be  put  out 
of  commission,  and,  with  this,  the  guns. 


NEW  ART  TO  CHEAPEN 
PRINTING  COST 


By 
T.    C.    O'DONNELL 


A    NEW     method     of     newspaper 
/%     printing    that    has    reached    us 
/  \   from    Germany,    the    Mertens 
/      %      "intaglio"  process,  may  com- 
A.        V.    plctely    revolutionize   the   in- 
dustry.   The    word    "intaglio"    suggests 


tic  feature  of  the  process  is  that  the  type 
faces  are  raised.  With  a  copper-en- 
graved calling  card,  the  method  is  just 
reversed.  Here  the  letters  are  "intagli- 
ated"  or  cut  in  grooves  in  a  copper  plate ; 
the  grooves  are  filled  with  ink,  and  the 


SMALL  INTAGLIO  PRESS 
"Thus  far  it  ii  in  use  in  but  one  shop  in  the  country,  where  it  is  printing  a  four-page  paper  at  the  rate  of  ten  thousand 

impressions  an  hour." 


a  method  just  the  opposite  of  ordinary 
printing.  Newspapers  are  printed  from 
lines  of  type  upon  whose  raised  faces, 
previously  inked,  a  sheet  of  paper  is 
pressed,  carrying  away  an  inked  impres- 
sion of  the  type  faces.    The  characteris- 


card,  brought  in  contact  with  the  plate, 
is  given  sufficient  pressure  to  pull  the  ink 
out  of  the  grooves.  This  fact  accounts 
for  the  ridge  of  ink  by  which  people 
usually  determine  whether  or  not  a  card 
is  engraved. 

iff) 


108 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  pictures  in  most  books  and  news- 
papers are  produced  from  raised  sur- 
faces. Examine  the  illustration  accom- 
panying this  article  and  you  will  find 
that  it  is  not  a  solid,  unbroken  surface, 
like  a  painting  or  a  drawing,  but  that  it 
consists  of  an  infinite  number  of  dots 
arranged  in  rows.  Where  the  picture  is 
light  the  dots  are  comparatively  few  and 
fine,  while  in  the  shaded  portions  they  are 
heavier  and  closer  together.  In  some 
places  the  dots  run  together  and  there  the 
surface  is  a  solid  black.  Each  of  these 
dots  is  formed  by  a  raised  point  on  a 
copper  plate  which  has  been  inked.  The 
finer  the  dots,  of  course,  and  the  closer 
the  rows  of  dots  to  one  another,  the  bet- 
ter the  picture. 

But  a  coarse  plate — that  is,  one  with 
but  few  dots — is  what  most  newspapers 
must  be  printed  on,  because  of  the  soft, 
uneven  surface  of  the  cheap  paper  that 
is  used ;  the  paper  is  so  coarse  of  tex- 
ture and  absorbs  ink  so  readily  that  it 
gives  a  black  smudge  when  a  fine-lined 
plate  is  printed  on  it. 

To  get  a  process  that  would  print  a 
good  picture  on  a  cheap  paper  has  long 
been  the  problem,  and  it  is  this  problem 
that  the  Mertens  process  goes  a  long  way 
toward  solving. 

The  Mertens  plate  is  in  the  form  of 
a  large  copper  cylinder  and,  instead  of  a 
surface  of  raised  dots,  it  presents  a  sur- 
face of  infinitely  minute  depressions.  In 
the  process  of  printing,  the  paper  is 
passed  over  the  cylinder  and  pressed 
into  the  depressions  previously  filled  with 
ink,  receiving  a  picture  that  has  all  the 
softness  of  tone  of  a  photogravure.  It 
matters  not  whether  the  paper  be  of  an 
expensive  quality,  or  of  the  cheapest  and 
coarsest  grade  used  in  newspaper  work 
— the  effect  is  that  of  an  engraving.  More- 


over, not  only  are  the  tones  softer  and 
truer  to  the  original  photograph,  but  an 
intaglio-printed  picture  shows  a  more 
complete  detail,  due  to  the  absence  of 
uninked  rows  of  dots. 

The  process  is  bound  to  cheapen  the 
cost  of  printing,  since  the  first  consider- 
ation in  a  job,  when  cuts  are  to  be  used, 
concerns  the  quality  of  paper  that  must 
be  bought.  In  one  shop  in  this  country 
it  is  printing  a  four-page  paper  at  the 
rate  of  ten  thousand  impressions  an  hour. 
In  Europe,  however,  several  newspapers 
use  this  method,  and  when  faster  work 
becomes  possible  it  will  undoubtedly  sup- 
plant processes  now  in  use. 

The  method  of  preparing  the  cylinder 
differs  widely  from  the  engraving  of  the 
ordinary  plate.  In  making  the  'i>a'.'- 
tone",  as  the  plate  is  called  which  s  wti 
in  illustrating  this  article,  a  photograph 
of  the  subject  is  made  upon  a  sensitized 
copper  plate  through  a  fine  glass  screen, 
by  means  of  which  the  image  upon  the 
sensitized  copper  is  broken  up  into  rows 
of  dots,  more  or  less  fine  as  the  various 
parts  of  the  subject  are  more  or  less 
shaded.  The  acid  bath,  through  which 
the  plate  is  put,  etches  away  all  the  sur- 
face of  the  plate  except  the  dots,  these 
unetched  dots  forming  the  printing  sur- 
face of  the  plate. 

In  making  an  intaglio  cylinder,  a  neg- 
ative is  made  from  the  copy  through  an 
extraordinarily  fine  screen,  one  as  fine 
as  two  hundred  rows  to  the  inch  being 
used.  The  positive  is  then  placed  upon 
a  large  copper  cylinder,  which  has  been 
sensitized,  and  a  negative  print  made 
upon  the  surface.  This  is  then  etched, 
much  as  is  done  in  making  the  half-tone, 
except  that  in  the  latter  the  printing  dots 
are  raised,  while  in  the  intagliated  plate 
they  are  depressed. 


Crime  may  be  detected,  the  innocent  man  acquitted,  or 
juries  fooled,  by  the  silent  evidence  of  the  camera.  Mr.  C.  H. 
Claudy  has  especially  prepared  for  TECHNICAL  WORLD 
MAGAZINE  readers  a  most  unusual  and  absorbing  article  on 
photography  and  crime.     You  will  find  it  in  our  April  issue. 


BOMBS! 


By  • 

CHARLES    W.    PERSON 

New  York  City  has  in  its  employ  a  professional  opener  of  bombs.  In  nineteen 
years  of  sen-ice  he  has  opened  and  analyzed  six  thousand  of  the  treacherous 
destroyers.  There  is  not  a  moment  of  the  day  or  night  when  he  may  twt  be  called 
to  come  and  inspect  a  suspicious-looking  package.  He  has  no  understudy  in  tliis 
work.  The  position  might  be  open  for  some  fearless  young  man — but  there's  not 
much  money  in  it. — Editor's  Note. 


OWEN  EAGAN,  inspector  for  New 
York's  liureau  of  Combustibles,  a 
short,  heavy,  indefatigable,   self- 
educated  man  of  56  years,  was 
called  to  the  apartments  of  Judge 
Rosalsky  some  little  time  ago.     On  the  judge's 
library   table    lay    a    neat    package    wrapped    in 
yellow  paper,  about  five  inches  square  and  three 
and  a  half  inches  high.     Eagan  cut  the  string  and 
unwrapped  the  paper.     Within  there  was  a  box  of 
white  pasteboard,  such  as  is  used  for  candy. 

With   accustomed  caution,  he  lifted   the 
cover  and  noticed  that  it  resisted  a  little. 
This  sticking  of  the  cover  on  so 
frail  a  box  aroused  his  suspicion. 
"It's  a  real  one,"  he  said  in  a 
voice   that    could    not    be   mis- 
taken.  "You'd  better  get  out." 
The-    detectives     left     without 
further  warning. 

Standing  up  and  leaning 
well  backward  with  his  face 
partly  turned  away,  he 
stretched  out  his  arm  to  full 
length    and    gingerly    lifted    the 
cover  a  trifle.    Little  by  little  he  raised 
it  until  he  could  slide  it  off. 

The  opened  box  revealed  a  piece  of 
iron  pipe  an  inch  in  diameter  with  an 
elbow  in  it.  Straightened  out,"  the  pipe 
would  have  measured  about  seven  inches 
in  length.  On  each  side  of  it  was  a  small 
dry  battery,  connected  by  wires  with  a 
fulminating  cap.  Lying  on  top  of  the 
apparatus  was  a  small  package  done  up 
in  tissue  paper,  a  little  after  the  manner 
of  druggists  in  putting  up  powders. 

On  the  under  side  of  the  cover  near 
the  center  was  glued  a  small  piece  of 
cork — a  section  three-eighths  of  an  inch 


Inspector 
Owen  Eagan 
The  only  man 
on  New  York 
City's  pay  roll 
who  can  and 
dares  to  open 
bombs. 


deep  cut  from  a  piece  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.    The  purpose  of  this  cork  appar- 

109 


110 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Slow  Burning  Fuse  to  Be  Lighted  by  Phosphorous 
Scratched  by  Sandpaper  Under  the  Cover.    Two  : 
Dynamite  Were  Ready  to  Explode 


ently  was  to  act  as  a  buffer.  Another 
buffer  was  glued  to  one  of  the  corners  of 
the  cover.  This  was  a  triangular  piece  of 
pine,  one  and  one-half  inches  deep. 

Carefully  picking  up  the  small  pack- 
age of  powder,  he  laid  it  on  the  table,  re- 
marking to  attentive  ears  in  the  hallway 
that  there  was  enough  of  the  stuff  in  the 
parcel  to  blow  the  side  of  the  house  off. 
Then  he  took  out  a  jackknife  and,  start- 
ing it  at  the  top  of  one  of  the 
corners,  ran  it  down  to  the 
bottom  of  the  box.  Hav 
ing  cut  down  one  edge 
of  the  box,  he  started 
to  cut  down  the  edge 
of  the  other  side. 
He  pressed  the 
knife  blade  down 
as  he  had  done 
before,  and  in- 
stantly there  was 
a  blinding  flash  and 
explosion.  Detec- 
tives picked  him  up 
in  the  wrecked  library 
and  rushed  him  to  the 
hospital. 

Later  the  same  evening, 


wrapped  in  bandages  and  suf- 
fering great  pain,  Eagan  left  the 
hospital  and  returned  home. 
Before  midnight  his  telephone 
rang.  A  bomb  had  been  found 
in  the  heart  of  the  Italian  tene- 
ment district ;  fear  was  rampant 
among  the  Italians,  who  were 
corralled  in  the  street  by  police 
reserves.  Could  Inspector 
Eagan  possibly  come  up  and 
look  over  the  bomb? 

Despite  the  impending  danger 
of  tetanus,  and  the  intense  pain 
he  was  suffering,  Eagan  took 
the  car  uptown. 

The  bomb  lay  in  the  hallway 
of  a  building.     He  examined  it 
and  placed  it  as  best  he  could 
under  a  bandaged  arm.  A  bomb 
had    exploded    in    that    same 
neighborhood    a    week    before, 
and  they  well  remembered  its 
consequences.    Even  policemen, 
who  are  generally  credited  with 
possessing    nerve,     kept    away 
from    Eagan,    who   went   home 
alone  with  his  tenement  found- 
ling.    One  look  at  the  package  as  he 
entered  his  house  and  his  wife  jumped 
back. 

"For  Heaven's  sake,  don't  bring  that 
thing  in  the  house,"  she  implored. 

"Why    not?" 
quizzed   Eagan 


Thrown  from  an 

Elevated  Train. 

Only  Half  of  It 

Exploded 


with   a  chuckle. 

"It's  a  dozen  fresh 

eggs." 

That    is    but    one 

sidelight  of  tragedy 
and  comedy  all  in 
the  day's  work  of  a 


A  Simple  One 
Slow-burnine    fuses    inserted    in 
detonating  caps  to  explode  the  powder 
make  the  most  easily  constructed  bomb. 


BOMBS! 


Ill 


man  who  has  been  crippled  in  the  peo- 
ple's service  and  who  has  no  recourse 
in  the  way  of  a  pension  or  advancement ; 
who  is  one  of  a  certain  class  of  men  who 
are  prevented  from  suing  the  city  for 
damages  in  case  injuries  are  sustained  in 
the  performance  of  duty;  who  gets  for 


From    Under   the  Late  Mayor  Gaynor's  Window 

The  most  powerful  bomb  ever  found  whole  was  made  of 

five  sticks  of  blasting  gelatine  dynamite. 

his  wizardry  a  salary  of  fifteen  hundred 
dollars  a  year  and  has  a  wife  and  four 
children  dependent  upon  him ;  who  has 
no  insurance  policy,  for  the  insurance 
companies  will  take  no  risk  on  his  life! 

He  gets  no  doctor's 
bills  paid,  no  vacation, 
no  Sundays,  no  nights 
off  duty.  He  is  at  every- 
one's beck  and  call  who 
thinks  he  has  found  a 
bomb.  He  is  the  only 
man  on  the  city  pay  roil 
whose  business  it  is  to 
open  bombs,  from  the 
most  clumsily  con- 
structed to  the  most 
skillfully-made  i  n  s  t  r  u- 
ments  of  death. 

Is  there  another  job 
like  his  and  is  there  an- 
other man  like  him  in 
the  world? 

Inspector  Eagan  is  an 
expert  in  the  handling 
of  explosives.  In  his 
work  for  the  Bureau  of 
Combustibles,  he  has 


transported,  opened,  analyzed,  and  de- 
stroyed some  six  thousand  bombs  in  the 
nineteen  years  he  has  been  fighting 
against  odds  with  death,  but  in  spite  of 
the  thousands  of  times  he  has  opened 
infernal  machines  he  was  never  hurt  un- 
til the  explosion  of  the  electric  spring 
bomb  sent  to  Judge  Rosalsky.  Opening 
such  bombs  requires  something  besides 
nerve.  Eagan  has  never  used  tobacco  or 
intoxicants,  and  that  is  one  reason  why 
he  can  work  with  precision.  So  many 
bombs  have  been  found  recently  that 
Eagan  keeps  in  continual  touch  with  the 
Bureau  of  Combustibles  so  that  he  can 
be  reached  in  any  emergency,  for  he  is 
Manhattan's  only  combustible  inspector. 

"There  should  be  six  inspectors  to  ex- 
amine bombs,"  says  Dr.  K.  S.  Kennard, 
head  of  the  Bureau,  "but  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  find  anyone  with  nerve  enough 
to  do  the  work,  but  if  Eagan  doesn't 
train  some  new  men  I  don't  know 
what  we  shall  do  when  he's  forced  to 
quit." 

There  are  more  duties  than  the  mere 
inspection  of  bombs  for  Eagan.  For  in- 
stance, he  goes  occasionally  to  the  the- 
ater— not  to  see  the  show,  but  to  see,  per- 
haps, if  matches  are  used  to  light  cigars, 
or  some  other  infraction  of  the  ordinance 
governing  theater  lighting.  In  fact, 
Eagan  goes  to  bed  just  about  in  time  to 


Typical  Pipe  Bombs 
Usually  these  machines  (re  packed  with  nitroglycerine  or  chemicals  which  be- 
come dangerous  on  mixture. 


112 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


get  wakened  up  for  some  new  service. 
For  the  most  part,  however,  he  is  con- 
cerned with  dynamite,  gunpowder,  nitro- 


Three  Big  Ones 
Together  they  are  capable  of  wiping  out  a  whole  city  block 


glycerine,  chlorate  of  potash,  mercuric 
cyanide,  etc.,  for  every  bomb  goes 
through  his  hands  whether  it  is  found 
exploded  or  unexploded.  They  are  care- 
fully labeled  and  catalogued  and  are  kept 
in  the  dim  recesses  of  a  storage  maga- 
zine, the  location  of  which  is  a  carefully 
guarded  secret,  known  to  few  besides  the 
authorities. 

It  is  also  a  part  of  Eagan's 
work  to  go  into  this  dangerous 
magazine,  with  its  noxious  gases, 
to  get  nails,  slugs,  gun  cotton, 
dynamite,  and  chemical  clues  on 
which  the  detectives  can  work. 
Naturally,  there's  a  humorous 
side  to  this  work,  but  that's  an- 
other story. 

How  does  he  open  these  bombs 
so  as  not  to  injure  himself? 
First,  he  smells  them,  for  dyna- 
mite, nitro-glycerine,  and  gun 
cotton  all  have  distinct  odors. 
Then  he  observes  the  tempera- 
ture, weight,  exterior  composi- 
tion, and  plasticity.  After  these 
results  are  carefully  noted,  he 
a  knife  and  picks  and  pries  along  a  seam, 
crevice,  or  slight  opening.  If  it  looks 
dangerous,  he  leaves  it  in  the  arsenal  over 
night  to  air  out.  Gradually,  by  picking 
away  a  little  at  a  time,  he  gets  a  bomb 


open  far  enough  to  examine  the  interior:- 
Water  is  never  used,  for  it  serves  as> 
a  short  circuit  for  an  electric  bomb.  The 
contents  of  every  bomb 
are  kept  from  moisture 
as  much  as  possible,  and 
then  removed  to  sep- 
arate positions.  Some- 
times a  bomb  is  her- 
metically sealed  and  has 
to  be  opened  by  a  rifle 
bullet,  but  the  picking 
process,  although 
fraught  with  the  great- 
est danger,  is,  after  all, 
the  surest  way. 

The  "bomb  industry" 
started  in  New  York 
with  the  arrival  of 
Italians  who  had  been 
employed  in  their  home 
country  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  fireworks.  In 
1908,  only  thirteen  were 
found ;  in  1910,  there 
were  twenty-five;  in  1911,  there  were 
sixty-four;  in  1912,  there  were  fifty-two; 
and  in  1913,  between  January  1  and 
December  1,  there  were  one  hundred  and 
forty-five,  an  increase  of  ninety-three 
over  1912. 

Two  persons  were   seriously  injured 


Fragments 

These  pieces  picked  up  after  an  explosion  were  used  as  evidence 

against  a  supposed  black  hander. 


takes 


and  one  was  killed  in  1912  by  the  explo- 
sion of  dynamite,  gunpowder,  or  chem- 
ical contrivances.  The  property  loss 
from  such  explosions,  however,  was 
about  seven  thousand  dollars.     In  1913, 

{Continued  on  page  14S) 


FODDER  FOR  MANY  A  BEAST  WAS  CONSUMED  IN  THIS  BLAZE 


TWO-THOUSAND-TON 
HAY  FIRE 

A  I  [AYSTACK  containing  two  tliou- 
**'  sand  tons  of  baled  hay  was  re- 
icntlv  burned  on  the  Xiss  Hanson 
Ranch  near  Corcoran,  California.  It  is 
supposed  that  tramps  smoking  in  the 
shelter  of  the  stack  caused  the  blaze. 
The  stack  was  approximately  forty 
feet  high  and  two  hundred  feet  long, 
with  a  width  of  about  frfty  feet.  Nothing 
but  tangled  wire  straps  were  left. 


AN  AUTOMOBILE  TRAIN 

AN  automobile  of  the  1907  model 
**  was  too  valuable  for  its  owner  to 
discard  at  the  end  of  its  usefulness  on 
the  road  near  San  Francisco.  So  A. 
Hesseler  has  installed  his  car  on  a  nar- 
row gauge  railroad  which  operates  be- 
tween Caldor  and  Diamond  Spring, 
California.  The  seventy-mile  round 
trip  is  made  in  two  and  a  half  hours. 

Utilizing  an  Automobile  on  a  Narrow  Gaugk  Road 


113 


PUTTING    HOGS   ON  BOARD 
They  are  swung  from  the  lighters  on  shipboard  in  a  great  cage  made  of  basket  stuff. 


SHIPPING  CHINESE  HOGS 

""THERE  is  a  very  large  trade  in  hogs 
*■  between  Saigon,  a  city  of  Indo- 
China,  and  Singapore.  In  one  of  the 
Chinese  slaughter  houses,  alone,  in  the 
latter  city,  about  a  thousand  hogs  are 
butchered  every  day,  pork  among  the 
Chinese  having  about  the  same  popu- 
larity that  beef  has  among  the  English. 
For  transporting  them,  great  flexible 
cages  of  tough  basket  stuff  are  woven. 
The  hogs,  often  several  hundred 
pounds  in  weight,  are  imprisoned  in 
these  and  helpless  except  so  far  as  their 
great  weight  enables  them  to  offer  resist- 
ance. Four  ropes,  block  and  tackle  are 
used  to  swing  them  aboard  ship.  The 
cages  are  left  on  the  deck  but  are  cov- 
ered with  thatching  to  protect  the  cap- 
tives from  wind  and  weather.  This  i 
method  of.  shipping  live  stock  while 
very  unusual,  is  also  very  practical. 
The  hog  so  secured  is  easily  handled, 
the  cage  itself  is  light,  strong  and  flexi- 

114 


ble,    offering    none    of    the    inconven- 
iences of  a  heavy  wooden  cage. 


MOTORS  FOR  BELTS 

""THE  individual  motor,  mounted  on  the 
*  frame  of  the  machine  it  is  designed 
to  run,  is  now  taking  the  place  of  the 
old  leather  belt  that  has  proved  the  most 
dangerous  piece  of  mechanism  in  use  in 
industry.  This  improvement  not  only  re- 
duces very  greatly  the  number  of  in- 
juries to  workmen  but  makes  possible 
a  great  saving  in  power.  Germany  is 
advancing  most  rapidly  in  this  respect 
although  the  United  States  was  the  pio- 
neer in  the  field.  Most  large  factories 
in  Germany  use  motor-driven  machines 
exclusively.  The  subject  was  discussed 
at  a  meeting  of  engineers  in  Philadelphia 
recently,  and  plans  were  made  to  take 
steps  that  would  assist  in  bringing  about 
the  elimination  of  the  belt. 


OVERLAPPED  RESOURCES 

rROM  a  horticultural  standpoint,  the 
*  Placentia  orange  district  of  Cali- 
fornia has  long  been  considered  one  of 
the  richest  in  the  world ;  orchards  have 
been  valued  up  to  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars an  acre,  but  the  value  of  the  land 
has  been  even  further  increased.  Dur- 
ing the  last  year  great  oil  fields  have 
been  discovered  beneath  these  valu- 
able groves. 

Oil  companies  have  been  leasing  the 
ground  at  one  hundred  dollars  an  acre 
for  a  year  and  giving  the  owner  an 
eighth  share  in  the  product.  The  der- 
ricks have  been  placed  right  in  the 
heart  of  the  orchards.  It  takes  about 
two  years  to  bore  a  well,  the  oil  being 
found  at  a  depth  of  from  twenty-five 
hundred  to  three  thousand  feet,  the 
cost  of  drilling  amounting  to  about 
forty  thousand  dollars.  The  grade, 
however,  is  very  high  and  the  product 
retails  at  a  dollar  a  barrel. 

Besides  the  orange  groves,  with  the 
oil  beneath,  a  great  many  of  the  ranch- 
ers have  great  groves  of  walnut  trees 
which  bring  in  an  enormous  income. 
A  ten  per  cent  return,  or  one  thousand 
dollars  a  year  per  acre,  is  considered 
normal  by  the  owners.  The  oranges 
grown  are  of  the  highest  grade  han- 
dled in  the  Eastern  markets.  Boxes 
have  been  sold  for  as  high  as  seventeen 
and  a  quarter  dollars. 


*< 


GRADUATING  CLASS  USES 
MOTION  PICTURES 

THE  graduating  class  of  June,  1913,  of 
the  Springfield,  Illinois,  High  School 
is  so  far  the  only  school  in  the  world  to 
produce  a  motion  picture  play  as  their 
class  play.  The  photoplay  was  written, 
directed,  and  managed  by  Ben  W.  Law- 
less, a  member  of  the  class,  and  the  cast 
was  composed  entirely  of  high  school 
students.  The  plot  had  the  usual  kid- 
napping scene  and  love  affair,  and  was 
original  in  that  it  used  the  annual  Corn 
Belt  Athletic  Meet,  in  which  eleven  Cen- 
tral Illinois  towns  take  part  each  year 
at  the  State  Fair  Grounds.  The  races 
and  athletic  events  made  the  film  in- 
tensely interesting  and  the  plot  of  the 
drama  would  have  done  credit  to  older 
heads.  The  reel  was  shown  in  several 
towns  of  the  Corn  Belt  League,  and  has 
created  a  good  deal  of  interest  through- 
out the  country  among  teachers  and  prin- 
cipals. While,  ordinarily,  it  would  prob- 
ably be  impossible  for  high  school  classes 
_,  to  emulate  the  Springfield 

students,  there  may  be 
other  occasions  about  the 
schools  in  connection  with 
their  exercises  which  will 
lend  themselves  to  the  mov- 
ing picture. 


gim  ■  $!i 


Walnuts.  Oranges,  and  Oil 

The  owners  of  orchards  in  parts  of 

California  have  struck  oil  beneath 

their  trees. 


IIS 


IRRIGATION  FOR  EVERY 

FARM 


By 
RICHARD    BYRD 


THE  erratic  inconsistencies  of 
Nature  were  never  more  strik- 
ingly exhibited  than  when  the 
great  drought  which  during 
the  past  year  well-nigh  devas- 
tated the  west  central  Mississippi  Valley, 
followed  so  close  on  the  heels  of  the  tre- 
mendous spring  floods  which  made  the 
lower  Mississippi  region  one  vast,  deso- 
late swamp.  Had  the  contribution  of 
Nebraska  and  Kansas  to  that  flood  been 
caught  and  stored  in  reservoirs  and  used 
later  for  irrigation,  the  drought,  which 
has  caused  a  loss  of  tens  of  millions  of 
dollars,  would  have  had  few  terrors  for 
the  farmers  of  the  parched  and  stricken 
area. 

Irrigation  as  a  supplement  to  rainfall 
has  been  tried  in  every  Eastern  State  and 
in  every  Eastern  State  it  has  been  made 
to  pay.  Moreover,  millions  of  acres  are 
so  irrigated  in  European  countries  where 
the  rainfall  is  on  the  whole  good.  Of 
course,  there  have  been  failures  in  this 
country,  as  with  every  new  enterprise, 
but  remarkable  results  from  supplemental 
irrigation  have  been  attained. 


In  Spain  and  Italy,  where  the  rainfall 
is  as  copious  as  it  is  in  many  sections  of 
the  Eastern  United  States,  may  be  found 
numerous  massive  irrigation  structures, 
great  dams  and  aqueducts  of  solid 
masonry,  which  are  crop  insurances — 
insurances  against  drought.  Such  struc- 
tures are  soon  to  be  erected  in  the  humid 
States  of  this  country  as  well  as  in  our 
arid  region.  Already  large  areas  of 
former  prairie  in  Arkansas  are  irrigated 
for  rice-growing,  and  the  cranberry  in- 
dustry of  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey 
is  wholly  dependent  on  irrigation.  The 
celery  growers  at  Sanford,  Florida,  are 
installing  irrigation  systems  at  a  cost  of 
from  ninety-five  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  dollars  an  acre,  but  single 
crops  of  celery  have  returned  as  much 
as  two  thousand  dollars  an  acre.  Irriga- 
tion is  not  considered  necessary  to 
orange-growing  in  Florida,  as  it  is  in 
southern  California,  yet  in  the  Peninsula 
State  it  has  in  many  instances  doubled 
the  yield  of  oranges  and  lemons  and 
more  than  doubled  the  profit  per  acre. 

Records  compiled  from  Weather  Bu- 


RESERVOIR  TO  SUPPLEMENT  RAIN 
A  farming  scene  at  Selma,  Alabama,  where  popular  opinion  regaris  irrigation  as  completely  unnecessary. 


116 


4*         Six  applica- 
tions totaling 
three  inches  add- 
ed to  six   inches 
of  rainfall  produced 
a  yield  of  four  hun- 
dred and  eighty- 
tbree  bushels 
of  onions. 


reports  for  ten 
years   show    that    in 
Iowa.    Wisconsin,    New 

Jersey,  South  Carolina,  and 
Alabama,  with  annual  rain- 
falls averaging  from  thirty 
to  fifty  inches,  the  number  of 
droughts  ranged  from  twenty-three  to 
sixty-two.  Yet  these  are  all  localities 
supposed  to  have  an  adequate  rain- 
fall for  general  farm  crops.  Today, 
near  Selma,  Alabama,  in  the  midst  of 
plantations  desolated  by  the.  old-time 
system  of  continuous  cotton-growing, 
there  are  tracts  irrigated  from  artesian 
wells  which  are  producing  more  than 
thirty  times  the  profit  of  the  adjacent 
unirrigated  lands.  Thus  water  which  for 
nearly  half  a  century  has  run  to  waste, 
is  now  flowing  in  irrigation  ditches  and 
coining  money  for  the  planter. 

At  Albany,  Georgia,  bumper  crops  of 
alfalfa  have  been  grown  by  means  of 


A  View  of  thf.  System  as  a 
Whole 


irnga- 
t  i  o  n  on 
worn-out  cotton 
lands,  and  at  Yineland, 
New  Jersey,  irrigation  in- 
creased the  alfalfa  crop  two 
tons  per  acre.  The  value 
of  the  strawberry  crop  at 
this  point  was  increased  one  hundred 
dollars  an  acre  by  irrigation,  while  the 
early  strawberry  crop  without  irrigation 
was  a  total  failure.  An  irrigated  onion 
crop  at  Neenah,  Wisconsin,  yielded  five 
hundred  bushels  per  acre,  taking  first 
prize  at  the  County  Fair.  This  crop  was 
irrigated  with  only  three  inches  of  water, 
supplementing  six  inches  of  rainfall,  but 
the  irrigation  was  what  did  the  business, 
"for  by  this  means  the  water  could  be 
applied  at  just  the  right  time. 

The  greatest  measure  of  agricultural 
prosperity  in  the  United  States  will  come 
through  irrigation  and  the  utilization  of 
our  magnificent  water  resources. 

in 


ENGLISH  WALNUTS 


GROWN  IN  WESTERN  NEW  YORK 


NEW  YORK  ENGLISH  WALNUTS 


A  SUCCESSFUL  English  walnut 
**•  farm,  near  Lockport,  New  York, 
produces  a  large  quantity  of  nuts  in 
orchards  from  seven  years  of  age  up. 
The  seven  original  trees  were  planted 
on  this  farm  by  Norman  Pomeroy,  in 
1876,  and  from  these  seven  trees,  acres 
of  walnuts  have  been  planted  during 
the  past  thirty-five  years. 

On  the  Pomeroy  farm  there  is  a  five- 
acre  orchard  that  began  bearing  nuts  five 
years  from  the  time  they  were  trans- 
planted.' The  space  between  the  rows 
of  walnuts  was  filled  in  with  peach 
trees  and  by  the  time  the  latter  were 
through  bearing — in  from  six  to  seven 
years — the  walnut  trees  were  beginning 
to  bear  well,  increasing  each  year  there- 
after. 

The  English  walnut  is  raised  quite 
extensively  for  market  in  California, 
but  it  is  maintained  that,  of  several 
varieties  grown  in  the  United  States, 
the  Pomeroy  English  walnut  is  the- 
only  one  to  succeed  as  far  north  as 
New  York.  This  walnut  is  a  late- 
blossoming  variety,  and  is  very  hardy, 
the  wood  ripening  well  before  winter. 

This  acclimated  English  walnut  tree, 

118 


it  is  claimed,  will  do  well  on  any  soil 
or  in  any  climate  where  the  black  wal- 
nut, butternut,  or  oak  thrives.  Unlike 
other  nut  trees,  it  has  been  found  to 
be  practically  free  from  worms  and  in- 
sects. The  leaves  are  not  shed  until 
after  the  frost  in  the  autumn,  at  which 
time  the  nuts  also  fall  free  from  their 
shucks. 

In  England  they  say  that  the  more 
one  clubs  the  walnut  in  the  fall,  the 
bigger  the  crop  of  nuts  it  will  yield  the 
next  year,  the  reason  for  this  being 
the  fact  that  the  nuts  grow  only  on  the 
new  wood  and  every  branch  that  has 
its  nut-laden  ends  knocked  off  in  the 
fall  will  put  forth  two  or  more  new 
shoots  the  next  spring,  and  each  of 
these  will  bear  clusters  of  nuts  equal  in 
number  to  those  on  the  original  one. 

The  success  of  the  Pomeroy  English 
Walnut  Farm  has  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  nut  culturists,  horticulturists, 
and  progressive  farmers  in  all  parts  of 
the  country,  the  results  with  this  va- 
riety proving  conclusively  that  the  in- 
dustry has  passed  far  beyond  the  ex- 
perimental stage.  It  is  now  possible 
for  one  to  set  out  commercial  orchards 


NEW  YORK  ENGLISH  WALNUTS 


119 


with  full  assurance  of  success  on  almost 
any  scale. 

We  are  now  importing  from  foreign 
lands  nuts  to  the  value  of  twelve  or 
thirteen  million  dollars  a  year.  This 
amount  is  more  than  the  value  or  all 
the  apples  exported  in  any  one  year 
from  both  Canada  and  tiw  United 
States,  so  that  the  market     ossibilities 


States  Department  of  Agriculture  gives 
a  comparative  table  indicating  that  a 
pound  of  steak  has  a  food  value  of  950 
calories;  a  pound  of  potatoes,  386  cal- 
ories; a  pound  of  white  bread,  1,215 
calories ;  while  a  pound  of  walnuts  has 
a  food  value  of  3,075  calories. 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  well-established 
walnut  grove   is  a  legacy  of  no  mean 


GATHERING  WALNUTS  IN  A  PAVING  GROVE  IN  NEW  YORK 
Tbe  Pomcroy  English  walnut  is  the  only  one  to  succeed  as  far  north  as  the  Empire  State. 


for  the  commercial  nut  grower  of  this 
country  are  evident. 

With  the  increased  cost  of  meat, 
nuts  are  becoming  less  a  luxury  and 
more  a  staple  article  of  diet.  With 
nuts  at  twenty  cents  a  pound  and 
porterhouse  steak  at  not  less  than 
twenty-five  cents  a  pound,  from  an 
equal  investment  in  each,  one  would 
secure  a  fifth  more  weight  in  food  ma- 
terials from  the  walnut.     The  United 


value  to  coming  generations,  since  each 
year  will  add  to  its  worth.  They  bear 
at  an  age  most  surprising  to  those  not 
conversant  with  the  subject.  In  parts 
of  England  there  are  many  cases  on 
record  of  trees  of  one  hundred  to  two 
hundred  years  old  bearing  enormous 
crops  of  nuts.  One  European  tree  is 
supposedly  a  thousand  years  old,  yet 
it  annually  bears  a  large  crop  of  fine 
nuts. 


a  c 


3  a 


DIVINING  ROD  MYSTERY 


FOR  countless  ages  a  divining  rod 
in  the  hands  of  certain  mystics 
has  supposedly  been  capable  of 
locating  ore  deposits  and  under- 
ground streams,  but  the  stories 
told  of  its  mysterious  virtues  were  long 
considered  by  modern  science  as  mere 
remnants  of  medieval  superstition. 

Recent  discoveries  in  many  fields  have, 
however,  made  the  scientist  more 
cautious  and  tolerant  in  his  attitude 
towards  phenomena  disagreeing  with 
his  ideas.  The 
divining  rod  has 
thus  been  taken  out 
of  the  scrap  heap 
to  which  it  has 
long  been  con- 
signed and  made 
the  subject  of 
many  official  tests 
to  solve  its  mys- 
tery. 

The  solution  of 
the  problem  seems, 
however,  to  be 
near  at  hand,  ex- 
periments recently 
made  by  E.  K. 
Muller  of  Zurich 
showing  that  the 
marvelous  move- 
ments are  mainly 
electrical  and  mag- 
netic, though  only 
those  endowed 
with  a  special 
sensitiveness  will 
respond  to  them. 

Mr.  Jaggi  -  Per- 
rard,  one  of  the 
masters  of  the  di- 
vining rod,  placed 
himself  at  Miiller's 
disposal.  The  first 
experiment  con- 
sisted in  keeping  a 
brass  pendulum  or 
a  divining  rod  of 
whalebone  over  a 
copper  plate 
charged  with  elec- 
tricity. The  pen- 
dulum would  then 

at 


The  Brass  Pendulum  Actuated  by  a  Ring  Magnet 
Below  Illustrates  the  Principleof  the  Old  Divin- 
ing Rod.  When  Water  or  Iron  Was  Below,  at 
Not  Too  Great  a  Depth,  the  Instrument  in  the 
Hand  Moved. 


move  back  and  forth  violently  under 
the  action  of  a  negative  charge  and 
be  silenced  by  a  positive  charge,  and 
the  divining  rod  was,  according  to  the 
sign  of  the  charge,  deflected  in  an  up- 
ward or  downward  direction. 

Another  experiment  was  made  in 
order  further  to  examine  the  subject's 
sensitiveness  to  electric  charges  of  op- 
posite signs.  A  set  of  glass  cups  be- 
longing to  a  galvanic  battery  was 
placed  before  Mr.  Jaggi  who,  though 
ignorant  of  the  na- 
ture of  these  cups, 
found  his  divining 
rod  to  deflect  alter- 
nately upwards 
and  downwards  on 
passing  over  them. 
Incidentally, 
these  experiments 
show  that  the  hu- 
man organism,  in 
special  excitement, 
will  exhibit  sensi- 
tiveness and  facul- 
ties as  yet  unsus- 
pected. 

The  French 
Academy  of  Scien- 
tists has  also  been 
investigating  the 
rod  of  mystery,  ap- 
pointing a  commis- 
mission  to  experi- 
ment with  mem- 
bers of  the  associa- 
tion of  so-called 
sorcerers  and  di- 
viners. In  the  re- 
port of  the  pro- 
ceedings given  by 
Professor  D'Ar- 
sonval,  well-known 
through  his  work 
with  electrical  cur- 
rents, it  was  stated 
that  streams  of 
water  could  be  lo- 
cated at  a  depth 
from  fifteen  to 
f  i f  ty-se ven  feet 
with  great  accu- 
racy. 


Each  month  the  best  and  most  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  will  receive  the  first  price  of  a  twenty-dollar  gold  piece: 
the  second  best  a  ten-dollar  gold  piece;  the  third  best  a  five-dollar  gold  piece;  and 
the  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prices  Will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  that  we  ordinarily  pay  for 
such  material.  Good  clear  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value 
of  your  item  and  'will  increase  its  chances  for  a  first  prise.  But  it  is  the  intrinsic 
z-aluc  of  the  material,  not  the  literary  expression,  that  will  count  with  us.  Items 
not  winning  prices  but  considered  'worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our 
regular  space  rates.  There  is  only  one  restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete  for  these 
prices:  Professional  writers  and  those  who  are  on  the  staff  of  our  regular  con- 
tributors are  not  eligible.  You  need  not  be  a  subscriber  to  Technical  World  to 
compete. 

Address  all  communications  to  Technical  World  Magazine,  "Made  by  Our 
Readers"  Department,  Chicago. 


(Firit  Prize,  Twenty  Dollars) 

ICE  DERRICK 

A  LOCAL  provision  company  had  oc- 
**  casion  to  build  a  large  brine  tank, 
weighing  several  tons,  at  their  ice  plant. 
During  its  construction,  it  was  necessary 
to  have  the  tank  on  supports  three  feet 
off  the  ground  so  that  workmen  could 
get  under  it  to  rivet  the  plates  and  caulk 
the  cracks.  After  the  completion  of  the 
tank,  these  supports  had  to  be  removed 
and  the  tank  leveled  to  its  foundation. 
No  crane  being  available,  an  ingenious 
method  was  hit  upon :  The  tank  was 
raised  high  enough  with  screw  jacks  to 
enable  the  supports  to  be  removed  and 
cakes  of  ice  to  be  placed  under  the  tank. 
The  jacks  were  then  taken  away  and  the 
steam  turned  on.  As  the  ice  melted,  the 
huge  tank  slowly  settled  to  its  foundation. 


As  Soon  as  the  Ice  Melted,  the  Great  Tank  Was 
Safely  Settled  on  the  Ground  Ready  To  Be  Filled 


BRINE  TANK. 


M 


Br 


I... . 


1 1 


rCAKES  OF  ICE~   - 
r FLOOR 


Harry  Paine, 

California,  Pennsylvania. 


UJ 


WITH  BLOCK  AND  TACKLE 
The  automobile  set  a  windmill  up  in  a  few  minutes.-    It  was  a  case  of  bracing  the  feet  of  the  wind  power  machine,  and 

turning  on  the  car's  power. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

AUTO  HOIST 

""THERE  seems  to  be  no  end  of  uses 
*    for  the  automobile  besides  its  orig- 
inal purpose. 

The  accompanying  photograph 
shows  a  twenty-horsepower  car  used 
in  connection  with  block  and  tackle  to 
raise  a  windmill  on  a  small  ranch  in 
New  Mexico.  A  pair  of  wooden  shears 
kept  the  tackle  in  a  good  pulling  position 
while  the  job  was  being  done. 

Fred  Sammelson, 

Troy,  Idaho. 

(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar*) 

WEIGHTED  DOWN 

A  N  ordinary  derrick-car  can  be  made 

'"*  to. handle  loads  heavier  than  it  was 


originally  built  for.  An  instance  of  this 
occurred  at  the  Bow  River  crossing  on 
the  new  Canadian  Northern  line  at  Cal- 
gary, Alberta,  where  a  six-span  plate- 
girder  bridge  was  built.  The  girders 
weighed  twenty-five  tons  each,  and 
though  the  engine  of  the  derrick-car  was 
sufficiently  powerful  to  hoist  this  load, 
the  long  radius  of  operation  necessitated 
by  the  great  length  of  the  girder  would 
have  caused  the  near  end  of  the  car  to 
be  lifted  off  its  truck. 

To  surmount  this  difficulty,  a  second 
derrick-car  —  minus  the  boom  —  was 
placed  behind  the  first,  and  the  top  of 
its  frame  connected  to  the  top  of  the  first 
car  by  means  of  heavy  cables  and  blocks, 
as  shown  in  the  picture. 

This  connection  was  tightened  by  the 


OVER  THE  EDGE 
Tied  to  another  crane  car,  a  crane  was  pushed  up  to  the  edge  and  used  to  place  a  bridge  link  much  too  large  for  it. 


m 


MADE    BY    OUR    READERS 


123 


engine  on  the  near  car,  and  in 
addition,  the  near  end  of  the 
loading  car  was  weighted  with  a 
number  of  rails  on  each  side. 

By  this  means,  it  was  possible 

to  lift  the  girders  bodily,  carry 

them    out    over    the    river,    and 

lower  them  onto  the  bridge  piers. 

A.  Ockenden, 

Calgary,  Alberta,  Canada. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars! 

HOLDING  THE  TERRACE 


A  Concrete  Wall  Was  Built  To  Hold  in  the  Terrace 


A  VERY  narrow  concrete  wall  was 
**  made  to  hold  the  terrace  in  front 
of  a  California  residence  and  at  the  same 
time  an  appearance  of  a  great  thick  wall 
is  given.  Forms  of  ordinary  type  of 
redwood  and  cedar  were  built  and  wired 


Level  of  earth 


■  •-  ConCrtte 


/  of  earth. 


Sec// on  of  Wall. 

Simplicity 

The  detail  of  the  Utile  wall  gives  a  hint  of  what  concrete 

will  do  at  home. 

to  reinforce  the  concrete.  When  the 
concrete  had  set,  the  front  boards  of 
the  form  were  removed,  and  a  form 
was  arranged  on  the  top  of  the  wall, 
making  a  cap  that  projected  two 
inches  beyond  the  concrete  in  front  of 
the  wall  and  two  inches  beyond  the 
boards  behind  it.  The  cobblestones  at 
the  ends  of  the  wall  were  plastered 
smoothly  with  cement  mortar,  and,  when 


it  was  dry,  all  the  concrete  was  given  a 
wash  with  cement  and  water. 

Looking  down  on  it  from  the  lawn,  it 
has  the  appearance  of  a  ten-inch  wall, 
while  from  the  front  view  the  posts  break 
up  the  long  line  of  concrete  into  panels, 
giving  a  very  pleasing  effect. 

Redwood  and  cedar  will  last  under 
ground  for  twenty  years,  so  by  the  time 
the  wood  begins  to  show  signs  of  decay 
it  is  probable  that  the  ground  will  have 
become  so  compact  that  there  will  be 
little  or  no  strain  on  the  wall. 

This  wall  was  built  in  a  part  of  Cali- 
fornia where  the  thermometer  rarely 
drops  to  the  freezing  point,  and  for  this 
reason  such  a  form  of  construction  was 
possible.  Where  there  is  much  frost,  it 
is  likely  that  ice  would  form  behind  the 
panels  and  force  them  forward. 

F.  H.  Mason, 
San  Diego,  California. 


(Third  Prize.  Fire  Doll.r. 

SHOP.  HOME,  AND  AUTO 

T  W.  WOODWORTH  is  known  as 
J*  "Billy,  the  Novelty  Man,"  and  his 
business  is  filing  saws,  sharpening  lawn 
mowers,  knives,  and  scissors.  But  he 
does  not  carry  his  outfit  around  on  his 
back.    He  uses  an  automobile. 

As  soon  as  funds  would  warrant  it,  he 
purchased  a  small  automobile  and  made 
it  into  a  machine  shop  and  a  home,  for 
not  only  does  he  do  all  his  repair  work  on 
the  automobile,  but  he  lives  in  it,  travel- 
ing from  one  town  to  another.  A  work- 
bench has  been  attached  to  the  rear  of 


km  in  this  way:  Procuring  a  block,  or 
short  plank,  slightly  longer  than  the  dis- 
tance between  the  hub  and  the  ground,  I 
placed  it  (A)  at  the  inner  end  of  a  spoke 
which  was  parallel  to  the  ground.  By 
taking  the  nut  off  the  axle  and  lifting  on 


ALL  IN  LIFE 
At  night  he  sleeps  in  the  machine;  in  the  daytime  he  travels  from  house  to  house  doing  what  he  can.     The  auto  carries 

a  second  gas  engine  for  power. 

the  machine,  on  which  is  mounted  a 
grindstone,  emery  wheel,  a  vise,  and  a 
small  tool  box.  The  emery  wheel  and 
grindstone  were  operated  originally  by 
the  engine  of  the  automobile,  but  as  the 
power  needed  was  much  less  than  that 
generated  by  the  auto  engine,  Wood- 
worth  purchased  a  one-and-one-half- 
horsepower  gasoline  engine  and  mounted 
it  on  the  running  board. 

Inside  of  the  automobile,  just  back  of 
the  seat,  is  a  folding  bed  made  in  such 
a  manner  that,  when  folded,  it  is  only 
three  feet  square  and  twelve  inches  thick. 

On  the  opposite  running  board,  a  small 
gasoline  stove  and  a  provision  box  are 
carried.  Inside  is  a  folding  table  and 
two  camp  stools.  The  wardrobe  is  car- 
ried just  under  the  top.  On  each  side  of 
the  engine  hood  is  a  box  in  which  tools 
are  stored.  This  automobile  has  kept  the 
family  and  paid  all  expenses  for  a  trip 
through  California. 

John  Y.  Beaty, 
Santa  Rosa,  California. 

(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

EVERYDAY  ENGINEER 

OAVING  forgotten  to  grease  a  wagon 
*  l  before  I  loaded  it,  and  having  no 
jack  on  hand,  I  attacked  my  little  prob- 

124 


Squeaky  Wheel 

A  little  application  of  engineering  will  lighten   the  load 

when  the  axles  need  grease. 

the  opposite  spoke  (B),  the  wheel  auto- 
matically slid  off  part  way  and  enabled 
me  to  grease  the  axle.  To  put  the  wheel 
on  again,  I  put  the  block  on  the  outside 
and  employed  the  same  operation.  The 
wheel  slid  back  immediately  into  its 
ordinary  position.  A  wagon  which  is 
very  heavily  loaded  can  be  handled  in 
this  manner,  as  a  one-hundred-and-fifty- 
pound  lift  will  raise  a  wheel  which  is 
carrying  about  a  thousand-pound  load. 
Arthur  F.  Marten, 
Storm  Lake,  Iowa. 


MADE    BY    OUR    READERS 


125 


(Fourth  Prixe,  Two  Dollar. 

NATURE'S  CLOCK 
'"THE  largest  sundial  in  the  world  is 
*  thirty-four  feet  in  diameter.  It  has 
been  placed  on  Ingleside  Terrace,  San 
Francisco.  The  Roman  numerals  are 
four  feet  long  and  the  gnomon  which 
casts  the  shadow  is  twenty-eight  feet 
long.  The  plot  of  ground  which  forms 
the  sundial  part  is  heart-shaped,  making 
the  four  points  of  the  compass.  The 
initials  ".V  "S"  ■■!•.'•  "W"  are  made  on 
the  lawn  in  colored  plants.  The  dial 
keeps  accurate  sun  time. 

Frank  W.  Lane, 
San  Francisco,  California. 
J* 

(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Doll.r. 

SAFE  WELL  DIGGING 

""THE  old  way  of  digging  a  well  to  its 
full  depth,  before  the  walls  are  built, 
has  always  been  a  slow  and  dangerous 
one.  Yet  in  many  places  it  is  still  prac- 
ticed. 

A  new  and  improved  method  uses 
concrete  rings,  set  one  on  top  of  the 
other,  each   made  about  two  feet  high 


and  the  wall  about  four  inches  thick. 
When  the  digging  of  a  well  is  com- 
menced, the  first  ring  is  set  on  the 
ground,  the  digger  working  from  the 
inside  and  letting  the  ring  sink  by  its 
own  weight.  When  it  has  sunk  to  a 
little  above  the  ground  another  ring  is 
placed  on  top  of  the  first  one,  continuing 
until  the  well  is  completed. 

The  work  can  be  done  much  more 
quickly  in  this  manner  than  by  the  old- 
fashioned  method  as  less  earth  has  to  be 
removed ;  and  the  danger  of  the  task  is 
reduced  to  a  minimum,  as  the  constant 
sinking  of  the  rings  keeps  the  walls  from 
caving  in,  even  if  a  layer  of  quicksand 
should  be  struck. 

The  rings,  which  are  easily  made, 
should  be  strong  enough  to  withstand 
heavy  pressure  and  should  be  given 
ample  time  to  dry.  The  forms  can  be 
made  of  boards  fastened  to  flexible  steel 
bands,  the  inside  being  held  in  place  by- 
circular  end  pieces  and  the  outside  tied 
around ;  they  should  be  made  so  they  can 
be  used  again  after  they  are  removed. 
Jens  C.  Jensen, 
Bedford,  Massachusetts. 


HUGE  SUNDIAL 
As  the  sun  is  almost  always  shinine  in  this  valley,  Nature's  clock  is  effective.    It  never  runs  down. 


BIQWIN 


0 


Too  Bad 

Callow  Sportsman — "You  remember  when 
you  guided  me  five  years  ago,  Jake?  What 
calibre  rifle  was  I  using  that  year?" 


Guide — "I  don't  know,  sir ;  the  doctor  aint 
never  dug  out  the  bullet." — Puck. 
J* 
Convenient 

An  old  mountaineer  walked  into  the  drug- 
gist's one  morning  with  an  immense  black 
bottle  that  he  wanted  filled  with  sulphur  and 
whisky.  "This  is  the  way  I  allers  have  it 
fixed,"  said  he  to  the  druggist.  "I  have  sulphur 
up  to  thar."  He  put  his  finger  about  half  an 
inch  from  the  bottom  of  the  bottle.  "And  the 
rest  I  have  all  whisky.  And  this  here's  the 
way  I  use  it.  When  I  want  a  dose  of  sulphur, 
why,  I  jes'  shake  her  up  afore  I  drink,  and 
when  I  don't  want  no  sulphur,  I  don't  shake 
her.  See  ?" — Argonaut. 
Jt 
Unnecessary 

"Do  you  understand  what  you  are  to  swear 
to?"  asked  the  court  as  a  not  over-intelligent- 
looking  negro  took  the  witness  stand.  "Yessah, 
Ah  does.  Ah'm  to  sweah  to  tell  de  truf." 
"Yes,"  said  the  judge ;  "and  what  will  happen 
if  you  do  not  tell  the  truth?"  "Well,  sah," 
was  the  hesitating  answer,  "Ah  expects  ouah 
side'll  win  de  case,  sah."— Ladies'  Home 
Journal. 

■** 
Hello,  Dearie 

He  (trying  to  strike  up  an  acquaintance)— 
"What  I  Only  you  here  ?  Where  have  all  the 
other  nice  girls  gone?" 

She  (bitingly)— "They've  gone  off  some- 
where with  all  the  nice  boys."— London 
Opinion. 

126 


Weeding 

"John  is  a  good  fellow,"  said  Farmer 
Brown,  "but  a  bit  thick.  I'll  tell  you  what 
John's  like,"  continues  the  version  in  the 
Washington  Star.  "I  sent  him  out  one  morn- 
ing to  thin  out  the  onion  patch.  It  was  a  fine 
patch,  but  overcrowded.  He  worked  two  days, 
and  then  I  went  out  to  see  what  he  had  been 
doing. 

"Well,  sir,  I  found  that  he'd  pulled  out  all 
the  biggest  onions  and  heaved  them  away, 
leaving  only  the  smallest,  meanest  plants  in 
each  row.  I  asked  him  what  he  meant  by  such 
work,  and  he  said  he  wanted  to  give  the  little 
fellers  a  chance — the  big  ones  had  crowded 
them  out,  so  they  couldn't  grow. 

"Yes,  John's  a  bit  thick — a  bit  thick." 
— Youth's  Companion. 

H 
Important 

Reporter  (to  woman's  rights  agitator) — 
"And  do  you  honestly  believe  that  a  woman 
should  get  a  man's  wages?" 

Agitator    (grimly   humorous) — "It    depends 
upon  whether  she's  married  to  him  or  not." 
— Sydney  Bulletin. 
J* 

Kindness 

John,  whose  father  was  a  baker,  was  in  the 
habit  of  bringing  his  teacher  a  fresh  pretzel 
each  day. 

"I  wish  you  would  tell  your  father  not  to 
make  them  quite  so  salty,"  she  once  said, 
laughingly. 

Thereafter,  the  shiny,  brown  delicacy — 
always  minus  the  salt — was  found  frequently 
on  her  desk.  "It  is  very  kind  of  your  father 
to  make  one  on  purpose  for  me,"  she  told  him. 

"Oh !  He  don't  make  them  this  way.  I  lick 
the  salt  off!"— Grit. 


BLOWING  OFF  STEAM 


127 


Bumped 

A  group  of  navvies  was  proceeding  along  a 
street,  all  convulsed  with  laughter.  Every  now 
and  then  they  would  stop  and  slap  each  other 
on  the  back.  A  policeman  seeing  them,  wished 
to  share  in  the  joke,  and  going  up  to  them 
asked :  "What's  the  game  ?"  This  occasioned 
another  fresh  outburst  from  the  navvies,  and 
then  they  explained.  "You  know  that  'igh 
building  at  the  end  of  the  street?  Well,  that 
was  on  fire.  Not  a  blessed  stair  was  left,  and 
old  Bill  'e  was  on  the  top,  and  dancing  abaht 
like  a  bantam.  So  I  yells  to  'im,  'Bill,  jump, 
an'  we'll  catch  yer  in  a  blanket,'  an'  'e  jumped, 
but  we  'adn't  got  no  bloomin'  blanket !" — San 
Francisco  Argonaut. 


Handy  Man 

"I  understand  you  got  into  jail,"  said  the 
warden,  "on  account  of  a  glowing  mining 
prospectus." 

"I  was  quite  optimistic,"  admitted  the  gen- 
tlemanly prisoner. 

"Well,  the  governor  wants  a  report  on  condi- 
tions in  my  jail.  I  want  you  to  write  it." 
—Pittsburgh  Post. 


Horrible 

"Come,    Ikey,    let's    go   to    valk    in    Central 
Park."    "No,  Rachel,  don't  ask  me.     It  makes 


me  so  angry  venever   I  dink  of   all   dot  real 
estate  going  to  vaste." — Life. 


Correct 

In  a  public  school  recently  the  children  were 
called  upon  to  write  an  essay,  and  at  the  ap- 
pointed time  Willie  submitted  an  effusion  on 
the  ark,  in  which  he  made  the  statement  that 
Mr.  Noah  fished  one  day  for  about  five  min- 
utes. When  the  teacher  looked  over  the  essay 
she  was  not  a  little  puzzled.  She  couldn't 
understand  why  anybody  fond  of  piscatorial 
sport  should  give  up  in  so  short  a  time. 
"Willie,"  she  remarked,  looking  up  from  the 
essay,  "you  say  here  that  they  fished  for  only 
five  minutes.  Why  for  only  five  minutes?" 
"Because,"  was  the  prompt  explanation  of 
Willie,    "they    didn't    have    but    two    worms." 

— Hit  and  Miss. 


Slightly  Over 
One  of  the  fusion  orators  in  the  recent  cam- 
paign remarked  that  the  statistical  honesty  of 
Tammany  was  about  like  that  of  the  maid  who 
received  a  weekly  allowance  of  $1  in  order 
that  a  favorite  cat  might  have  a  pound  of 
chopped  meat  each  day.  Pussy  kept  getting 
thinner  and  thinner ;  and  finally  the  master  of 
the  house  openly  accused  the  maid  of  defraud- 


ing the  cat  of  its  meat  in  order  to  pocket  the 
money.  To  determine  the  matter  pussy  was 
put  on  the  scales.  They  indicated  one  pound 
exactly.  "You  see,"  said  the  maid.  "The  cat 
had  her  pound  of  meat  this  morning,  and  there 
it  is."  "There's  the  pound  of  meat,  all  right," 
said  the  master,  "but  where's  the  cat?" — San 
Francisco  Argonaut. 


A  Common  Quest 

"I  say,  my  friend,"  called  the  motorist  to 
the  farmer,  as  he  drew  up  alongside  of  the 
field,  "I'm  looking  for  a  decent  road  to  take 
me  into  Squigglesville." 

"I'm  derned  glad  to  hear  it,"  replied  the 
farmer.  "Ef  ye  happen  to  find  it,  stranger, 
send  mc  a  tellygram,  will  ye?" — Independent. 


Or  Bite  It  Off 

"Madam,  the  feather  in  your  hat  is  getting 
in  my  eye,"  exclaimed  a  man  in  a  crowd. 

The  woman  turned  around,  looked  him  over 
and  then  inquired :  "Why  don't  you  wear 
glasses?" — Xew  York  Globe. 


And  a  Few  Words 

Judge — "Describe  what  passed  between  you 
in  the  quarrel  with  your  wife." 

Man  on  Stand — "The  plates  were  regular 
dinner  size,  your  honor,  and  the  teapot  had  a 
broken  spout." — Boston  Transcript. 


MOUNTAIN  OF  ALUM 


IN  southwestern  New  Mexico,  near 
the  headwaters  of  the  Gila  River 
is  Alum  Mountain,  one  of  a  chain 
of  rugged  and  jagged  peaks.  Cut- 
ting through  its  base  is  Alum  Can- 
yon, the  region  being  perhaps  one  of  the 
most  highly  mineralized  in  the  United 
States. 

For  many  years,  various  claimants 
held  tentative  title  to  the  mountain,  hav- 
ing staked  out  government  claims, 
but  later  one  man  conceived  the 
ambition  of  acquiring  title  to  the  en- 
tire mountain.  It  is  stated  that  in 
buying  out  the  various  claimants  to  these 
and  adjacent  alum  claims  and  in  pre- 
liminary development  work,  he  has 
expended  over  three  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  he  knew  he  had  not  only 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  alum  but  that 
here  were  ores  in  great  quantities  from 
which  the  metal  aluminum  may  be 
cheaply  extracted.  The  walls  of  the 
Gila  River  Canyon  at  this  point,  those 
of  Alum  Canyon,  and  most  of  several 


tributary  canyons,  all  show  immense 
bodies  of  aluminum  ores.  Being  of  vol- 
canic origin,  the  surrounding  country  is  a 
dull  gray  or  basaltic  black,  but  at  Alum 
Mountain  and  Alum  Canyon  the  beds 
are  snow  white,  or  cream  colored, 
streaked  and  flecked  with  vermilion 
reds,  yellow  ochres,  and  brown.  This 
fantastic  coloring  can  be  seen  for  miles. 
It  is  like  the  multicolored  rocks  of  mining 
districts  which  the  miners  call  "calico 
rocks",  caused  by  the  leaching  out  of 
the  beds  by  strong  acid  solutions  and  the 
deposition  of  iron  oxides. 

Alumina,  while  a  mineral  common  to 
most  clays,  is  very  refractory,  and  chem- 
ists have  long  labored  to  discover  a  cheap 
method  for  its  extraction.  In  the  Alum 
Mountain  deposits,  Nature  has  already 
performed  the  work,  the  decomposition 
of  the  rock  having  been  effected  by 
means  of  sulphurous  fumes  and  acids 
which  in  prehistoric  times  have  been 
forced  up  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth. 

The   exploitation   of   Alum    Mountain 


ALUM  MOUNTAIN 
It  is;  a  pinnacle  of  glistening  white-  which  may  be  turned  into  wealth.    "The  beds  are  streaked  and  flecked  with  vermil- 
ion reds,  yellow  ochres,  and  brown." 

m 


LAVA  FLOW 
This  occurred  very  recently  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mountain.    The  earth  is  still  active  in  that  part  of  the  country. 


for  aluminum  alone  will  settle  the  ques- 
tion of  supply  of  this  metal  for  all  time, 
since  the  mountain  itself  is  two  square 
miles  in  extent  with  a  height  of  about 
nine-hundred  feet  at  its  apex,  and  con- 
tains billions  of  tons  of  alumina.  Chem- 
ists state  that  it  will  not  be  surprising 
if  almost  pure  aluminum  would  be  found, 
while  the  ancient  crater  might  even  be 
the  source  of  the  placer  gold  found 
nearby. 

Alum  Mountain  contains  another  im- 
portant potential  resource  in  sulphuric 
acid,  the  chemical  which  is  used  in  dis- 
solving raw  phosphate  rock  and  making 
it  readily  available  as  a  plant  food  or 
fertilizer.  The  greatest  deposits  of  phos- 
phate in  the  world  are  located  in  Nevada, 
Wyoming,  and  Utah,  and  with  the  fur- 
ther development  of  agriculture  and  the 
increasing  need  for  fertilizers,  sulphuric- 


acid  as  a  reducer  of  raw  phosphate  rock 
will  come  into  great  demand. 

But  in  the  matter  of  alum  alone  the 
value  of  the  ore  is  incalculable  on  account 
of  its  extensive  use  in  the  manufacture 
of  paper  from  wood  pulp.  Any  one  of 
these  several  mineral  constituents,  it  is 
claimed,  makes  Alum  Mountain  more 
valuable  than  the  richest  of  gold  deposits. 

At  the  present  time,  the  Alum  Moun- 
tain region  is  almost  inaccessible  for  any 
kind  of  transportation,  the  waters  of  Gila 
River,  at  this  point,  being  far  from  nav- 
igable and  the  country  being  excessively 
rugged.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  rail- 
roads will  soon  traverse  the  territory — 
in  fact,  the  proprietor  of  Alum  Mountain 
avers  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  keep 
them  out,  and  that  he  expects  that  not 
only  one  but  probably  two  roads  will  be 
projected. 


So  much  advice  has  been  given  farmers  by  city  bred  peo- 
ple that  A.  C.  Laut  comes  back  with  a  good-natured  but 
telling  article  on  "fool  advice  to  farmers."  You  will  read  it 
in  our  April  number. 


m 


GREATNESS-A  BY-PRODUCT 


A  LL  the  evidence  of  history  seems 
t\     to  support  the  belief  that  great- 

/    m    ness  like  happiness  or  a  good 

/  \  complexion,  and  many  other 
JL  \.  illusive  things,  is  never 
achieved  by  those  who  aim  directly  for  it. 
The  boy  who  sets  out  in  life  determined 
to  be  a  great  man,  may  impress  his  dot- 
ing mamma  and  may  some  day  really 
convince  some  woman  that  he  is  great, 
but  the  world  will  probably  never  hear 
of  him. 

Greatness  is  really  a  Dy-product  of  the 
world's  factory.  It  comes  to  the  fellow 
who  is  working  for  something  else  and 
sometimes  it  comes  when  he  least  sus- 
pects it,  but  it  always  comes  as  a  result 
of  his  doing  his  work  just  as  well  as  he 
knows  how  to  do  it. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  skeptics,  we 
must  push  this  truth  home  with  a  few 
examples.  To  begin  with,  the  instance 
we  have  most  prominently  before  the 
public  today  is  good  Colonel  Goethals, 
down  in  Panama.  If  there  was  ever  a 
man  on  a  job,  who  thought  of  nothing 
else  but  that  job,  this  is  the  man,  and 
probably  when  his  country  rose  almost  in 
a  body  and  declared  he  was  a  great  man, 
he  was  probably  a  most  surprised  man. 

Then  there  is  Thomas  A.  Edison,  just 
a  hard  worker,  but  within  recent  years 
his  contemporaries  have  picked  a  crown 
of  greatness  from  the  rubbish  in  his 
workshop  and  placed  it  upon  his  brow. 
And  we  have  had  before  us  the  greatest 
example  of  them  all,  Abraham  Lincoln, 

130 


who  probably  did  not  know  he  was 
great  even  the  day  of  his  death. 

Now,  carrying  out  this  thesis,  the 
April  issue  of  Technical  World  will 
start  a  very  interesting  series  of  articles 
on  the  twelve  greatest  American  scien- 
tists, as  selected  by  one  thousand  of  their 
colleagues.  What  does  this  mean? 
Merely  that  twelve  men,  with  a  strong 
thirst  for  knowledge  that  impelled  them 
to  devote  their  lives  exclusively  to  its 
pursuit,  without  ever  thinking  about 
statues  or  monuments  or  the  huzzahs  of 
the  multitude,  have  had  glittering  crowns 
fished  out  of  their  various  waste  baskets 
and  dust  bins  and  placed  upon  their 
heads,  by  their  admiring  contemporaries. 

And  so  it  has  always  been  and  always 
will  be.  People  who  chase  the  blue  bird 
never  catch  it,  and  men  who  set  out  to 
be  great  usually  pay  for  their  own 
obituaries — in  advance. 

Sometimes  a  man  doesn't  exactly 
achieve  greatness  by  sticking  to  his  job, 
but  he  nearly  always  gets  some  kind  of 
a  nice  reward.  Off  the  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts recently,  a  school  of  blackfish 
beached  themselves.  This  fish  is  rather 
a  rare  one  and  is  very  valuable  for 
its  oil.  Well,  a  clever  fellow  in 
that  neighborhood,  by  acting  quickly, 
was  able  to  annex  the  entire  school — 
teachers  and  all — and  clean  up  a  very  tidy 
fortune  in  a  very  short  time.  There  may 
never  again  be  a  school  of  blackfish 
beached  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 

[Continued  on  page  132) 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


131 


s»e  Postal  Life  Insurance  Company 
pays  you  the  Commissions  that 
other  Companies  pay  their  agents 

THE  POSTAL  LIFE  is  the  only  Company  that  opens  its  doors  to  the 
public  so  that  those  desiring  sound  insurance-protection  at  low  cost  can 
deal  directly  for  it,  either  personally  or  by  correspondence. 

Whether  you  call  or  write,  you  make  a  guaranteed  saving  corresponding 
to  the  agent's  commission  the  first  year,  less  a  moderate  advertising  charge. 
Your  first  year  Commission  Dividend  ranges  up  to 

h  e    P  re  m  i  u  m 
Whole-Life    Policies 


STRONG  POSTAL  POINTS 

First:  Standard  pol  try- 
reserves,  now  nearly 
$10,000,000.  Jnmir 
force  nearly  $50,000,000. 
Second  :  Old-line  legal 
reserve  insurance— w*  fra- 

Third :  Stanrfn  rd  jtnl  iry- 
ons,  approved  by  the 
State  Insurance  Department. 
Fourth  :  Operates  under 
strict  State  requiremmts 
and  subject  to  the  United 
State*  postal  authorities. 
Fifth:  High  medical 
trdi  in  the  selection  of 
risks. 

Sixth:  Policyholders9 
Health  Bureau  provides 
one  free  medical  examination 
each  year,  if  desired. 


40% :; ; 


In  subsequent  years  you  get  the  Renewal  Commis- 
sion other  companies  pay  their  agents,  namely  7J4*., 
and  you  also  receive  an  Office-Expense  Saving  of  2  '■«, 
making  up  the 


Annual 
Dividend  of 


Wo 


Postal 

Life  Building 

35  Nassau 

Street.  New  York 

mm 

j  lip 

s  • 

Iriminrfffffl 

Guaranteed 
in  the  Policy 


And  after  the  first  year  the  POSTAL  pays  contingent  dividend,  betide,,  depend- 
ing on  earnings  as  in  the  case  of  other  companies. 

Such  is  the  POSTAL  way;  it  is  open  to  you.  Call  at  the  Company's  offices,  if 
convenient,  or  write  now  and  find  out  the  exact  sunt  it  will  pay  you  at  your  age — 
the  first  year  and  every  other. 

POSTAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY 

WM.  R.   MALONE,   President 
35    Nassau   Street,  New  York 


Assets  l 

nearly 

$10,000,000 


See  How  Easy  It  Is 

In  writing  simply  say  :     Mail  me  insurance- 
particulars  for  my  age  as  per 

TECHNICAL  WORLD  for  March. 
In  your  letter  be  sure  to  give 

/.     Your  Full  Name. 

2.  Your  Occupation. 

3.  The  Exact  Date  of  your  Birth. 

No  agent  will  be  sent  to  visit  you :  the  Postal  Life 
employs  no  agents. 


Insurance 
in  force 
nearly : 
$50,000,000 


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132 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


GREATNESS— A  BY-PRODUCT 

(Continued  from  page  J3ffl 


or  on  any  other  coast  where  you  can  get 
at  them,  so  the  reading  of  this  story  must 
not  inspire  you  with  the  "get-rich-quick" 
fever.  We  hope  it  will  only  have  the 
effect  of  making  you  put  in  harder  licks 
at  your  own  job. 

Another  potential  wearer  of  the  laurels 
is  a  Baltimore  psychologist  who  is  study- 
ing and  carefully  analyzing  the  sleeping 
phantasies  of  lunatics.  His  idea  is  that 
the  madman's  dream  may  betray  the 
secret  of  his  malady.  Very  well-equipped 
quarters  have  been  fitted  up  where  the 
movements  of  the  insane  may  be  under 
inspection  without  the  patient's  suspect- 
ing it.  He  who  discovers  the  secret  of 
the  madman's  mind  will  assuredly  have 
performed  tremendous  service  to  hu- 
manity. 

Isn't  it  perhaps  the  right  time  for  some 
one  to  discover  a  halo  kicking  around  in 
the  ruby  gloom  of  a  photographic  de- 
veloping room?  In  April  we  shall  tell 
about  how  the  camera  is  being  used  by 
crooked  lawyers  to  circumvent  justice 
and  how  clever  photographers  are  ex- 
posing the  methods  of  these  legal  sharks. 
Making  the  sun  bear  false  witness  against 
children  of  the  earth,  isn't  exactly  an 
honorable  calling  but  restoring  him  to  his 
ancient  credibility  is  worthy  work.  It's 
all  in  the  April  issue. 

Out  in  the  Northwest  lives  a  blind  man 
who  has  become  a  successful  farmer  in 
spite  of  his  tremendotfs  handicap.  Mind 
that,  a  successful  farmer,  who  goes  into 
the  fields  and  carries  on  the  actual  work 
with  his  own  hands.  You  farmers  who 
cannot  make  good  land  pay,  although  you 
are  endowed  with  all  your  five  senses, 
read  this  article,  become  heartily  ashamed 
of  yourselves,  and  then  go  back  to  your 
jobs  with  new  resolution. 

The  foregoing  paragraph  may  perhaps 
belong  under  the  caption  of  an  article  in 
April  called,  "Fool  Advice  to  Farmers," 
by  Agnes  C.  Laut.  This  well-known 
writer  states  her  belief  that  the  farmer 
receives  more  gratuitous  advice  than  any 
other  worker  in  the  world,  and  she  proves 
that  a  great  deal  of  this  advice  is  by  no 
means  worth  following.  The  delicious 
sarcasm  of  this  article  makes  it  one  of 
the  best  in  the  April  issue. 


What  do  you  suppose  has  happened? 
Almost  simultaneously  in  two  different 
parts  of  the  country  aerial  passenger 
lines  have  been  established.  It  looks  as 
though  the  commuter's  problem  is  about 
to  be  solved  and  if  it  is  solved,  won't  the 
commuters  rise  up  and  call  blessed  the 
man  responsible?  You  will  surely  want 
to  read  about  this  interesting  bit  of 
progress  in  the  April  issue. 

And  now  comes  something  more  about 
radium.  And  by  the  way,  Madame 
Curie,  who  discovered  it,  is  a  splendid 
example  of  our  thesis.  Not  only  did  she 
achieve  greatness  by  just  sticking  to  her 
job,  but  the  incredible  part  of  it  is  that 
her  honors  have  not  turned  her  head  a 
particle.  The  present  facts  are  these: 
The  American  producer  of  radium  sends 
the  raw  material  to  Europe  where  he 
markets  it  for  about  one-sixth  of  its 
value,  simply  because  there  are  no  facil- 
ities in  this  country  for  producing  ra- 
dium from  its  ores.  This  is  a  very  short- 
sighted policy,  since  radium  is  more  rare 
than  the  proverbial  hen's  tooth  and  in- 
finitely more  valuable.  Now  it  is  pro- 
posed to  remedy  this  error  so  that  we 
shall  produce  enough  radium  in  this 
country  for  our  experimental  and  cur- 
ative work. 

And  since  we  are  advocating  sticking 
to  one's  job,  it  is  proper  to  advocate  get- 
ting the  right  job.  It  has  long  since  been 
a  proverb  that  the  square  peg  in  the 
round  hole  has  its  usefulness  very  much 
handicapped,  and  now  science  is  slipping 
in  to  analyze  human  beings  and  to  find 
out  what  sort  of  jobs  they  should  be  set 
to  work  at.  Science  goes  even  further 
than  the  individual  and  shows  why  for 
some  occupations,  women  are  better 
suited  and  for  others,  men.  You  want 
to  get  into  the  work  for  which  you  are 
best  suited,  for  it  means  more  and  more 
to  you  through  your  whole  life.  Read 
this  article,  for  it  perhaps  may  contain 
more  than  one  helpful  suggestion. 

And  read  all  of  the  articles  in  Tech- 
nical World  for  April.  They  are  all 
vibrant  with  the  thrill  of  achievement,  of 
difficulties  overcome,  with  the  romance 
of  genuine  aspiration. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


133 


Every  puff 
of  P.  A.  is 
a  wallop! 

Get  that  punched  into 
your  system! 

Never  was  such 
'jimmy  pipe  tobacco, 
because  no  other 
tobacco  but  P.  A. 
ever  was  made  by 
the  patented  process 
that  cuts  out  the  bite 
and  the  parch  1 

You,  and  every  other 
man,  can  smoke  a 
pipe  all  you  want  if 
you'll  only  get  wise 
and  stick  to 

Fringe 

ALBERt 

the  national  joy  smg^g 

It's  true  blue  sport  to 
open  the  A.  M.  with  a 
jimmy  pipe  packed  full 
of  P.  A.  So  fresh  and 
pleasing  and  so  fragrant 
that  the  songs  of  little 
birds  and  puffs  of  joy 
smoke  just  put  the  music 
of  the  early  sunshine 
right  into  your  system ! 

Get  the  idea  ? 

R.  J.  REYNOLDS 
TOBACCO   CO. 

Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 


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134 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


■■ "i "'"" iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


W       Get  Your  Canadian  Home        W I 

From    the    Canadian    Pacific 


= 


Th, 

Home 
Mak 

WE  will  make  you  a  long  time  loan     I 
— you  can  move  on  the  land  at 
once  —  your  Canadian  farm  will 
make  you  independent  and 

We  Give  You  20 
Years  to  Pay 

Rich  Canadian  land,  $11  to  $30  per  acre 
— one-twentieth  down.  Long  before  final 
payment  comes  due  your  farm  will  have 
paid  for  itself. 

We  Lend  You  $2000 

For  Farm  Improvements  Only 

No  other  security  than  the  land.  You  are  given 
twenty  years  to  pay  with  interest  at  6*.  In  case  of 
approved  land  purchaser,  we  advance  live  stock  to 
the  value  of  $1,000  on  a  loan  basis. 

Or  if  you  want  a  place  already  established,  you  will 
find  one  on  our  Ready-Made-Farm.  All  planned  by  our 
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This  Great  Offer  Is  Based  On  Good  Land 

Finest  on  earth  for  general  mixed  farming— irrigated 
and  non-irrigated  lands.  Located  on  or  near  railway. 
The  famous  Canadian  West  has  magnificent  soil,  good 
climate,  churches,  public  schools,  good  markets,  good 
hotels,  unexcelled  transportation— and  20  years  to  pay. 
Time  is  precious.    Write  today. 

H.  E.  THORNTON,  Colonization  Agent 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway 

Colonization  Department 

112W.  Adams  St,  Chicago,  111. 

FOR  SALE— Town  lots  in  all  growing  towns.    Ask  for  informa- 
tion on  industrial  and  business  openings. 


New  Typewriter 

Si  O  ^S^^BuHt  by  a  mechanical  wizard.    Has  only  250 

~I  JL      ^^T   parts.     Other  machines  have  1700  to  3700  parts. 

■  Ij^^^   This  sensational  simplicity  Is  the  secret  of  the  un-  J 
hi      ^*^^^    beard-of  selling  price  of  118.    It's  built  In  famous  j 
U.B.A._^^   Elliott-Klsher  Billing  Machine  factory  ard  sold  on  a 
^w  money-back-unless-satiiijied^uaranty.?3,0(D0  In  use. 
"The  Bennett  $18  Portable  Typewriter  , 

/  doesworkof  high-priced  inu-^B^H^^^^^^   We  can  use  a 
chines.  Every  big  improve-  ^■T^fflrWPLiiM.        few  mere 


J  ment:  visible  writing, 
J  standard  keyboard. re-,, 
J  versible  ribbon.  Wt. 
I4)lhR  Easily  carried,  t 
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live  agents 


DEMOCRACY  CHOOSES  AN 
AUTOCRAT 

(Continued  from  page  19) 

The  few  details  of  city  government 
already  mentioned,  which  this  man  has 
already  put  under  way,  or  has  planned 
in  outline,  are  but  the  beginnings  of  his 
plans  to  build  a  greater  Dayton.  He  has 
not  yet  begun  any  of  the  great  con- 
structive work  which  it  seems  certain 
will  mark  his  future  as  the  manager  of 
a  city.  Although  he  has  already  accom- 
plished a  great  deal,  these  achievements 
are  but  incidental  accomplishments  that 
arise  as  by-products  in  his  deeper  investi- 
gation into  the  needs  of  Dayton.  Changes 
in  routine  that  he  has  made  in  a  dozen 
departments  have  come  as  accompani- 
ments to  his  investigation.  These  are 
merely  milestones  along  the  path  that  he 
is  building  toward  the  day  when  the  city 
of  Dayton  will  have  a  thoroughly  effi- 
cient machinery  of  government.  He  has 
not  yet  had  any  serious  clashes  either 
with  citizens  or  with  the  commissioners. 

The  city  of  Dayton  was  unusually 
ready  for  the  administration  he  is  pre- 
paring to  give.  Scarcely  a  single  indi- 
vidual but  had  received  direct  benefit 
from  the  strong  government  which  fol- 
lowed the  flood  when  the  National  and 
the  State  Governments  joined  with  the 
citv  to  raise  Dayton  from  out  the  yellow 
muck  left  by  the  turbulent  Miami. 

Today,  however,  it  is  too  early  to  fore- 
tell what  results  this  government  or  the 
man  who  is  at  the  head  of  it  can  achieve. 
People  inclined  to  pessimism  will  regard 
him  as  a  curious  experiment  in  city  ad- 
ministration, and  will  be  ready  to  criti- 
cise and  prophesy  failure. 

But  Manager  Waite  and  the  Dayton 
plan  will  also  be  watched  as  an  experi- 
ment by  men  of  vision  and  ideals,  and  it 
will  be  with  hopeful,  forward-looking 
eyes,  for  to  them  this  man,  venturing 
out  like  the  first  birdman  on  his  primitive 
wings,  is  holding  the  possible  solution 
of  municipal  government  in  America. 

The  time  may  come  with  Waite,  or  if 
not  with  him,  with  future  managers, 
when  the  stockholders  in  the  great  cor- 
poration will  rise  and  demand  a  new  man 
at  the  head.  In  such  a  crisis  the  new 
form  of  government  will  be  sorely  tried. 
but  students  say  that  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  strong  men  that  possibility  is 
remote. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


13 


Thraldom 
Through 

Thriftlessness 

By  FRANKLIN  O.  KING 

"Ye  Know  too  Well  the  Story  of  our  Thral- 
dom" said  Spartactus  to  the  Gladiators,  as  they 
Shivered  and  Huddled  together  in  the  Arena  in 
Their  Bear  Skins,  and  the  Old  Spell-binding 
Spalpeen  Spake  the  Naked  Truth.  We  today,  My 
Dear  Reader,  do  not  seem  to  Know  Why  We  are 
Poor.  We  Rave  at  the  Trusts,  and  Yet  half  Our 
Weekly  Wages  goes  to  the  Tobacco  Trust,  the 
Tea  Trust,  the  Coffee  Combine,  the  Alcohol  Asso- 
ciations, and  Various  Other  Outfits  for  the  Dis- 
semination of  Disease,  Debts,  Dyspepsia  and 
Discontent. 

You  Can't  Eat  Your 
Cake  and  Have  It,  Too,"  is 
a  much  Bewhiskered  Adage, 
but  It's  True.  The  Spend- 
thrift is  Forever  "Paying 
the  Piper"  and  this  Applies 
Alike  to  the  Beer  Income 
and  the  Champagne  Appe- 
tite. "Thraldom"  means 
Slavery  and  if  You're  a 
Slave,  It's  more  than  likely 
You  Never  Learned  to 
Save. 

I  would  like  to  Paint  a 
Picture  of  Prosperity  for 
You,  and  the  Title  would 
be  "Forvsard  to  the  Farm." 
Let  us  Leave  the  Moving 
Pictures,  the  Cheap  Vaude- 
ville, the  Free  Lunch  that  is 
never  Free,  the  Luring,  Lying 
Lights  of  the  City  and  go 
Where  Three  Square  Meals 
a  Day  is  a  Habit  and  Not 
an    Hallucination. 

I  know  of  a  Wonderful 
Country  where  the  Waving 
Grass  is  Always  Green. 
Where  Magnolias  and  Jessamine  and  Roses  Bloom 
All  the  Year.  Where  They  gather  Oranges  for 
Thanksgiving  and  Pick  Strawberries  for  Christ- 
mas Dinner.  Where  the  Skies  are  Always  Blue. 
Where  Mockingbirds  are  Making  Music  and  Men 
are  Mating  Money.  Where  Fish,  and  Game  and 
Oy-ters  Abound  and  Where,  if  You  want  a  Holi- 
day, You  can  get  into  Your  Own  Little  Motor 
Boat  and  Go  Rocking  Along  to  a  Wonderful  Sea- 
port City,  and  to  the  Finest  Bathing  Beach  in  the 
World.  Where  Hens  lay  Eggs  for  Breakfast  all 
the  Year  Around  and  where  Peanuts,  Pigs  and 
Pecans  Combine  to  Produce  Perfect  Pork.  Where 
you  Can  grow  Three  Big  Crops  a  Year  on  the 
same  Soil  without  Irrigation  and  Little  or  No 
Fertilization.  Where  you  Gather  the  Long  Green 
from  the  Garden  and  Put  it  into  the  Bank,  and  All 
this  on  an  Investment  so  Small  as  to  make  you 
Smile. 


Gulf  Coast  Winter  Garden 


It  requires  Some  Work  to  Do  this,  Howeve 
It  isn't  Always  a  "Book  of  Verses  Underneath  tl 
Bough"  business.  You've  Got  to  Get  Out  an 
Get  Under  and  Put  Your  Shoulder  to  the  Whei 
for  a  Year  or  Two,  at  Least.  You've  Got  to  Vie 
the  Landscape  from  the  South  end  of  a  Mule,  an 
with  Both  Hands  on  the  Steering  Gear  of 
Plow  You  will  Occasionally  Sweat  Copious! 
which  will  be  Good  for  Your  System.  If  yo 
will  do  this,  However,  You  will  have  the  Worl 
by  the  Anecdote  and  a  Downhill  Yank.  Remembe 
also,  You  will  have  to  Use  Your  Brains  as  we 
as  Your  Brawn.  If  You  won't  do  This,  Wh 
Then,  you  probably  Will  Have  to  go  Back  Horr 
and  live  with  your  Wife's  Folks,  as  Previous! 
Prior  to,  and  Preceding. 

I  believe  you  could  save  Twenty-five  Cents 
Day  if  You  tried.  I  know  you  would  Try  if  yo 
Realized  that  Growers  of  Figs,  Strawberries,  an 
Early  Vegetables  in  Gulf  Coast  Texas  ha\ 
cleared  a  net  profit  of  $300  to  $500  an  Acre.  Me 
have  Realized  more  than  $1000  an  Acre  growin 
oranges  in  our  Country.  Remember  that  our  Earl 
Vegetables  get  to  Northern  Markets  in  Mid-Wint< 
and  Early  Spring  when  the 
Command  Top  Prices.  Ala 
Remember  that  you  ca 
move  on  your  farm  an 
begin  its  cultivation  in 
mediately  after  making  th 
first  monthly  payment  c 
$7.50  for  ten  Acres. 

What  would  You  think  c 
a  little  Town  of  about  3,00 
people  situated  near  ou 
lands,  where  they  ship  on  a 
average  of  $400,000  wort 
of  Fruit,  Vegetables,  Poul 
try,  _  Eggs,  etc.,  a  Year 
During  1913  this  Communit 
shipped  more  than  $125,00 
worth  of  Strawberries  alon< 
We  are  situated  withi 
convenient  shipping  dis 
tance  of  three  Good  Rail 
roads,  and  in  addition  to  thi 
have  the  inestimable  Advan 
tage  of  Water  Transporta 
tion  through  the  Splendii 
Harbors  of  Galveston,  Ve 
lasco  and  Freeport,  so  tha 
our  Freight  Rates  are  cu 
Practically  in  Half. 

Our  Contract  embodies  Life  and  Accident  In 
surance,  and  should  You  die,  or  become  totall 
Disabled,  Your  Family,  or  anyone  else  You  name 
will  get  the  Farm — without  the  Payment  of  an 
other  Penny.  We  will  absolutely  Refund  You 
Money  if  you  should  be  Dissatisfied,  according  t 
the  Terms  of  our  Guarantee. 

Write  for  our  Free  Book,  which  Contains  nearl 
100  Photographs  of  Growing  Crops,  etc.  You  wil 
find  It  Interesting  Reading.  Fill  out  the  Blanl 
Space  below  with  your  name  and  Address,  plainl 
written,  and  mail  it  to  the  Texas  Coast  Develop 
ment  Company,  1230  United  States  Realty  Build 
ing,  115  Broadway,  New  York.  Read  it  Carefully 
then  Use  Your  Own  Judgment. 


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136 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Figure  Now  on  That 

WdSbwn Canoe 

It  will  get  you  out  into  the  open  air,  away  from 
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Send  lor  the  "Old  Town  Canoe"  catalog  and  get  ac- 
quainted with  canoe  con- 
struction. 4000  canoes  in 
stock.  Agents  everywhere. 

OLD  TOWN  CANOE  CO. 
1323  Middle  Street 
Old  Town,  Maine, 
U.S.  A. 


Shirley 

President 

Suspenders 


Shoulder-freedom 
for  work  or  play 


5?l 


"Satisfaction  or  money  back" 
Be  sure  "SHIRLEY  PRESIDENT"  is  on  buckles 

The  C.  A.  Edgarton  Mfg.  Co.,  Shirley,  Mass. 


INTERIOR  VIEW 


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BLOWERS  AM  VACUUM  pumps 

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write  today  for  our  latest  special  offer  on  "Ranger"  bicycle. 

MEAD  CYCLE  CO.       Dcot.  B-29     CHICAGO 


WIRELESS'  FATE 

{.Continued  from  Page  2$) 


We 


the  old  and  the  new   investment. 
will  do  the  same  thing." 

But  the  director  lifted  his  head  and 
said: 

"Such  things  were  possible  once,  but 
you  should  recall  they  are  forbidden  by 
law  now." 

Although  the  money  lenders  knew 
■this  to  be  true,  they  were  not  down- 
hearted. They  still  had  one  more  plan 
to  propose.    So,  they  said  to  the  director : 

"Give  us  the  profits  made  last  year  and 
we  will  get  you  the  additional  money 
you  need.  We  will  consolidate  the  old 
telegraph  company  and  the  wireless  com- 
pany. The  value  of  the  combined  prop- 
erty will  represent  such  an  enormous 
sum  and  will  represent  properties  in  so 
many  parts  of  the  earth,  that  people  will 
become  confused.  While  they  are  won- 
dering whether  the  size  of  our  business 
at  home  or  abroad  is  the  foundation  for 
our  cap'ital,  we  will  cause  the  new  com- 
pany to  issue  enough  stocks  and  bonds 
to  pay  for  the  new  apparatus.  If  the 
Government  comes  to  inquire  why  you 
have  increased  the  capital,  you  can  say 
that  the  money  is  needed  for  'working 
capital.' " 

The  director,  from  long  association, 
had  come  to  love  the  money  lenders,  but 
he  was  forced  again  to  point  the  flaw  in 
their  ingenuity.  In  answering  them,  he 
said: 

"I  would  do  as  you  tell  me  if  I  could. 
But  I  cannot,  for  the  state  charters  under 
which  we  operate,  stipulate  that  we  shall 
never  consolidate  with  the  other  com- 
pany. If  we  do,  the  state  may  confiscate 
our  property." 

Hearing  this,  the  money  lenders  bent 
their  heads  and  went  away  in  profound 
thought. 

From  the  foreign  expansion  to  the  de- 
mand for  new  equipment  is  called  the 
fourth  stage  in  the  development  of  wire- 
less telegraphy. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  nineteen 
hundred  and  twenty-nine,  the  director 
went  to  the  money  lenders  and  spoke  in 
this  wise: 

"What  shall  I  do  now?  I  went  into 
the  market  to  buy  the  new  telegraph 
instruments     which     you     ordered     and 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


137 


Can  be  played  on 
your  disc  machine 
no  matter  what  make 

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If  you  think  you  have  danced  to  the 
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You  will  never  lie  too  tired  when  t  Ihw 
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10  inch 


The  Colombia  Grafonola  "Favorile"  $50 

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Other  Columbia  Grafonolas  from  $25 
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Toronto.  MS-M7  Soraurcn  Ave 
Prices  In  Canada  plus  duty. 


Address 


folnmblft 
Grapbonuone  Co. 
0426   rVoolworth 
l-i'ifc-..  >•■»  fork 
3S  Cents  Enclosed 
Send    me    your    special 
sample  record  with  "Cood- 
Nfght,     Unle-Glrl.    Good- 
Night"  on  one  iidfaiid  the  musi- 
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lire  me  the  name  of  the  nearest 
Columbia  dealer.  a 

I  own  s machine 

Name 


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138 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


/ 

Give  These  Bolts 
The  Hardest  Test 
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STAR 


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learning.    No  former  ex- 


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Best  grade  cedar  canoe  for  *  20 

Detroit  canoes  can't  sink 


All  canoes  cedar  and  copper  fastened.    We  make  all 
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giving  prices  with  retailer's  profit  cut  out.    We  are 
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Original  and  unequaled. 

Wood  or  tin  rollers.   "Improved 

requires  no  tacks.    Inventor's 

signature  on  genuine! 


found  that  all  the  output  of  the  factories 
had  been  purchased  by  the  old  telegraph 
companies.  Now  they  are  in  possession 
of  all  the  new  equipment  and  propose  to 
compete  with  us  in  the  air,  whereas  up  to 
this  time  they  have  always  remained  on 
the  ground." 

"What  did  you  expect?"  replied  the 
money  lenders.  "You  have  been  taking 
away  their  business  for  years.  Did  you 
hope  that  they  would  sit  passively  by  and 
would  never  try  to  come  and  take  some 
of  yours?" 

"But,"  answered  the  director,  "the 
money  which  is  invested  in  this  business 
is  also  yours.  Will  you  permit  them  to 
take  away  the  profit  from  this  company 
of  yours  only  to  give  it  to  you  through 
the  other  company  ?  Is  it  not  better  that 
each  should  remain  in  his  own  sphere? 
Is  it  not  wiser  to  have  all  the  money 
invested  in  wireless  telegraphy  spent 
through  this  company?" 

The  money  lenders  sat  for  days  medi- 
tating upon  this  proposal.  They  knew 
that  the  one  company  which  they  had 
caused  to  extend  around  the  world  would 
fail,  if  its  success  were  defeated  in  the 
United  States.  They  knew,  too,  that  the 
other  company  must  fail  if  it  did  not 
begin  to  use  wireless  telegraphy.  And 
so,  when  after  much  travail  their  medi- 
tations were  finally  brought  to  a  close, 
they  went  to  the  director  and  said: 

"We  are  weary  of  this  whole  struggle. 
We  would  let  someone  else  carry  the  bur- 
den which  has  become  too  heavy  for  our 
old  shoulders.  The  agents  of  the  Gov- 
ernment have  come  to  you  offering  to 
buy.  They  have  come  to  the  old  com- 
pany also  offering  to  buy  it.  You  sell 
what  you  have  to  the  Government.  The 
old  company  will  sell  what  it  has.  By 
that  means,  we  will  at  least  have  our 
money  returned  to  us.  Once  again  in 
possession  of  it,  we  may  put  it  out  at 
interest  elsewhere." 

Thus  was  the  matter  ended,  and  with 
it  the  long  years  of  doubt,  scheming,  and 
perplexity. 

And  so  that  was  the  fifth  and  last  stage 
of  wireless  telegraphy — the  stage  in 
which  we  are  still  living. 


a  c 


i  a 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


139 


"Eighty  years  of  faithful  service  to  the  American  Public"  is 

the  basis  of  our  advice  to  you  to  see  the  Mitchell  Light  Six  and  contrast  it  with  cars 
at  twice  and  three  times  its  price. 

Fully  equipped  with  all  the  modern  conveniences  including 

self-starter  and  electric  lights,  this  magnificent  Six  Cylinder  car  at  $1,895.,  will  prove  one  of 
the  big  revelations  of  the  year  and  interest  the  man  who  has  a  modest  amount  of  money 
to  spend  and  wants  the  guaranteed  worth  of  it. 

The  only  purpose  of  this  advertisement  is  to  ask    you    to 

examine  the  Light  Six  — microscopically  if  you  wish,  then  study  the  beauty  of  its  lines,  its 
finish,  its  equipment  and  the  absolute  silence,  of  its  motor.  We  believe  that  there  is  nothing 
left  to  wish  for  after  you  have  seen  this  car,  for  it  combines  all  the  good  features  of  the 
expensive  cars  and  is  every  bit  as  beautiful. 

Nothing  is  sacrificed  to  improve   or   accentuate    any    other 

feature.  Quality  is  not  sacrificed  for  beauty  nor  is  beauty  sacrificed  for  price.  //  is  the  most 
food car  for  the  money  that  the  automobile  industry  has  ever  produced. 


The  Mitchell   Models  for    1914: 


The  Mitchell  Little  Six  Fifty  horse-power— 132-inch  wheel 
base — 36x4J^-inch  tires    two  and  five-passenger  capacity 

The  Mitchell  Big  Six  Sixty  horse-power — 144-inch  wheel 
base — 37x5-inch  tires — seven-passenger  capacity  - 

The  Mitchell  Four— Forty  horse-power — four  cylinders — 120- 
inch  wheel  base— 36x4>£-inch  tires— two  and  five-passen- 


$1,895 
$2,350 


ger  capacity 


:  $1,595 


Equipment  of  all  the  Mitchell  Models  Included  in  the  List  Prices  Here  Given: 

Electric  self-starter  and  generator  electric  lights  electric  horn— electric  magnetic  exploring  lamp  Speedometer — 
Tungsten  valves  mohair  top  and  dust  cover — Jiffy  quick-action  aide  curtains  quick-action  rain  vision  wind- 
shield— Bair  bow  holders — demountable  rims  with  one  extra — doable  extra  tire  carriers — license  plate  bracket — 
pump— jack— and  complete  set  of  tools.     Prices  F.  O.  B.  Racine. 


Racine ,  Wi  s.  U.  S.  A. 


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140 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Why  Pay  $17.50? 


MSf  /      The   material    and     workmanship 

jCT  /       of  this  chair— Genuine,  Select, Quar- 

in>  /      ter  Sawn  White  Oak  of  rare  quality— 

ttg /     costs  less  than  half  of  S17.50.at  the  f  ac- 

gg  /     tory.   Yet  that  is  the  price  you  would 

Kt  I     pay  for  It  at  a  store. 

I 


Mail 
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And  back  of  each  piece  is  our  guarantee-if 
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125      '  '*       more    "        6000. 

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250  Beautiful  Interior  Views. 


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INSURANCE  ACROSS  THE 
COUNTER 

(Continued  from  page  91) 

others  of  her  class  living  in  Massa- 
chusetts, thus  found  herself  provided  for, 
and,  like  thousands  of  other  relieved 
policy-holders,  she  became  one  of  the 
"shouting  exponents,"  as  she  called  her- 
self, of  the  new  salvation. 

Though  in  her  speech  the  secretary 
had  designated  the  most  typical  forms  of 
policies,  there  remains,  perhaps,  historic- 
ally the  most  important  function  exercised 
by  the  new  insurance.  Mr.  Brandeis' 
plan  may  presage  a  new  co-operation  be- 
tween State  and  employer  and  employe. 
In  Germany,  employers  are  forced  thus 
to  co-operate  ;  in  Massachusetts,  hundreds 
of  employers,  some  of  them  heads  of  big 
manufacturing  firms,  have  come  forward 
voluntarily  and  proffered  their  aid  to- 
ward providing  insurance  for  their  em- 
ployes. Their  co-operation  was  antici- 
pated. In  establishing  direct-to-the-con- 
sumer  insurance,  its  originators  in 
America  specified,  among  the  simple  leg- 
islative regulations,  that  the  general 
guaranty  funds  should  be  under  the  joint 
supervision  of  the  state  insurance  com- 
missioner and  the  state  bank  commis- 
sioner and  that  power  should  rest  with 
the  insurance  commissioner  to  sanction 
any  constitutional  plan  making  for  the 
furtherance  of  state  savings  bank  insur- 
ance. 

Two  hundred  Massachusetts  employ- 
ers have  constituted  themselves  agents 
to  dispense  the  new  antitoxin  for  the 
ills  of  the  workingman.  Moreover,  in 
some  of  the  agencies,  employes'  mutual 
benefit  associations  have  been  organized 
among  policy-holders  to  provide  added 
sick  or  death  benefits  to  members. 

Thus,  to  illustrate,  in  one  company  the 
mutual  benefit  association  already  num- 
bers six  hundred  men  and  women  who 
are  classified  as  receiving  wages  of  less 
than  ten  dollars  a  week  or  as  receiving 
more  than  ten  dollars,  and  who  pay  ac- 
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month  to  provide  sick  benefits  of  five  or 
seven  dollars  a  week — a  provision  easily 
arranged  to  supplement  the  straight  sav- 
ings bank  life  policy  for  at  least  one  hun- 
dred dollars  held  by  each  member,  inas- 
much as  the  monthly  premiums  deducted 
to  provide  for  the  state  insurance  are 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


141 


U< 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


One  Days  Pay 
One  Mans  Work 

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made  by  Jos.  Hancock,  Lamoni,  Iowa. 
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I.  C.  PORN.  709  So.  Dearborn  Street,  Pept.  75,  Chicago,  III. 

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balloons,  electrical  and  mechanical  toys,  traps,  fishing 
tackle.  64  pages,  200  illustrations,  catalog  of  200  puzzles- 
trick  card  3  changes— 2  picture  puzzle  cards.  "DOUBLE 
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Western  Puzzle  Works,  St.  Yuul,  Minn. 


but  increased  in  amount  to  provide  for 
the  sick  benefit  insurance  also. 

Scores  of  employers,  not  content  with 
promoting  a  benefit  association  such  as 
that  described,  have  come  forward  with 
plans  of  their  own.  In  one  factory,  after 
the  benefits  of  the  new  insurance  had 
been  explained  to  thirty  foremen,  the 
company  agreed  to  pay  one-half  the  cost 
of  a  five-hundred-dollar  policy  for  cer- 
tain of  the  foremen  as  long  as  they  re- 
mained in  the  employ  of  the  company. 
Two  hundred  employers,  withal,  have 
chosen  from  their  lists  agency  secre- 
taries who  care  for  the  collection  of  the 
premiums  and  the  monthly  reports  to 
the  insurance  departments  of  the  four 
savings  banks.  These  agency  secretaries 
have  entered  into  the  work  with  some- 
what the  same  spirit  of  helping  that 
prompts  the  social  worker.  They  have 
watched  the  policies  grow  from  a  very 
few  to  over  eight  thousand,  and  the 
premiums  pass  the  hundred-thousand 
dollar  mark  in  a  year.  The  general  as- 
sets, including  policy  reserves,  surplus, 
and  two  sets  of  guaranty  funds,  pass  the 
four-hundred-thousand-dollar  mark.  The 
dividends  already  paid  back  to  policy- 
holders have  in  amount  never  been 
equalled  by  any  five-year-old  insurance 
organization. 

The  advantages  of  savings-insurance 
are  double-acting.  Just  as  fair  competi- 
tion scarps  down  prices ;  just  as  a  mail- 
order house,  doing  without  a  middleman, 
often  coerces  a  local  dealer  to  utmost 
economy,  so  the  inauguration  of  Massa- 
chusetts savings-insurance  operates  to- 
ward cutting  down  the  rates  of  private 
industrial  companies.  Directly  due.  it 
is  believed,  to  the  establishment  of  direct- 
to-the-consumer  insurance  in  one  lone 
State,  rates  of  private  insurance  com- 
panies for  industrial  or  workingman's 
insurance  have  been  reduced  more  than 
twenty  per  cent.  Thereby,  the  working- 
men  of  the  nation  have  been  saved  in 
premiums  twenty  million  dollars  a  year, 
and  those  in  Massachusetts  alone,  two 
millions.  Moreover,  it  is  shown  that  in 
Massachusetts  further  advantages  in  the 
form  of  dividends  and  savings  returned 
to  the  policy-holders  amount  to  an  addi- 
tional twenty  per  cent,  so  that  a  Massa- 
chusetts workingman  now  pays  forty  per 
cent  less  for  his  insurance  than  he  paid 
six  years  ago. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZIXE 


143 


The  outfit,  exactly  the  same  as  those  used 
by  architects,  engineers  and  expert  drafts- 
men, consists  of  imported  drawing  instru- 
ments in  morocco  case,  T-square,  triangles, 
French  curve,  protractor,  triangular  scale, 
ink,  pencil,  pencil  pointer,  erasers,  erasing 
shield,  drawing  paper,  thumbtacks,  etc.  Made 
by  one  of  the  largest  manufacturers  of  mathe- 
matical instruments  in  the  world. 

The  library  consists  of  four  massive  volumes,  bound 
in  half  red  morocco,  gold  stamped.  Contains  1.720  7x10 
inch  paees,  1,037  illustrations,  full  page  plates,  diagrams, 
etc.,  coverinir  completely  the  entire  work  of  the  architec- 
tural, structural  and  mechanical  draftsman.  Of  great 
value  to  students  as  a  reference  work  in  connection  with 
the  personal  instruction  of  our  expert  draftsmen. 

Remember,  the  outllt  and  library— combined  value  MO— 
do  not  cost  you  one  penny.  They  are  included  absolutely 
Iree  with  the  coarse. 

Earn  $100  to  $250  a  month 


Draftsmen  earn  from  $100  to  $250  per  month.  The 
work  ia  pleasant  and  the  hours  short — it  is  the  only  pro- 
fession where  the  demand  exceeds  the  supply.  Learn 
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in  your  own  home  and  without  giving  up  your  work. 
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AMERICAN    SCHOOL 

of  CORRESPONDENCE 

CHICAGO,  D.  S.  A. 


Please  tend  me  full  information 
about  the  course  checked  below, 
tat  particulars  regarding 
the  drafting  outfit  and  library  (ent 
FREE  with  this  course  t-W.  3-14 
....Mtrhanltal  Drafting 
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NAME 


S2430.M  U 


Twenty-seven  dollars  a  day  actual  clear  cash  profits  is 
what  one  man  made  in  just  three  months  with  a  Helm 
Press  in  a  little  town  of  375  inhabitants.  He  saw  a  big 
opportunity  in  manufacturing  pressed  cement  brick  and 
blocks,  was  quick  to  grab  it  and  is  realizing  big  money  now. 

Look  round  about  you.  See  how  concrete  is  taking 
the  place  above  all  other  materials  in  building  construc- 
tion. Realize  what  a  chance  is  yours  now  to  get  in  this 
big  industry  on  the  ground  floor. 

Twenty  to  fifty  dollars  a  day  profit  is  easily  made  with 
the  Helm  Press.  You  will  be  turning  out  a  product  that 
is  as  staple  as  sugar,  as  much  in  demand  as  the  clothes 
on  your  back. 

Ten  Billion  Brick  are  used  every  year  in  the  United 
States.  Thirty-three  and  a  half  million  every  working 
day  of  the  year.  Consider  how  enormous  the  demand, 
how  contractors  are  crying  for  more  brick.  Be  the  one 
to  supply  this  demand  in  your  locality.  You  can  start  in 
this  business.  Be  a  manufacturer  of  pressed  cement 
brick  and  make  money  from  the  start.  No  experience  is 
necessary  and  very  little  capital  needed. 


There  Are  Big  Contracts 
With  Their  Big  Profits 
Ready  For 
You 


No  matter  where 
you  are.  how  little 
the  town  or  how 
•v.  Hiii],). 
era  are  turning  to 
this  product  be- 
cause it  solves  UM 
problem  of  high 
cost  of  building- 
Concrete  m  ust 
take  the  place  of 
wood,  stone  and  clay.  Here  are  experiences  which  you  can 
duplicate  in  your  community: 

I   landed   a  $90,000  government    contract    with   Helm 

pressed  cement  brick. 
Just   Landed  a  contract  for  400,000  Helm    pressed  ce- 
ment brick. 
We  are  working  on  a  contract  for  half  a  million  pressed 

cement  brick. 
Made  a  million  brick  this  season  on  one  of  your  Helm 

presses. 
My    daily    manufacturing    profits    on    pressed    cement 

blocks  average  $25.00. 
Working  on  a  contract  for  a  quarter  of  a  million  pressed 

cement  brick. 
Made  17,000  pressed   blocks  for  one   contract  in  less 

than  a  month. 
Six  weeks  behind  on  Helm  pressed  cement  brick  and 

block  orders. 

We  want  you  to  know  more  about  these  manufactur- 
ers who  are  landing  the  big  business  and  making  the  big 
money.  We  want  to  show  you  how  they  started  with 
but  little  capital. 

F*if»T  nru  flump  re  sre  the  bt  agent  money  makers  in  Amert- 
rdLlUiy  UWIICf  b  Ca  and  this  machine  will  place  you  in 
nka.  toucan  start  with  little  capital  and  even  with- 
out experience.  This  is  the  machine  for  >ou  because  it  makes 
pressed  cement  brick  and  blocks  under  rSO-OOOpounds  pressure. 
No  tamping,  and  easy  work.  It  makes  1,000  blocks  or  10.000 
brick  daily.  No  burning  required.  Heady  for  the  market  in 
a  few  days'  time.  Eventually  some  one  will  make  pressed 
cement  brick  and  blocks  in  \our  community,  but  now  the  op. 
portunlty  is  yours.  No  matter  if  cement  products  are  now 
made  there— these  brick  and  blocks  made    _  __  ^_ 

by  pressure  will  be  demanded.  ^^  ^m 

The  possibility  of  failure  in  this     » 
business  is  almost  eliminated.     You   y  Helm 

can  enter  It  with  almost  a  dead  eer-      w      n-   i_    a*   -u f»- 

tainty  of  meeting  success.      Costs   f        brick   Machine  b0. 
you  nothing  to  learn  all  about  it.      w  in  p._i,  gaatagaai 

Fill  iu  the  coupon  here,  mail  it   ,/  133  Bank  Bu"d,n0 

today  and  receive  free,  full  in-     *  Traverse  City,  Mich, 

formation  of  the  Helm  Press    w 

and  money  to  be  made  in  the      w  __       _   ,     ,      . 

cement  brick  business.  f       Pleane  wnd  FilKE  the  book 

"     on  concrete   and   Helm 
■jMsass* 


Helm  Brick      / 
Machine  Co./ 

Traverse  City.  Mich,  y    ApDB 


4- 


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144 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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FARMING  FOR  FURS 

{Continued  from  page  94) 

hunted  and  driven  them  back.  Otter 
come  into  the  very  city  limits,  and  mink 
run  through  the  docks  of  New  York 
City.  Their  tracks  are  seen  even  in 
Central  Park.  The  fishers  (Pennant's 
marten)  habitually  retreat  to  the  depths, 
but  they  come  at  times  to  the  very  door- 
yards  of  the  great  summer  resort  hotels. 

Many  of  the  great  hunting  preserves 
are  without  fences.  On  Slate  Islands,  a 
natural  fur  farm,  preserved  for  years, 
one  poacher  caught  four  thousand  dol- 
lars worth  of  fur  in  about  six  weeks 
while  the  owners  literally  did  not  know 
what  they  had.  In  Wisconsin,  on  a 
private  lake,  one  man  took  a  similar 
amount  in  a  season.  The  mere  posting 
against  trespass  of  some  lakes  and 
streams  and  woodlands  is  sufficient  under 
favorable  conditions,  as  owners  of  musk- 
rat  marshes  have  discovered  on  Lake 
Michigan,  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  down 
the  Mississippi  Basin. 

In  the  Adirondacks,  William  Rockefeller 
was  the  first  to  recognize  the  need  of 
protecting  beaver,  his  Brandon  preserve 
having  several  when  it  was  generally  sup- 
posed they  were  extinct  in  this  region. 
There  are  hundreds  there  today, 
and  the  beaver  privilege  of  an  Adiron- 
dack stream  of  the  right  kind  would  yield 
hundreds  of  dollars  a  year,  after  a  few 
years  protection. 

The  whole  subject  simply  requires 
that  people  look  at  the  problem  from  a 
new  view-point;  instead  of  wondering 
how  to  kill  the  creatures,  the  work 
should  be  and  must  be  approached  from 
the  viewpoint  of  how  to  keep  them 
alive.  Men  do  not  go  into  sheep  rais- 
ing with  the  one  idea  in  their  minds  of 
how  to  kill  sheep.  Neither  can  the  fur 
farmer  approach  his  task  with  his  eye 
only  on  the  killing  of  the  animals. 

The  slow  development  has  all  along 
been  due  to  the  fact  that  the  problem 
has  been  approached  with  the  notion 
that  there  is  some  vast  gulf  between 
"tame  animals"  and  "wild  beasts." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  raising  a  large 
number  of  raccoons  or  mink  or  skunks 
would  present  no  more  of  a  problem 
than  raising  a  large  number  of  cats ;  and 
if  one  is  inclined  to  raise  cats,  he  might 
better  raise  lynx  at  thirty  dollars  a  pelt 
than  common  cats  at  ten  cents. . 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


145 


Jfeepp 


ace  u)ifh 
e  uOorld 


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ENCYCLOPEDIA 


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with  Coaster-Brakes  and  Puncture-Proof  Tires. 
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AXL  OF  BEST  MAKES V  *    *0  V*  *• 

lOO  Second-Hand  Wheels 

All  makes  and  models,  good  as  neu-  £9  ^_  4.J3 
Great  Factory  Clearing  Sale.  ■*•  *°  »9 
We  Ship  on  Approval  without   a   cent 

#E&£5&  IP  Days'  Free  Trial 

y/Jjaro  coaster-brake  wheels,   lamps,  and 

m  /*T»fc^J'  Sundries,  half  usual  prices. 


BTJY  till  you  get  our  catalogue  and  offer. 


DO  NOT 

Write  now. 


BUY  n»  you  (fet  out  ca 

HEAD  CYCLE  CO.       JOept.  i>-29  CHICAGO 


look  like 
diamonds 

Stand  acid  and  fire  diamond  test. 
So  hard  they  easily  scratch  a  file  and 
will  cat  glass.  Brilliancy  guaran- 
teed 25  years.  Mounted  in  14k  solid  gold 
diamond  mountings.  See  them  before  paying. 
Will  send  you  any  style  ring,  pin  or  stud  for  exam- 
ination—e.11  charges  prepaid.  No  money  In  advance.  Money 
refunded  if  not  satisfactory.   Write  today  for  free  catalog. 

WHITE  VALLEY  GEM  CO.,  720  Wulsia  Bid*.,  Indianapolis 


ELECTRIC 


HOME,  FARM,  THEATER  or  STORE  LIGHTING  PLANTS.  Wot,- 
derlul  Economy.  Bicycle,  Carriage,  Xmas  Tree  Fishing  and 
Flash  Lights.  Railways;  Dynamos;  Engines;  Water  Wheels;  Storage  Batteries;  Bells;  Boohs 
Mf^TlrtKI  P,CTUBE  THEATER  COMPLETE  EQUIPMENTS  Start  YOU  in  the 
Iwlv  Hvll  Most  Profitable  Business  in  America  with  BIG  ADVANTAGES. 
Ten  Cents  an  Hour  lights  Machine  and  Theater.  Small  Audiences  Pay.  Catalog  3c. 
OHIO    ELECTUIC  WORKS,    D18,   CLEVELAND,   OHIO 


BOMBS! 

( Continued  from  page  112) 

the  property  loss  up  to  September  was 
over  seventeen  thousand  dollars. 

After  a  careful  analysis  and  study  of 
the  unexploded  bombs  found,  Eagan  be- 
lieves that  at  least  eighty  per  cent  of  the 
one  hundred  and  forty-five  bombs  were 
made  and  placed  by  the  same  group  of 
persons. 

"There  are  pronounced  characteristics 
in  the  making  of  bombs,"  says  Eagan, 
"such  characteristics  which  stamp  almost 
to  a  certainty  the  various  bombs  manu- 


"Franco"  Bomb 

Two  pounds  of  giant  powder  plus  a  device  for  a  flame 

make  this  species  of  bomb  a  terrible  weapon. 

factured  by  an  individual  or  group  of 
individuals  pursuing  the  same  method. 
Most  bombs  gathered  up  in  1913  are  of 
dynamite — simply  constructed  affairs, 
consisting  of  two  or  more  sticks  of  sur- 
face-blasting gelatin  tied  firmly  together 
with  a  slow-burning  fuse  inserted  in  a 
detonating  cap  and  in  contact  with  a 
break  in  one  of  the  dynamite  sticks. 
Often  these  simply  constructed  bombs 
are  not  even  incased  in  a  wrapper. 

"A  community  such  as  New  York  is 
never  free  from  cranks  whose  mania 
runs  either  to  experiments  with  highly 
volatile  explosives.  Occasionally  some 
good  detective  work  leads  to  the  arrest 
of  these  cranks  before  serious  damage  is 
done,  but  unfortunately,  it  seems  that 
we  will  never  be  entirely  rid  of  them." 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


147 


EARN 

$150  to  $250 

PER    MONTH 

WRITE  TODAY!  NO 
EXPERIENCE  NECES- 
SARY to  enter  this  wonder- 
fully fascinating,  high  salaried 
work.  You  should  earn  BIG 
MONEY  IMMEDIATELY-on  com- 
pleting our  Electrical  Courses.  The 
great  engineering  companies  of  the 
country  are  ALWAYS  searching  for 
PRACTICAL,  TRAINED  ELECTRICAL 
ENGINEERS.  Excellent  positions  open 
all  the  time.  We  teach  you  to  be  an  ex- 
pert electrical  engineer  in  a  short  time  AT 
SMALL  EXPENSE. 


Edison  says: 


.There  is  no  limit  to  the  field  of 
Electricity  —  men  who  take  up 
this  work  now  will  discover  uses  for  this  great  force 
now  unheard  of.  Besides  the  high  salaries  paid  to 
electrical  engineers,  great  fortunes  are  to  be  made 
through  electrical  inventions  in  the  future. 

Learn  and  Earn  —  No  need  to  «lve  up  your 

present  occupation.  Just 
devote  your  spare  time  to  this  interesting  work.  Aa 
you  read  through  the  pages  of  our  courses,  you  will 
find  yourself  simply  "wrapped  up"  in  the  work.  The 
only  expense  will  be  the  nominal  charge  for  our  com- 
plete tuition. 

Pay  as  You  Wish! 

Don't  hold  back  on  ac- 
count of  lack  of  money. 
We  will  arrange  for  you 
to  pay  as  beat  suits  your 
needs.  You  will  find  our 
contract  most  liberal. 
We  do  not  force  our  stu- 
dents to  pay  for  instruc- 
tions they  do  not  receive, 
nor  do  we  employ 
agents  ur  collectors. 


GUARANTEE: 

The  world-wide 
reputation  of  the 
American  School  of 
Correspondence 
for  integrity  and 
efficiency, together 
with  its  thousands 
of  successful  grad- 
uates, gives  you  an 
unqualified  guaran- 
tee of  Success. 
Sign  the  coupon. 


Mail  this  "Success"  Coupon 

— No  obligations,  so  moil  at  once.  Your  name  and  address 
on  thia  coupon  brings  to  you  our  School  bulletin 
(catalogue)  and  complete  information.  Decide  now 
to  take  this  great  step  toward  Success.  Don't  be  a 
drudge  all  your  life.  Be  one  of  the  men  "higher  up" 
—the  man  who  is  paid  for  what  he  KNOWS,  not  for 
the  hard  work  he  actually  does. 

American  School  of         S^  ■■*  ■■  ■"  sea  ■■>  asi  sss  SB 
Correspondence, 
Chicago,  . 

U.I.*.  #** 

^  Without  any  obligations  on   me  whatever,  pi 

tend  me  vour  school  catalogne  snd  complete  informa- 
tion regarding  course  marked  ••  \  T  ^,j."^ 

Electrical  Wireauo  Tl  ihlll  C.I 

Electrical  Engaerr  . . .  Woelesj  Tdepktay 


SUCCESS  COUPON 


American  School  of  Correspondence 

Chicago,  II.  S.  A. 

Without  any_  obligations  on   me  whatever. 


.Elee.  Light  aid  Power  Sopt. 
.  Alternating  Correal  Work 


.  Wkdeu  Telegraphy 
.  .H)dro. Electrical  Eog. 


Name 

lam  -  - . 


1 


FITS  BIG- 
FITS  SMALL 

SCREWS 

All  sized  screws  can 
be  driven  by  this  one 
"YANKEE"  Magazine 
Ratchet  Screw-Driver  No.  65. 

There  is  a  blade  for  the 
little  fellows;  a  blade  for  the 
big  ones;  and  blades  for 
those  betwixt. 

Blades  are  quickly  slipped  in 
the  slot  at  the  end  of  the  shank 
and  securely  held  by  a 
"YANKEE"  device  — and  are 
easily  changed. 

There  is  right-  and  left-hand 
ratchet.  Drive  or  draw  screws 
quickly  and  without  changing  your 
grip. 

"Yankee"  ingenuity,  "Yankee" 
quality  in  every  part;  makes  this 
tool  a  big  help  to  the  busy  man — 
as  are  all 

"YANKEE" 
TOOLS 


"YANKEE"  No.  65  is  strong 
and  durable,  made  with  six-inch 
shank,  as  shown;  also  with  one- 
inch  shank  —  to  slip  in  your  pock- 
et.    Four  different  sized  blades — 

>»',*r.A'and 
>g"— in     maga-[ 
zinc  in  handle. 


-jfsa^ 


Price,  1-inch  shank, 
"      6   "         " 


$  .95 
1.10 
Your   Dealer   Can    Supply   You. 

Write  for  "'YANKEE'  TOOL 
BOOK",  free;  for  mechanics  and 
householders.  Yankee'  Tools  in 

the   Garage"    free  for   motorists. 

NORTH  BROTHERS  MFG.  CO.,  Philadelphia 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


148 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Young   Man!  .    \ 

Your  greatest  opportunity 


To  the  man  who  wants  to 
improve  his  condition  in  life 
—to  increase  his  earning  capacity 
— to  get  away  from  the  monotony, 
grind,  and  low  wages  of  ordinary 
occupations— to  elevate  his  social 
standing,  the  new  profession  of 
Tree  Surgery,  which  is  not  over- 
crowded, offers  the  young  man 
of  today  his  greatest  opportunity. 
The  Extension  Course  given  by 
The  Davey  Institute  of  Tree  Sur- 
gery, will  fit  you  to  practice  this 
profitable  profession. 

Learn  TREE  SURGERY  By  Mail 

You  can  become  proficient  in  this 
work  without   interfering    with 
your  present  occupation.  An  hour 
or  so  a  day  will  give  you  a  train- 
ing that  will  make  your  future 
bright  and  prosperous. 
The  work  of  a  Tree  Surgeon  is 
healthful,  fascinating  and  remun- 
erative.   The  call  for  men  in  this 
profession  is  far  greater  than  the 
supply,  and  the  demand  is  grow- 
ing.   There  are  positions  open  at 
good   salary    and    opportunities 
everywhere  to  establish  a  paying 
business  of  yourown — Why  work 
for  others  at  small  pay  when  you 
can  be  your  own  boss?  _  Write  to- 
day for   our  book   "AdYeDtures 
Id  Succeu."    Read  what  others 
have  done,  and  learn  how  easily 
and  quickly  you  can  improve 
your  condition  in  life. 
THE  DAVEY  INSTITUTE  OF 
TREE  SURGERY 
^  311  Oak  Street  Kent,  Ohh 


PRACTICE  DEEP  BREATHING 

Breathing  is  the  Vital  Force  of  Life.  All  weak- 
nesses and  ailments  attributed  to  lack  of  ex- 
ercise are  usually  due  to  shallow  and  incor- 
rect breathing.  The  main  value  of  physical 
exercise  lies  in  the  activity  it  gives  the  Lungs. 
Learn  to  Breathe.  Oxygenate  your  Blood  and 
breathe  out  the  Poison  that  now  clogs  your 
System. 

Read  my  64-page  book,  "Deep  Breathing." 
Correct  breathing  clearly  described  by  diagrams. 
Contains  special  breathing  exercises  and  a  mass 
of  other  valuable  information.  This  treatise  is 
the  result  of  over  twenty  years  of  experience  as 
a  "Respiratory  Specialist.-'  Over  400,000  have 
already  been  sold.  Endorsed  by  Medical  Soci- 
eties and  Proiessors  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 
Accepted  by  the  National  Medical  Library  at 
Washington.  D.  C.  Book  sent  on  receipt 
of  ten  cents,  coin  or  stamps. 

PAUL  VON  BOECKMANN,  R.S. 

2766  Tower  Building     1 10  W.  40th  St,    New  York 


This  Automobile 

and  a  Steady  M7»»  aa 


to  everyone  who  takes  our  Correspondence  Course  and  qualifies  for 
agency.  10  lessons  teach  you  to  be  chauffeur,  expert  repair  man.  auto 
salesman.  Answer  the  questions  and  get  a  diploma.  Diploma  fits  you 
for  1100  to  $300  .monthly  job.  Write  and  get  first  lesson  FREE.  Then 
get  free  auto.     We'll  tell  you  how. 

C.  A.  Coey,  Pres. 
C.  A.  COEY'S  SCHOOL  OF  MOTORING 

.'iii*  Coey  Building:  Chicago 


OCTrD  PSPE-THREADING 
U3l    ttf  TOOL   No.    204 


H'  to  4' 


NOTE  THESE  OSTER 
FEATURES  —  twe 
speeds  on  one  crank  — 
automatic  cut-off  —  self- 
centering  pipe  vise.  A 
strictly  one  man  tool  at  al 
sizes. 
The  Oster  Mfg.  Co. 

1963  E.  Gist  St.  Cleveland,  Ohii 


To  get  an  illustrated  catalog 
Bend  postai,  or  write  your  nam* 
on  margin,  tear  out  ad  and  mail 


GRAJTMOTORS 


Send  today  for  our  Big  En- 
gine Book"M"— the  most 
complete  book  on  marine 
engines  ever  published. 
Shows  our  complete  line  of 
engines  for  pleasure  boats, 
canoes,  hydroplanes,  work 
and  4-cycle  type.  Material 
are  largest  builders  of  2- 
1000  dealers  who  sell 


*X MORSE  POWER  $EC 
OCOMPL £TE    JJ 


OTHER  SIZES  FROM  4ft  TO 

30-4SH.P.— I  TO  6  CYLINDERS 

hunting  and  fishing  boats,  row  boats  and  v 

boats  and  cruisers.     Engines  of  both  2-cycle 

and  workmanship  absolutely  guaranteed.    We 

cycle   engines   in   the   world   and   have  over 

Gray   Engines  and  give  Gray 

service. 

GRAY  MOTOR  CO. 
!3U2  Gray  Motor 
Bid*. 
Detroi U  Mi**h. 


Earn  $25  a  Week  or  Mori 

We  specialize  in  teaching  Mechanics 
■objects;  are  engineers  of  many  >ear; 
experience  and  have  the  most  thorough 
courses  ever  devised  for  Home  Studs 
Get  in  line  for  a  Big  Position  and  Sal 
ary.  Courses— Mechanical  Drafting 
Engineering;  Mathematics.  Writ 
for  Convincing  Facts. 

KEYSTONE  CORRESPONDENCE  SCHOOL 
200  Berks  Co.  Trust  fildg.,  Reading,  Perm; 


Dr.  Hall's  Sexual 
KNOWLEDGE 


By  Dr.  Winf  ield  Scott  Hall 

Head  of  Physiology 
N.  W.  Univ.  Medical  School 
Authority  on  Sex  Matters. 
Plain  Truths  of  Sex  Life 
every  person  needs  to  know; 
.    Safety  in   marriage  relation; 
'ew  ^xS-gc  k.  All  Dangers  of  sexual  abuses, 
feed   ts   "Read  "social  evil, "venereal  diseases, 
Illmtrate d; 320 page,  f?,as?d  b?,8exual  'Snorance: 
Ai.tr  vti  in       .     -J    lakes     on  sexnil  weakness; 
,,,!  *  V  °  J*""""1*  secrets  of  sexual  strength; 
{Under plam  wrapper)  "Eugenics"  fully  explained. 
International  Bible  House,      1654  Chestnut,  Phila.,  Pa. 


Foremen  and  Superintendent 

tj  In  any  sort  of  manufacturing  or  construc- 
tion work  may  learn  of  a  money-making 
opportunity,  by  addressing 

Technical  World  Magazine 

5758  Drexel  Avenue  Chicago,  III 


NO  SOLICITING 


WRITE  AT  ONCE 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


149 


1 


W.  T.Wells,  who  lives 
two  miles  west  of 
Wauchula,  Florida, 
made  $787.50  from  one 
crop  of  beans,  cucum- 
bers and  melons,  be- 
tween the  rows  of 
young  grapefruit  and 
orange  trees.  Only  5'i 
acres.  Wauchula 
Combination  Soil 
means  a  good  living 
from  the  start  in  vege- 
tables, and  fortune 
when  the  grapefruit 
and  orange  trees  be- 
gin to  bear. 


Roses  Are  Blooming  in  Florida  Now 


Down  in  Wauchula,  Florida,  today,  people  are  enjoying 
outdoor  life.  Warm  air,  perfumed  flowers,  real  spring 
sunshine.  Men,  women  and  children  are  healthy  and 
prosperous. 

Haven't  you  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  you  could 
escape  from  hurly-burly  BUSINESS  and  live  a  free  out- 
of-door  life?  Haven't  you  often  wished  you  could  avoid 
snow,  ice,  rain,  elect,  blizzards,  that  make  up  the 
Northern  winter? 

You  CAN  get  back  to  the  land  and  at  the  same  time 
double  or  triple  your  income. 

THE  REASON— Wauchula  Combination  Soil—equally 
well  adapted  to  vegetables  and  citrus  fruits. 

Vegetables  are  planted  between  the  rows  of  young 
grapefruit  and  orange  trees.  Three  and  four  crops  a 
year  is  common.  And  see  what  a  crop  makes.  Mr.  Wells' 
record  above  is  only  average. 

Don't  think  vegetables  make  the  BIG  money.  They're 
just  the  start.     Vegetables  keep  you  comfortable  and  pay 


for  your  land.  But  you  can  cash  in  when  your  grapefruit 
and  orange  trees  begin  to  bear.  Then  you'll  be  in  the 
class  of  men  who  make  $3,000,  $5,000,  $8,000— even  $10,000 
— a  year. 

Get  this  straight.  Everything  we  tell  you  you  can  do  at 
Wauchula  other  men  have  done  time  after  time.  And 
more  big  successes  in  the  Wauchula  District  today  than 
ever  before. 

Come  to  Wauchula.  And  don't  imagine  you're  coming 
to  a  wilderness.  Beautiful  orange  groves  dotted  all  over 
this  region.  Many  of  them  ten  to  twenty  years  old.  Four 
banks  in  Wauchula  and  two  neighboring  towns  have 
deposits  of  nearly  $500,000.  Vandolah  is  a  new,  rapidly 
growing  town.  Wauchula  now  2,000  inhabitants— 1,600 
last  year.  Churches,  modern  schools,  lodges,  well- 
equipped  and  stocked  stores.  First  class  transportation. 
Live  cash  markets  right  at  Wauchula.  Immediate  sales 
of  crops  on  good  basis.  Fine  water,  good  drainage, 
healthful  climate  the  year  round.  Hunting  and  fishing 
right  at  hand.    More  money,  more  health,  more  happiness. 


Land  GUARANTEED  By  Bankers 
— Wauchula  District,  Florida 


Wauchula  soil  is  so  rich,  so  fertile,  so  productive — the 
climate  and  yield  are  so  remarkable — that  the  home  com- 
pany of  bankers  behind  it  guarantee  your  satisfaction. 
These  bankers  guarantee  your  land.  You  have  a  year  to 
inspect  your  plot.  Plenty  of  time  to  arrange  a  trip  down 
here.  Make  a  vacation  of  it.  You'll  be  taken  all  over  this 
region  in  an  automobile.     You  can  talk  to  grove  owners. 


investigate  our  statements  of  $3,000  to  $8,000  a  year 
incomes.  And  then  if  you're  not  satisfied,  every  cent 
of  your  money  will  be  returned  with  6  per  cent  interest. 
The  first  payment  clinches  your  option  on  choice  plot 
of  rich  vegetable  and  citrus  fruit  land.  And  your  mon- 
ey will  have  been  earning  6  per  cent  all  the  time  we've  f 
had  it  if  you  decide  not  to  keep  your  land.  a 


Income?     Then  Write  for  the  Facts 


Do  You  Want  a  $3,000  to  $8,000  Yearly  ,/ 

f  WAUCHULA 

f  DEVELOPMENT 

You  may  have  read  land  ADVERTISING  before— but  you  never  had  another       t  teFm1 

land  OFFER  like  this.    The  reason  is  that  there's  only  ONE  Wauchula  Dis-      •  Wudala.Fb. 

trict.    If  there's  land  anywhere  else  in  the  United  States  about  which  our      f      pi™m>  send  m.>  actual 
statements  can  be  truthfully  made  we've  yet  to  hear  of  it.  f  Mn2t?Sn«!Sii3SiSdoiu™ 

WRITE  FOR  OUR  LITERATURE    LEARN  WHY  YOU  CAN  MAKE      •     fruit  J""1  aV.  price,,  term.. 

«•>  nnn  •      Co  nnn  c    J  cc  ■  *        guarantee,  settlers'  letters,  eto. 

5-3,000  to  58,000  n  yenr.    Study  our  entire  offer,  our  low  prices,  easy     _^ 


terms,  bankers'  guarantee.     Get  this  information  NOW 
Send  a  letter,  postal  or  the  coupon. 


today 


t      Nam*. 


Wauchula  Development  Co. 

Box  102  Wauchula,  Florida 


■M     State.  . , 


St.  No.  OB  K.  F.D.. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisen. 


Opportunife/Cblumns 


AGENTS   WANTED 


AGENTS— Salary  or  commission.  Great- 
est seller  yet.  Every  user  of  pen  and  ink 
buys  on  sight.  200  to  500  per  cent  profit.  One 
agent's  sales  $620  in  six  days;  another  $32  in 
two  hours.  Monroe  Mfg.  Co.,  X-3,  La 
Crosse,  Wis. 

BETTER  LIGHT  FOR  1-5  COST  OF 
ELECTRICITY .  Suitable  for  home  or  store. 
Easily  installed,  no  experience  necessary, 
big  demand.  Write  for  FREE  catalogue. 
Doud  Lighting  Co.,  175-C  N.  Sangamon, 
Chicago. 


300  TO  400%  PROFIT  TO  AGENTS  sell- 
ing our  guaranteed  U.  S.  Fire  Extinguish- 
ers. Tremendous  demand.  Orders  repeat. 
Exclusive  territory  to  County  and  District 
Managers.  United  Mfg.  Co.,  1047  Jefferson, 
Toledo,  O. 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  MANOR 
WOMAN  $12.50  to  distribute  100  FREE  pkgs 
Perfumed  Borax  Soap  Powder  among 
friends.  No  money  required.  U.  Ward 
Company,  218  Institute  Place,  Chicago. 


WE  PAY  $80  A  MONTH  SALARY  and 
furnish  rig  and  all  expenses  to  introduce 

our  guaranteed  poultry  and  stock  powders. 
Address  Bigler  Co.,  X384,  Springfield.  111. 

NATURAL  HEN  'INCUBATOR  $3.  No 
freight.  Actual  hen  controls  everything. 
No  lamps,  no  costly  mistakes.  Over  600,000 
sold.  Agents  wanted.  Free  catalogue . 
Special  introductory  offer.  Natural  Hen 
Inc.  Co..  Sta.  H,  Dept.  44,  Los  Angeles.  Cal. 

SALESMEN  and  women  wanted.  Big 
commissions,  bonuses  and  gold  coin  prizes. 
Experience  not  needed.  We  train  you. 
Unusual  opportunity  for  right  person. 
Write  for  full  particulars.  Tolax,  23  De- 
vereux  St.,  Utica.  N.  Y. 

U.  S.  GOVERNMENT  uses  Richmond 
Chemical  Fire  Extinguishers  that  kill  gas- 
oline  fires.  Factory  and  auto  sizes.  Dis- 
trict managers  make  500%  profit.  Auto 
prize.  Richmond  Chemical  Co.,  Dept.  M, 
Wheeling,  W.  Va. 


AUTOMOBILES 


.  USE  AN  AIR-FRICTION  with  new  1914 
improvements.  Increases  power  and  econ- 
omy of  motor  one-half.  Absolutely  impos- 
sible to  choke  or  load.  Uses  distillate,  gas- 
oline or  half  kerosene  with  finest  results. 
Starts  easy  in  coldest  weather.  We  fit  all 
motors,  guaranteeing  definite  results  or 
refund  money.  Exclusive  county  rights. 
Liberal  exchange  on  other  carburetors. 
The  Air-Friction  Carburetor  Co.,  Dayton, 
Ohio. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 


SAFETY  RAZOR  BLADES  SHARPENED 

on  the  "American"  Machines  are  posi- 
tively sharp.  If  none  of  these  machines 
are  in  operation  in  your  locality,  then  send 
your  blades  to  us.  We  will  sharpen  them 
for  you  at  these  rates.  Gillette  and  other 
email  blades,  2>£c.  each.  We  also  sharpen 
and  hone  the  ordinary  razor;  new  handles 
put  on  razors  from  20c.  up.  Do  you  want  to 
add  to  your  income?  Engage  in  this  new 
profitable  business.  We  furnish  the  outfit 
and  teach  you  how.  Address  American 
Sharpening  Machine  Co.  (Inc.).  Dept.  T, 
184  Washington  Street,  Chicago. 

WOULD  you  like  to  own  a  good  paying 
mail  order  business?  We  have  a  line  that 
gets  repeat  orders  all  the  time;  you  can 
start  in  spare  time;  invest  a  dollar  or  two  a 
week  and  soon  own  a  nice  business  of  your 
own;  write  for  particulars.  Nadico,  1655 
Belmont  Ave..  Chicago. 

MAIL  ORDER  BUSINESS  AT  HOME. 
We  start  you  and  furnish  everything.  Small 
capital,  large  profits.  Free  booklet  tells 
how.  Write  quick.  T.  W.  Miller  Co.,  Box 
254,  Muskegon,  Mich. 


COINS   AND   STAMPS 


$4.25  EACH  paid  for  U.  S.  Flying  Eagle 
Cents  dated  18^6.  Keep  all  money  dated  be- 
fore 1895.  and  send  10c  at  once  for  New  Il- 
lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  may 
mean  your  fortune.  Clarke  &  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers,  Box  142,  Le  Roy,  N.  Y. 

205  DIFFERENT  FOREIGN  STAMPS 
FREE.or  101  U.  S.  Send  25c.  six  months 
Mack  Stamp  Weekly,  Boston,  Mass. 


CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOLS 


CIVIL  SERVICE,  Normal.  High  School, 
Bookkeeping,  Shorthand,  Typewrit  tag. 
Drawing,  Agricultural.  English,  Engineer- 
ing and  Law  Courses  thoroughly  taught  by 
mail.  Enrollment  $5.00.  Tuition  free. 
For  "Free  Tuition  Scholarship"  apply  Car- 
negie College,  Rogers,  Ohio. 


COLLEGE  — Let  us  help  you  get  there. 
Prepare  quickly  for  entrance  to  Medical, 
Law,  Engineering,  Pharmacy  Schools. 
Write  for  our  new  method  "Home  Study 
Course."  Brooks  Classical  School,  Dept. 
T.W.,  Schiller  Bldg.,  Chicago. 


ELECTRICAL 


DIAGRAMS  -  Our  Modern  Blue  Print 
Chart  Method  of  Electrical  Wiring.  Write 
for  information.  Electrical  Wiring  Dia- 
gram Co.,  Box  G.  173,  Altoona,  Pa. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


GRANDFATHER'S   CLOCK    WORKS, 

$5.00.  Slightly  shopworn,  quantity  limited, 
others  with  chimes,  all  prices;  also  several 
nice  grandfather's  clock  cases,  exceptional 
bargains.  Clock  Company,  1690  Cayuga  St., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


HELP  WANTED 


POETS  AND  SONG  WRITERS-We  will 
compose  music  to  your  verses,  publish,  ad- 
vertise, copyright  in  your  name  and  pay  you 
50  per  cent  of  profits  if  successful.  We  pay 
hundreds  of  dollars  a  year  to  amateur 
writers.  Send  us  your  poems  or  melodies 
today.  Acceptance  guaranteed  if  available. 
Examination  and  advice  Free.  Dugdale 
Co.,  252  Dugdale  Building,  Washington, 
P.O. 

LOCAL  REPRESENTATIVE  WANTED 

—Splendid  income  assured  right  man  to  act 
as  our  representative  after  learning  our 
husiness  thoroughly  by  mail.    Former  ex- 

Eerience  unnecessary.  All  we  require  is 
onesty.  ability,  ambition  and  willingness 
to  learn  a  lucrative  business.  No  soliciting 
or  traveling.  All  or  spare  time  only.  This 
is  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  a  man  in 
your  section  to  get  into  a  big  paying  busi- 
ness without  capital  and  become  independ- 
ent for  life.  W'rite  at  once  for  full  par- 
ticulars. National  Co-Operative  Realty 
Company.  L-136,  Marden  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


FREE  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK  tells  of 
about  300,000  protected  positions  in  U.  S. 
service.  Thousands  of  vacancies  every  year. 
There  is  a  big  chance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pay,  lifetime  employment.  Just 
ask  for  booklet  S-2.  No  obligation.  Earl 
Hopkins,  Washington,  D.  C. 


MEN  OF  IDEAS  and  inventive  ability 
should  write  for  new  "Lists  of  Needed  In- 
ventions," "Patent  Buyers"  and  "How  to 
Get  Your  Patent  and  Your  Money."  Advice 
FREE.  Randolph  &  Co.,  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept.  36,  Washington,  D.  0. 


I  WILL  START  YOU  earning  $4  daily  at 
home  in  spare  time,  silvering  mirrors;  no 
capital;  send  for  free  instructive  booklet, 
giving  plans  of  operation.  G,  F.  Redmond, 
Dept.  B-P,  Boston.  Mass. 


HELP  WANTED      Continued 

THOUSANDS  OF  GOVERNMENT  POSI- 
TIONS open  to  men  and  women  over  1*. 
$65 to $150 a  month.  Vacations.  Steady  work. 
Parcel  Post  means  many  appointments. 
Common  education  sufficient.  "Pull"  nn- 
neoesearr.  Write  immediately  for  free  list 
of  positions  now  available.  Franklin  In- 
stitute, Dept.  D-29.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

MECHANICAL  DRAWING.  The  Warner 
System  makes  expert  draftsmen.  If  yon 
are  earning  less  than  $25.00  per  week  we 
can  increase  your  salary.  Free  book.  Col- 
orado Correspondence  College,  Dept.  50, 
Denver. 

<TC  DAILY  EARNED  AT  HOME  in  spare 
M**-*  time  silvering  mirrors;  wholesale 
houses  buy  in  quantities;  no  capital;  par- 
ticulars free.  Patterson  &  Co.,  Dept.  6, 
Brooksville,  Ky. 

WANTED  —  Several  honest,  industrious 
people  to  distribute  patriotic  literature. 
Salary  $60  per  month.  Prof.  Nichols,  Box 
D,  Napervifle,  111. 

KODAK    FILMS 


KODAK  FILMS  DEVELOPED,  10c.  per 
roll,  any  size.  Prompt  attention  given 
mail  orders.  Prints  1%y&%  to  3^x4^.  3c.; 
4x5  to  3Mx5J£.  4c.  J.  M.  Manning,  Box  G, 
1062  Third  Ave..  New  York  City. 


LAND    AND    REAL    ESTATE 


WE  WILL  TAKE  YOUR  FIRST  CROP 
of  watermelons  in  full  payment  for  our 
land.  This  crop  is  easily  raised  and  har- 
vested in  four  months.  You  need  not  pay 
us  one  cent  in  cash.  We  know  what  our 
land  will  produce.  High,  rolling,  well 
drained  land,  clay  sub-soil,  close  to  town 
and  R.  R.  Elevation  100  ft.,  beautiful 
lakes,  good  roads.  R.  R.  fare  refunded  to 
buyers.  Lake  County  Land  Owners  Assn., 
Dept.  Y-3,  Fruitland  Park,  Fla.  Owners 
not  agents. 


MOTION  PICTURE   PLAYS 


MOTION  PICTURE  PLAYS  WANTED. 
You  can  write  them.  We  teach  you  by  mail. 
No  experience  needed.  Rtg  demand  and 
good  pay.  Detailsfree.  Ass'd  M.  P.  Schools, 
689  Sheridan  Road.  Chicago. 

WRITE  MOVING  PICTURE  PLAYS:  $10 
to  $100  each;  constant  demand;  devote  all  or 
spare  time;  experience  or  correspondence 
course  unnecessary.  Details  free.  Atlas 
Publishing  Co.,  329,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 


nFFITIAI  DRAWINGS  FREE.  Patents 
ui  I  iuihl  procured  or  fee  returned.  Ex- 
pert services.  Send  sketch  for  Free  search. 
I  be  Patent  Exchange,  Jordon  Bldg.,  ffa£ 
ington,  D.  C. 

PATENT  WHAT  YOU  INVENT.  It  may 
be  valuable.  Write  me.  No  attorney's  fee 
until  patent  is  allowed.  Est  ah.  188,  "In- 
ventor's Guide"  FREE.  Franklin  H.  Hough, 
523  Loan  &  Trust  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  O. 


"PATENTS  AND -PATENT  POSSIBILI- 
TIES" is  a  72-page  treatise  which  tells  all 
about  patents,  what  to  invent  and  where  to 
sell  it.  It  gives  honest  advice  to  inventors, 
and  is  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  in- 
formation. Write  forittodav!  It  is  FREE. 
H.  S.  Hill,  907  McLachlen  Bldg.,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 


PATENT  SECURED  OR  FEE  RETURN- 
ED. Send  sketch  for  free  search  and  report 
asto  patentability.  Bookson  inventions  and 
patents,  and  reference  book  sent  free.  John 
S.  Duffie  &  Co..  606  F  St.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. . 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


151 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS— Continued 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

(Coni  i  I 

BUSINESS  GOES  WHEKE  INVITED 
ra  where  well  treated.  M 
ol  personal  attention  ha*  prtwured  patents 
I  -  and  manufacturers. 
Qrwp  this  opportunity  to  pet  the  same  ser 
vice.  Write  and  send  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges,  630   barrister  Bids.,  Wiu-h..  D-  C. 

PATENTS  -  HERBERT  JENNEH.  pat- 
ent attorney  and  mechanical  expert.  6O8  E 
bington.  I».  C.  established  18N3.  I 
make  a  free  examination  and  report  if  a 
patent  can  t>e  had  and  exactly  what  it  will 
cost.    Send  Tor  circular. 

PATENTS  THAT  PROTECT.    Advice  and 

booksfree.  Highest  references.  Bestreenlta. 

Bend   sketch    or    model    for   free    search. 

W'HiHitn  E   Coleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  621  F 

Washington.  D.  0. 

PATENTS   SECl'KEi).    Take  advantage 
of  my  personal   *-ii*-riern-(\  send  sketch  or 
n>-  free  book   containing    3JU 
me<han:  I  -.     \\\  N.    K 

962  McGill  Bldg..  Washing-  on,  I»    < 

PUOTECTIVE    PATENTS    PBOCTTRKD 

promptly.     Patent  Ix^oks  free.     Trademarks 
I      K.-bb  ft  Robb.  20L2Ltf  Southern 
Ituilding.  Washington,  D.  C. 

C.    L.    PARKER.    Patent    Attorney.    W4 

rnngton.    I>.   C.       Inventor's 

handbook.     "Protecting,     (Exploiting    and 

Belling  Inventions,"  sent  free  upon  request. 

PATENTS  without   advance  attorney's 
fees.    Send  sketch  for  fro*-   rej-or; 
free.    Fuller  k  Pull. -r.  \\  a-hington.  D.  0. 


PATENTS    AND    PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

WRITE  for  my  "Words  of  Value  to  In- 
ventors." John  11.  Woodworth,  negJatered 
Attorney,  Wardir  Bldg.,  Washington,  I>.  0. 


poultry;  incubators,  etc. 


POULTRY  PAPER.  44-121  page  period- 
ical.  up  to  date.  Tells  all  yoa  want  to  know- 
about  care  and  management  of  poultry,  for 
pleasure  or  profit,  four  months  for  10  cent*. 
Poultry  Advocate,  Dept.  M,  Syracuse.  N.  Y. 


TECHNICAL  BOOKS 


WORLD'S  BEST  self-edueational  books, 
Eleetriral.  niwhanical.  agricultural,  busi- 
ness,  art,  science.  Anything  technical. 
Cnniinon  or  unusual.  Catalogues  free. 
Explain  snbjects  Thoroughly.  C.  Higene 
Co.,  Dept.  W-2H1  Po^t  St.,  San  Franclsoo, 

FOR  BALE— 10  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Architec- 
ture, Carpentry  and  Building,  8  Vol.  Civil 
Engineering,  4  Vol.   Auto.    Engineering,    2 
Vol.  Motion  Picture,  4  Vol.  Fire  Prevention 
and  Insurance.    Latest  booki  on  khflH  -ul» 
jects.     Also  one  12  Vol.  Complete  Engineer- 
ing Referente    Library,  *  Vol.   C 
Agriculture,  6  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Ad\- 
These  books  are  in    first  class  condition— 
I  «-d.      Bpecial  low  prices  for  quick 
sale.      Engineering    hand    IxHtks    < 
every  subject.     Let  me  know  your   wants. 
Can   make  prompt  shipment.     Address  C. 
II    W  .  ssumof    leilinnal  World  .Magazine, 
Chicago,  III. 


TYPEWRITERS 


LARGEST  STOCK  OF  TYPEWRITERS 
in  America.  All  makes.  Underwoods,  L. 
C.  Smiths.  Remingtons,  etc.  k  to  H  Mfrs. 
;  ,n,  less}— RENTED  ANYWHERE 
-APPLYIM.  KENT  ON  PRICE.  First 
class  machines  -  RENT  ONE  AND  JUDGE 
on  these  most  liberal  terms.  Write  for  Cat- 
alog 120.  Typewriter  Emporium  (Estab. 
P«2).  M-36  W.  Lake  St.,  Chicago. 

8AVE$25to$50  ON  MANUFACTURERS' 
prices.  Buy  our  Factory  Rebuilt  Type- 
writers. Nearest -to- new  on  the  market. 
Have  trademark  and  guarantee  like  new 
machines.  Are  thoroughly  rebuilt,  highly 
polished,  and  perfect  in  appearance.  Satis- 
faction guaranteed.  We  are  the  largest 
rebuilt  typewriter  oraujaCB  in  the  world. 
Branch  stores  in  leading  cities.  Write  for 
catalog  of  standard  makes.  American  Writ- 
ing Machine  Co..  Inc..  345  Broadway.  N.  Y. 

THIS  MONTH  -100  No.  3  Oliver  Visible 
Typewriters  at  a  sensational  price.  Terms, 
S3  a  month— 5  days  Free  Trial— completely 
equipped.  Guaranteed  same  as  if  regular 
catalog  price  were  paid.  United  States 
Typewriter  Exchange,  Dept.  166,  Federal 
Life  Bldg..  Chicago. 


SAVE  66%  TO  86%  of  manufacturers' 
prices  on  typewriters.  All  makes.  Under- 
woods. Olivers,  Remingtons,  etc.  Guar- 
anteed 2  years.  5U0  typewriters.  $10.00  to 
Sla.OO.  Send  for  catalogue.  Universal 
Typewriter  Distributors,  6H02-D  Bishop 
SI  ,  Chi,  ago.  111. 


TYPEWRITER  for  85.00,  Standard  make, 
other  bargains  if  taken  quickly.  Write  for 
further  particulars.  Rebuilt  machines 
guaranteed.  Supplies  at  lowest  rates. 
Standard  Typewriter  Exchange,  31  Park 
Row,  N.  Y. 


Ag 


There's  Money  in 
ricultural  Blasting 


WE  TEACH  YOU  FREE 
Our  extensive  national  advertising  yields  thousands  of  inquiries  > 
from  tanners,  orchardists,  etc,  who  need  blasters  to  clear  land,  ( 
blast  ditches,  holes  for  tree  planting,  tight  subsoils,  etc.     More 
than  twenty  million  pounds  of  agricultural  dynamite  used  in  j 
1913.     We  refer  all  inquirers  to  nearest  blaster,  supply  free 
advertising  matter  and  help  you  get  the   business.       We 
want  to  start   in  this   independent   business,  reliable 

men  who  have  $200  capital  for  tools,  magazine,  and  running  expenses. 
Write  for  free  booklet  No.  247  B. 

Agricultural  Division,  Du  Pont  Powder  Company,  Wilmington,  Del. 


J 


IT  COSTS  BUT  %  OF  A  CENT  PER  DAY  FOR  PROTECTION 

with  this  "RED  DEVIL"  Bonded  Plier.  We  guarantee  it  for  TWO  YEARS 
hard  service  and  you  get  our  written  bond  on  it  too.  If  this  plier  should  go 
wrong:  for  any  reason  we  will  replace  it  free  of  charge.  Aak  your  dealer  for 
"RED  DEVIL"  No.  1650-8*  Bonded  Plier.  If  he  hasn't  it  send  us  $1.75  for 
one  only  sample  pair,  but  try  your  dealer  first. 


SMITH  &  HEMENWAY  CO. 


'Red  Devil"  2  Year  Plier 


1 52  Chambers  St. 
NEW  YORK.  U.  S.  A. 


Double  Your  Income  savings 


The  rapid  development  of  Wyoming  makes  It 
■afbfor  uh  to  pay  t%  bao— ■  Wyoming  legal 
Int.  rate  Is  %% to  18%.  Our  *trlnj:ent  banking 
law*  rive  yon  the  name  protection  you  get  at 
home.  Whvtiow intent  with  8%  to  4*^  when  we 
wllltay  toii«%.  K*-*o«rr««  over  tlOO.  000.  Write 
today  r«-.KK.kW.       i3  pioneer  St..  Basin.  Wyo. 


JS.'SE SAVINGS  BANK 


FREE  BOOK  ON  MOTORING 


OF TEACHING 
BY  MAIL 


CHARI5.MA#(tWM5,ETC? 


Explains  how  we  can  start  TOC  in  th? 
Auto  Business  as  Repairman,  Chauffeur, 
Salesman  or  Auto  I-xpert  with  DYKE'S 
NEW  IDEA  WORKING  MODEL  SYSTEM 
of  teaching  by  mail  and  our  New  Idea 
EMPLOYMENT  PLlU.  Let  us  tell  you 
the  names  of  some  ol  our  students  and 
the  sa1ari<*s  they  are  drawing  today— 
Don't  miss  it  -  IBB  FOR  BOOKLET  SOW. 


more  than  you  are  making;. 

DYKES  SCHOOL  OF  MOTORING.  Boi  5.  Km  Bid,..  ST.  LOUIS.  M0. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


152 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


ROCKWOC 

Paper 
frictions 


D 


Insures  Greater 
Efficiency 

Than  can  be  obtained  with  toothed 
gears  alone.  In  modern  machinery, 
Friction  Transmission  has  a  wide  range  of 
use — high  speeds  with  great  flexibility, 
perfect  control,  sudden  or  gradual  starts, 
quick  stops,  forward  or  reverse,  and  with- 
out noise  or  liability  of  breakage. 

Rockwood  Paper  Frictions  are  the 
acknowledged  standard.  Made  to  fit 
your  specifications. 

Our  booklet.  "Friction  Transmission,  "tfives 
data  and  formulae  invaluable  to  the  de- 
signer. Sent  Free  on  Request  to  those  who 
state  occupation  and  firm  connected  with. 

The  Rockwood  Mfg.  Co. 

1903  English  Avenue 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  U.  S.  A. 


Quick  Drilling 

Where  You  Want  It 

-by  Electricity 


Saves  time 
and  labor. 
It  doubles 
efficiency. 


Handiest  device  ever 
*  known  for  drilling,  tapping:,  grlnd- 
i  ingr  valves,  sharpening:  tools,  etc.— 

quickly  and  easily.    Does  away  with 

tiring:  hand  work. 


Electric  Portable  Drill 


Weighs  only  11  pounds     Perfect  balance  between 
l  handles  makes    it   seem  doubly  ligrht  and  free  to 
place  and  hold.    Has  famous  Tetneo  motor.    Con- 
nect with  any  lamp  socket  (A.  C.  or  D.  C.) 
I  Costs  only  1  cent  pet  hour  to  run.    Reverses  in- 
i  stantly  on  full  speed.    Changres  tap  to  drill  in  one 
minute.  Has  multitude  of  uses.  Saves  cost  quickly 
1  in  time  and  hard  work.  Guaranteed  rot  to  burn  out. 

Ten  Days'  FREE  Trial 

I  Mall  postal  or  letter  quick— get  descriptive  CATA- 
LOG FREE.    Address 

The  Temco  Electric  Motor  Co. 

244Sugar  St.,  Leipsic,  Ohio 
Special  Designers  and  Mfrs.  of  1-30  tol-i  OH.  P.  Motors. 


Popular  Educational  Food  Campaign 

Eggs  in  wrong  combination  and  an  excess  of  starchy  (paste  making)  and  fatty  foods  make 
people  sluggish  and  cause  dull,  splitting  headaches,  lack  of  memory  and  concentration,  drowsiness 
and  inertia.  A  complete  change  to  "  digestible"  brainy  foods  (suitable  meat,  game,  fish  and  suitable 
dairy  foods,  combined  with  suitable  vegetables  and  fruits  according  to  the  new  brainy  food  plan)  pro- 
duces the  most  marked  improvements  in  a  few  weeks. 


Brainy  Diet 


A  thin  man,  after  being  out  of  work  nearly  a  year  through  weakness,  was 
restored  in  three  weeks  to  hard  work  as  a  carpenter  at  full  pay.  In  such  cases 
the  change  irora  wrong  combinations  of  foods,  an  excess  of  Btarchy,  cloggy, 
death  producing  foods  to  energizing  foods  causes  a  literal  transformation. 

Another  person,  deaf  in  the  right  ear,  owing  to  adlscharge  caused  by  an 
excess  ot  mucus  making  foods  (cream,  butter,  cheese,  etc.)  completely  elimi- 
nated t  he  catarrh  thereby  restoring  his  hearing  by  taking  correct  combina- 
tions of  Bui  table  foods. 

A  case  of  kidney  and  bladder  trouble  of  ten  years'  standing  was  saved 
from  a  surgical  operation,  and  the  objectionable  discharge  relieved  within  ten 
days,  because  the  loss  of  control  was  due  entirely  to  the  constant  irritation 
from  certain  irritating  foods  and  drinks. 

Prurigo  or  "Itch."  chronic,  beyond  the  remedies  of  doctors  and  skin 
specialists  completely  disappeared  within  three  months. 

A  chronic  sufferer,  weighing  415  pounds,  unable  to  exercise,  reduced  over 
150  pounds  (in  public  life,  under  many  witnesses),  gained  strength  and  firmer 
flesh,  and  lost  rheumatism. 

Over  100  similar  cases   certified    by    Official   Investigating  Committee 

During  nineteen  years  of  personal  experiments,  Ihave learned  to  produce  in  myself  rheumatism,  catarrh,  sore  throat* 
tonsilitis,  consttpat. on,  double  chin,  swollen  glands,  kidney  troubles*  shortness  of  breath*  rough  scaly  skin. 
dandruff,  sores,  boils,  pimples  with  white  pus,  blackheads,  rash,  and  other  symptoms  at  will  by  eating  of 
different  classes  of  foods  in  excess  for  several  davs  or  weeks  aocordingtothe  symptoms  desired.  AND  I  CAN  RESTORE  MYSELF  TO 
GOOD  HEALTH  IN  A  FEW  DAYS  BY  CORRECT  DIET.  The  foods  which  cause  expectoration,  catarrh,  cough,  constipation,  tumors, 
etc.,  are  specified  in  my  booklet  which  has  taught  many  to  cure  themselves. 

"The  New  Brainy  Diet  System  "  sent  for  10  cents.    Send  Addresses  of  Sick  Friends  to 

G.  H.  BRINKLER,  Food  Expert,     Dept.  17C,       Washington,  D.  C 


O.H.BRINKLER 

Food  Expert 


Tomatoes.  Lemons, 
some  fruits  are  sol- 
vents :  Green  Vegeta- 
bles are  laxatives;  etc. 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


153 


BIG  LAND  OPENING! 


76,000  Acres  of  Choice  Fruit  and  Agri- 
cultural Lands  Thrown  Open — Most 
Wonderful  Opportunity  for  Those  Who 
Are  "Land  Hungry"  Ever  Known  in 
the  History  of  Land  Openings — A  Propo- 
sition That  Will  Probably  Never  Again 
Be  Equaled! 


ACT  NOW— No  Chance  for  You  to 

Lose — Registrations  Accepted 

BY  MAIL 

If  you  are  Eligible  according  to  the  Classifica- 
tions given  below — and  if  you  are  weary  of  the 
drudgery  and  toil  of  a  small  wage  or  salary  or 
from  renting  someone  else's  land,  with  the  cost 
of  living  soaring  skyward — or  if  from  any  cause 
you  have  failed  to  realize  the  freedom  and  inde- 
pendence you  have  longed  for — why  don't  you 
send  in  your  Registration  for  this  great  Land 
Opening  NOW?  You  have  everything  that 
makes  life  worth  living  to  GAIN,  you  can't  pos- 
sibly lose. 

LISTEN!  Down  In  the  Missouri  Ozarks, 
about  4  hours'  ride  by  rail  southwest  of  St. 
Louis  (the  fourth  city  in  size  and  importance 
in  the  United  States)  there's  a  tract  of  76,000 
Acres  of  Fine  Agricultural  and  Fruit  Land  that 
has  been  thrown  open.  It's  all  high  land — 1,000 
above  sea  level — not  an  acre  of  swamp 
land  in  the  entire  tract.  Right  in  the  Missouri 
Ozark  Fruit  Belt.  Finest  kind  of  soil  too — 
mainly  a  rich,  sandy  loam,  varying  from  deep 
black  to  coffee  color.  It  is  a  soil  remarkably 
adapted  to  the  production  of  the  very  finest 
ruit,  both  in  quality  and  color.  Besides  grow- 
ing many  kinds  of  fruit  in  abundance,  adjacent 
lands  are  now  growing  as  high  as  75  bushels 
of  corn  per  acre,  fine  wheat,  oats,  alfalfa  and 
all  other  staple  crops.  The  climate  is  most 
healthful  and  invigorating — typhoid,  malaria 
and  ague  are  practically  unknown,  and  there  is 
an  abundance  of  exceptionally  fine  spring  water, 
and  besides — wells  sunk  to  a  depth  of  from  20 
to  100  feet  find  an  unfailing  supply  of  pure 
water.  Ponds  and  cisterns  are  easily  made  and 
an  ample  annual  rainfall  of  42  inches  keeps 
them  filled. 


Why     Has 


Development 
Delayed  ? 


B 


een 


A  natural  question — the  reason  is  also  a  nat- 
ural one — Previous  Lack  of  Railroad  Transpor- 
tation. We  NOW  have  a  railroad — The  .Mis- 
souri Southern  Railroad — runs  right  through 
the  76,000  Acres  and  about  70%  of  same  lies 
from  adjoining  to  within  3^  milee  of  the  Rail- 
road. So  now  the  next  step  is  to  get  the  people. 
No  doubt  you  remember  when  a  few  years  ago 
the  Northern  Pacific  (from  a  portion  of  their 
extensive  holdings)  gave  away  one  160  Acre 
Tract  out  of  every  640  Acres,  as  an  inducement 
to  settle  up  the  country.  Railroads  on  account 
of  having  a  money-making-after-consideration- 
in-view  can  easily  do  what  private  companies 
cannot  afford  to  do,  therefore,  to  accomplish  our 
purpose,  a  portion  of  our  Extensive  Holdings  is 
being  included  in  this  most  remarkable,  unusual 
and  liberal  Land  Opening,  the  like  of  which  we 
feel  quite  positive  will  never  again  be  equaled 
in  the  HISTORY  OF  THIS  COUNTRY,  the  dis- 
posing of  which  will,  of  course,  very  naturally 
increase  the  value  of  the  remaining  Acreage  to 
many  times  what  it  would  have  been  worth 
without  this  Opening  and  the  Settlers.  Then, 
BESIDES,  there's  our  NEW  Townsite  of  FRUIT 
CITY  which  we  have  recently  "Laid  Out," 
located  on  the  Missouri  Southern  Railroad  ad- 
joining the  big  3,000  Acre  Orchard.  There  will 
be  5,000  Business  and  Residence  Lots  in  Fruit 
City,  but  NONE  of  the  Lots  will  be  included  in 
this  Opening.  Fruit  City  has  a  great  future. 
There  is  no  doubt  in  our  minds  at  all  but  what 
it  will  reach  the  5,000  mark  in  less  than  twenty- 
four  months  after  the  Opening.  A  FULL 
BLOCK  upon  which  to  erect  the  Court  House 
will  be  set  aside;  and  since  five-sixths  of  the 
people  NOW  in  the  County  live  along  the  rail- 
road, we  should  experience  but  very  little  dif- 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


154 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


ficulty,  if  any,  in  moving  the  County  Seat  to 
Fruit  City  when  the  time  conies  to  vote,  as  the 
County  Seat  is  at  present  located  at  a  little 
inland  village  eight  miles  from  the  railroad 
with  a  population  of  300.  Well  then,  what 
does  all  this  mean  to  Fruit  City?  It  should 
mean  a  thriving,  prosperous  and  substantial  City 
of  several  thousand  within  a  very  short  time 
after  the  Opening  and  at  least  a  HALF  MIL- 
LION DOLLARS  NET  to  our  Association  from 
the  Sale  of  the  5,000  Lots.  Not  a  LOT  will  be 
offered  for  Sale  in  this  anticipated  future  Me- 
tropolis until  ON  and  AFTER  the  OPENING 
DAY. 

"These"  Circumstances  Make 
Possible   "Your"   Opportunity 

This  76,000  Acre  Tract  is  to  be  divided  into 
5,000  Farms  as  follows:  3,600,  10-Acre  Farms; 
1,200,  20-Acre  Farms;  100,  40-Acre  Farms;  50, 
80-Acre  Farms;  and  50,  160- Acre  Farms.  It 
does  not  follow,  however,  that  the  first  5,000 
Registrants  will  secure  the  5,000  Farms.  This 
Opening  will  be  conducted  in  a  manner  some- 
what unlike  the  method  which  has  prevailed  at 
Government  Land  Openings,  the  important  dif- 
ference being  as  follows:  When  the  Govern- 
ment conducts  a  Land  Opening,  the  NAME  of 
each  Registrant  (regardless  of  the  NUMBER  of 
Registrants)  is  included  in  the  Opening,  conse- 
quently there  are  always  considerably  more 
Registrants  than  there  are  Farms  to  be  dis- 
tributed. To  guard  against  disappointments  of 
this  nature,  we  have  made  the  following  pro- 
visions: The  Opening  will  include,  besides  the 
5,000  separate  Farms,  a  3,000-Acre  Orchard,  con- 
sisting of  2,500  Acres  of  Apples,  300  Acres  of 
Peaches  and  200  Acres  of  Grapes,  Now  being 
Developed,  Improved  and  Equipped,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  about  Four  Hundred  and  Fifty  Thou- 
sand Dollars.  It  will  be  one  of  the  largest, 
and  most  highly  developed  and  finest  equipped 
Orchards  in  the  world.  It  is  being  equipped 
with  40  Tenement  Houses;.  1  Winery,  including 
all  necessary  Presses,  Tuns,  Cellars  and  Build- 
ings; 1  Complete  Vinegar  Plant,  including  all 
up-to-date  Equipment,  Electrical  and  otherwise; 
1  Complete  Cider  Mill  Plant,  including  Storage 
Tanks  and  all  up-to-date  equipment,  Electrical 
and  otherwise;  1  Complete  Canning  Factory 
and  Buildings,  including  all  up-to-date  Equip- 
ment, Electrical  and  otherwise;  2  Evaporating 
Houses;  2  Fruit  Packing  Sheds;  40  Fruit 
Spraying  Outfits;  1  Large  Cold  Storage  Plant; 
1  Large  Cool  Storage  Warehouse;  1  Large 
Hotel;  5  Large  Barns;  100  Head  of  Mules  and 
Harness;  50  Farm  Wagons;  50  Turning  Plows; 
50  Cultivators;  50  Double  Shovels;  50  No.  "A" 
Harrows  and  a  number  of  Sprouting  Hooks, 
Pruning  Knives,  Saws,  Axes  and  a  lot  of  other 
miscellaneous  Equipment  sufficient  to  thor- 
oughly equip  an  Orchard  of  this  magnitude. 

Now  every  person  whose  Registration  is  ac- 
cepted for  this  Land  Opening  will  secure  either 
a  Farm  or  100  Shares  of  Orchard  Stock  but  no 
Registration  will  be  accepted  unless  the  Reg- 
istrant pays  the  small  Registration  Fee  of  ?15; 
this  entitles  him  to  one  Contract  and  a   Full- 


Paid-Up  Certificate  and  he  will  be  sure  to 
receive  at  the  Opening  (without  having  to  pay 
us  any  more  than  the  $15)  one  of  the  5,000 
Tracts  of  Land  or  100  Shares  of  Stock  in  the 
3,000-Acre  Orchard.  Remember,  that  the  Ab- 
stracts are  held  in  Trust  by  the  OLD  COLONY 
TRUST  &  SAVINGS  BANK,  of  Chicago,  111., 
and  that  they  CERTIFY  every  Full-Paid-Up 
Certificate  that  goes  out  to  each  Registrant. 
The  Deed  and  Abstracts  will  be  turned  over 
by  the  BANK  on  Day  of  Opening  and  will  show 
the  76,000  Acres  FREE  of  ALL  incumbrances. 

You  will  be  given  a  Warranty  Deed  and  Ab- 
stract to  the  Land,  which  means  that  you  will 
be  the  sole  and  undisputed  possessor  of  that 
particular  Tract  of  Land.  No  additional  cost 
will  be  made  for  the  preparation  of  Deed  and 
Abstract.  Moreover,  while  we  are  very  anx- 
ious to  have  everyone  who  gets  a  Farm  move 
on  to  it,  you  are  under  no  obligations  to  do  so. 
You  don't  have  to  live  on  it,  improve  it,  or  do 
anything  with  it  unless  you  want  to.  If  you  get 
100  Shares  of  Orchard  Stock  there  will  be  no 
further  assessments,  because  the  Stock  is  Fully 
Paid  and  Non-Assessable.  You  will  simply  own 
100  Shares  of  Stock  in  what  promises  to  be  the 
most  complete,  best  equipped  and  biggest  pay- 
ing Fruit  and  Orchard  Enterprise  this  country 
has  ever  seen.  However,  each  Unit  included 
in  the  Opening  will  be  of  as  nearly  equal  value 
as  humanly  possible. 

Opening    To   Be    at    Fruit    City — 
You  Don't  Have  To  Attend 

The  Opening  will  be  held  at  Fruit  City  and 
will  occur  as  soon  after  the  closing  of  Regis- 
trations as  arrangements  can  be  made.  The 
date  of  same  will  be  announced  at  least  30 
days  in  advance,  and  Plots  of  the  Land  and 
Orchard  will  be  mailed  to  each  accepted  Reg- 
istrant. From  the  way  Registrations  are  now 
coming  in  the  DATE  of  the  Opening  cannot  be 
far  distant.  You  do  not  have  to  be  on  the 
ground  on  Opening  Day  or  send  anyone  to  rep- 
resent you  unless  you  want  to,  for  there  will 
not  be  the  slightest  favoritism  shown  to  anyone. 
ALL,  rich  and  poor  alike,  have  an  equal  oppor- 
tunity. You  will  immediately  after  the  Open- 
ing, be  notified  as  to  just  what  Tract  or  Interest 
you  have  secured,  but  you  NOW  KNOW  in 
advance  that  it  will  be  either  a  160,  80,  40,  20 
or  10-Acre  Farm,  or  100  Shares  of  Orchard 
Stock — No  blanks — No  disappointments. 

You  Can  Register  By  Mail  Now  And  Get  Your 
Money  Back  Any  Time  Within  30  Days  If  After 
Fuller  Investigation  You  Wish  To  Withdraw. 

It  can  be  very  safely  predicted,  comparing 
this  Land  Opening  with  those  of  the  past,  that 
there  will  be  far  more  Registrations  than  there 
will  be  Contracts  for;  therefore,  we  would  ad- 
vise that  you  send  in  your  Registration  NOW, 
if  you  are  Eligible,  or  else  you  are  liable  to  be 
TOO  LATE,  for  there  will  be  but  ONE  Registra- 
tion accepted  for  each  Contract  included  in  the 
Opening  and  no  more,  and  the  BANK  will 
Certify  only  ONE  Full-Paid-Up  Certificate  for 
each  Contract  included  in  the  Opening  and 
no  more.  This  being  the  case,  and  Registrations 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE  155 

now  being  received  by  the  hundreds,  it  will  all  you  need  to  do  is  to  notify  us  to  that  effect 
behoove  you  to  reach  our  Committee  with  any  time  within  30  days  after  sending  in  your 
your  Registration  before  the  Contracts  are  Remittance  and  we  will  promptly  refund  every 
all  gone — When  all  have  been  spoken  for  there  penny  of  the  money  sent  us. 
will  be  no  more  available,  consequently  we  shall  Make  your  Remittance  direct  to  The  Rail- 
be  forced  to  REJECT  all  EXCESS  Registrations  roads  Unimproved  Land  Association,  In  Care 
and  return  the  Registrant's  Money.  You  can  Of  Registration  Committee,  using  the  Registra- 
pay  the  $15.00  all  in  cash  or  at  the  rate  of  tion  Coupon  to  your  LEFT  for  that  purpose. 
$3.00  per  month.  There  is  only  one  way  for  All  Remittances  will  be  duly  acknowledged  and 
you  to  make  sure  that  your  Registration  will  Receipts  covering  same  promptly  mailed  as  out- 
reach us  in  time  and  that  is  by  sending  in  your  lined  and  GUARANTEED  in  our  Registration 
Remittance   (either  the  entire  $15  or  the  first  Coupon. 

installment  of  $3)  at  once.    We  will  then  send  Respectfully, 
you   full    descriptive    literature   explaining   the 

"Big  Opening"  in  detail  and  you  can  take  your  T|,e    Railroads    Unimproved    Land   AsSH. 

own   time   to   investigate.     If  after  a   thorough  r 

investigation  you  desire  to  forfeit  your  Contract,  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

! n 

REGISTRATION  COUPON 

ACT    NOW!       REGISTRATIONS    ACCEPTED    BY     MAIL.      THE    FOLLOWING    ARE 

ELIGIBLE  AND  CAN   REGISTER. 

1.  Any  Man  or  Woman   (married  or  single)  over'  21  years  of  age,  who  does  not  now 
own  over  40  Acres  of  Land. 

2.  Any  Widow,  regardless  of  age,  who  does  not  now  own  over  40  Acres  of  Land. 

3.  Any  Orphan,  over  15  years  of  age,  who  does  not  now  own  over  40  Acres  of  Land. 
THE   RAILROADS  UNIMPROVED  LAND  ASSOCIATION 

In  Care  of  REGISTRATION  COMMITTEE 
14th  Floor,  Great  Northern  Building,  Chicago,  III. 

Gentlemen: — I  find  from  your  Classifications  that  I  am  Eligible  to  Register  in  your 
"Big  Land  Opening,"  therefore  you  will  find  herewith  enclosed  this  Registration  Coupon 

properly  filled  out,  accompanied  by  a  Remittance  of  $ If  my  Registration 

is  accepted  please  send  me  a  Receipt  covering  the  amount  of  my  Remittance,  which  will 
guarantee  that  immediately  upon  the  payment  of  my  Registration  Fee  of  $15.00  in  full, 
I  will  be  entitled  to  One  Contract  and  will  RECEIVE  a  Full-Paid-Up  Certificate,  Certified 
by  the  Old  Colony  Trust  &  Savings  Bank,  of  Chicago,  Illinois.  The  said  Full-Paid-Up 
Certificate  is  to  and  will  further  guarantee  that  I  will  not  be  required  to  pay  you  one 
penny  more  than  my  Registration  Pee  of  $15.00  either  before  or  after  the  Opening — and 
that  I  WILL  BE  SURE  TO  RECEIVE  at  the  Opening— without  having  to  pay  you  one 
penny  more  than  the  $15.00,  either  a  10,  20,  40,  80  or  160  Acre  Tract  of  Land,  out  of  the 
described  76,000  Acres,  or  100  Shares  of  Fully  Paid  and  Non-Assessable  Orchard  Stock, 
in  the  described  3000  Acre  Orchard— and  that  the  FIFTEEN  DOLLARS  ALSO  IN- 
CLUDES the  preparing  of  the  Deed  and  Abstract,  if  I  get  a  Tract  of  Land,  or  the 
Preparing  of  the  Stock  Certificate,  if  I  get  100  Shares  of  Stock. 

It  is  further  understood  and  agreed,  that  if  after  a  thorough  investigation  of  this 
Proposition,  it  does  not  appeal  to  me  as  being  desirable,  or  if  for  any  reason  I  wish  to 
withdraw  my  Registration,  I  have  the  privilege  of  notifying  you  to  that  effect  any  time 
within  30  days  after  date  of  mailing  this  Registration  Coupon  and  you  will  promptly 
refund  the  full  amount  I  have  remitted.  It  is  further  agreed  that  in  the  event  my 
Registration  is  Rejected,  you  will  immediately  refund  the  full  amount  I  have  remitted. 

Name City 

State Street  or  R.  F.  1).  No 

Age Married  or  Single....'. Widow  or  Orphan 

Occupation Nationality 

Do  you  own  over  40  Acres  of  Land? (WRITE  PLAINLY) 

Have  you,  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge,  truthfully  answered  all  the  above  questions? 

Note: — This  Registration  Coupon  will  not  be  RECOGNIZED  unless  all  the  above 
questions  are  properly  filled  in.  Kvery  person  who  is  Eligible  can  Register  ONCE,  but 
ONLY  ONCE  and  NO  MORE. 


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156 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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About  the  Magazines 

Pictorial  Review  is  a  large  magazine 
of  ninety  or  more  pages,  profusely 
illustrated  throughout.  Its  Fashion 
pages  are  justly  famous  —  in  fact 
they  lead  the  world  in  the  showing 
of  newest  styles.  Its  Fiction,  its 
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The  Ladies'  World  is  particularly  valuable  to  the  home 
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Modern  Priscilla  is  recognized  as  the  leading 
Fancy  Work  Magazine  in  America.  It  is  today  the 
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Technical   World   Magazine  — A    Popular 
Monthly,  profusely  illustrated,  telling  in  a 
simple  and  interesting  way  of  the  discover- 
ies of  scientists,  the  achievements  of  in- 
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plorers, and  the  opening  of  every  field  of 
human  endeavor.    Makes  real  achieve- 
ments, real  events,  interesting.    Shows 
that  the  greatest  romance  in  the 
World  is  the  story  of  man's  cease- 
less fight  to  conquer  and  use  the 
myriad  forces  of  nature. 

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Kaiser ine  Augusta  Victoria:  —  Delicate 
creamy  white.  Buds  are  elegant,  long 
and  pointed;  flowers  full  and  double; 
very  fragrant.  One  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  roses  for  open  ground 
culture,  being  perfectly  hardy. 

Mrs.  B.  H.  Cant:  —  A  beautiful  rose  of 
splendid  habit  of  growth,  being  very 
strong  and  free  blooming,  bearing 
large  double  flowers  of  a  beautiful 
carmine  red.  Valuable  for  outdoor 
culture. 

Pearl  Des  Jardine  (Pearl  of  the  Garden):— 
Rich  golden-yellow.  Often  sold  in  cut  flower 
stores  for  "Marechal  Niel"  so  close  is  the  re- 
semblance. Buds  of  immense  size;  flowers 
globular  and  very  fragrant.  Dark,  thick, 
shiny  foliage. 

Wellesley:  —  Clear  rose-pink,  reverse  of 
petals  silvery  rose.  A  vigorous  grower  and  free 
bloomer,  with  extra  large  double  flowers. 

Pink  Maman  Cochel  (The  Queen  of  all  Pink  Garden 
Roses): — Such  beauty  and  exquisite  form  as  is  pos- 
sessed by  this  variety  is  well  nigh  marvelous.    The 
buds  are  beautiful,  large,  full  and  Arm  and  ele- 
gantly pointed;  as  they  expand  they  show  great 
depth  and  richness,  sometimes  measuring  two  and 
one-half  inches  from  base  to  tip.    Perfectly  hardy  in 
sections  of  the  country.    The  color  is  clear,  rich  pink, 
changing  to  silvery  rose. 

CLIMBERS 

Lady  Godiva:  —  A  new  climbing  rose.      This 
rose  is  similar  in  habit  of  growth  to  the 
Crimson  Rambler.     Blooming  in  immense 
clusters  it  is  a  beautiful  sight.    Its  color 
is  most  pleasing,  being  a  pale  flesh,  the 
lightest  of  all  the  pink  ramblers.    The 
individual  flowers  are  very  large,  born  in 
great  clusters.    A  very  rapid  and  free 
branching  rose;  hardy  as  an   oak, 
deserving  a  place  in  every  garden. 
Tansendschon  (Thousand  Beau- 
ties):— The  most  sensational  climb- 
ing rose  yet  introduced,  blooming 
profusely  from  the  beginning  of  June 
until  the  last  of  July,  the  double  flowers 
appear  in  large  clusters.    The  color  runs 
from   delicate   balsam   or  tender    rose 
through  the  intermediate  shades  of  bright 
rose  and  carmine,  with  white  and  yellow 
tints  showing.     There  is  no  other  rose  in 
cultivation  like  it.    It  is  a  strong  grower,  with 
but  few  thorns  and  absolutely  hardy. 

oriSTti"  Technical  World  Magazine 

58th  St.  and  Drezel  Blvd.,  Chicago.  111. 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


157 


2c  a  Week  Pays  Wash  Bill! 

Electricity  or  Water-Power  Does  the  Work 


Just  a** Twist  of  the  Wrist"  Starts  or  Stops  the  Mach 

The  1900  Motor  Washers  are  now  at  work  in  thousands  of  homes.  They  are  doing 
the  work  formerly  done  by  women,  at  a  cost  of  2c  a  week  for  power!  Saving  thou- 
sands upon  thousands  of  dollars  in  wash  bills.  Saving  worlds  of  wash-day  troubles. 
Leaving  the  women  free  to  do  other  work  while  the  machines  are  doing  the  washing, 

The  1900  Motor  Washer 

Washes  a  Tubful  in  Six  Minutes! 

Handles  Heavy  Blankets  or  Dainty  Laces 

The  outfit  consists  of  the  famous  1900  Washer 
with  either  Electric  Motor  or  Water  Motor. 
Yon  turn  on  the  power  as  easily  as  you  turn 
on  the  light,  and  back  and  forth  goes  the  tub, 
washing  the  clothes  for  dear  life.  Then,  turn 
Ja  lever,  and  the  washerdoes  the  wringing.  All 
so  simple  and  easy  that  It  is  mere  child's  play. 

A  Self- Working  Wringer  Free 
With  Every  Washer!  i 


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Doing  the  wringing  with 
1900  Electric  Motor  Washer 


he  motor  runs 
.  aahor  and 
Wringer.  Wo  guarantee  the  perft'etworkinaof  both. 
No  extra  charge  for  Wringer,  which  is  one  of  the 
finest  made.  Write  for  FREE  BOOK  and  30  Days*  I  KI  IK  1  Kl  VI.  OFFERI 
Don't  doubtf  Don't  say  it  can't  be  done.  The  freo  book  prove**  that  it  can.  But  we 
do  not  ask  yon  to  take  our  word  for  it.  We  offer  to  send  a  1X0  Motor  Washer  on  abso- 
"ute  ln'i1  Trial  for  an  entire  month  to  any  responsible  person.  Mot  a  cent  of  secur- 
ity— nor  a  promise  to  buy.  Just  your  word  that  yon  will  give  it  a  test.  We  even  agree 
to  pay  the  frelsbt,  and  will  take  It  back  If  it  fails  to  do  all  woclaim  for  it.  A  postal 
card  with  your  name  and  address  sent  to  us  today  will  brine;  you  the  book  freo  by .re- 
turn mall.  All  correspondence  should  be  addressed  to  1900  WASFIKU  CO.,  61  IS 
Court  si..  DingJiumton,  N.  Y.  Or,  if  you  live  in  Canada,  write  to  the  Canadian 
Washer  Co.,355Vonge  St..  Toronto,  Canada.  <23) 


Any  Kind 
cf  a  Job 


No.  166.    Screw  Cutting;  Attachment 


Good  ell-  Pratt  Company, 

Greenfield,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 


You  can  do  any  kind  of  a  job 
on  our 

No.  125  Bench  Lathe 

by  using  one  of  the  attachments 
which  we  manufacture  or  which 
you  can  make  yourself. 

If  you  have  no  power  in  your 
shop,  we  make  a  very  easy  run- 
9  ning  foot  power  table  for  it. 

5  Write  for  "Lathe  Talk" 


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158 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


BUY  SCIENCE  APPARATUS 
rr-  Direct  From  Factory  — j 

Yon  save  money  by  buying  Chapco  Tested  and 
Guaranteed  Laboratory  Apparatus  as  we  sell  direct 
from  factory  to  school  thus  you  escape  all  the  heavy 
overhead  charges  and  selling  expenses  of  those 
who  sell  through  travelers.  Write  for  FltEE 
copy  of  latest  Chapco  Purchase  Guide  So.  11 
and  state  your  school  connection*  (1) 

Chicago  Apparatus  Co.  53  s.  Clinton  St.  Chicago 


Time  to 
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Boat 


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builders'  price.  Satisfaction  guaranteed  or  your  money  back.  Only 
J33.00  for  complete  lcn<»ck-down  frame  of  23-foot  Motor  Boat, — 
12  passengers —  speed  9%  to  14  miles  an  hour.  This  includes  full- 
sized  patterns  to  finish  by. 

Write  for  Brooks  Boat  Book 

illustrating  row  boats,  canoes,  sail  and  motor  boats  that  you  can 
build.    Also  shows  new  "V"  bottom.    Address 

BROOKS  MFG.  CO.,  8603  Ruit  Avenue,  Saginaw,  Mich. 


Ten  Days' Free  Trial 

allowed  on  every  bicycle  we  sell.  We  Ship  on  Approval 

and  trial  to  anyone  In  the  U.  S.  and  prepay  the  freight. 
If  you  are  not  satisfied  with  the  bicycle  after  using  It 
ten  days,  ship  it  back  and  don't  pay  a  cent. 

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at  any  price  until  you  receive  our  latest  Art  Catalog* 
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I  Ulltl  WW  lw  everything  will  be  sent  you 
FREE  by  return  mail.  You  will  get  much  valuable 
Information.     Do  Not  Wait;  write  it  NOW! 

TIRES,    Coaster-Brake,    rear   wheels,    lamps. 
pnT^o.  rcpnirsand  sundries  of  all  kinds  at  half  usual  prices 

MEAD  CYCLE  CO.        Dept.  B-29     CHICAGO 


mene  collar^ 


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land   whether   you  want   high   or   low 

I  REVERSIBLE  COLLAR  CO. 

[  Dept.  W  Boston,  Mass.  I 


Work  Your  Way  Through  College 

I  have  apian  whereby  you  can  pay  all  expenses  and  still  have  the 
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my  plan  means  work  on  your  part,  but  it  is  dignified  work,  pleasant 
work,  and  very  profitable.  It  is  work  that  such  men  as  the  Emparor 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


159 


When  You  Ink  Your  Drawings 

why  be  satisfied  with  a  pen  that  has  to  be  refilled  constantly,  with 
a  waste  of  time  and  effort  ?  No  reason  why  you  should,  since 
you  can  get  a  successful  fountain  pen  for  drafting — something  you 
surely  have  wanted  for  a  long  time. 

Smith's  Fountain  Drawing  Pen 

is  a  positive  success.  It  saves  time  and  ink,  and  enables  you  to  concentrate  on  your 
work  without  wasting  time  in  getting  ready.  The  reservoir  is  self-jilling — has  a 
generous  capacity  (about  1000  ft.  of  line  at  one  filling),  and  best  of  all,  the  ink  will  flow 
at  exactly  the  rate  you  want,  without  clogging  up  the  feed  tube.  When  the  nibs 
need  cleaning,  a  quick-opening  device  makes  it  easy. 

The  price  is  only  $5.00  (leather  sheath  seventy-five  cents  extra).     This  pen 
will  pay  for  itself  many  times  over  in  greater  efficiency  and  saving  of  time. 

Write  for  descriptive  circular 


Drawing   Materials 

Mathematical  and 

Surveying 

Instruments 

Measuring  Tapes 


KEUFFEL  &  ESSER  CO. 


NEW  YORK 

12T  FULTON  ST. 


GENERAL  OFFICE  AND    FACTORIES 

HOBOKEN,  N.J. 


CHICAGO 

ST.  LOUIS 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

MONTREAL 


For  Liquor  and  Drug  Users 

A  scientific  treatment  which  has  cured  half  a  million 
in  the  past  thirty-four  years,  and  the  one  treatment 
which  has  stood  the  severe  test  of  time.  Administered 
by  medical  experts,  at  the  Keeley  Institutes  only.  For 
full  particulars  write 

To  the  Following  Keeley  Institutes: 


HirTntt.LT Hun.  Ala.  Marina,  [ad. 

Hot   -print..  Ark.  PUiatVld.  lad. 

Lm  AnrH--..  Calif..  Mar>n-Stronr  Hide-  Crab  Orrhard,  By. 

*»n  frueiaeat  Calif.,  Donfc-la*  Hide.  PortJaad,  Mala*. 

Atlanta.  (••.  (ir"n.Un..   >.  (  . 

Dwifbt.   III.  Colaasbua,  Ohio 


Oklahoma  City,  Okla..  91N  ft  Stilt*  St. 
IMiiUdrlphia.  IV,  hi:!  R.  Broad  St. 
PilUhurc,  IV,  A2IO  Firth  Am. 
Columbia,  &  C 

Ira ILi*.  Tm». 

Hall  l.*kr  ,  ilT,  I  tab 


N*a«lT\  Waafc. 
Waukesha,  Wk 
winaip**.  Mam. 
liuatf  nala  ( ity, 
Pm-blw,  Mexico 
London.  England 


The  first  cost  of  a  MuIIina  Boat  the  last  cost.  .  Outside  of  painting,  they  eost  nothing  to  keep 
in  commission-Never  need  new  ribs-Never  need  new  planks-Never  need  calking.  Design- 


ed  by  Expert  Naval  Architects.  <.aara*t~d  Ahaolni*!*  Ar.in.i  panfUir*- Built  of  heavily  gal- 
vanized, tough  steel  plates  like  Government  Torpedo  Boats-Fitted  with  air-tight 
compartments  hke  Life  Boats.  Equipped  with  Sterling  -1  Cycle  and  Pierce- 
Budd    and    Krro    2   Cycle    Motore-Never  stall-Never   balk-Exhaust    silently 


MULLINS  STEEL  BOATS  CAN'T  SINK 


W^M 


,  -J    ander  wntcr-ForSafety-SpeetW^orafortand  Enjoyment  there's  nothing  can  equal  i 
|W.M»llit>«  Iton*.    Bend   t    r  beautiful  book  illustrated  in    rolor-lt'a  Fr**. 

THr,  W.  ||.  MILLING  (o.      The  World'a  Largr-t  Bo»l  Hulldon.       88(1  r ranklln  Htr*>«t,  Salem,  Ohlo^ 

■^W.JM'Hi>.iiia,r.i:M.i,fcy:rv-r.7.T.i.i.t>n^raf. 


BIG 


COMMISSIONS 
FOR    AGENTS 


Technical  World  Magazine  pays  liberally  for 
new  subscriptions.  Its  inducements  are  most 
attractive.  Write  to-day  for  full  particulars  of  our 
terms  to  agents. 


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160 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


'New  Idea  in  Watches 

The  masterpiece  of  watch  manufacture — the  Burlington  Special— 19 Jewels, 
adjusted  to  the  second — adjusted  to  positions — adjusted  to  temperatures— 
adjusted  to  isochronism.     Open  face  or  hunting  case,   ladies''   or  gentlemen's. 


Special 
Burlington  Offer  I 

The  Superb  Burlington  Watch 
now  at  the  direct  rock- bottom 
price  —  the  same  price  that  even  the 
wholesale  jeweler  must  pay — and  in 
order  to  encourage  everybody  to  se- 
cure this  watch  at  once,  pay  this  rock- 
bottom  price,  either  for  cash  or  $2. 50 
a  month  on  this  great  special  offer! 
We  send  the  watch  on  approval,  pre- 
paid. You  risk  absolutely  nothing — you  pay 
nothing,  not  one  cent,  unless  you  want  this 
exceptional  offer  after  seeing  and  thoroughly 
inspecting  the  watch.  Read  the  coupon  below. 
D 

New  Book  on  Watches! 
Send  Free  Coupon 


New  Ideas 
In  Watch  Cases! 

Newest  Ideas:  Inlay  Enamel  Mono* 
grams.  Block  and  Ribbon  Mono- 
grams, Diamond  Set,  Lodge,  French 
Art  and  Dragon  Designs,  Etc.,  Etc. 

Open  face  or  hunting  case,  ladies' 
or  gentlemen's  12  and  16  sizes. 


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i  the  inside  facts  about  watch  prices, 

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Burlington  Watch  Co.       %   a  letter  or  a  postal.    Get  this 

19th  St.  and  Marshall  Blvd.    '%.  offer  while  it  lasts. 

Dept  1233  Chicago,  111.      *^  Burlington  Watch  Co. 

Please  send  me  (without  obligation  and  *%.     19th  Street  and 

prepaid)  your  free  book  on  watches  and  a  copy»»^     Marshall  Blvd. 
of  your$l,OOCchallenKe,withiullexplanatlonofyor~*k 
cash  or  $2.00  a  month  offer  on  the  Burlington  Watch>^ 


Chicago 
-%.,      Dept 


1233 


Name.. 


Imagine  a  beautiful  hunting  case  with 
your  own  monogram  on  one  side  and 
the  emblem  of  your  lodge  or  any  other 
emblem  on  the  other  side.  Our  catalog 
shows  complete  illustrations. 

The  Movement! 

For  the  purpose  of  this  sweeping  direct 
offer  the  Burlington  Watch  Company  selected 
its  finest  and  highest  grade  watch.  The  19 
imported  ruby  and  sapphire  jewels  represent 
maximum  time  keeping  efficiency.  The  fact 
that  19  jewels  gives  the  maximum,  being 
known  to  every  posted  railroad  man. 

Needless  to  add  that,  after  having  engaged 
the  highest  grade  of  workmen  from  Europe,  the 
makers  of  the  watch  didn't  shun  the  comparative 
minor  expense  of  getting  the  very  best  material 
for  the  best  watch. 

Adjusted  to  temperature  and  adjusted  to 
isochronism  and  adjusted  to  positions — the  Bur- 
lington watch  is  subjected  to  the  most  rigid  tests 
—tests  Uiat  require  months  after  the  watch  is  com- 
pleted. Then  after  being  fitted  at  the  factory  into 
Its  proper  case,  every  Burlington  watch  is  retimed 
80  as  to  meet  the  ultimate  standard  of  quality. 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


161 


Nowls  theTime  for  You  to  Decide 


29  quarto  volumes:  1,000  pages  I 
each:    44,000.000    words:    400  | 
plates :  7,000  other  Illustrations ; 
300  maps.     Occupying  a  cubic  I 
space  of  only  2  ft. 


58,000  men  and  women  in  all  walks  of  life,  and  in  the  most 
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It  Cannot  Take  You  Ten  Minutes  to  Decide,  Once  for  All, 
Whether  You  Intend  to  Purchase  Now  or  Later 

The  longer  you  postpone  that  decision,  the  more  likely  you  are  to 
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THE  NEW=^ 

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or  more,  according  to  binding,  and  with  the  privilege  of  paying  for  it  in  monthly  installments  as 
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public  is  to  be  terminated  in  America  on  May  28,  the  price  raised  $29  to  $50  per  set,  the  monthly 
payment  system  abolished,   and  the  work  thereafter  to  be  sold  only  through  agents  and  booksellers  and 

FOR  CASH. 

WHY  THE  PRICE  IS  TO  BE  RAISED 

THE  purpose  of  the  early  sale,  limited  to  a  definite  period,  at  a  low  price  (40%   less  per  volume  than  that 
at  which  previous  new  editions  had  been  issued),  and  for  small  monthly  payments,  was  to  bring  a  great 
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Such  a  sale  admits  of  great  economies  of  manufacture,  through  production  on  a  large  scale;  provides  the 
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Technical  World  Magazine 


Contents  for  April,  1914 


Cover  Design Fred  Stearns 

The  Bloody  Lash  Versus  Reform Bailey  Millard 

Delaware  is  one  of  our  oldest  and  smallest  States  but  instead  of 

handling  her  criminals  by  humane,  up-to-date  methods,  she  lashes 

them  at  the  whipping  post,  sometimes  to  the  verge  of  unconsciousness. 

New  Jersey,  her  neighbor,  stands  in  startling  contrast 168 

The  Truth  About  Tobacco F.  C.  Walsh,  M.  D. 

For  some  reason  or  other  you  smoke  and  I  don't,  or  else  I  smoke  and 
you  don' t.  Well,  as  a  result  are  you  a  better  man  than  I  or  vice 
versa?     Science  tells  some  interesting  things  in  this  article 180 

Two  Ways  in  the  Alps — Photographs 186 

The  Man  for  the  Job — and  the  Woman H.  S.  Law 

Women  do  some  things  much  better  than  men  do,  but  the  opposite  is 
of  course  also  true.  The  manufacturer  or  the  office  manager  has 
a  real  problem  on  his  hands  in  making  the  decision,  but  there  are 
machines  and  new  ideas  which  are  assisting  him 187 

Do  the  Forests  Hold  Back  the  Floods  ?       ...    Benjamin  Brooks 

There  has  been  a  hue  and  cry  that  our  denuded  hills  and  mountain 
slopes  were  the  cause  of  foods  which  devastate  the  valleys.  It  has 
been  said  that  the  forests  hold  the  waters  back.  The  engineers  have 
been  looking  into  the  question  and  there  are  smiles  on  their  faces 198 

Behind  the  Madman's  Dreams Charles  F.  Oursler 

When  the  madman  dreams,  he  tells  the  watchful  doctor  a  tale  that 
may  mean  the  emancipation  of  the  patient.  There  is  a  hospital  that 
is  curing  its  insane  with  methods  based  on  this  idea 205 

Photography  and  Crime C.  H.  Claudy 

The  camera  is  a  disinterested  spectator  of  many  events  which  prove 
of  momentous  character.  It  works  for  the  criminal  or  the  prosecut- 
ing attorney,  but  the  sophisticated  judge  finds  little  difficulty  in  dis- 
cerning what  is  real  and  what  is  faked      212 

Farming  Without  Eyes 

There  is  a  successful  farmer  in  the  State  of  Washington  who  is 

blind,  but  he  ploughs  and  sows  and  reaps 218 

San  Diego  Speaks — Photographs 

They  are  preparing  for  a  great  exposition  in  the  southern  California 

metropolis.      They  have  a  right  to  speak 220 

Everybody's  Handwriting William  Leslie  French 

//  is  a  common  remark  when  the  postman  stops — "Why  the  writ- 
ing is  just  like — . "  There  are  probably  many  reasons  for  the 
likeness  and  Mr.  French  analyzes  them 222 

For  Coast  Defence 

The  armored  train,  which  is  a  powerful  weapon,   has  remarkable 

possibilities  in  defending  a  country' s  coast  line 230 


Architect  in  Secession 

He  builds  houses  -without  any  baseboards  and  without  any  picture 

moulding,  in  fact  you  can' 't  find  any  wood  in  them  at  all 231 

Iowa  Farms  Idaho 

The  Iowa  farmers  who  have  been  moving  out  to  Idaho  are  finding 

that  they  need  lessons  in  a  brand  new  game — irrigation 236 

Blaze  Roars  in  Tunnel 

Carbon  Dioxide,  the  soda-water  gas,  finally  conquered  it 238 

Housing  Berlin  Cars 

The  biggest  streetcar  depot  in  the  world 240 

An  Epidemic  of  Snails 

Why  did  they  suddenly  appear?     Nobody  knows 241 

A  Fortune  Beaches  Itself        

The  natives  of  the  village  tried  to  drive  it  away  and  failed.     'Then 

an  enterprising  company  seized  it 242 

Business  and  Old  Iron 

There  is  more  to  it  than  the  cry  of  the  peddler,      Old  Iron" 244 

A  Ladder  for  the  Down-and-Out 

The  Rufus  Dawes  Memorial  Hotel  is  a  remarkable  institution 250 

Ferrying  by  the  Air  Route 

The  aeroplane  has  started  to  drive  out  the  ferry  boat 252 

Digging  Out  the  Eskimos 

They  are  submerged  in  darkness,  dirt,  and  semi-barbarity 254 

Will  Our  Coal  Vanish? 

If  the  increase  in  our  digging  activities  continues,   it  will  soon  be 

gone;  but  they  are  still  finding  new  fields 257 

Knock-Down  Town 

They  moved  it  all  around 260 

Within  a  Tick  of  the  News 

The  hourly  paper  furnished  in  New  York  doesn't  bring  the  news 
fast  enough  and  now  they  have  a  faster  way  still 262 

The  Salmon  Fishermen  Who  Don't  Come  Back  .  Randall  R.  Howard 

Whaling  is  hazardous,  but  the  salmon  men  of  the  Northwest  Coast 
face  death  every  day  with  nonchalant  grace 270 

Made  by  Our  Readers 

Prize  winners  take  forty-five  dollars  in  the  April  contest 277 

Blowing  off  Steam 

The  best  humor  found  in  our  contemporaries 286 


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TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 

Home  Office:     58th  St.  and  Drexel  Avenue.  Chicago  Eastern  Office:     1702  Flatiron  Building.  New  York 

Copyright,  1914,  by  Technical  World  Magazine 


Entered  at  tbe  Pottoflice.  Chicago.  111.,  at  -ccoiid-claw  mail  matter 


164 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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« 


Now  Ave  have  The  Authority : — 

■  Webster's  New  International 


The  T/ierriamYlehsier 


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This  iVieie  Creation  answers  with  final 
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VOL.XXI    '  APRIL   *   1914    -    NO.2 


TECHNICAL 

WORLD 

MAGAZINE 


OUR  Twelve  Greatest  Scientists 
— a  series  of  articles  we  expected 
to    start    in   this   number  of 

Technical  World,  must  be 

postponed  until  next  month .  Certain 
late  developments  made  this  post- 
ponement inevitable.  No  bigger, 
more  fascinating  feature  than  this  se- 
ries has  ever  appeared  in  any  maga- 
zine. Twelve  men  were  chosen  at 
the  request  of  the  editors  of  TECH- 
NICAL World  Magazine  by 

one  thousand  of  their  fellow  scientists. 
The  names  of  the  twelve,  the  method 
of  their  selection,  and  the  first  article 
of  the  series,  will  appear  in  our  May 
number. 


The  BL(5)DY  mSH 


By  Bailey 


There  is  still  one  State  in  the  Union  where  convicts  are  flogged  ivith  the 
sanction  of  the  law.  For  every  crime,  from  poisoning,  burglary,  embezzlement, 
to  petty  larceny,  the  lash  is  prescribed.  It  seems  incredible  in  this  era,  when 
physicians  and  criminologists  are  believing  more  and  more  that  crime  is  the 
expression  of  a  warped  mentality,  that  men  should  be  subjected  to  this  (cruel 
punishment.  The  very  suggestion  of  it  gives  us  a  feeling  that  we  are  harking 
back  to  those  superstitious  days  when  the  insane  were  beaten  to  rid  them  of 
devils.  Curiously  enough,  the  State  directly  across  the  river  from  this  backzvard 
commonwealth  has  one  of  the  most  enlightened  penal  systems  in  the  world.  Here 
criminals  are  reformed,  not  crushed  by  degrading  punishment. — The  Editors. 


THAT  brute-on-the-bench,  Lord 
George  Jeffreys,  Judge  of  the 
Bloody  Assizes,  whose  name, 
always  synonymous  with 
cruelty,  was  a  byword  and  a 
signal  for  hissing  in  England  for  over  a 
century,  made  the  lash  his  favorite  mode 
of  punishment  of  the  cringing  culprits  in 
his  court.  And  that  brute-on-the-throne, 
James  II,  upheld  him  in  his 
scourgings  of  the  tender  backs 
of  the  men  and  women  who 
were  haled  before  the  King's 
Bench  to  have  "justice"  meted 
out  to  them.  But  the  lash, 
ever  the  weapon  of  tyrants, 
fell  into  disuse  after  the 
downfall  of  James  and  the 
banishment  of  Jeffreys. 
Good  King  William  would 
have  nothing  of  scourgings 
for  women  and  little  of  them 
for  men  save  naval  offend- 
ers, and  the  cat-o'-nine 
tailing  was  rarely 
severe. 

In    fact,    the 
most  worthy  rulers 
of  all  ages  have 
looked  askance  at  the 
lash  and  the  best  minds 
always   have   condemned 
its  use.    Ancient  Rome 
never  whipped   freemen — 
only  slaves — for  men  pre- 
ferred death  to  such  dis- 
honor.   When  in  our  read- 
ing  we    come    across    the 


Congressman 

Franklin  Brockson 

He  blocked  the  action  in  Congress 

which  was  started  by  a  Montana 

Representative,  to  investigate  the 

use  of  the  whipping  post. 


word  "knout",  the  ugly  picture  of  cruel 
Russia,  with  its  lashings,  its  brandings, 
and  its  dungeons  dark,  flashes  before  us, 
but  if  we  look  into  our  histories  we  will 
find  that  Alexander  I  abolished  the  knout 
a  hundred  years  ago. 

True,  the  cruel  cat  was  cracked  over 
the  backs  of  mutineers  and  deserters  in 
the  American  and  English  navies  for  a 
long  time,  but  it  was  thrown  over- 
board before  the  middle  of  the 
last  century.     Flogging   was 
expressly  prohibited  by  our 
Federal    Government    in 
1839   in   so   far   as   it   had 
jurisdiction. 
Everywhere     during     the 
nineteenth  century  and  in 
these  past  fourteen  years 
of   the    enlightened   twen- 
tieth,   in    which    penology, 
though    never    an    exact 
science,  has  gained  in  clemency 
humanhood     little     by 
little,  the  lash  has  been 
laid  aside  as  in  no 
sense    corrective 
and   the  very  op- 
posite* of     reform- 
atory.    Did     I     say 
everywhere  ?   Alas,  we 
must  note  a  miserable, 
a  shameful,  and,  to  our 
national     citizenship,     a 
most  humiliating  excep- 
tion— Delaware ! 

Yes,    to   the   everlast- 
ing   disgrace    of    Dela- 


168 


VERSUS  REFORM 


Millard 


Whirr  thf  Legislature  Meets 

The    Delaware    State   Capitnl    houses   a    body    of  men   who   could 

abolish— "larceny.  21)  lashes,  forgery  or  counterfeiting.  VI:  poisoning. 

60;  robbery,  30;"  and  so  on  through  the  list  of  crime*. 


ware,  that  toy  State,  with  only  three  little  counties 
and  two  hundred  thousand  people,  has  stood  up 
defiantly  before  the  Federal  Government  for  nearly 
one  hundred  and  forty  years  and  has  said  in  effect 
that    a   Constitution    which    expressly    prohibits    any 
"cruel  or  unusual  punishment"  shall  not  bind  it  in  the 
matter  of  punishing  offenders  against  its  august  com- 
monwealth.    It  is  as  if  a  small  boy  defied  a  stalwart 
man  who  had  charge  over  him  and  cried,  "Go  to,  thou 
baldhead !" 

Under  the  Constitution,  and  under  a  special  act  of 
Congress  of  1839,  neither  the  whipping  post  nor  the 
pillory  is  permissible  in  this  country,  but  even  after  the 
passage  of  the  act,  both  of  these  cruel  and  unusual  forms 
of  punishment  were  retained  in  Delaware,  where  standing 
in  the  pillory,  with  neck  and  wrists  firmly  fixed  between 
two  stout  planks,   for  all  the  community  to  behold,   was 
prescribed  by  statute  as  a  punishment  for  a  number  of 
offenses  including  larceny,  forgery,  highway  robbery,  and 
even  "pretending  to  exercise  the  art  of  witchcraft,  fortune- 
telling,  or  dealing  with  spirits."    Not  until  the  twentieth 
of  March,  1905,  was  the  use  of  the  pillory  discontinued, 
and  then  presumably  only  temporarily,  for  it  still  stands 


170 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


in  the  yard  of  the  Newcastle  County  whipping  post  is  there  and  it  is  used 
Prison,  well-preserved,  neatly  painted,  today  just  as  similar  diabolical  con- 
ready  for  use,  just  as  I  saw  it  in  the  trivances  were  used  hundreds  of  years 
month  of  February  in  the  year  of  our  ago.  England,  mind  you,  abolished  the 
Lord,  1914!  whipping  of  women  in  1791.    But  it  was 

not  until  1889, 
almost  a  hun- 
dred years  later, 
that  brutal  little 
Delaware  passed 
a  law  that 
"hereafter  no 
female  convicted 
of  any  crime  in 
this  State  shall 
be    whipped    or 


In  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  Stat*  of  Delaware,  and  eirtoe  of  the  precept  of  the  Honorable  Jamea  PeanewiJI. 
Chief  Jtutke  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  William  H  Boyc«.  Herbert  L  Rke,  and  Victor  8.  Woolley.  Eaqur/ea.  Aaacuala 
Jodfea  of  laid  State,  to  me  diiectcd;  I.  Waller  S.  Burr..  Sheriff  of  fltw  Cutf*  Count*-  da  hereby  proclaim  and  mah* 
known  that  a 

Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer 


To  hear  and  determine  all  and  every  indictment  and  presentment!,  n 
Rapaa  of  Women,  and  other  Felonie.  of  Death  and  all  ManaUoftrter 
been   committed  or    perpetrated    within    the    Slate     aforesaid    will   be    h 


i  taken  for  or  coneenina  all  Treaton*.  Murder*. 
alto  all  of  the  acceeaerie*  of  them  wbwb  nave 
>    the  County  of    New    Cattle 


=0N= 


Wednesday 

The  11th  Day  of  March,  '14 


At   which   time    and    place   all   tboae    wa*    | 
ty.  Mm   ■«**   to   cuetody    by   the  TMna.  . 


GOD  5AVE  THE  STATE! 
WALTER  S.  BURRIS, 

Sheriff 

Sheriff!  Office,  Wilmington,  DeL,  February  10, 1914. 

C  WM.  K.  MADFORD  CO.  ill  MjUUtET  STREET 


The  First  Step  Toward  Tying  the  Convict  to  the  Whipping  Post 
The  Elizabethan  language  adds  a  grim  touch  which  has  little  humor  to  the  man  concerned 


The  whipping  post  I  saw,  too,  in  the 
same  yard — saw  it  with  the  sickening 
qualms  that  every  true  citizen  of  this 
republic  must  feel  when  he  gazes  upon 
such  convincing  proof  of  the  cruel  misuse 
of  power  by  a  sovereign  State.    Yes,  the 


be  made  to 
stand  in  the 
pillory."  Up  to 
that  time  free 
women  had  been 
subject  to  both 
these  degrading 
punishments — 
punishments 
which  the 
tyrants  of  an- 
cient  Rome 
would  not  have 
inflicted  upon 
male  or  female 
citizens. 

Nor  is  the 
whipping  of  the 
whiskbroom 
sort.  It  is  done 
in  full  accord- 
ance with  the 
old  law  which 
prescribes  that 
"the  punishment 
of  whipping 
shall  be  inflicted 
publicly  by 
strokes  on  the 
bare  back,  zccll 
laid  on!" 

This  reads  like 

a   harking  back 

to  the  good  old 

Elizabethan 

But  it  is  not  a  harking  back.     It 

The  whole  idea  and  the 


days 

is  a  survival 

whipping   itself  are   archaic,   barbarous 

relics  of  a  bygone  era.     In  this  country 

they  could  have  survived,  so  far  as  their 

application  to  so  many  offenses  is  con- 


THE  BLOODY  LASH  VERSUS  REFORM 


171 


cerned,  only  in  Delaware.  For  while  it 
is  true  that  in  one  other  State — Mary- 
land— there  is  a  penalty  of  whipping  for 
wife  beaters,  it  is  rarely  enforced  and 
really  counts  for  so  little  as  not  to  count 
at  all. 

One  who  studies  Delaware  and  her 
people,  however,  will  hardly  wonder  that 
public  whipping'  under  legal  command, 
a  punishment  instituted  among  English- 
speaking  people  by  Elizabeth,  should  have 
continued  in  its  course  like  the  historic 
Brandywine  which  flows  through  Wil- 
mington into  the  Delaware.  For  many 
types  of  the  Elizabethan  Age  still  exist 
in  the  State  whose  three  little  counties 
all  bear  old  English  names — Kent,  Essex, 
and  Newcastle.  The  people  of  Kent  and 
Essex  boast  that  their  blood  has  re- 
mained more  pureiy  English  than  that  of 
any  other  part  of  the  nation.  They  are 
probably  right,  for  the  people  of  penin- 
sular Delaware  have  intermarried  for 
generation  after  generation.  They  are  a 
stay-at-home  folk,  intensely  provincial, 
and  care  little  or  nothing  about  what  is 
going  on  outside  their  bailiwick. 

Broad  lands  beget  broad  people.  What 
has  been  begotten  in  Delaware  may  be 
inferred  by  the  fact  that  the  average 
width  of  the  State  is  only  a  matter  of 
some  fifteen  miles.  Yet  of  their  forbears, 
the  folk  of  this  opera-bouffe  State  are 
very  proud.  Justly  so.  For  the  "Blue 
Hen's  Chickens",  as  her  volunteers  were 
called,  were  among  the  best  and  bravest 
of  Washington's  troops  and,  during  the 
civil  war,  Delaware  furnished  ten  thou- 
sand men  to  fight  for  the  North,  though 
she  was  virtually  a  Southern  State.  But 
her  post-rebellion  history  has  been  most 
uneventful.  With  a  world  of  progress 
all  about  her,  she  has  sat  still  with  folded 
hands  and  talked  about  her  good  blood 
and  her  glorious  record. 

"Delaware  Wants  Factories!"  appeals 
a  big  sign  along  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
way. But  it  seems  to  me  that  flogging 
men  is  not  a  good  advertisement  to 
attract  capital. 

What  is  the  excuse  for  the  retention 
of  this  mediaeval  punishment  by  the  lash  ? 
I  will  tell  you.  Years  ago,  good  old  Chief 
Justice  Lore  of  Delaware,  when  asked 
why  the  whipping  post  and  the  pillory 
should  not  be  abolished,  replied: 

"Delaware  lies  in  a  peculiar  geograph- 


ical position.  It  is  between  two  large 
cities — Philadelphia  and  Baltimore — and 
is  a  highway  for  tramps  and  crooks  of 
all  kinds.  We  must  be  protected.  We 
must  make  the  criminal  element  steer 
clear  of  us.  We  have  done  this  by  pre- 
scribing strong  means  of  punishment, 
and  these  means  must  be  continued.  We 
are  on  the  border  line  between  North 
and  South  and  we  need  the  whipping 
post  to  keep  criminals  away." 

And  all  the  people  cried,  "Amen !" 
And  they  are  still  crying  it.  Oracle  Lore 
is  oft  quoted  by  good  folk,  with  many  a 
wise  shake  of  the  head.  They  also  point 
to  the  fact  that  since  Jimmy  Hope  and 
his  gang  rifled  the  Delaware  Bank  and 
received  a  good  trouncing  as  part  of  their 
punishment  there  has  not  been  a  con- 
spicuous bank  robbery  in  the  State. 

Now  though  they  are  wonderfully 
convincing  to  the  Elizabethan  folk  of 
Delaware,  their  arguments  only  make  an 
outsider  smile.  Delaware,  the  most  of  it, 
is  not  on  a  great  highway.  It  is  in  a 
snug  little  corner  by  the  sea — a  pocket 
into  which  criminals  or  other  folk  are 
not  much  tempted  to  go.  Through  the 
upper  part  of  the  State,  it  is  true,  run 
two  main-line  railways,  and  Wilmington, 
a  city  of  eighty-seven  thousand  souls,  is 
on  both  of  them.  But  even  so,  take 
Trenton,  New  Jersey,  take  Chester, 
Pennsylvania,  take  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, take  almost  any  American  city 
of  the  second  class  you  can  think  of,  and 
is  it  not  on  a  highway  between  two  other 
cities?  What  would  hold  in  Wilmington 
in  this  regard  would  hold  in  Trenton, 
but  it  doesn't.  Trenton  has  no  use  for 
the  whipping  post,  and  if  you  were  to 
suggest  to  the  people  of  New  Jersey  that 
they  establish  one  there,  they  would 
laugh  at  you. 

"Border  line  between  North  and 
South?"  What  about  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Missouri?  Have  they  not 
just  as  good  a  claim  to  that  distinction  as 
Delaware  ? 

Jimmy  Hope  and  his  gang  of  gentle- 
men cracksmen?  Well,  they  were  the 
most  famous  bank  robbers  in  the  country. 
No  matter  what  deterrent  effect  the  lash 
had  upon  them  or  their  example  to  other 
safe  robbers  in  breaking  into  Delaware 
banks,  you  couldn't  match  the  Jimmy 
Hope  gang  in  a  hundred  years.     Such 


172 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


robberies  as  they  committed  stand  as  of  the  first  order  in  all  the  cities  they  vis- 
ited. The  argument  of  this  particular  kind  of  deterrent  effect  in  Delaware  has  done 
duty  for  thirty-five  years.    No  other  example  is  ever  adduced  by  Delaware  folk  to 

support  it,  and  the  amount  of  flogging  in  Delaware  has  been 
painfully  disproportionate  to  the  amount  of  bank  robbing 
in  that  or  any  other  State. 

Burglary  is  punished  by  whipping  in   Delaware;   as 
many  as  forty  lashes,  "well  laid  on,"  have  been  given 
to  offenders  u.ider  that  head,  but  the  deterrent  effect 
is  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye.    There  has  been  in 
the  little  city  of  Wilmington,  during  the  past  year, 
a  particularly  large  number  of  these  crimes,  and  the 
fearless  souls  that  committed  them  did  not  falter  at 
the  thought  of  forty  lashes    "well  laid 
on."    It  was  a  matter  of  common  news- 
paper  comment    that    never   before    in 
Wilmington  was  there  such  a  horde  of 
actual  and  potential  burglars  and  hold- 
up men  infesting  a  town  of  that  size 
as  were  plying  the  jimmy,  the  skeleton 
key,  and  the  sandbag  in  that  whipping-post  town 
during  the  autumn  of  1913.     And  even  today 
the  condition  is  not  much  changed. 
Here  is  the  list  of  offenses  punishable  in 

part    by    lashes 
at   the   whip- 
ping     post 
as    com- 
piled 


The  prosecuting:  at- 
torney, Josiah  (0. 
Wolcott,  who  "is 
not  prepared  to  say 
whether  whipping- 
exerts  a  deterrent 
force  upon  crim- 
inals or  not." 


Where  the  Post  Is  Used  and  the  Pillory  Exists 
The  Newcastle  workhouse  where  "the  punishment  of  whip- 
ping- shall  be  inflicted  publicly  by  strokes  on  the  bare  back 
well  laid  on!" 


from  the  Delaware  Penal  Code  of  1893,  now 
in  force: 

Larceny,  20  lashes ;  housebreaking  with  in- 
tent to  commit  crimes,  not  capital,  20-40;  enter 
ing  house  by  day  or  night  with   criminal 
intent,  20 ;  horse  thieving  or  breaking  lock 
and     stealing,    20;    disposing    of 
stolen  horse,  20 ;  receiving  stolen 
horse  with  knowledge  that  it  is 
stolen,  20;  burning  courthouse 
or  other   public   building,   60; 
burning  vessel,  factory,  warehouse, 
or    barn,    20;    obstructing    railroad 
tracks,  20;  embezzlement,  20;  forgery 


Former  Chief  Justice 
Lore,  who  long  ago  gave 
Delaware's  geograph 
ical  position  as  an 
excuse  for  the  whipping 
post. 


THE  BLOODY  LASH  VERSUS  REFORM 


173 


or  counterfeiting,  39;  poisoning,  60;  maiming,  30;  kidnaping,  39;  highway  rob- 
bery, 40;  plain  robbery,  30;  showing  false  lights  to  cause  wreck  of  vessel,  39;  tam- 
pering with  bills  before  Legislature,  10-30 ;  wife  beating,  5-30.  Wife  beating  was 
an  afterthought  and  only  lately  added  to  the  list. 

The  Delaware  statutes  make  no  distinction  between 
grand  and  petty  larceny.  Whether  a  man  steals  a  loaf 
of  bread  or  a  piano,  it  is  larceny  and  punishable 
under  the  law  by  imprisonment  and  whipping 

Attorney-General  Josiah  O.  Wolcott,  a  good- 
natured,  likable  young  man,  with  piercing  black 
eyes,  has  acted  in  his  present  office  and  that  of 
deputy    Attorney-General    for    several    years. 
He  said  to  me  when  I  asked  him  about  the  de- 
terrent effect  upon  the  criminal  mind  of  whip- 
ping:    "I  was  born  in  Dover  and  have  seen 
criminals  whipped  there,  but  never  in  Wilming- 
ton    where     they     have     been 
whipped   since   Kent   and  THEpi!i"i»TON 

Essex  Counties  began  to    |  it  does  not  need  to 

send  their  prisoners 
Newcastle  County 
Workhouse  some 
years  ago. 


Warden 

M ADDEN 
OP    THE 

New 

Jersey 
State 
Prison 


William  H.  Par 
kf.r.  First  Assist 
ant  Keeper  op 
the  New  Jersey 
Prison  at  Tren- 
ton 


house  is  the  State  Prison  and  is  the  only  one 
we  have.  It  generally  has  about  three  hun- 
dred prisoners  confined  in  it.  About  the 
deterrent  effects  of  the  lashes  my  mind  is 
unsettled.  I  don't  believe  anybody  knows 
what  effect  whipping  has;  upon  the  crim- 
inal except  himself,  and  it's  pretty 
hard  to  tell  iirom  his  state- 
ments. As  to  ihe  advisability 
of  this  form  of  punishment,  I 
will  say  this:  If  you  advocate 
it  for  wife  beating,  as  is  done  in 
Maryland,  why  is  it  not  to  be 
advocated  for  other  offenses? 
Many  persons  are  opposed  to  the 
whipping  post,    Maybe  they  are  right. 


174 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


I  do  not  know.  Yes,  I  have  had  my 
sympathies  aroused  in  certain  cases. 
And  if  a  man  does  not  look  like  a  hard- 
ened offender  I  have  been  especially 
careful  in  cautioning  him  upon  his  legal 
right  to  plead  guilty  or  not  guilty  to  the 
charge  against  him." 

Former  Attorney-General  Herbert  H. 
Ward,  a  benevolent-looking  man  with 
iron-gray  hair,  who  has  lived  longer  and 
has  had  more  legal  experience  than  Mr. 
Wolcott,  came  out  flat-footed  against  the 
whipping  post  in  a  conversation  he  had 
with  me. 

"The  lashes,  I  am  satisfied  from  all  my 
observation  of  the  history  of  crime  in 
Delaware,  have  no  particular  deterrent 
effect."  So  he  declared  and  I  believe 
him.  "Anyone  who  says  it  has  such  an 
effect,"  he  continued,  "is  merely  stating 
a  theory.  From  my  experience  I  am  free 
to  say  that  I  don't  believe  that  sufficient 
good  results  have  followed  the  carrying 
out  of  the  whipping  law.  If  I  were  a 
legislator,  I  certainly  never  would  vote 
for  a  whipping  act.  It  may  do  as  punish- 
ment for  wife  beating,  but  for  less 
heinous  crimes,  never. 

"When  I  as  Attorney-General  faced 
the  stream  of  culprits  that  came  into 
court  at  times  and  reflected  that  by  my 
prosecution  of  the  cases  against  them  I 
was  sending  them  to  the  prison  yard  to 
be  flogged  publicly  and  forever  disgraced, 
a  revulsion  of  feeling  would  sweep  over 
me,  and  yet  I  never  had  seen  a 
public  whipping. 

"One  day  when  the  thing 
was  on  my  conscience  pretty 
strongly  I  thought  I  would 
go  out  to  the  workhouse  and 
witness  a  flogging.  I  saw 
men  scourged  with  the  cruel 
lash  and  I  never  want  to 
see  such  a  sight  again." 

"I  have  seen  men  flogged 
most  severely  at  the  whipping 
post,"   testified    The    Reverend 
Charles  L.  Candee  of  the 
Westminster     Presby- 
terian   Church,    "and    I 
feel    that    such    punish- 
ment of  criminals  is  not 
only  a  disgrace  to  Dela- 
ware   but    to    civiliza- 
tion."      Mr.      Candee 
often     visits     the     New 


castle  County  Workhouse,  laboring 
among  the  prisoners  there.  "I  saw  five 
men  whipped  there  not  long  ago,  one 
man  for  the  third  time,"  said  he.  "If  the 
lashes  had  any  deterrent  effect,  as  the 
upholders  of  this  barbarous  system  say  it 
has,  why  did  that  man  put  himself  in  a 
way  to  be  whipped  in  public  three  times  ? 
The  fact  that  Jimmy  Hope  squirmed 
under  the  lash  thirty-five  years  ago  has 
been  used  as  a  stock  argument  of  deter- 
rency,  but  if  this  were  the  case  why  did 
the  desperado  Wiggins  hold  up  the 
cashier  of  the  Traction  Company  last 
summer  and  make  off  with  eighteen  hun- 
dred dollars  ?  And  why  have  there  been 
so  many  other  holdups  that  have  ter- 
rorized the  city? 

"I  have  talked  with  many  prisoners 
that  have  received  the  lashes.  In  most 
cases  they  have  been  embittered  by  the 
strokes  laid  upon  their  bare  backs  by  the 
warden,  and  no  wonder." 

But  it  will  be  a  long  time  before  Eliza- 
bethan Delaware  stops  whipping  offend- 
ers against  its  per.ce  and  dignity,  if  we 
are  to  judge  by  the  hearty  commendation 
of  one  of  its  foremost  defenders  of  the 
system  of  public  scourging,  Congres- 
sional Representative  Franklin  Brockson, 
who,  according  to  a  Wilmington  paper, 
"enlightened  Congress  concerning  cor- 
poral punishment  in  this  State."  The  en- 
lightenment of  Congress  occurred  last 
November.     It  happened  this  way: 

Representative    Evans    of    Mon- 
tana had  been  shocked  by  read- 
ing in  the  papers  of  the  whip- 
ping of  two  white  men  and 
four    negroes — all    convicted 
of  robbery — with  a  total  of 
ninety-five   lashes    in    New- 
castle   County    Workhouse, 
Delaware,   on   November  8, 
1913,  and  that  James  Bayard 
and    William    Reason,    two    of 
the  culprits,  were  each  to  re- 
ceive  twenty   more   lashes 
on  November  15,  as  the 
court  had  feared  the 
victims     could     not 
stand  the  penalty  all 
at  once.     So  out  of  the 
goodness  of  his  heart  and  for 

Wilmington's  City  Solicitor. 
Danifx  O.  Hastings 
Wilmington  claims  the  right  to  extra  protection  against 
crime  because  it  is  on  two  main-line  railways. 


THE    BLOODY    LASH    VERSUS    REFORM 


175 


the  sake  of  civilization,  Mr.  Evans  called 
the  attention  of  the  House  to  "this  relic 
of  mediaeval  barbarism"  and  introduced 
a  resolution  directing  that  the  President 
and  the  Attorney-General  enforce  the 
provisions  of  the  Constitution  against 
"cruel  and  unusual  punishment"  and  en- 
join the  State  of  Delaware  against 
"tne  practice  of  such  cruelties 
hereafter." 

Sounds  good,  doesn't  it? 
Looks  as  if  nothing  else 
could  be  done  than  to 
adopt  such  a  resolution  and 
thus  prevent  further  lash- 
ing of  Delaware  criminals. 
But  please  don't  forget  that 
the  Representative  of  Dela- 


Christophrr  L.  Ward  is  a  prominent  citizen 

of  Wilmington  who  is  Bang  every  imf  HI 

in  his  power  to  eliminate  the  harsh  penal 

system  of  the  toy  State. 


ware  was  there  on  the 
floor,     listening     with 
intent  ears. 

This  was  his 
reply :  "We  deal 
with  felons  in 
Delaware,"  sai( 
Representative  Brock- 
son,  "as  we  have  been 
taught  through  all  ages 
We  make  the  punishment  fit  the  crime. 
Corporal  punishment  has  been  a  means 
of  correction  as  far  back  as  the  Bible. 
You  are  treading  on  dangerous 
ground,  gentlemen,  when  you  under- 
take to  dispose  of  the  Book  that 
has  been  the  foundation  upon  which 
every  civilized  nation  has  had  its  begin- 
ning." Then  he  went  on  to  cite  a  lot  of 
infamous  crimes,  particularly  against 
women,  that  had  been  punished  by  the 
lash  in  his  beloved  State.  He  dwelt  upon 
those  infamous  crimes  and  pooh-poohed 
the  idea  of  "palace  prisons"  for  those 
who  committed  them.  He  said  that  aside 
from  the  burglary,  one  of  the  robbers, 
Bayard,  a  negro,  had  upon  the  same 
night  it  was  committed  attempted  even  a 
more  serious  crime — one  that  strikes  at 
the  very  sanctity  of  womanhood.  Most 
unfortunate  was  it  for  the  cause  of  those 
opposed  to  flogging  in  this  country  that 
Bayard  did  do  this  very  thing.  The 
chivalry  of  the  House  was  appealed  to. 


Evans  actually  stood  rebuked.  Brockson 
held  on  with  his  fearless,  flowing  periods, 
and  while  he  probably  did  not  try 
to  give  the  impression  that  the  lash  is 
used  only  in  the  case  of  crimes  against 
women  and  other  offenses  that  showed 
the  utter  depravity  of  the  felon,  yet 
somehow  the  House  seemed  to  get 
the  idea  that  flogging  was  re- 
served only  for  the  vilest  of 
offenders. 

"When    gentlemen    come 
from  another  State,"  de- 
clared     Representative 
lirockson,    "and   say   that 
the    State    of    Delaware 
should     treat    a    criminal 
such  as  this  one  as  though 
he  were  a  hero,  I  protest !" 
Then  he  spoke  of  wife  beat- 
ng,  and  wanted  to  know 
f  that  were  not  a  crime 
that  warranted  the  use 
of     the     lash.       The 
House    was    moved 
to  applause.     More- 
over, Attorney-Gen- 
eral   McReynolds 
found    that    he    could    not 
^gally  interfere  with  the  carry- 
ing out  of  the  Delaware  law  which  pre- 
scribes whipping  for  its  criminals. 

Delaware  was  pleased — that  is,  the  un- 
thinking portion  of  it.  The  thinking 
portion  saw  plainly  enough  that  the 
House  had  not  fully  understood.  They 
felt  that  the  cases  that  seemed  to  make 
the  greatest  impression  were  of  excep- 
tionally heinous  offenses ;  that  in  any 
State,  large  or  small,  they  would  occur 
but  rarely.  If  deterrent  effect  were  a 
good  argument,  they  would  not  have  oc- 
curred in  Delaware.  But  what  would 
have  happened  if  the  House  had  taken 
the  time  to  make  a  thorough  investiga- 
tion? All  the  facts  can't  be  brought  out 
in  a  brief  debate.  It  would  not  only 
have  been  discovered  that  petty  sneak 
thieves  and  other  small  offenders,  driven, 
as  it  were,  to  crime  by  poverty,  were 
lashed  without  mercy,  but  that  gentle- 
man criminals  were  rarely  punished  in 
that  way.  In  other  words,  that  it  is  a 
poor  man's  punishment  and  is  never 
visited  upon  the  man  who  steals  big 
money  by  embezzlement  or  in  other  polite 
ways.     As  for  the  wife  beater,  it  could 


A  NEW  JERSEY  CAMP  DORMITORY 

"The  convicts  are  treated  precisely  as  if  they  were  employes  of  the  State  and  the  good  effect  of  this  treatment  is  manifest 

in  the  conduct  of  the  men  who,  treated  like  human  beings,  behave  like  human  beings." 


Like  a  summer  vacation  at  the  farm 

"At  the  Andover  camp  there  are  thirty-one  men.    The  whole  idea  of  these  camps  is  to  get  away  as  far  as  possible  from 

the  atmosphere  and  the  ways  of  a  prison." 


readily  have  been  shown  that  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten  he  escapes  the  cat,  for 
his  wife  nearly  always  pleads  with  the 
court  to  spare  her  and  her  children  the 
lasting  disgrace  of  such  a  punishment, 
and  the  court  usually  remits  the  lashes. 

Wilmington  newspapers  fairly  crowed 
over  the  result  of  Representative  Brock- 
son's  speech.  He  was  congratulated. 
And  again  the  people  cried  "Amen !" 

I  talked  with  many  Delaware  citizens 
about  the  whipping  post.  Most  of  them 
favored  it.  What  wonder,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances? Only  here  and  there  did  I 
find  any  sentiment  against  it.  Christo- 
pher L.  Ward  and  George  B.  Miller, 
both  prominent  men  of  Wilmington, 
were  opposed  to  it  as  barbarous.  Mr. 
Ward  held  that  it  hurt  Delaware,  for 
with  the  knowledge  that  the  State  whips 

1% 


its  criminals  goes  the  natural  belief  that 
it  is  equally  behind  in  other  things. 

I  was  glad  to  cross  the  Delaware  and 
enter  the  enlightened  State  of  New  Jer- 
sey, where  instead  of  the  barbarous  pun- 
ishment of  criminals,  everything  that  can 
be  done  to  reform  and  make  self-respect- 
ing citizens  of  them  is  done  by  those 
who  are  working  out  the  wonderfully 
humane  and  truly  liberal  penological  sys- 
tem lately  adopted  by  that  State.  Thanks 
to  the  wisdom  of  Woodrow  Wilson  and 
his  gubernatorial  successor,  James  F. 
Fielder,  New  Jersey,  formerly  one  of 
the  worst-governed  States  in  the  Union 
with  as  bad  a  penal  system  as  Pennsyl- 
vania or  New  York,  now  stands  in  the 
vanguard  and  is  a  bright  example  of 
what  may  be  done  in  the  way  of  human- 
izing and  genializing  the  hopeless  and 


THE    BLOODY    LASH    VERSUS    REFORM 


177 


desperate  members  of  modern  society. 
There  is  no  lashing  of  bare  backs  in 
New  Jersey.  No  post  or  pillory  is  kept 
in  sight  to  remind  the  luckless  culprit  of 
what  unmerciful  treatment  may  be  dealt 
out  to  him  in  case  he  should  follow  in  a 
small  way  the  example  of  the  men  of 
high  finance.  There  the  lockstep  and  the 
stripes  no  longer  harrow  the  souls  of 
men,  and  if  a  man  break  the  prison 
rules,  he  is  not  beaten  or  starved,  but 
merely  put  into  a  silent  cell. 

Yes,  within  those  grim  walls  of  the 
State  Prison  at  Trenton,  there  is  an  air  of 
hope.  You  do  not  see  the  look  of  dejec- 
tion upon  the  faces  of  the  convicts,  for" 
many  of  them  are  working  to  free  them- 
selves, knowing  that  by  good  behavior 
they  can  reduce  their  terms  of  imprison- 
ment fully  two-thirds. 

At  the  prison  gate  I  saw  a  man,  with 
a  little  bundle  of  clothing  in  his  hand, 
bidding  good-bye,  with  a  cheerful  smile, 
to  one  of  the  keepers. 

"That  man  is  a  convict,"  whispered 
the  keeper  to  me.  "He  was  sentenced  to 
seven  years  for  burglary.  He  has  served 
two  and  a  half  years  and  now  he  is  going 
out." 

"On  parole?"  I  asked. 

"Well,  if  you  want  to 
call  it  that,  but  it's 
hardly  the  same  as  pa- 
role in  other  States.  I 
have  just  handed  him 
five  dollars  and  his  fare 
to  Pittsburgh,  where  he 
is  going  to  meet  his  'first 
friend.'  That  is  what 
we  call  the  man  who 
vouches  for  him  and  re- 
ports once  a  month  as  to 
his  conduct,  where  and 
for  whom  he  is  working. 
As  long  as  he  behaves 
himself  he  can  go  where 
he  pleases.  He  is  really 
a  free  man.  The  'first 
friend'  is  not  a  bonds- 
man, as  in  other  States, 
but  merely  a  voucher. 
The  convict  goes  out  on 
honor.  He  feels  a  free 
man.  He  is  trusted  absolutely.  In  most 
States  they  send  guards  out  with  such  a 
man,  but  we  don't.  We  want  him  to  un- 
derstand that  he  is  being  given  a  chance 


to  begin  life  over  again  on  equal  terms 
with  other  men,  and  not  to  carry  with 
him  any  of  the  prison  taint." 

There  are  two  boards  that  pass  upon 
the  eligibility  of  a  convict  to  go  out  on 
honor.  The  first  of  these  is  composed 
of  the  Governor,  the  Chancellor,  and  the 
six  judges  of  the  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals.  They  establish  tr?  honor  basis 
of  freedom.  They  act  as  a  Court  of  Par- 
dons in  all  cases  except  impeachment. 
The  other  board  consists  of  the  principal 
keeper  of  the  State  Prison,  the  resident 
physician,  and  the  moral  instructor. 

The  honor  rule  and  others  relating  to 
prison  reforms  went  into  effect  last  year. 
As  a  result,  one  hundred  and  forty 
men  were  set  free  on  their  honor  last 
month  under  the  most  liberal  system  of 
penal  clemency  known  in  this  country. 
In  its  details  the  new  plan  is  as  much 
better  than  the  common  parole  system 
as  that  is  better  than  none.  In  every 
way  possible  the  convict  is  made  to  feel 
that  the  State,  instead  of  scourging  and 
degrading  him,  as  in  Delaware,  is  trying 
to  forget  the  fact  that  he  ever  has  been 
a  criminal  and  to  make  him  forget  it 
himself  and  to  stand  erect  in  self-respect 
and  share  a  place  in  the  world  with  other 


A  Convict  Farm  in  New  Jersey 
The  prisoners  work  in  the  fields  and  hardly  realize  they  are  under  guard. 


men.     He  will  have  the  chance  to  shake 
off  all  prison  associations. 

The  prisoners  are  allowed  fully  one- 
third    more    per    capita    for    rations    in 


"There  is  no  lashing  of  bare  backs 
in  New  Jersey,  *    *    *    *    You 
do  not  see  the  look  of  de- 
jection upon  the  faces 
of  the  convicts. 


Many  of  them  are  working  to  free 

themselves,  knowing   that   by 

^  good  behavior  they  can  re- 

^•^  duce  their  term  of  im- 

P^^  prisonment    fully 

two-thirds. 


let  me 
library 


Trenton  than  in  Wil- 
mington. An  equal 
amount  of  attention  is 
also  paid  to  their  men- 
tal diet.  They  are  espe- 
cially encouraged  by  the 
moral  instructor  to  read 
all  the  good  books  they 
can  get  hold  of,  and  they 
can  get  hold  of  a  good  many 
tell  you,  for  there  is  a  fine 
of  three  thousand  volumes  in  the  prison, 
of  which  library  each  man  has  a  cata- 
logue. There  are  good  books  in  all  lan- 
guages in  the  library  and  almost  every 
man  in  the  prison  avails  himself  of  them. 
In  the  Wilmington  prison,  the  convicts 
depend  to  a  large  extent  for  their  liter- 
ature upon  such  public  offerings  as  good- 
natured  people  who  want  to  get  rid  of 
old  magazines  and  papers  happen  to 
think  of  sending  to  them. 

New  Jersey  is  making  an  experiment 
which  the  penological  authorities  of  other 
States  are  watching  very  interestedly.  It 
is  actually  letting  men  camp  out  at  state 
expense  in  board  shacks,  many  miles 
from  the  prison,  and  letting  them  serve 
their  sentences  there  while  they  do  useful 
labor  out  of  doors  or  rest  during  in- 
clement weather.  One  of  these  camps  is 
near  Rocky  Hill,  Middlesex  County,  and 
another  near  Andover,  Essex  County. 
At  the  Andover  camp  there  are  at  the 
present  writing  thirty-one  convicts  and 
at  the  Rocky  Hill,  thirty-five.  The  whole 
idea  of  these  camps  is  to  get  away  as 

m 


On  Their  Honor 


far  as  possible  from 
the  atmosphere  and  the 
ways  of  a  prison.  The 
men  might  easily  break 
out  of  these  board 
shacks,  yet  they  never 
do.  There  are  guards, 
to  be  sure,  but  the  men  do 
not  know  them  as  such,  nor 
do  they  know,  from  anything  visible  by 
way  of  weapons,  that  these  guards  are 
armed.  The  convicts  are  treated  pre- 
cisely as  if  they  were  employes  of  the 
State,  and  the  good  effect  of  this  treat- 
ment is  manifest  in  the  conduct  of  the 
men  who,  treated  like  human  beings, 
behave  like  human  beings. 

At  Leesburg,  New  Jersey,  the  State 
has  a  farm  of  one  thousand  acres  where 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  prisoners 
are  now  kept.  The  convicts  built  the 
farmhouse  and  a  number  of  the  outbuild- 
ings and  to  these  will  be  added  other 
houses  in  the  course  of  time,  as  the  ex- 
periment of  farming-out  convicts  proves 
its  efficiency,  which  it  will  doubtless  do, 
judging  by  the  excellent  signs  already 
presented. 

The  convicts  immured  in  the  prison  as 
well  as  those  working  in  the  shops  all 
look  forward  to  an  opportunity  either  to 
go  out  on  honor  or  to  go  to  the  country 
camps  or  state  -farm.  The  effect  upon 
them  of  this  ever-present  hope  as  well  as 
that  of  the  good  moral  teaching  which 
they  receive  daily  is  proving  not  only  a 
great  blessing  to  them,  but  it  will  greatly 


THE   BLOODY   LASH    VERSUS    REFORM 


179 


tend  to  reduce  criminality  throughout  the 
State  of  New  Jersey. 

Although  living  in  what  Represent- 
ative Brockson  of  Delaware  sneers  at  as 
a  "palace  prison,"  the  New  Jersey  con- 
victs are  not  being  spoiled.  They  under- 
stand that  the  new  plan  of  penology  is 
an  experiment  and  that  it  is  made  only 
for  their  good ;  therefore  they  are  doing 
their  best  to  make  the  plan  successful. 
It  will  be  successful.  The  attitude 
of  every  criminal  in  jail  is  neces- 
sarily that  of  a  person  who  knows 
that  he  is  being  punished,  presumably 
for  his  own  good.  But  such  chastening 
does  not  mean  degradation.  The  Dela- 
ware prisoner  has  a  just  right  to  com- 
plain, "Why  doesn't  the  State  act  more 
kindly  toward  me  if  she  expects  to  make 
a  man  of  me?"  On  the  other  hand,  the 
New  Jersey  prisoner  knows  and  feels 
that  the  State  is  doing  her  utmost  to 
make  a  man  of  him,  and  that  feeling  in 
itself  helps  him  wonderfully. 

Men,  like  Representative  Brockson, 
who  stand  out  for  rigorous  punishment 
of  criminals  should  remember  one  thing: 
In  every  one  of  us  there  lurks  the  desire 
to  get  even  with  an  offender,  but  it  is 
not  best  to  give  full  expression  to  it  or  to 
let  it  dominate  our  ideas  of  justice. 
Would  it  be  wise  to  have  the  laws  of  the 
land  so  framed  as  to  satisfy  the  blind 
demands  of  our  outraged  feelings?  No; 
they  should  be  framed  with  sound  judg- 
ment and  good  policy,  else  we  soon 
would  have  the  country  full  of  anarchists. 
Always  we  must  consider  what  is  to  be 
the  permanent  effect  of  the  punishment 
we  mete  out.  And  harsh  punishment  in- 
variably overreaches  itself.  This  is  the 
opinion  of  Lombroso,  of  Drahms,  and  of 
Morrison,  the  three  most  noted  crimi- 
nologists of  our  times.  Morrison  de- 
clares : 

"It  has  dawned  upon  the  mind  of 
Europe  that  corporal  punishment,  that 
the  birch,  the  cat,  and  all  other  instru- 
ments of  physical  torture,  are  no  protec- 
tion against  the  criminal  classes.  It  is 
seen,  on  the  contrary,  that  these  instru- 
ments of  physical  torture  breed  in  the 
heart  and  the  mind  of  the  community 
that  very  spirit  of  callousness  to  human 
suffering  which  produces  crime." 

Against  this  we  have  the  statement  of 
Warden   Crawford   delivered  to   me   in 


Newcastle  County  Workhouse  on  the 
birthday  of  Lincoln,  the  Great  Liberator, 
which,  as  it  occurred  to  me,  was  an  ill- 
chosen  season  for  such  a  sentiment : 

"The  lashes  make  men  think.  They 
have  a  good  effect  upon  their  minds. 
Criminals  must  be  punished.  Delaware 
would  have  more  than  her  share  of  crime 
but  for  the  whipping  post." 

This  was  after  he  had  conducted  me 
through  the  three-hundred-foot  under- 
ground passage  from  the  prison  to  the 
whipping  yard  and  we  were  standing 
before  the  scourging  post  and  the  pillory 
— after  he  had  shown  me  how  a  victim 
was  manacled  to  the  post  and  how  he 
was  flogged.  I  asked  him  how  he  felt 
when  he  saw  the  culprit  squirming  under 
his  nine-tailed  lash.  Was  he  ever  moved 
to  pity? 

"Oh,  yes,  in  some  cases,"  he  replied 
slowly.  "But  I  don't  feel  as  much  sym- 
pathy for  men  being  whipped  as  I  do 
for  their  wives  and  children  when  they 
come  to  visit  them  in  prison." 

With  a  view  to  ascertaining  what  he 
thought  of  the  severity  of  the  punish- 
ment, I  remarked  that  I  had  heard  a 
couple  of  men  in  Wilmington  say  that 
the  whipping  was  a  farce — that  the  cat 
was  laid  on  lightly. 

Standing  with  his  back  to  the  whip- 
ping post,  his  melancholy  eyes  lighting 
up  strangely,  this  exponent  of  the  harsh- 
est state  law  in  this  country  declared 
dryly : 

"I  wish  they'd  come  out  here  and  let 
me  try  it  on  them.  I  would  guarantee 
to  whip  them  in  precisely  the  same  way 
I  whip  everybody — the  same  strokes. 
They'd  soon  find  out  whether  it  was  a 
farce  or  not.  They'd  feel  it  all  right,  let 
me  tell  you!" 

No;  whipping  in  Delaware  is  not  a 
farce,  but  a  grim  fact.  But  this  bar- 
barous idea  of  a  bygone  age,  still  writ- 
ing its  name  of  "savage  revenge"  in 
letters  of  red  upon  the  bare  backs  of  its 
victims,  must  be  put  down.  When  all  the 
shameful  facts  are  known,  Delaware  will 
be  speedily  made  to  repeal  her  barbarous 
and  probably  unconstitutional  law.  And 
the  years  will  force  her  into  line  with 
New  Jersey  and  other  States  who  deal 
with  criminals  as  with  men  and  not  as 
with  dogs.  These  are  not  the  days  of 
Elizabeth  or  of  James.    This  is  1914! 


THE  TRUTH 
ABOUT  TOBACCO 


By  EC  Walsh.  M.D 


Does  the  use  of  tobacco  benefit  you?  Does  it  harm  you?  If  so,  do  you  know 
■why?  And  are  you  positive  you  are  right  in  your  conclusion?  Statements  so 
strong  for  and  against  smoking  have  been  made  that  it  is  high  time  the  facts,  so 
far  as  they  are  known,  should  be  scientifically  presented.  As  the  autJior  points 
out,  it  is  not  a  question  of  morality,  after  all,  but  a  question  of  "health  and  physical 
and  mental  efficiency. ,"  In  this  article  is  presented  the  last  word  on  the  subject  so 
far  as  medical  science  knows  it. — The  Editors. 


IN  attempting-  to  state  the  case  for  or 
against  tobacco,  I  here  do  so  without 
prejudice  of  any  sort,  and  any  con- 
clusions I  may  draw  are  based  en- 
tirely upon  scientific  fact.  The  moral, 
sentimental,  or  social  side  of  the  question 
is  none  of  my  affair,  and  for  that  reason  I 
shall  confine  my  statements  as  much  as 
possible  to  the  effects  of  tobacco  on 
health  and  physical  and  mental  efficiency. 
Indeed,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  any 
other  consideration  of  the  use  of  tobacco 
would  make  little  impression  on  any  one, 
for  health  and  efficiency  are  two  of  the 
most  important  phases  of  our  life  of 
today  and,  if  these  be  safely  guarded, 
most  of  the  other  good  things  of  life 
will  be  added. 

The  argument  is  frequently  used  that 
famous  men  of  master  mind  were  not 
addicted  to  the  use  of  tobacco.  Goethe, 
looked  upon  as  a  demigod  and  their  great- 
est poet  by  the  Germans ;  Victor  Hugo, 
that  giant  of  intellect  among  the  French, 
and  his  countryman  Balzac  are  generally 
cited  as  striking  examples.  Such  an 
argument  is  merely  one  of  words,  for  in 
the  ranks  of  smokers  there  exist  hun- 
dreds of  names  whose  bearers  were  and 
are  likewise  men  of  the  highest  type  of 
intellect:  Cromwell,  Tennyson,  General 
Grant,  Carlyle,  Kipling,  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson — scores  could  be  mentioned 
offhand,  but  that  would  prove  nothing 
for  either  side  of  the  argument.     Stev- 

180 


enson  sometimes  smoked  as  many  as 
twenty  cigars,  at  other  times  eighty 
cigarettes,  a  day.  Whether  or  not  this 
shortened  his  life  no  one  can  say ;  he  died 
of  apoplexy,  but  had  he  lived  long 
enough  he  certainly  would  have  died  of 
consumption,  a  disease  with  which  he 
was  long  afflicted.  But  there  is  no  medi- 
cal evidence  to  show  that  any  one  ever 
contracted  consumption  through  the  use 
of  tobacco,  though  such  opinion  passes 
as  common  currency  in  average  unscien- 
tific discussions,  and  especially  concern- 
ing the  cigarette. 

There  is,  at  least,  one  potent  reason 
for  special  discrimination  against  the 
cigarette.  It  is  this :  Owing  to  its  cheap- 
ness and  comparative  mildness  when 
singly  considered,  the  cigarette  affords 
too  easy  an  opportunity  for  the  young  to 
indulge  in  the  smoking  of  tobacco,  and 
scientific  opinion  is  pretty  well  agreed 
that  the  use  of  tobacco  does  actually 
retard  the  proper  mental  development  of 
those  who  have  not  attained  their  physi- 
cal and  mental  growth.  Besides,  the 
almost  universal  practice  of  cigarette 
users  of  inhaling  the  smoke  gives  the 
poison  in  the  fumes  the  best  possible 
opportunity  to  get  thoroughly  into  the 
system.  Used  by  the  young,  it  is  fair  to 
believe  for  practical  purposes  that  to- 
bacco hinders  the  development  of  the 
higher  nerve  centers,  especially  when  the 
smoke    is    inhaled.      The   late    Alphonse 


THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  TOBACCO 


181 


Bcrtillon  demonstrated  at  the  ficole 
Polytechnique  that  those  students  who 
smoked  did  not  attain  so  high  a  rank  as 
those  who  did  not  smoke. 

The  famous  Professor  Osier,  now  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  a  man  whose 
opinion  is  respected  throughout  the 
medical  world,  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that 
"in  the  young,  excessive  indulgence  in 
tobacco  may  lead  to  increased  size  and 
dilatation  of  the  heart,  and  even  cause 
valvular  disease  of  this  organ."  How- 
ever, it  is  impossible  to  prove  or  disprove 
such  a  statement.  And,  once  and  for  all, 
let  it  be  said  that  medical  science,  of 
itself,  has  not  contributed  a  great  deal 
to  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  influences 
of  tobacco  upon  the  human  system. 

In  fact,  there  is  not  very  much  known 
about  tobacco  from  a  scientific  standpoint 
in  its  effects  upon  the  human  body.  As 
far  as  I  can  see,  the  truth  about  tobacco 
has  never  been  scientifically  stated. 
There  is  a  reason.  Encyclopedias  and 
most  books,  even  medical  books,  do  not 
count ;  they  deal  too  exclusively  with  ex- 
periments with  the  principal  poisonous 
ingredient  in  tobacco,  namely  nicotine. 
This  name  is  given  to  the  poison  in  honor 
of  Jean  Xicot,  who  introduced  smoking 
into  Portugal  in  the  sixteenth  century. 


Rolling  the  "Pills" 

A  Philadelphia  shop  employs  eirls  to  make  cigarettes  by 

band. 


when  he  was  French  ambassador  to  that 
court. 

All  that  is  said  in  a  scientific  way  about 
nicotine  is  probably  true,  but  it  is  hardly 
fair  to  consider  nicotine  and  tobacco  as 
one  and  the  same  thing,  for  it  is  by  no 
means  certain  that  the  smoke  of  tobacco 
contains  any  appreciable  portion  of  this 
dangerous  drug.  Chemists  assert  that 
the  smoKe  of  Turkish  tobacco  contains 
no  nicotine  whatever,  but  of  course  the 
raw  leaf  of  all  tobaccos  contains  from 
one  to  eight  per  cent  of  nicotine.  How 
dangerous  nicotine  is,  most  every  school 
boy  knows.  Tobacco  applied  as  a  poultice 
to  a  raw  surface  has  caused  death  in  a 
human  being  within  three  hours  after 
being  placed  on  the  surface  of  the  body. 
A  sailor  boy,  who,  caught  chewing  to- 
bacco after  being  previously  disciplined 
for  doing  so,  and  fearing  chastisement, 
swallowed  the  tobacco,  died  half  an  hour 
afterward  from  paralysis  of  the  respi- 
ratory organs.  The  nicotine  obtained 
from  tobacco  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  most 
powerful  and  rapidly-acting  poisons 
known  to  science.  It  is  because  of  this 
that  tobacco  and  the  drugs  derived  from 
it  have  been  officially  dropped  in  medical 
practice.  One-fifteenth  of  a  grain  of 
nicotine  has  caused  death   in   a  human  ' 


182 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


being;  and  one-thirty-second  of  a  grain 
is  fatal  to  cats  and  dogs.  In  one  well- 
known  experiment,  one  drop  of  this 
poison  killed  a  cat  in  seventy-eight  sec- 
onds. As  an  active  and  rapid  poison  it 
has  only  one  rival,  and  that  is  prussic 
acid.  It  has,  in  fact,  been  employed  to 
commit  murder,  a  certain  Belgian  count 
having  done  away  with  his  brother-in- 
law  by  forcing  him  to  swallow  a  dose 
of  nicotine,  but  the  murder  was  proved 
only  after  a  famous  chemist  had  demon- 
strated traces  of  the  poison  in  various 
internal  organs  of  the  murdered  man. 

All  this  applies  to  nicotine ;  tobacco 
itself,  in  its  ordinary  use  as  a  pleasurable 
habit,  has  never  been  known  to  cause 
death. 

But    it    is    highly    probable    that    the 


"A  Great  Financier  or  Railroad  President  May  Plan  a  Coop  w",lk 

Physically  Relaxed  but  Mentally  Stimulated  in  a  Pleasurable  way 

by  the  tastb  and  odor  of  a  good  clgar' 


use  of  tobacco  is  responsible,  in  some 
persons,  to  a  limited  extent,  for  certain 
kinds  of  disturbances  of  digestion  and 
some  forms  of  chronic  sore  throat ;  it  is 
very  possible  that  in  the  very  young  it  is 
guilty  of  holding  back  a  certain  amount 
of  development  of  intelligence,  although 
all  such  observations  could  be  accounted 
for  in  other  ways ;  it  is  certain  that  it 
sometimes  causes  a  form  of  temporary 
blindness,  especially  when  used  to  excess 
by  those  who  also  indulge  freely  in  alco- 
hol. 

Tobacco  seems  in  many  cases  to  create 
a  taste  for  alcohol  far  more  often  than 
alcohol  creates  a  desire  for  tobacco.  This 
is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  alcohol 
counteracts  to  some  extent  the  physical 
depression  or  reaction  which  follows  a 
continuous  use  of  to- 
bacco throughout  the 
day.  All-day  smokers 
are  often  early  evening 
drinkers.  It  may  be 
said  that,  in  its  moderate 
use,  tobacco  has  no  rela- 
tion as  a  causative  fac- 
tor in  the  direct  produc- 
tion of  disease.  I  am 
not  forgetful  that  there 
is  such  a  thing  as  "to- 
bacco heart".  Any  one 
who  will  continue  to 
smoke  when  he  knows 
that  tobacco  does  not 
agree  with  him  is  a  fit 
subject  for  a  guardian. 
I  speak  of  the  condition 
called  "tobacco  heart" 
because  it  is  a  nerv- 
ous affection,  and  if 
there  is  any  one  kind  of 
disease  that  tobacco  is 
blamed  for  it  is  that  of 
a  nervous  nature. 

With  but  one  excep- 
tion, I  suppose  sheer 
pleasure  or  pure  cussed- 
ness  is  the  sole  excuse 
for  the  use  of  tobacco. 
But  the  one  exception  to 
which  I  refer  has  a  very 
important  bearing  on 
the  health  of  certain  in- 
dividuals of  the  so- 
called  nervous  type. 
Many  of  these  are  fre- 


THE  RAW  AND  THE  FINISHED  PRODUCT 
Turkish  tobacco  is  said  to  contain  almost  no  nicotine,  but  that  of  the  Pennsylvania  field  has  irom  one  to  eight  per  cent 

Cigars  are  rolled  from  the  broad  leaves. 


quently  afflicted  with  a  sort  of  constipa- 
tion which  nothing'  else  will  relieve  so 
magically  and  harmlessly  as  a  moderate 
use  of  tobacco  in  the  way  of  a  pipe  or 
cigar.  Touching  on  this  phase  of  the 
question.  Doctor  Potter  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, who  is  recognized  as  one  of  our 
greatest  authorities  on  the  physiological 
action  of  drugs,  says  "Smokers  rarely 
suffer  from  constipation,  but  generally 
experience  an  immediate  laxative  effect 
from  their  morning  cigar." 

On  the  other  hand,  tobacco  has  been 
held  guilty  of  being  a  frequent  factor  in 


the  production  of  arteriosclerosis,  or 
"hardening  of  the  arteries,"  a  condition 
associated  with  old  age,  and  even  to  be 
found  in  those  who  have  aged  prema- 
turely. The  facts  are  probably  the  other 
way.  No  one  has  studied  the  question 
of  old  age  more  thoroughly  than  has 
"sour-milk"  MetchnikofF,  the  Russian 
scientist  now  connected  with  the  Pasteur 
Institute  at  Paris.  Metchnikoff  holds  that 
the  one  great  cause  of  old  age  with  its 
associated  hardening  of  the  arteries,  is 
due  to  deplorable  conditions  of  certain 
portions  of  the  alimentary  canal.  Wrong- 

183 


184 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ful  fermentation  of  food  in  the  alimen- 
tary canal,  especially  with  existing  con- 
stipation, is  productive  of  a  poisoning  of 
one's  self  in  a  way  injurious  to  almost 
every  living  cell  in  the  body.  The  liver, 
kidneys,  and  arteries  suffer  particularly 
from  this  continuous  poisoning.  Alcohol, 
when  frequently  imbibed,  of  course  will 
do  its  share.  But  the  fact  remains  that 
others  who  are  not  imbibers  suffer  in  due 
proportion.  But  on  account  of  the  bene- 
ficial action  just  referred  to,  tobacco 
must  be  recorded  as  working  against 
hardening  of  the  arteries  instead  of 
assisting  in  that  process.  Such  an  asser- 
tion is  not  open  to  demonstration,  but  it 
is  right  in  theory. 

But  the  more  interesting  phase  of  the 
tobacco  question  is  its  direct  relation  to 
physical  and  mental  efficiency. 

Can  the  man  who  does  physical  labor 
and  who  is  also  a  smoker  do  as  much 
work  while  smoking  as  he  could  if  he 
didn't  smoke?  Can  the  bricklayer,  car- 
penter, mechanic,  or  artisan  of  any  kind 
who  smokes  on  the  job  do  his  employer 
full  justice  in  spite  of  this  habit?  We 
are  now  on  ground  which  will  permit  us 


to  give  a  positive  and  scientific  answer. 
The  problem  now  becomes  one  which 
concerns  the  accurate  measurement  of 
fatigue.  The  quicker  a  man  tires  the 
less  he  is  fitted  to  put  forth  his  full 
strength  in  any  continuous  effort.  Thus 
his  efficiency  and  the  value  of  his  labor 
are  materially  diminished. 

A  few  years  ago  Professor  Mosso,  of 
Turin,  Italy,  devised  an  apparatus  which 
is  known  as  the  "ergograph".  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  measure  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  person  experimented  upon  be- 
comes fatigued.  Mosso's  application  of 
his  device  was  confined  to  tests  which 
had  an  important  bearing  on  questions 
relating  to  education.  He  demonstrated 
for  one  thing  that  at  times  of  examina- 
tions in  schools  the  children  should  not 
be  encouraged  to  indulge  in  their  usual 
physical  exercise,  as  they  were  fatigued 
mentally  as  a  consequence,  and  less  fitted 
to  undergo  any  mental  test  or  strain. 
But  what  concerns  us  here  is  the  further 
application  of  the  "ergograph",  when 
men  were  subjected  to  its  tests  while 
using  tobacco. 

A  detailed  account  of  these  experi- 
ments might  prove  most  interesting,  but 
the  conclusions  reached  are  the  more 
important.  In  most  of  the  experiments, 
scores  of  tests  were  made  on  differ- 
ent individuals,  but  at  various  intervals. 


THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  TOBACCO 


185 


The  first  tests  were  to  find  how  quickly 
the  subject  would  become  fatigued  with- 
out the  use  of  tobacco.  The  second  tests 
were  made  under  the  same  conditions, 
but  with  the  subject  using  tobacco,  gen- 
erally in  the  shape  of  a  cigar  or  cigar- 
ette. 


we  are  on  quite  uncertain  ground.  In  a 
question  of  this  kind  there  is  no  way  of 
accurate  measurement,  and  we  must  de- 
pend largely  on  a  man's  personal  opinion 
and  feelings.  Not  long  ago  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  literary  men  of  France  who 
were   smokers  decided,   for  purposes  of 


AN  OPEN  WOUND  ON  THESE  BARE  LEGS  MIGHT  BE  VERY  DANGEROUS 
A  tobacco  poultice  on  a  raw  sore  has  been  known  to  kill  a  person  in  three  hours.    This  shop  is  in  the  city  of  Manila. 


All  of  the  results  ran  about  the  same, 
so  far  as  the  use  of  tobacco  was  con- 
cerned. The  man  being  tested  would 
begin  smoking  about  five  minutes  before 
the  machine  was  applied.  The  result  was 
shown  by  the  machine  tracing  graphic- 
ally on  carbonized  paper.  At  first  the 
man  really  did  a  certain  amount  of  work- 
above  his  normal  average,  but  this  would 
soon  fall  far  below  his  normal  capacity. 
As  his  fatigue  became  greater,  the  smok- 
ing of  a  second  cigarette  would  momen- 
tarily whip  up  his  winning  energies  so 
that  for  a  brief  period  the  amount  of  work 
he  accomplished  would  again  rise  above 
his  usual  average,  only  to  fall  below  his 
average  a  few  minutes  later.  The  test  was 
decisive,  and  it  proved  this :  That  no  man 
doing  physical  labor,  and  who  smokes 
while  on  the  "job",  is  as  efficient  and  as 
able  to  put  forth  his  full  energies  as  he 
could  if  he  were  not  smoking.  Smoking 
after  work  or  in  the  intervals  of  labor  is 
another  matter,  but  the  conclusions  dem- 
onstrated by  the  "ergograph"  are  of  the 
utmost  importance  in  their  bearings  on 
those  who  smoke  while  engaged  in 
physical  labor. 

When  it  comes  to  smoking  and  mental 
efficiency  we  are  not  so  cocksure ;  in  fact 


experiment,  to  discontinue  the  habit  and 
note  the  result  on  their  mentality  and 
work.  Most  of  them  felt  that  their  minds 
worked  better  and  for  longer  periods. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  psycho- 
logical basis  in  stating  that  anything 
pleasurable  stimulates  the  imagination 
and  is  conducive  to  reverie.  Now,  much 
of  original  scientific  research,  and  nearly 
all  inventions,  are  based  upon  a  scientific 
use  of  the  imagination.  Much  of  the 
work  of  the  poets  and  novelists  is  like- 
wise due  to  reverie.  A  great  financier 
or  railway  president  may  also  plan  a  coup 
while  physically  relaxed  but  mentally 
stimulated  in  a  pleasurable  way  by  the 
taste  and  odor  of  a  good  cigar.  All 
creative  work  of  a  purely  mental  nature, 
which  is  at  the  same  time  largely  de- 
pendent on  a  quick  and  lively  imagina- 
tion, may  be  said  to  be  assisted  by  to- 
bacco, but  for  brief  periods  only.  To 
those,  then,  who  live  or  take  their  recrea- 
tion through  the  imagination,  tobacco  is 
both  a  pleasure  and  a  spur  to  efficiency. 
This  and  what  has  already  been  said 
covers  the  ground  of  impartial  knowl- 
edge concerning  the  subject.  All  who 
wish  may  strike  the  balance  of  the  credits 
for,  or  the  debits  against,  tobacco. 


TWO  WAYS  IN  THE  ALPS 


M 


We  MKN  for  the  JOB 

-and  the  WOMAN 


By  H.  S.  Law 


The  question  as  to  whether  woman  is  mentally  on  a  par  with  man  is  a  footless 
one.  In  manv  things  she  is  indisputably  his  equal;  in  perhaps  as  many  more,  his 
superior.  But  instead  of  our  wromgtmg  over  the  question,  the  author  of  this 
article  would  kovt  us  consider  scientifically  what  things  women  can  best  do  and 
wliat  things  men.  lie  would  kavt  us  compare  without  prejudice  the  relative 
efficiency  of  the  se.ves  in  various  industries. — The  Editors. 


THE  owner  of  a  steam  laundry 
in  Philadelphia,  employing  in 
the  neighborhood  of  one  hun- 
dred women,  became  discour- 
aged over  the  small  profits  he 
was  taking  out  of  the  business.  He  was 
at  a  loss  to  account  for  the  cause  of  his 
insignificant  dividends.  There  were 
plenty  of  customers,  the  employes  were 
kept  at  the  machines  every  minute  of  the 


day,  and  yet  the  amount  of  work  turned 
out  was  disproportionate  to  the  cost. 
Finally  he  called  in  an  "efficiency  expert." 

Within  a  few  days  the  expert  made 
his  report.  He  had  reduced  the  cause  of 
the  trouble  to  one  thing — fatigue ! 

"Those  girls  are  not  strong  enough  to 
do  the  work,"  he  reported ;  "they  tire 
themselves  out  unnecessarily,  but  the 
fault  is  not  with  them ;  it's  with  the  ma- 


CANNING 

"In  the  trades  and  industries  where  men  and  women  are  employed  in  common,  the  women  would  be  more  efficient  and 
profitable  in  those  operations  requiring  the  exclusive  and  constant  use  of  the  smaller  muscles  of  the  body." 

m 


188 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


chines.  Every  time  a  girl  presses  a  col- 
lar or  cuff,  those  machines  require  from 
her  energy  equal  to  one  hundred  pounds, 
when  the  work  could  be  done  with  an 
expenditure  of  energy  equal  to  fifty 
pounds.  To  put  it  another  way,  each 
girl  is  working  twice  as  hard  as  she 
should,  is  wasting  her  energies,  and  con- 
sequently tires  out  twice  as  fast  as  she 
ought  to.  The  only  thing  for  you  to  do  is 
to  employ  men  or  put  in  new  machinery." 

"Women  are  cheap,  you  know,"  said 
the  manager,  "if  I  hire  men  I'll  have  to 
pay  them  more." 

"Twice  as  much?"  asked  the  expert. 

"Well,  no,"  said  the  other. 

"Then  hire  men  or  put  in  new  ma- 
chinery. That's  the  only  solution  I  have 
to  offer  you." 

New  machinery  at  that  particular  time 
was  out  of  the  question,  so  the  women 
were  replaced  by  a  lot  of  sturdy  men. 
An  increase  in  profits,  in  spite  of  the 
higher  wage  paid,  led  the  owner  to  re- 
solve that  thereafter  he  would  never  em- 
ploy women  except  in  a  few  clerical 
positions  involving  "checking  up",  work 
at  the  books,  and  similar  office  work,  and 
he  had  some  doubts  about  that.  Here 
was  one  man  convinced  that,  in  spite  of 
the  cheaper  price  for  woman's  labor,  it 
paid  to  employ  men,  and  that  in  the  long 
run  the  latter 


Women 


ecu 

worn 


were  the  more  efficient   workers   in  his 
plant. 

Under  the  given  conditions,  the 
women,  of  course,  were  handicapped,  and 
the  men  employes  were  in  fact  the  more 
efficient,  but  the  question  was  not  really 
solved — not  at  all.  At  the  end  of  a  year 
the  laundry  was  sold.  It  was  making 
money  at  the  time,  but  the  new  owner 
was  alert  and  ambitious,  and  thought  the 
profits  ought  to  be  greater.  Matters  went 
on  as  usual  for  a  month  or  so,  and  then 
one  day  he  happened  to  run  across  the 
filed  report  of  the  "efficiency  expert".  He 
became  interested  immediately  and  at 
once  saw  his  opportunity  to  reduce  the 
running  expense,  though  he  would  have 
to  put  more  capital  into  the  business.  As 
quickly  as  practicable,  he  bought  new 
machinery  and  had  it  installed.  Then  he 
discharged  the  men.  He  replaced  them 
with  women,  and  the  volume  of  work 
turned  out  remained  about  the  same,  but 
his  profits  mounted  up  rapidly,  for  he 
had  engaged  the  women  at  a  much  lower 
wage  than  he  paid  the  men. 

There    is    but    one  conclusion   to  be 
drawn  from  this  instance :     By  changing 
working      conditions,      when      possible, 
women — even  where  they  have  seemed 
inferior  to  men — may  prove  the  latter's 
equals.      When    women    appear   less   ef- 
ficient, it  is  often  because  they  tire  more  quickly, 
and    fatigue    always    makes    for    inefficiency. 
But  even  this  last  statement  must  be  qualified. 
Muscular   fatigue   varies   according  to  sex 
and    the    different    muscles    involved.    In 
movements  involving  the  larger  muscles, 
as  in  swinging  a  pick,  or  a  golf  club,  or  in 
throwing   a    baseball,    more    energy    is    ex- 
pended and  required  than  in  some  lesser  move- 
ment, and  men  are  always  more  efficient  in 
occupations  requiring  the  use  of  these  larger 
muscles.     At    such    work,    women    become 
fatigued  more  quickly.    It  is  quite  different, 
however,   with   smaller  muscular   move- 
ments such  as  in  the  use  of 
the  fingers. 

This  theory  has  been 
tested  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent by  an  instrument 
devised  for  this  pur- 
pose. An  experiment 
was  made  on  fifty  men 
and  fifty  women.  These 
people  were  equally 
well   nourished  and 


THE   MAN    FOR   THE  JOB— AND  THE  WOMAN 


189 


healthy.  The  muscles  tested  in  these 
two  groups  were  those  of  the  hands  and 
fingers.  With  the  regularity  of  a  clock, 
first  the  fingers,  and  then  the  hands, 
were  made  to  bend  on  themselves  against 
a  certain  amount  of  resistance.  In  other 
words,  the  ability  of  these  smaller  mus- 
cles to  withstand  fatigue  was  visibly 
demonstrated  and  registered  among  the 
men  in  the  one  group,  and  among  the 
women  in  the  other.  On  an  average,  the 
women  surpassed  the  men  in  this  test  by 
a  scoring  of  almost  one-third.  So  far, 
then,  as  these  smaller  muscles  were  con- 
cerned, the  women  were  about  one-third 
more  efficient  than  the  men. 

It  would,  therefore,  be  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  in  the  trades  and  industries 
where  men  and  women  are  employed  in 
common,  the  women  would  be  more  ef- 
ficient and  profitable  in  those  operations 
requiring  the  exclusive  and  constant  use 
of  the  smaller  muscles  of  the  body. 

There  are  scores  of  such  trades  for 
which  this  conclusion  should  hold  true. 
We   have   them    in   the   manufacture   of 
clothing,    gloves    and    shoes ;    of    laces, 
silks,  and  glassware ;  in  the  bottling  of 
pickles;  the  canning  of  fruits  and  vege- 
tables, and  even  in  what  are  known  as 
the    "metallic     industries".       Pittsburgh 
alone  employs  hundreds  of  women  in  her 
steel   and    iron    industries — women    engaged    in   pro 
ducing  nuts  and  bolts,  in  turning  threads, 
and    in    similar    iron    work.    They    do       '*  Hk  a 
this  work  well,  probably  better  than  men  Executive? 
would  do  it,  for  the  reason  just  given, 
but  the  worst  feature  about  this  fact  is  that  they 
do  it  for  lower  pay.    Equal  or  greater  efficiency  on 
the   part   of   women,   at   a   lessened   wage!     No 
wonder  that  in  certain  trades  woman  is  crowd- 
ing man  to  the  wall ! 

The  year  1876  saw  the  beginnings  of  the 
huge  industry  <>f  the  telephone  as  a  public 
service.     At  first,  the  field  was  occupied 
solely  by  men.    Slowly  but  surely,  an  ever- 
increasing  army  of  women  encroached, 
until  today  the  exchange  part  of  the 
business — the  switchboard  end 
of  it — is  practically 
monopolized  by  women. 
Lower   wages   must 
have  counted  for  some- 
thing in  this  wholesale 
displacement,     but     re- 
viewing the  process  in 
the    light    of    present- 


day  knowledge,  efficiency  must  also  have 
been  a  very  considerable  factor.  For  one 
thing,  the  position  of  telephone  operator 
is  one  that  requires  a  constant  tension  of 
the  nervous  system.  Where  an  almost 
automatic  movement  of  smaller  muscles 
is  involved,  requiring  at  the  same  time  an 
expenditure  of  purely  nervous  energy, 
woman  seems  to  be  the  superior  of  man. 
But  the  telephone  girl  pays  a  penalty  for 
this  temporary  superiority,  as  her  "life" 
for  this  kind  of  work — in  the  large  ex- 
changes at  least — is  only  a  few  years. 
After  that,  her  highest  efficiency  is  ex- 
hausted, and  from  a  dividend  standpoint 
she  is  no  longer  useful  to  the  company. 
There  is  no  doubt  a  man  would  last 
longer,  but  girls  are  easy  to  get  and 
better  while  they  last. 

Among  a  large  number  of  students, 
male  and  female,  of  almost  equal  age,  a 
certain  test  was  made.  An  ordinacy 
newspaper  of  the  same  issue  was 
placed  before  each  of  them.  Furnished 
with  a  pencil,  and  timed  with  a  stop 
watch,  they  were  told  to  strike  out  with 
the  pencil  as  quickly  as  they  could  every 
letter  "a"  that  appeared  in  a  certain 
column.  As  each  reached  the  bottom  of 
the  column  his  time  was  recorded. 
When  all  were  through  an  average  was 
taken,  by  sexes.  The  women  won  with  a 
large  lead. 


On<-  trst  of  a  man 
is  to  put  him  at 
solving  puzzles.  It 
involves  "reflective 
judgment."  one  of 
the  great  factors  in 
executive  ability. 


190 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


to   do   from   twice   to   four   times   the 
amount  of  daily  work  they  did  for- 
merly.    It    would    be    manifestly 
unfair  to  compare  the  work  of  a 
man    in    some    similar    line   of 
work  with  that  of  a  woman 
who  had  been  taught  these 
short  cuts  to  increased  effi- 
ciency.    For    proper    com- 
parison,    conditions    must 
be    as    nearly    equal    and 
alike  as  possible.    For  that 
reason  we  must  deal  with 
the  natural,  inherent  apti- 
tudes   of    the    two    sexes. 
Psychology    is 
gradually 
beginning 


Here  Men  Made  Profits 
"Hire  men  or  put  in  new  machin- 
ery." said  the  efficiency  expert  to 
the  laundry  owner.  That  was  be- 
cause his  machinery  was  better 
adapted  to  the  masculine  abilities. 


Tests    of    the    other 
senses  have  been  made, 
though  with  less  certain 
results    but,    as    a    rule, 
alertness    of    one    of    the 
senses  is  associated  with 
like    quickness     of     the 
other  senses,  all  of  which 
goes  to  show  that  from 
the  standpoint  of  fitness 
and  sheer  efficiency  the  tele- 
phone girl  is  best  suited  for  her  position, 
and  perhaps  telephone  and  similar  cor- 
porations have  builded  better  than  they 
knew. 

But  of  course  "efficiency",  in  its  new- 
est sense,  is  a  very  elastic  term.  It  is 
neither  fair  nor  possible  to  compare  sex 
with  sex,  as  regards  efficiency,  all  the 
way  through.  From  common  labor  up 
to  the  higher  trades  an  average  man  or 
woman  may  be  taught  to  double  or  treble 
the  amount  of  work  to  be  accomplished 
in  a  day.  For  instance,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  goods,  the  girls  who 
fold  the  finished  cloth  have  been  taught 


to  throw  some  light  on  problems  of  this 
nature.  In  the  instance  of  the  telephone 
girl,  the  method  of  the  test  was  largely 
psychological,  and  the  assistance  of  this 
science  becomes  the  more  necessary 
whenever  we  attempt  to  make  any  com- 
parison of  the  sexes  in  the  field  of  mental 
efficiency. 

Men  who  have  made  a  study  of  psy- 
chology as  applied  to  business  are  pretty 
well  agreed  that  any  one  who  properly 
fills  an  executive  position  must  be  fairly 
well  endowed  with  what  the  psycholo- 
gists now  call  "reflective  judgment". 
They  are  beginning  to  associate  reflective 


THE  MAN  FOR  THE  JOB— AND  THE  WOMAN 


191 


judgment  and  executive  ability  together. 
In  the  past,  it  often  required  weeks  and 
months,  by  actual  test  in  business,  to  find 
out  whether  or  not  a  given  employe  was 
suited  for  advancement  to  an  executive 
position.  Even  then  many  serious  and 
even  pathetic  mistakes  were  made.  The 
employer  had  to  judge  of  the  possibili- 
ties of  the  prospective  executive  in  a  more 
or  less  haphazard  manner. 

If  we  are  to  believe  some  of  our  "busi- 
ness psychologists",  all  the  old-fashioned 
methods  are  to  be  changed.  Business  ex- 
ecutives in  the  future  are  to  be  picked 
from  the  ranks  of  men  and  women  by 
tests  of  their  reflective  judgment,  and 
this  quality  is  to  be  determined  by  the 
candidate's  ability  to  solve  various  kinds 
of  mechanical  puzzles.  Everyone  has 
had  a  try  at  this  sort  of  thing 
at  some  time — the  styles 
of  "Chinese  puzzles" 
are  well-nigh  in 
numerable.  Per- 
sons skilled  in 
solving  these 
puzzles  show 
their  aptitude 
by  the  speed 
with  which 
they  solve 
them,  and  the 
del  iberative 
manner 
which  they  ap- 
proach the  prob- 
lem. That  much  is 
taken  for  granted 
by  the  psy- 
chologists,  ^ 

and  they         ^A 
judge 


executive  ability  by  the  results  of  such 
tests.  Men  vary  greatly  in  their  ability  to 
solve  these  puzzles,  some  doing  in  one  or 
two  minutes  what  requires  for  others  as 
many  hours,  while  many  are  forced  to 
give  up  in  despair.  Speed  is  the  main 
thing,  but  in  order  to  eliminate  any 
chance  solution,  the  test  must  be  made  on 
a  number  of  different  puzzles,  and  the 
average  time  recorded  for  the  solving  of 
these. 

Strange  to  say,  it  is  in  this  test  for 
executive  ability  that  most  women  fall 
down ;  or  at  least  in  tests  of  dozens  of 
different  groups  of  both  men  and  women, 
the  groups  composed  of  men  averaged 
much  higher  than  those  of  women.  This 
test  of  executive  ability  may  not  be  con- 
clusive— it  would  be  unfair  to  say  that 
it  is — but,  so  far 
as  it  is  worth 
anything,  it 
shows  that 
woman  is  not 
man's  equal  as 
a  superintend- 
e  n  t,  "b  o  s  s", 
head  of  a  de- 
partment, or 
in  any  kind  of 
work  that  is 
'  j  supposed  to 
1  require  special 
■  ability  as  an 
w  executive. 
W  Were  we  not 
limiting  ourselves 
to  efficiency  in  the 
trades  and  oc- 
cupations 
in   which 


192 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


and  women  are  now  openly  competing, 
we  should  say  that  here  is  a  strong  argu- 
ment for  those  who  are  opposed  to 
woman  occupying  high  political  position. 

Of  course,  there  are  men  who,  know- 
ing a  great  deal  about  this  problem  of 
efficiency,  do  not  take  kindly  to  the  vari- 
ous laboratory  tests  of  the  psychologists 
in  the  efforts  of  the  latter  to  put  the 
subject  on  a  purely  scientific  basis.  Har- 
rington Emerson,  a  pioneer  in  the  field, 
and  one  who  has  studied  the  questions 
involved  from  an  exclusively  business 
standpoint,  says  that  "elaborate  tests 
with  instruments  are  not  necessary  to 
ascertain  whether  or  not  a  man  or  woman 
has  the  four  fundamental  qualities  of 
health,  intelligence,  honesty,  and  indus- 
try." 

These  tests  may  not  be  essential  under 
present  conditions,  but  in  the  keener 
struggle  of  the  morrow,  any  possible  test 
which  throws  any  light  on  this  question 
of  industrial  and  executive  efficiency 
will  be  welcome.  Even  as  regards  hon- 
esty, advanced  psychologists  of  today  are 
able  to  bring  this  quality  to  the  surface 
in  varying  degrees  by  instrumental. tests 


According  to  Theory 

At  the  telegraph  key,  a  woman  could  not  be  expected  to  make  an  efficient  train 

dispatcher." 


and  through  a  method  known  as  psycho- 
analysis. Intelligence,  of  which  reflective 
judgment  is  certainly  a  part,  is  being 
tested  by  the  methods  here  illustrated. 
Industry  is  a  matter  of  alertness  of  the 
various  senses  and  the  ability  to  with- 
stand fatigue.  Health,  of  course,  is 
largely  a  matter  of  test  by  instruments, 
as  medical  science  is  showing  more  and 


more  every  day.  No  worthy  physician 
of  today  would  attempt  to  say  whether 
or  not  a  man  or  woman  is  in  good  health, 
without  the  use  of  one  or  many  mechan- 
ical devices. 

Certainly,  when  it  comes  to  a  compari- 
son of  the  efficiency  of  the  sexes  we  are 
obliged  more  and  more  to  depend  on  the 
results  of  instrumental  tests,  or,  at  least, 
we  cannot  judge  by  a  casual  glance  as  to 
the  four  qualities  named  by  Emerson. 
The  great  need  is  some  positive  test  and 
standard  which  will  bear  the  closest 
scientific  scrutiny.  Miinsterberg  of  Har- 
vard and  Kraeplin  of  Munich  have  fairly 
scratched  the  surface  of  the  mine  of 
knowledge  which  lies  in  store  for  us. 
It  was  Miinsterberg  who  discovered  that 
"labor  with  the  large  muscles  has  never 
been  easily  combined  with  the  subtler 
training  of  the  finer  muscles",  and  that  is 
why,  generally  speaking,  women  are  bet- 
ter operators  on  the  typewriter,  from  a 
purely  physical  point  of  view.  They 
should,  by  the  same  rule,  be  better 
pianists,  in  so  far  as  a  pure  technique 
with  the  fingers  is  concerned.  On  the 
contrary,  at  the  telegraph  key,  a  woman 
could  not  be  expected  to 
make  an  efficient  train- 
dispatcher  ;  that  is  a  po- 
sition which  requires  a 
good  deal  of  reflective 
judgment  and,  from  the 
puzzle-tests  which  have 
thus  far  been  made,  we 
have  already  seen — at 
least  according  to  me- 
chanical tests — that  in 
this  respect  woman  is 
lacking  considerably  in 
comparison  with  man. 
In  occupations  requiring 
quickness  of  the  senses, 
woman  leads. 

Of  course,  the  purpose 
of  such  practical  studies 
is  not  to  prevent  woman's 
entering  into  competition  with  man.  On 
the  contrary,  the  purpose  is  to  prevent 
waste  of  human  energy  and  labor.  When 
a  man  is  doing  work  that  a  woman  could 
do  far  better,  there  is  waste.  When  a 
woman  takes  a  man's  place  and  does  the 
work  less  efficiently,  there  is  also  waste. 
There  is  room  enough  for  both  in  the 
great  industrial  world  of  our  time. 


THE  HARMLESS  BREAKERS  ROLL 
The  steel  rails  which  form  the  pier  offer  little  resistance  to  the  powerful  roll  of  the  monotonous  sea  or  to  the  crash  of 

mountain-high  waves. 

RAILROAD  STEEL  FOR 
PIER 

A  X  excellent  new  scheme  for 
**  building  docks  has  been 
tried  out  at  Oceanside,  Cali- 
fornia, where  the  twenty-thou- 
sand-dollar steel  pier  is  con- 
structed from  the  kind  of  rails 
commonly  used  in  track  con- 
struction on  railroads.  The  rails 
arc  fastened  together  by  means 
of  LI  holts,  and  make  an  ideal 
structure  on  which  to  lay  the 
flooring  of  the  pier.  The  waves 
can  pound  away  without  danger 
of  destroying  the  framework,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  ordinary 
wooden  or  concrete  piles,  since 
the  steel  rails  are  so  narrow  that 
they  present  scarcely  any  surface 
of  resistance  to  the  surging 
water. 

J* 

INTELLIGENT  SCALES 
A  COUNTING  scale  that  can 
^^  do  almost  anything  but 
multiply  and  divide  is  in  use  in 
a  large  manufacturing  plant  in 
the  East. 

These  scales  consist  of  four 
KOOpS,  the  small  upper  one 
being  the  unit:  the  other  three 
balance  at  25,  50,  and  100.  The. 
pieces  put  into  the  unit  scoop  are 
counted:  then  one  of  the  other 
scoops  is  filled,  for  instance  the 
scoop  which  balances  at  100: 
then  the  contents  of  the  larger 
receptacle  are  computed  by  multi- 
plying the  number  of  pieces  by 
100. 

These  scales  are  very  accurate 
and  save  a  great  deal  of  time.  This  scale  does  all  But  Multiply  and  dividk 


193 


194 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


LENS  IN  THE  OPEN 

TTHE  queerest  camera  in  the  world  is 
A  the  designation  which  has  been 
applied,  apparently  with  good  reason,  to 
apparatus  installed  at  the  United 
States  Naval  Observatory  at  Washing- 
ton. Its  purpose  is  the  making  of  daily 
photographic  records  of  the  appearance 
of  the  sun  and  particularly  the  aspect 
of  sun  spots — the  strange  phenomena 
that  appear  from  time  to  time. 


the  service  of  bringing  the  sun  -within 
range  of  the  camera.  The  lens  used  is 
five  inches  in  diameter  and  exposure  is 
secured  by  pulling  the  shutter  across 
a  six-inch  opening  as  rapidly  as  a  man 
can  work  it,  or  in  about  one-twentieth 
of  a  second.  Photographs  are  made 
each  day  shortly  after  noon  if  the  sun 
is  visible. 

The  camera  has  a  focal  length  of 
forty  feet  whereas  that  of  most  cameras 
is  a  few  inches. 


LOOKING  AT  THE  SUN  SPOTS 
This  is  a  camera  that  takes  pictures  of  the  sun.    It  has  an  enormous  lens  that  is  immovable,  the  reflector  being  used 

for  focusing. 


The  distinctive  feature  is  the  lens, 
which  is  mounted  in  the  open.  Unlike 
the  lens  of  any  ordinary  camera  it  is 
fixed  and  immovable,  and  behind  it  is 
an  arrangement  which  has  the  appear- 
ance of  a  movable  reflector,  save  for 
the  fact  that  it  holds  a  piece  of  clear 
glass  instead  of  a  mirror.  However,  it 
is,  in  effect,  a  reflector,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  glass  is  a  prism,  allowing 
the  reflections  made  by  the  two  sides 
of  the  glass  to  be  separated  by  a  con- 
siderable interval  when  transmitted 
some  distance.    This  reflector  performs 


ROADWAY  SUSPENDED 
SAFELY 

/""\N  a  country  road  out  a  few  miles 
^■^  from  Cleveland,  Ohio,  there  has 
been  until  recently  what  engineers  and 
paving-brick  specialists  have  called 
"The  Hanging  Roadway."  It  has  at- 
tracted a  great  amount  of  attention  not 
only  from  people  who  chanced  to  pass 
that  way  but  also  from  the  members 
of  the  Good  Roads  Convention  that 
was  held  in  that  city  not  long  ago.  It 
is  considered  by  those  who  are  in  a 


BY  ITS  OWN  TENACITY 

The    subsoil    and    the   concrete    foundation   wa 
washed  out  by  a  creek  for  half  the  Width  of 
the  road.    The  cement  filler  held 
the  pavement  together. 


position  to  know  as  a  most  impressive 
example  of  proper  grouting  for  paving 
construction. 

Tinker's  Creek  could  not  take  care 
of  all  the  water  that  was  forced  into 
it  from  floods  and  excessive  rain  and, 
in  its  mad  rampage,  washed  out  Dun- 
ham Road  for  a  length  of  eighty  feet. 
The  cement  filler  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  brick  pavement  was  undam- 
aged by  the  torrent  of  water  that 
poured  over  it,  but  the  concrete,  on 
the  other  hand,  which  was  used  as  a 
foundation  for  the  roadway,  was  en- 
tirely washed  out.  Half  the  width  of 
the  road,  or  about  eight  feet,  was  un- 
dermined. Concrete  is 
supposed  to  with- 
stand all  that  can 
come  its  way,  and 
in  the  case  of  the 
flood  that  visited 
Dayton  in  March 
last,  not  a  single 
concrete  bridge  went 
out ;  but  here  the  op- 
posite was  true. 


♦vV 


WILSON  TO  GET  TIGER 

THE  class  of  1879  of  Princeton  Uni- 
versity has  subscribed  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  fine  piece  of  bronze,  to  be 
presented  to  the  most  distinguished 
one  of  their  number — President  Wil- 
son. The  subject  is,  of  course,  a  tiger, 
symbolic  of  the  University,  after  the 
tigers  which  guard  Nassau  Hall  on  the 
campus  of  that  famous  institution. 

The  reproduction  was  modeled  by  A. 
Phimister  Proctor  and  was  retouched 
by  him  after  being  cast.  The  animal 
measures  twenty-two  inches  from  tip 
to  tip  and  eight  inches  in  height.  Ar- 
rangements have  been  made  whereby 
any  number  of  models  may  be  turned 
out  and  each  will  be  retouched  by  the 
sculptor.  Any  graduate  or  undergrad- 
uate of  Princeton  may  purchase  such 

a  replica  for  two  hundred  dollars. 

PRINCETON'S  SYMBOL 

No  man  who  has  not  attended  the 
college  can  purchase  one  of 
these  bronzes,  the  first 
one  of  which  is  to  be 
given  to  Presi- 
dent Wilson. 


Mm  It  «cn.c:  *  j»;ii.k) 


J9j 


196 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


STOPS  NAVY  FOG  ACCIDENTS 

/~\N  the  trip  around  the  world,  the 
^"'  Atlantic  fleet  encountered  so  many 
days  of  fog  that  a  young  lieutenant  in- 
vented an  extremely  simple  device  to 
warn  the  ships,  which  were  in  a 
column  several  miles  long,  when  they 
were  approaching  too  near  the  ship 
next  ahead  in  column. 

The  device  consists  of  a  long  shaft 
of  wood  with  a  Y-like  float,  or  "plow", 


Invention  of  a  Jackie 

One  of  tho  boys  on  a  dread- 
naught  originated  tin-  idea 
and  now  all  the  ships  carry 
a  plow  out  on  a  rope  when 
in  formation  during  a 
fog. 


at  one  end  and  a  flat  board,  to  act  as 
a  tail,  at  the  other.  It  is  towed  behind 
the  ship  by  a  rope,  which  is  fastened 
to  the  shaft  and  drawn  through  a  hole 
bored  in  the  center  of  the  ridge  made 
by  the  two  boards  forming  the  plow. 
If  the  Admiral  orders  that  the  ships 
steam  five  hundred  yards  apart  the 
plow  is  towed  at  the  end  of  five  hun- 
dred yards  of  line.  If  the  distance  is 
one  thousand  yards,  twice  as  much  line 
is  used.  As  the  plow  travels  through 
the  water  at  the  speed  of  the  ship,  it 
throws  an  immense  column  of  water 
which  can  be  seen  by  the  ship  behind. 
Thus  it  is  the  aim  of  the  officer  of  the 
deck  to  keep  his  bow  just  even  with 
the  plow  which  the  ship  ahead  tows. 


SAVES  AVIATOR 

DARON  ODKOLOK  of  Paris  has 
*-*  been  making  a  series  of  experiments 
with  a  parachute  device  to  rescue  avi- 
ators automatically, 
in  case  of  accident. 
A  small  cannon 
is  placed  in 
such  a  position 
near  the  avi- 
ator's seat  that 
if  he  stands  up 
it  is  discharged 
and  he  is  thrown 
clear  of  the  falling 
machine.  Around 
the  man's  body,  un- 
der his  arms,  is  a 
stout  line  fastened 
to  a  parachute. 
After  a  brief  fall  the 
huge  umbrella  opens 
and  theoretically  the 
aviator  descends  in 
safety  while  the  ma- 
chine is  falling  to 
earth.  As  yet  no 
experiments  have 
been  made  with  live  freight  but  the 
device  works  admirably  with  a  dummy. 
Whether  or  not  a  person  would  survive 
the  manhandling  necessary  has  not  yet 
been  determined. 


I  II   MfflMM  4  UNDCtBri 


Descending 
The  aviator  rides   down 
to  safety    under  a  para- 
chute. 


Only  a  Dummy  Has  Tried  It 

The  automatic  aeroplane  life-saver  puts  a  cannon  behind 

the  aviator's  seat.  When  the  machine  starts  to  fall,  he  is 

shot  into  space. 


CACTUS  AND  FROST 

A  LARGElentin 
■**  which  is  housed 
about  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  worth  of  spine- 
less cactus,  is  perhaps 
the  first  one  of  its  kind. 
It  has  been  only  a  short 
time  since  the  IJurbank 
spineless  cactus  has  been 
recognized  as  a  practical 
stock  icv<\ :  while  it  grows  with  little  atten- 
tion, yet  it  must  be  protected  from  frost. 

This  particular  tent  is  located  at 
Santa  Rosa.  California,  the  original 
home  of  the  new  cactus  and  although 
lSurbank  in  his  experiments  has  dis- 
carded the  varieties  that  could  not 
stand  the  temperature  of  Santa  Rosa, 
which  seldom  ever  goes  below  fifteen 
degrees  above  zero,  the  owner  of  this 
nursery  stock  of  about  thirty  thousand 
slabs,  did  not  wish  to  take  any  risk.-. 

Sometimes  a  frost  will  come  that 
will  injure  the  smaller  leaves  on  the 
cactus  and  as  soon  as  they  are  frost- 
bitten, they  begin  to  rot  and  if  not 
removed  at  once,  will  eventually  rot 
the  entire  plant. 

The  cactus  plants  inside  of  the  tent 
have  been  set  closely  together.  There 
are    many    small    slabs,    each    of    which 


For  Cattle  Feed,  Not  Camp  Meetings 
Even  in  southern  California  the  temperature  is  dangerous  (or  spineless  cactus  in 

the  winter. 

sells  for  fifty  cents,  so  it  can  be  seen 
that  it  does  not  take  a  very  large  area 
to  produce  a  big  return. 

Up  to  the  middle  of  December  the 
cactus  inside  of  the  tent  continued  to 
grow  noticeably,  as  the  heat  within 
was  enough  to  keep  it  in  thriving  con- 
dition. Ordinarily,  the  cactus  remains 
at  a  standstill  during  the  winter. 

This  cactus  can  be  grown  in  almost 
any  climate  where  the  temperature 
does  not  go  below  freezing  for  any  con- 
siderable length  of  time,  and  it  is  being 
planted  by  the  hundreds  of  acres  to 
supply  forage  for  all  kinds  of  live  stock. 

Burbank  not  only  removed  the 
spines,  but  produced  varieties  that 
grow  much  more  rapidly  than  any  of 
the  wild  varieties,  and  as  much  as  one 
hundred  tons  per  acre  may  be  har- 
vested each  year  from  this  forage  crop. 


UNDER  THE  TENT 
The  cactus  i?  med  M  stock  (ted  and  must  be  protected  (rom  frost. 


It  keeps  on  growing  most  of  the  time 


191 


BD  FORESTS  HOLD 
BACK  the  FLC»DS  ? 

By  Benjamin  Brooks 

Forests  and  floods  are  closely  associated  in  the  minds  of  the  public.  There  is  a 
widespread  belief  that  ivhere  mountain  and  hillside  are  denuded  of  timber,  spring 
"freshets"  are  inevitable.  Is  this  opinion  a  correct  one?  Does  a  thick  forest  belt 
actually  prevent  such  terrible  disasters  as  that  in  the  valley  of  the  Miami?  Mr. 
Benjamin  Brooks,  a  western  engineer,  comes  to  a  sane  and  scientific  conclusion 
in  this  article. — The  Editors. 


FORTY-FIVE  years  ago,  Sir 
Gustav  Wex,  Chief  Engineer 
for  the  improvement  of  the 
Danube,  reported  that  the 
maintenance  of  forests  on 
watersheds  improved  the  condition  of 
rivers  and  prevented  floods.  About 
the  same  time  a  French  engineer,  M.  F. 
Valle,  reported  that  forests  did  not 
prevent  floods — quite  the  reverse,  in 
fact.  Each  was  right  or  wrong,  accord- 
ing to  which  river  and  which  forest 
you  choose  to  take  and  how  you  in- 
terpret the  data. 

In  the  first  place,  how  is  a  flood 
brought  about?  On  the  twenty-second 
day  of  last  October,  12.16  inches  of  rain 
fell  in  Galveston  in  twelve  hours;  but 
there  was  no  flood.  Nobody  was  killed, 
no  one's  house  was  floated  away,  no- 
body missed  a  meal.  The  water  simply 
spilled  off  the  edge  of  the  island  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Gulf  didn't 
rise  a  hair's  breadth. 

From  this  extraordinary  rainstorm, 
it  is  obvious  that  in  order  to  produce 
a  flood  we  must  have  an  accumulation 
of  water  falling  over  a  considerable 
area,  and  then  condensed  at  one  point. 
Dayton,  Ohio,  for  instance,  is  the 
meeting  place  of  three  rivers  draining 
a  considerable  part  of  seven  counties; 
Cairo,  Illinois,  is  the  meeting  place  of 
all  the  waters  from  about  eighteen 
States.  The  same  effect  can  be  pro- 
duced by  a  sudden  thaw  which  dumps 
simultaneously    an    accumulation    of 

I9S 


snow,  which  has  fallen  over  a  wide  area, 
into  the  rivers  which  drain  it;  and  the 
most  favorable  condition  of  all  is  warm 
rain  falling  upon  snow,  so  that  both 
rain  and  snow  come  down  stream  to- 
gether. 

A  forest  is  supposed  to  prevent  these 
flood  conditions  in  two  principal  ways : 


DO    FORESTS    HOLD    BACK    THE    FLOODS? 


199 


by  preventing  the  rapid  melting  of 
snow  in  the  rays  of  the  sun,  and  by 
holding  back,  in  a  tangle  of  roots  and 
a  blanket  of  leaves,  the  onrushing  waters. 
But  does  it? 

On  account  of  the  endless  variations 
in  rivers,  forests,  topography,  and 
climates,  no  specific  answer  to  this 
question  can  be  made  to  fit  all  cases, 
but  must  be  taken  as  "generally  speak- 
ing." To  begin  to  answer  this  com- 
plicated question  generally,  then,  let 
us  look  around  the  neighborhood  for 
a  barn  with  a  peaked  roof,  whose  ridge 
pole  runs  east  and  west.  The  south 
side  of  the  roof  is  bare  and  dry  in  the 
sun,  but  the  north  side  is  covered  with 
thick  green  moss  on  account  of  the 
shade. 

Lacking  patience  to  wait  for  a 
rain,  let  us  play  the  garden  hose 
exactly  on  the  ridge  pole  so  that  half 


A  Lake  Fdll  op  Forest 
The  calamity  hnwlers  have  pointed  to  these  scenes  and 
Tecomm'-nded  that  we  all  begin  to  build  arks  for  use  in 
■coming  floods.  The  engineers  are  proving  that  the  denu- 
dation of  the  hills  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  frequency 
of  floods. 


the  water  runs  down  the  south  side 
and  half  down  the  north.  The  water 
on  the  south  side  runs  quickly  over 
the  bare  shingles  and  falls  immediately 
to  the  ground — practically  all  of  it. 
But  for  several  minutes  no  water  at  all 
reaches  the  ground  on  the  north  side. 
It  is  being  soaked  up  by  the  moss.  Not 
until  the  moss  is  soaked  full  does  a 
drop  fall  to  the  ground,  and  some  of  it, 
being  evaporated,  never  does  come 
down.  We,  in  fact,  by  giving  the  moss 
an  occasional  shower,  keep  it  wet  and 
green,  and  never  permit  the  ground  to 
become  wet  at  all,  whereas  every  drop 
that  falls  on  the  south  side  of  the  roof 
must  fall  to  the  earth.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  steady  downpour  would  soon 
make  itself  equally  evident  on  both 
sides  of  the  barn.  Another  thing: 
After  our  downpour  is  over,  the  south 
side  of  the  barn  immediately  stops 
dripping,  but  the  north  side  continues 
to  drip  for  hours. 

Well,  what  is  true  of  a  barn  roof  is 
true  of  a  country  or  of  a  whole  moun- 
tain range.    The  part  under  forest  will 


200 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


hold    back   little    showers    and    postpone 

the  rising  of  the  rivers — for  a  time.     It 

will  retain  water  for  its  own  use  and 

keep  springs    running 

n    g    ^\  after   they   have 

in  a  bare  coun- 

let    us    say    that 


!  dried   up 
try.    But 


have  a  small  spring  freshet.  The  snow 
and  water  all  come  down  together  and 
flood  the  barnyard.  Contrary  to  all  ex- 
pectations, then,  the  flood  occurred  from 
the  moss-grown  "forested"  side  of  the 
roof — not  from  the  smooth  "deforested" 
side. 

I  have  localized  all  these  phe- 
nomena   on    a    barn    roof 
merely    for    convenience, 
observations,    and 


observ- 


Set  pipe  curve  on 
firm  bed  of  stones 


Clear  stones  from  stream  bed  and  tamp  soft 
earth  firmly  around   and  under  pipe 


THE  DAM  AND  THE  DRAIN  THAT  KEEP  THE  TOP  SOIL  ON  THE  FARM 


the  very  night  after  our  experiment  with 
the  garden  hose,  six  inches  of  snow  falls. 
When  we  visit  the  barn  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  next  day  the  sun  is  again  shining. 
The  snow  has  gradually  melted  off  the 
south  side  of  the  barn.     A  small  steady 
stream  has  been  running  down  the 
yard   as   a   consequence ;   but   the     Swift  Streams 
north  side,  being  in  the  shade,  is     from'^lung 
still   covered    with    six    inches   of      MKEAE.°.WS  Can 

a     rr  ..  Bk  Madf.  TO 

ilurty,  soft  snow.     iSOW  let  US  play      Deposit  Their 

the  hose  on  the  ridge 
pole  again.  The  water 
on  the  south  side  runs 
freely    away    as    be- 
fore :  but  the  water 
on  the  north  side 
is  soaked  up  by 
the    soft    snow. 
We   may   keep 
this   up    for   a 
long  time,  but 
still   no   water 
runs    off    the 
north  side. 
The    snow 
soaks  it  all  up 
like    a    sponge. 
Presently,  how- 
ever,    the     snow 
can   hold    no   more 
water;   it  becom 
soggy    and     begin? 
melt.     At    this 


ers,  show  that  the  same  phenomena  occur 
over    wide    areas    without    artificial    in- 
fluence.    For    instance,    old-time    moun- 
taineers and  hunters  of  Ventura  County, 
California,  have  described  to  me  how  the 
springs  on  the  mountain  sides  dried  up 
after  their  steep  slopes 
— six  thousand  feet 
high,  some  of  them — 
had     been     bared     by 
forest    fires ;    but    this 
had  nothing  to  do  with 
floods,     for.    although 
these     mountains     are 
as    wild    as    ever    to- 
day and  so  thickly 
covered    with 
chaparral,  that  I 
have  used  up 
half  a  day  and 
a  whole  suit  of 
clothes    trying 
to   go   four 
miles  through 
it,  yet  w  h  e  n 
the  snows  be- 
g  i  n  to  melt 
away   from  un- 
der this  mat,  the 
Santa  Clara  River 
jtows  from  nothing 
a  mile-wide  stream 
ipidly    that    gravel 
teams  are  sometimes  left  to 


DO    FORESTS    HOLD    BACK   THE    FLOODS? 


201 


drown  in  harness  while 
the  drivers  run — or  swim 
— for  their  lives.  No 
better  parallel  to  our 
barn  roof  could  be  had 
than  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains.  Here  is  a 
barn  roof  approximately 
six  hundred  miles  long 
and  ten  thousand  feet 
high.  John  Muir  ob- 
serves that  no  other 
range  of  such  continu- 
ously great  altitude 
exists  on  the  globe.  The 
west  side  of  it  is  as  heav- 
ily forested  as  such  steep 
mountains  can  well  be. 
The  east  side  is  com- 
paratively bare.  A  com- 
parison of  these  two 
--ides  would,  therefore, 
l>e  very  illuminating ; 
and  the  comparison  has 
been  very  keenly  drawn 
by  Lieutenant-Colonel  H. 
M.  Chittenden,  of  the 
engineer  corps  of  the 
United  States  Army.  He 
has  discovered  that  the 
great  floods  of  the  Sac- 
ramento River  are  due 
to  the  sudden  melting  of 
soft  snows  which  have 
been  sheltered  and  con- 
served by  the  forests 
until  late  spring,  and  that  the  rivers  on 
the  east  side  of  the  range,  though 
smaller,  are  steadier. 

Rut  now  this  matter  of  conserving 
the  snow  is  somewhat  c< implicated  in 
itself.  Traversing  a  steep,  upland 
country  in  the  early  spring,  one  is 
bound  to  observe  that  the  snow  has 
melted  from  the  open  areas,  but  still 
remains  in  the  wooded  parts.  The  first 
natural  inference  to  draw  is  that  the 
snow  that  vanished  from  the  open 
places  must  have  made  an  early  spring 
flood  and  that  the  forests  prevented  it 
from  being  greater. 

But  was  there  an  early  spring  flood? 
One  is  usually  forced  to  remember  that 
there  was  not.  Two  factors  contribute 
to  this  circumstance.  First,  the  sun 
got  a  chance  to  melt  some  of  this  open- 
country  snow  every  day,  and  the  re- 


MIUT  IMU'CMi  WOfTT  •*  C*'l  III1IMIIH 

"The  Part  That  Gofs  with  a  Ri>sh,  Making  the  Great  Freshets.  Is 
That  Even   Blanket  Which   Has  Been  Sheltered  by  thk  Forests." 


suiting  streams  were,  therefore,  able  to 
carry  it.  Second,  some  of  it  was  blown 
by  the  wind  clear  of  the  surface  alto- 
gether and  is  now  piled  in  great  deep 
drifts  on  the  shady  side  of  the  hills. 
This  has  packed  down  hard  and  is 
melting  very  slowly ;  but  under  the 
trees  lies  a  potential  late  spring  freshet 
—a  soft,  evenly-distributed  sponge 
ready  to  gorge  itself  with  the  first 
heavy  warm  downpour  of  June  and 
then  charge  with  a  roar  upon  the  main 
river  below  and  swell  it '  out  of  its 
banks.  The  following,  therefore,  is  not 
merely  a  theory  expounded  by  an  army 
engineer,  but  is  the  result  of  the  ob- 
servations of  many  summer  tramps  in 
the  Sierra  Nevadas :  That  the  first 
snow  to  go  down  the  rivers  is  that  in 
the  open  foothill  country ;  that  the  last 
to  go  is  that  in  the  great  drifts  piled 


202 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


high  in  the  bare  upper  altitudes  by  the 
violent  winds;  but  the  part  that  goes 
with  a  rush,  making  the  great  freshets, 
is  that  even  blanket  which  has  been 
sheltered  by  the  forests. 

What  is  true  of  the  great  Sierra 
Nevada  and  the  unruly  Sacramento 
River  is,  of  course,  true  of  lesser  ranges 
and  other  rivers.  Fifty  years  of  river 
gaugings  along  the  Monongahela.,  the 
Ohio,  or  the  Connecticut  show  no  con- 
clusive change  in  the  amount  of  water 
passed  along  by  these  rivers  to  corre- 
spond with  the  change  from  forests  to 
farms  or  from  abandoned  farms  back 
to  forests.  And  eight  hundred  years  of 
gaugings  on  the  Danube,  including  one 
hundred  twenty-five  floods,  as  com- 
piled and  studied  by  Ernst  Sanda, 
Chief  of  the  Hydrographic  Bureau  of 
the  Austrian  Government,  force  him 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  deforestation 
of  this  mighty  valley  of 
Europe  has  had  no  effect 
on  floods. 

The  next  question 
is,  if  forests  cannot 
prevent  floods  by 
holding  them 
back,    are    they 
not   valuable 
in     increasing 
the    total 
amount  of 
rainfall    over 
a   watershed  ? 

Twelve 
years  ago, 
Desmond   Fitz- 
g e r a  1  d  of  the 
Metropolitan 
Water    Board. 
Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, told 
me  they  were 
not.   I  did  not 
believe  him  at 
the  time  but, 
since    then,    a 
member  of  the 
Spring    Valley 
Water   Com- 
pany— one    thor- 
oughly conversant 
with  its  great  engi- 
neering   difficulties    in 
supplying  San  Francisco 


with  water  during  the  long,  dry  summers 
— told  me  that  they  have  never  received 
any  increase  in  rainfall  from  tree  plant- 
ing, and  that  a  tree  drank  up  more  water 
than  it  absorbed  out  of  the  atmosphere. 
Still  I  was  very  skeptical  on  this  point 
until  an  experience  of  my  own  confirmed 
it.  For  eight  months  I  lived  in  a  tent 
under  a  giant  eucalyptus  tree  in  south- 
ern California.  The  eucalyptus  is  a 
desert  tree,  particularly  adapted  to 
long  droughts.  During  the  eight 
months,  there  was  scarcely  any  rain 
except  under  my  tree;  but  while  the 
entire  valley  was  dry  and  sunbaked 
about  us,  the  grass  was  always  green 
under  the  tree,  simply  because  the 
slick,  oily  leaves  of  this  giant  con- 
denser caused  a  continuous  dripping 
of  dew  every  night  and  a  perfect  tor- 
rent of  rain  every  time  a  little  fog 
drifted  by.  But  what  became  of  this 
enormous  amount  of  collected 
water?  The  tree  drank 
it,  every  drop,  and  not 
a  single  trickle 
escaped  its  roots 
or  ever  showed 
in  the  dry 
watercourse 
that  wound 
along  at  its 
base.  And  I 
have  become 
convinced 
that  what  is 
true  of  one 
tree  is  true  of 
a  square  mile 
of  them.  They 
are  great  gath- 
erers of  water — 
for  their  own 
use. 

But  let  us  be- 
quite  clear  on 
one  point.  We 
are    saying 
absolutely 
nothing; 
against  forests,, 
or    against    the 
splendid  refor- 

The  Plowed  Land  Es^ 
capes  in  Rivulets 
Once  the  Missouri   was   clear 
but  now  it  is  muddy  with  the  top. 
soil  of  the  farms. 


estation  work  now  being  conducted  by 
the  Government.  There  are  a  thousand 
good  reasons  why  we  should  save  for- 
ests and  plant  more.  They  are  not  only 
a  vital  necessity,  but  a  mighty  good  na- 
tional business  investment.  But  I  con- 
tend they  should  be  defended  according 
to  actual  fact  and  upon  their  own  merits. 
To  return,  however,  to  the  specific 
question  of  forests  and  floods.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  although  the 
amount  of  floods  is  no  greater  now 
than  formerly,  the  condition  and  the 
behavior  of  our  main  rivers  is  notice- 
ably worse.  The  observations  of  an 
engineer,  Mr.  Francis  Collingwood,  are 
typical  of  many  rivers.  He  was  born 
on  the  banks  of  the  Chemung  River  in 
New  York  in  1834.  He  remembers  it 
as  having  been  uniform  in  width,  with 
grassy  banks,  a  clear  channel,  and  very 
few  bars.  In  1889,  after  a  freshet,  he 
found  that  this  quiet,  orderly  stream 
of  his  boyhood  had  increased  in  width 
from  six  hundred  to  thirteen  hundred 
feet;  that  it  was  choked  with  many 
bars  covered  with  black  alder;  that  it 


had  chewed  its  banks  all  to  pieces  and 
stripped  the  adjacent  territory  right 
down  to  hard  pan.  "If  the  cutting  of 
the  timber  did  not  do  it,"  says  Mr. 
Collingwood,  "what  was  it?" 

I  am  going  to  tell,  although  the  in- 
formation will  involve  an  otherwise 
thoroughly  respectable  person  and  one 
figuring  very  prominently  in  the  recent 
presidential  campaign,  and  all  legisla- 
tion since.  I  refer  to  no  less  a  person 
than  the  American  Farmer.  It  is  not 
the  man  with  the  ax  that  spoils  our 
rivers  and  produces  floods,  but  the  man 
with  the  plow. 

A  river  is  like  any  other  pipe  or 
trough  for  carrying  water.  To  carry  a 
certain  amount  it  must  have  a  certain 
cross  section.  If  you  decrease  its  depth 
by  raising  its  bottom,  you  must  in- 
crease its  width,  or  the  river  will  do  it 
anyhow.  Now,  if  there  is  one  point 
upon  which  reclamation  engineers  are 
all  agreed,  it  is  that  the  bottoms  of  all 
our  rivers  running  through  farming 
country  are  rising.  Each  year  the 
Government  has  to  spend  more  money 

AW 


204 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


dredging  its  rivers  to  keep  them  navi- 
gable. The  late  Doctor  W.  J.  McGee, 
of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  stated  that 
the  Missouri  River  is  a  clear  stream, 
even  after  passing  the  "Bad  Lands"  of 
the  Dakotas,  but  picks  up  nearly  all  its 
sediment  in  Missouri.  Were  he  living 
today,  he  would  probably  include  Iowa 
with  Missouri.  We  are  forced  to  the 
conclusion,  then,  that  this  river- 
destroying  sediment  comes  from  the 
soft-plowed   fields  of  the   farms — not 


Do  Forests  Hold  Back  the  Floods? 
"The  first  snow  to  go  down  the  rivers  is  that 
in  the  open  foothill  country:  the  last  to  go 
is  that  in  the  great  drifts  piled  high  in 
the  bare    upper  altitudes    by    the 
violent  wind." 


Our  smooth  fields  were  presently  cut 
up  by  deep  gullies  big  enough  to  drive 
through  with  a  yoke  of  oxen  and  a 
wagon.  It  was  plain  that  we  must 
either  find  a  way  to  keep  the  soil  on 
our  farms  or  go  out  of  business." 

Many  of  the  farmers  in  that  district 
did     go,     leaving    only     barren     soil- 


COURTESY    AMfDlCAN    SOCIETY   OF  G'V 


because  they  are  deforested,  but  be- 
cause they  are  plowed.  There  cannot 
be  any  mistake  about  this  for,  while 
engaged  on  other  engineering  matters, 
I  spent  much  time  traversing  by  motor 
car  the  rich  farm  country  along  the 
south  bank  of  the  river,  and  I  have 
seen  the  dirt  go.  Incidentally,  I  met 
a  group  of  old  farmers  near  the  town 
of  Warrensburg  who  had  been  through 
the  whole  gamut  of  troubles  incident 
to  farming  a  land  whose  richest  top 
soil  floats  off  and  leaves  you  with  noth- 
ing but  hard  pan  and  a  mortgage. 
"When  I  first  settled  here,"  said  one 
of  these  men  to  me,  "the  war  was 
barely  over.  It  was  a  wild  country. 
The  sod  had  never  been  turned  over 
and  all  the  streams  hereabouts  ran 
clear  water.  It  was  fine,  rich  soil,  but 
we  no  sooner  got  the  farm  well  started 
than  it  began  to  wash  away  from  us. 


stripped  farms  behind  them  ;  but  these 
few  I  speak  of  were  veteran  fighters 
and  resourceful  men.  And  after  all.  the 
cure  was  very  simple  when  they  found 
it.  They  made  two  important  discov- 
eries :  First,  that  the  swift  streams 
that  ran  from  their  rolling  meadows 
could  be  made  to  deposit  their  stolen 
silt  in  pools,  if  arrested  in  their 
courses ;  second,  that  water  soaking 
vertically  down  through  the  ground  to 
a  run-out  underneath,  carried  practic- 
ally no  silt,  whereas  a  stream  coursing 
over  the  surface  took  along  with  it 
everything  it  touched.  On  the  strength 
of  these  two  discoveries  they  proceeded 
on  two  plans.  One  was  to  lay  clay 
drain  tile  down  the  natural  waterways 
about  three  feet  deep  in  the  ground  so 
that  the  water  sank  through  the  soil 
instead  of  coursing  over  it.    The  other 

{.Continued  on  page  306) 


BEHIND  THE  MADMAN'S 
DREAMS 

By 

CHARLES    F.    OURSLER 

There  used  to  be  an  old  saying  th-at  only  one  person  in  fifty  thousand  is  quite 
normal,  the  intimation  being  that  every  one  in  some  ways  is  a  bit  "queer."  While 
this  point  of  view  is,  of  course,  really  quite  extreme,  there  is  some  truth  in  it. 
Some  of  us  arc  closer  to  insanity  than  i<'c  imagine!  This  article  tells  how,  at  a 
Baltimore  hospital,  insane  patients  are  being  helped  by  a  unique  treatment  known 
as  the  "dream  analysis." — The  lidiiors. 


WALKING  the  streets, 
working  with  us,  per- 
haps even  playing  with 
us,  are  thousands  of 
madmen,  who  are  be- 
lieved to  be  normal  and  who  think  them- 


Sl.'NKEN  GaKODM    in    rilK    Bknti 

op   the  Great   U    Formed    by 

TBS  Clinic 


selves  so.  Their  friends 
know  that  at  times  they 
have  the  "blues,"  are 
despondent,  markedly 
irritable,  or  just  plain 
"crank  y,"  but  think 
nothing  beyond  that.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  these 
symptoms  are  the  first 
m  u  1 1  e  r  ings  of  brain 


storms,  and  well-developed  cases  of  de- 
mentia. By  a  subtle  treatment  known  as 
the  "dream  analysis"  such  patients  are 
now  being  helped.  Through  the  vague 
shadows  and  shapes  of  slumber  the  real 
causes  of  their  disorder  are  traced,  and 
they  are  thus  given  a 
good  foundation  upon 
which  to  construct  again 
firm  m  e  n  t  a  1  i  t  y.  This 
method  is  as  strangely 
successful  as  it  is 
strangely  new. 

Henry  Phipps,  the 
Pittsburgh  millionaire, 
offered  the  trustees  of 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 
the  funds  necessary  for 
the  erection  and  equip- 
ment of  a  clinic  capable 


Entrance  to  the  New  Phipps  Clinic  at  Baltimorf 


?0S 


206 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


of  accommodating  about  sixty  patients, 
together  with  the  laboratories  in  which 
he  hoped  the  phenomena  of  insanity 
could  be  analyzed  as  completely  and 
effectively  as  a  chemical  compound. 

The  trustees  found  the  providing  of 
such  an  institution  no  easy  task,  since  it 
was    a    radical    departure     from    past 


Chairs  drawn  up  to  the 
bedside  of  each  patient. 
The  doctors  are  pres- 
ent when  they  awaken 
that  they  may  get  all 
details  of  their  dreams. 


The  Examination 
Lobby 


methods.  They 
placed  in  charge 
of  it  a  remark- 
able personality 
— D  o  c  t  o  r 
Adolph  Meyer. 
Trained  thor- 
oughly in  the 
modern  school, 
fully  in  sym- 
pathy with  mod- 
ern methods, 

Doctor  Meyer  has  about  him  yet 
enough  mysticism,  enough  idealism, 
to  make  him  a  very  singular,  yet  a 
very  fascinating  personage. 

Short,  black-bearded,  deep-eyed — a 
pocket  edition  of  Svengali — he  looks 
the  part  of  a  dissector  of  madness. 
No  greater  authority  of  psychiatry, 
as  the  science  of  the  treatment  of 
mental  disease  is  called,  is  working  in 
America  today,  and  no  psychiatrist  ever 
had  greater  latitude  in  which  to  develop 
his  theories. 

Doctor  Meyer  planned  the  entire  build- 
ing with  its  equipment.  Shaped  like  a 
great  low-lying  U,  red-bricked  and 
modest,  it  is  not  at  all  unusual  from  the 
exterior.  Inside,  however,  it  is  very  dif- 
ferent. 

Everything  has  been  furnished  accord- 


ing to  Doctor  Meyer's  ideas  on  psychi- 
atric treatment.  There  is  a  pipe  organ, 
a  piano,  a  moving-picture  machine,  a  pool 
table,  a  theater,  a  gymnasium,  a  well- 
equipped  library,  expensive  furniture — 
luxury  abounding  everywhere.  Indeed, 
were  the  wards  stripped  of  their  hospital- 
like aspect,  a  stranger  might  easily  take 
the  place  for  some  handsomely  ap- 
pointed private  mansion.  In  the 
yards  and  gardens  surrounding  it 
|         are  gardener's  tools,  repair  shops, 

«and    other    opportunities    for    the 
occupational  treatment.    There  is  a 
splendid  garden  on  the  roof,  and  a 
sunken  bower  in  the  bend  of  the 
U  formed  by  the  building.     On  all 
sides,   it    is   evi- 
dent that  the 
equipment  was 
narrowed  or  ex- 
panded,   as    you 
view  it,  to  meet 
the   needs   of   a 
special    class    of 
mentally  de- 
ranged patients, 


Diagnosis  Test  Room 

The  patients  can  be  watched  by  the  doctors  from  secret  points 

of  observation.    A   man  may  show  no  signs  of  abnormality 

while  being  examined  in  the  presence  of  a  physician. 


and  for  that  class  nothing  has  been  neg- 
lected to  aid  them  in  recovery. 

Amid  such  unusual  surroundings,  Doc- 
tor Meyer  and  his  associates  are  working 
away  quietly  with  the  dream  phantoms 
which  they  believe  can  be  placed  on  a 
scientific  basis  and  used  for  the  benefit 
of  mankind.  Starting  on  the  theory  re- 
cently advanced  by  Professor  Sigmund 
Freud,   of   Budapest   and   Vienna,   that 


BEHIND   THE    MADMAN'S   DREAMS 


207 


the  visions  of  our  sleep  really  form  a 
complex  mental  tapestry,  recognized  as 
a  vagary  of  the  mind,  yet  believed  to  con- 
tain some  very  material  truth,  they  have 
evolved  a  treatment  by  which  the  dreams 
of  their  patients  are  analyzed,  and  in 
them  found  the  hidden  desires, 
the  suppressed  longings,  and 
shrouded  springs  of  motive 
which,  too  long  choked 
off,  have  turned  the 
mental  balance. 

It  is  a  system  which 
is  working  remarkably 
well.  The  patient  is 
watched  closely  from 
the  times  he  retires. 
When  he  awakens,  he 
sees  a  physician  at  his 
bedside,  who  asks  him  what 
he  has  dreamed.  After  the 
doctor  has  heard  every  detail, 
he  goes  away,  carrying  in  his 
mind  the  recital  of  the  vision  as 
carefully  as  he  would  hold  some 
specimen  for  the  microscope. 
When  something  definite  has  been  found, 
a  plan  of  occupational  treatment  is  deter- 
mined upon  in  which  these  choked-off 
desires  are  given  an  outlet.  Even  now  it 
can  be  said  that  good  results  have  been 
attained. 

Society,  too,  will  some  day  owe  a 
great  deal  to  the  researches  of  these  men. 
They  are  making  a  study  of  the  depraved 
criminal,  who  sins  against  his  fellows  ap- 
parently for  no  reason  except  his  own 
degenerate  impulse.  Why  he  does  this 
— what  has  gone  wrong  in  his  brain — 
will  be  another  object  of  investigation. 
Undoubtedly,  it  is  a  vast  field  they  are 
sowing,  but  it  is  one  that  will  be  de- 
veloped into  a  great  harvest. 


Dr.  Adolph  Mkyf.r 
Head    of  the    hospital 
for  research  in  insanity, 
endowed    by    a    Pitts- 
burgh millionaire. 


As  Doctor  William  Osier  said  in  his 
dedicatory  address,  "Many  a  man  goes 
to  his  physician  now  for  an  overhauling 
of  his  machinery.  I  found  a  big  West 
Virginian  in  a  private  ward  one  morn- 
ing. The  history  was  colorless.  I  went 
over  him  thoroughly.  'There  is 
nothing  the  matter  with  you,' 
I  said.  T  did  not  say  there 
was,'  came  his  reply. 
'That  is  what  I  wanted 
to  know.' 

"We  are  all  a  bit  sensi- 
tive on  the  subject  of 
our  mental  health  but 
a  yearly  stock-taking  of 
our  psychic  and  moral 
states,  under  the  skillful 
supervision  of  Professor 
Meyer,  would  be  very 
helpful  to  most  of  us.  'Mr. 
J. — A  tendency  to  irritability  of 
temper.  Mrs.  R. — Too  much 
given  to  introspection.  Miss  B. 
— Over  anxious  about  her  soul. 
Master  G. — Worried  by  a  neu- 
rasthenic mother.'  These  would  be  some 
of  the  headings  in  the  diagnosis  slips. 
But  this  institute  will  have  enough  to  do 
in  meeting  a  demand  for  the  early  treat- 
ment of  borderland  and  acute  cases." 

The  days  of  burning  the  unfortunate 
at  the  stake,  as  witches  and  sorcerers,  have 
passed.  The  old  order,  with  its  "asylum," 
its  restraint,  its  dark  corridors,  its  gloom, 
and  its  hopelessness,  is  going.  The 
present-day,  scientific  manner  of  dealing 
with  pathological  conditions  of  the  mind 
as  well  as  of  the  body  is  a  reasonable, 
sensible  method  of  preventing  incipient 
insanity  and  a  method  that  will  lead  back 
those  minds  not  too  far  strayed  into  the 
shadows  of  despair. 


To  dump  a  city's  waste  into  furnaces  and  then  by  some 
magic  process  to  draw  it  forth  in  the  form  of  building  blocks 
and  bricks  is  one  of  the  tremendous  strides  that  have  been 
taken  in  conserving  all  our  resources.  "Houses  From  a  City's 
Waste,"  in  next  month's  Technical  World,  will  show 
what  one  great  city  in  this  country  has  done. 


208 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


CYCLE  RECORDS  SMASHED 

A  RATE  of  speed  hith- 
*■  erto  unknown  to  bicy- 
clists has  been  obtained 
with  the  invention  of  a 
Frenchman  named  Etienne 
B  a  n  a  u-V  a  r  i  1 1  a,  and  al- 
ready two  records  have 
been  smashed  by  a  big 
margin,  while  others  are 
looked  for  by  those  who 
are  trying  out  the  inven- 
tion. The  affair — which  is 
egg-shaped — fairly  covers 
both  the  bicycle  and  the 
rider,  only  the  feet  of 
rider  and  the  wheels  of  his 
vehicle  being  left  out.  It 
serves  as  a  windbreak  and 
enables  the  rider  to  travel 
at  railroad  speed.  Marcel 
B  rethet,  holder  of  the 
world's  hour  unpaced  cycling  record, 
has  succeeded  in  breaking  two  long- 
standing records  with  the  "velo-torpedo"', 
as  he  calls  it.  He  reeled  off  five  kilo- 
meters (about  three  and  one-eighth 
miles)  in  five  minutes,  forty-six  and 
four-fifths  seconds,  shattering  the  for- 
mer record  of  six  minutes,  thirty-seven 
and  three-fifths  seconds.  He  then  went 
after  the  one  kilometer  (three  thou- 
sand two  hundred  and  eight}'  and 
eight- 
tenths  feet) 
straight- 
away.  This 
distance  he 
covered  in 
seven  sec- 
onds better 


The 

Show 

on 

One 

Reel 


On  the  first  performance, 
the  operator  winds  them  all 
on  one  spool  and  comedy 
follows  tragedy,  as  the 
crank  is  turned,  with  no 
interruptions. 


AID  FOR  THE  MOVIE 
OPERATOR 


A 


The  New  Racing  Bicycle 
Tremendous    speeds    have    beefi 
made  on  bicycles  which  were  motor 
paced     but    this   cage-like    wind- 
break works  still  better. 


time  than  the 
mer  record. 


PORT  CLIXTOX, 
Ohio,  moving  picture 
man  has  devised  a  reel  for 
the  machines  which  will 
eliminate  a  second  man 
from  the  operator's  cubby 
and  enable  the  perform- 
ance to  proceed  without 
the  delay  of  rewinding 
spools  and  threading  new 
ones.  A  continuous  show 
of  three  or  four  films,  each 
some  thousand  feet  long, 
can  be  loaded  as  a  single 
film,  so  that  it  reverses 
automatically  and,  conse- 
quently, there  need  be  no 
delay  for  rewinding. 

The  reel  passes  through 
channels  which  deliver  it 
out  of  the  tube  at  the  top  of  the  machine 
where  it  passes  before  the  shutter  and  is 
thus  cast  upon  the  curtain.  After  passing 
the  shutter,  the  film  is  wound  on  the 
large  upper  reel,  and  when  this  reel  be- 
comes filled  and  the  lower  one  empty, 
the  machine  automatically  readjusts  itself 
and  the  rewinding  commences  without  a 
pause.  This  action  is  kept  up  until  the 
show  has  ended  for  the 
day.  The  machine  is  being 
tried  out  and  has  been 
found  satisfactory. 

\\  ear  and  strain  on  the 
films  should  be  reduced  to 
such  an  extent  that  the  life 
of  the  film  will  be  doubled. 
One  operator  can 
handle  every- 
thing  connected 
with  the  operat- 
ing   room     and 
thus  reduce  run- 
ning  expenses. 
The   machine   is 
built    of    steel 
and  aluminum 
and  is  absolutely 
fireproof,  so 
that    it    can    be 
used   in   any 
gathering  place, 
independent  of 
fireproof    operating 


rooms  built  for  the 
purpose. 

After  the  films  have 
been  loaded  and 
threaded  into  the  ma- 
chine, all  that  is  neces- 
sary for  the  operator  is 
to  watch  his  speed  and 
adjust  the  carbons. 

In  a  great  many  pic- 
ture houses  it  has  been 
necessary  to  use  two  ma- 
chines, so  that  no  delay 
will  occur  between  the 
first  and  second,  the  sec- 
ond and  third,  and  fol- 
lowing reels  of  a  multi- 
reel camera.  Two  oper- 
ators were  necessary. 


To  Take  a  Huge  Picture 

It  lakes  several  men  to  handle  this  machine,  but  it  will  take  the  biggest  panorama 

view  on  record. 


RAILROAD  RUNS  TEMPERA- 
TURE BUREAU 

T-EMPERATURE  is  an  important  item 
*  in  railroading;  it  has  a  big  bearing 
upon  the  performance  of 
locomotives,  the  handling 
of  freight,  and  the  loading 
of  trains.  Ordinary  ther- 
mometers, casually  placed, 
oftentimes  are  seriously 
affected  by  surroundings. 
A  tin  roof  many  reflect  the 
sun's  rays  enough  to  send 
the  mercury  soaring  in  the 
tube,  and  even  the  close  air 
rushing  out  of  an  opened 
window  may  lead  to  an  in- 
correct report.  The  illus- 
tration shows  how  the 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  has 
solved  the  problem.  Gov- 
ernment -  tested  thermom  - 
eters  have  been  placed  in 
specially  prepared  wooden 
boxes  at  every  important 
shipping  point  along  the 
railroad,  each  one  having 
been  located  far  from  any- 
thing calculated  to  have  an 
improper  influence.  Fre- 
quent readings  are  made 
and  records  are  kept  in  a 
central  office  for  the  use  of 
the  officers. 


how  the  i.ehigh  keeps  track 
of  the  Heat 


TAKES  LARGEST  PICTURE 

'"THE  photograph  which  a  huge  Port- 
*■    land,  Oregon,  camera  takes,  measures 

twenty-five  inches  in  width  and  twelve 
feet  in  length.  In  fact,  it 
would  be  possible  to  take 
one  of  any  length  up  to 
thirty-six  feet.  It  took  the 
designer  of  the  camera 
more  than  a  year  to  as- 
semble the  parts,  work  out 
the  plans,  and  successfully 
put  the  parts  together.  All 
these  were  made  especially 
to  his  order,  about  half  of 
them  in  Europe.  The  cam- 
era is  operated  entirely  by 
an  electrical  device  which  is 
enclosed  in  the  camera. 
When  all  complete  and  set 
up  ready  for  use,  the  cam- 
era weighs  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  and  re- 
quires three  men  to  oper- 
ate it. 

A  photograph  recently 
made  of  Portland  with  this 
camera  was  taken  from  the 
roof  of  a  house  on  Portland 
Heights.  It  showed  the 
city  in  a  picture  which  was 
as  complete  as  one  taken 
from  an  aeroplane  would 
be,  and  had  more  detail. 


m 


210 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Mine  Wireless 

Miners  who  are  entombed  in  mines  equipped  with  the  new  telephones  can  talk 

to  their  rescuers  continuously  and  give  directions  for  the  rescue  work. 


great  advantage  that  the 
portable  apparatus  af- 
fords means  of  com- 
munication from  any 
part  of  the  mine  to  fixed 
stations  either  at  the  pit 
bottom  or  on  the  surface. 

A  point  of  great  im- 
portance  is  that  by 
means  of  the  portable 
instrument  it  is  possible 
to  establish  connection 
in  time  of  disaster,  when 
in  the  case  of  ordinary 
telephones  the  wires 
would  be  broken,  and 
there  could  be  no  com- 
munication from  anyone 
who  was  entombed  or 
cut  off  from  the  inbye- 
side,  owing  to  falls. 

A  special  advantage  is 
the  possibility  of  com- 
municating from  the  top 
of  the  pit  with  the  cage, 
while  it  is  ascending  or 
descending.  This  was 
strikingly  demonstrated 
in  connection  with  the 
experiments  referred  to, 
as  communication  with 
the  moving  elevator  was 
continuous. 


WIRELESS  TELEPHONES  WORK 
IN  MINES 

A  SYSTEM  of  wireless  telephony  in- 
**•  vented  by  a  German  engineer  has 
been  submitted  to  conclusive  tests  at  a 
colliery  in  Yorkshire,  England.  The  in- 
struments used  in  this  connection  are 
those  employed  in  ordinary  telephony. 
They  are  installed  like  the  usual  tele- 
phone circuit,  but  instead  of  being  joined 
by  a  line  of  wires,  they  are  connected  up 
to  metallic  substances  buried  in  the 
ground. 

A  portable  instrument  is  also  provided, 
which  contains  the  same  parts  as  the  fixed 
ones,  and  weighs  in  all  a  little  over 
twenty  pounds.  It  is  enclosed  in  a  box 
suitable  for  carrying  about. 

The  initial  expenses  and  cost  of  main- 
tenance are  considerably  less  than  those 
of  the  ordinary  system,  and  there  is  the 


RESCUE  HOSPITAL  ON 
WHEELS 

■"TO  rescue,  revive,  and  treat  entombed 
*  and  injured  miners  and  thus  reduce 
the  loss  of  life  and  lessen  the  injuries 
resulting  from  the  periodic  disasters  in 
the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States,  the 
Bureau  of  Mines  of  the  Department  of 
Interior  has  evolved  a  new  plan  of  relief 
work  involving  the  extensive  use  of 
motor  rescue  trucks  of  a  special  design, 
equipped  with  all  the  paraphernalia 
known  in  the  science  of  relief  work. 

The  first  vehicle  of  the  new  type,  built 
according  to  government  specifications, 
was  delivered  to  the  Bureau  in  Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  veritable 
hospital,  carrying  every  piece  of  portable 
equipment  that  is  useful  in  rescuing 
miners,  quenching  flames,  resuscitating 
the  unconscious,  and  giving  first  aid. 


MINE  EMERGENCY  CAR 

c^uVheon7^e0lhSi,e^,r^^n«0tah„7  ""  »*"**  "^  'he  m0U,h  °<  the  «"*  "ecause  the 
rescue  car  will  have  preceded  th.m  with  the 
best  equipment  known    to  science   at   hand. 

Included  in  the  equipment  are 
two  pulmotors,  six  oxygen  tanks, 
fifty  regenerators,  an  oxygen 
pump,  and  a  great  quantity  of 
ordinary  medical  and  mine 
rescue  equipment.  It  is  complete 
even  to  the  extent  of  providing 
for  the  bird  and  cage  that  are 
used  in  detecting  poisonous  gases 
in  mine  shafts. 

.  A  mine  explosion,  with  all  its 
effects  except  human  injury, 
was  staged  during  the  recent 
convention  of  the  American 
Mine  Safety  Association.  The 
truck  with  its  full  equipment 
was  tested  by  government  repre- 
sentatives, while  moving-picture 
operators,  also  employed  by  the  • 
Government,  recorded  the  action 
to  show  mine  operators  through- 
out the  country  how  lives  can  be 
saved  and  danger  lessened. 

Logs  for  Japan 
This  "stick,"  forty  feet  in  length  and  five  feet 
in  diameter  was  raised  as  easily  as  if  it  were  a 
match.  Several  hundred  logs  of  this  size  w.  re 
recently  carried  by  the  British  steamer  Aiax 
from  Seattle  to  Japan. 


boys  have  not 


PHOTOGRAPHY 
and  CRIME 

By  C.H.Claudy 

A  man  of  imagination,  handy  with  the  camera  and  deeply  versed  in  the  art  of 
"doctoring"  prints,  may  be  able  to  introduce  false  evidence  at  a  trial.  On  the 
other  hand,  however,  by  means  of  the  camera,  honest  and  unimpeachable  testimony 
may  be  produced  that  may  free  a  man  of  suspicion  or  convict  a  railroad  of  gross 
negligence.  We  recommend  this  article  as  being  full  of  a  -variety  of  incident  and 
thrills. — The  Editors. 


IMAGINE  yourself  trying  to  con- 
vince a  court  that  you  were  on  the 
beach  at  Atlantic  City  on  a  certain 
day — say  June  the  first.  To  clinch 
your  case,  you  adduce  the  fact  that 
on  that  day  you  caught  a  sea  serpent. 
In  proof  of  this  astounding  statement, 
you  offer  the  court  a  photograph  show- 
ing you  in  a  rowboat  in  the  Inlet  with 
a  sea  serpent,  obviously  thirty  feet 
long,  coiled  about  the  boat,  and  bring 
a  statement  from  the  photographer 
that  the  picture  was  made  on 
June  the  first. 

Do    you    think    the    judge 
would  believe  you? 

Such  pictures  are  made  by 
photographing     an      ordinary 
range,   and   a 
at  some  little 
The  picture  of 
the  snake  is  then  cut  out  of  one  print 
and  pasted  on  the  other,  where  it 
appears  huge  in  the  perspective  of 
the  picture  taken  at  a  distance.    If 
these  two  pictures  are  of  a  large 
size,    the    trick    is    more    easily 
worked.    A    photograph    of    the 
composite  picture  is  made, 
and  the  negative 
carefully 
retouched,     so 
that  all  marks 
of  the  edges  of 
the  pasted  pic- 
ture  of  the 
snake   disap- 


snake,  at  close 
man  in  a  boat 
distance  away. 


A  Cross-Section  Photograph  Proved  the  Case 

The  rail  withstood  a  tremendous  amount  of  pressure,  but  (rave  way 

finally  because  of  the  flaw. 


pear.  A  print  is  then  made  by  what  is 
photographically  known  as  the  process  of 
"ensmallment" — the  opposite  of  the 
process  of  enlargement — and  the  re- 
duced picture  resulting  still  further 
conceals  any  slight  evidence  of  "doc- 
toring." Some  photographers  are  very 
expert  at  this. 

In   exactly   the   same   way   can    the 
head  of  one  woman  be  placed  upon  the 
shoulders  of  another  woman  :  or  a  picture 
of  one  man's  head  be  attached  to  the  body 
of    another     man.       A 
clock  may  be  in  the 
background,     fixing 
the  exact  time  of  the 
commission    of    the 
alleged  crime.     The 
fact  that  the  former 
was  really  in  Kam- 
schatka,  holding  up  a 
train  at  the  time,  would  make 
no  difference  to  the  trick  pho- 
tographer.    Of   late,   however, 
jurists  have  become  fully  aware 
of  this  cunning.   That  is  why  a  pho- 
tograph  alone,    unless    its   authen- 
ticity is  positively  proved,  is  some- 
what doubtful  evidence. 
The    very   law- 
yers, however, 
who  will  show 
most  clearly 
that    a   photo- 
graph   is    not 
always    to    be 
trusted,  will 


212 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AND  CRIME 


213 


The  Defective  Rail  Gave 
These  Results— Twenty- 
Nine  Dead  and  Many  In- 
jured. The  Camera  Proved 
It  for  All  Time 


themselves  make  use  of  more  obscure 
photographic  tricks,  in  presenting  their 
cases.  Any  capable  photographer  knows 
how  to  magnify  or  minimize  certain 
parts  of  the  perspective  of  any  view. 
Thus,  a  long-focus,  narrow-angle  lens 
will  give  a  totally  different  result  from 
a  wide-angle,  short-focus  lens.  In  a 
suit  for  damages  because  of  obstruc- 
tions left  upon  the  street,  for  instance, 
a  lawyer  will  have  a  photographer  use 
the  latter  lens  and  stand  close  to  the 
alleged  obstructions.  A  pile  of  earth, 
particularly  if  photographed  low,  will 
appear  very  large  in  proportion  to  the 
vanishing  perspective  of  the  street.  A 
natural-angle  photograph,  made  with  a 
ten-inch  lens  on  a  five  by  seven  plate, 
will  give  a  totally  different  idea  of  the 
size  of  the  obstruction. 

Cracks  in  buildings,  as  evidence  of 
the  damage  done  by  subway  construc- 
tion or  sewer  laying,  cannot  be  brought 
before  a  jury  ;  but  photographs  of  them 
can  be  so  used  as  evidence.  A  clever 
photographer,  by  manipulation  of  his 
illumination,  so  that  one  side  of  the 
crack    throws    a    heavy    shadow,    can 


make  such  fissures 
appear  far  larger 
than  they  really 
are.  P  i  c  t  u  r  e  s  of 
hills,  to  show  the 
locality  of  a  run- 
away, can  be  made 
steep  or  flat  ac- 
cord i  n  g  to  how 
the  camera  is  handled.  It  is  not,  there- 
fore, necessary  to  resort  to  actual 
changing  of  the  negative  and  print  to 
make  the  camera  deceptive,  and  more 
and  more  are  our  courts  coming  to 
understand  this  fact. 

One  of  the  newest  applications  of 
photography  to  criminology  came  as 
the  result  of  a  recent  invention  in 
photographic  apparatus.  The  flash 
light  is  generally  conceded  to  be  in- 
stantaneous— that  is.  to  occupy  an 
interval  too  short  to  compute.  But 
photographers  know  that  flash  lights 
of  objects  in  motion  frequently  show 
an  appreciable  blur,  proving  that  the 
duration  of  the  flash  is  a  considerable 
part  of  a  second.  It  is  also  not  feasible 
to  open  the  lens  of  a  camera  on  a 
lighted  street  at  night,  and  then  make 
a  flash,  for  so  great  is  the  sensitiveness 
of  the  modern  plate,  that  the  lights  of 
passing  vehicles,  street  lamps,  etc.,  all 
make  their  impress  upon  it  in  a  very 
short  time. 

To  provide  for  instantaneous  photo- 
graphs at  night  and  permit  them  to  be 
made  without  suffering  from  additional 


214 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


exposure  by  having  the  camera  shutter 
open  before  the  flash,  a  clever  inventor 
has  devised  an  apparatus  which  sets  off 
the  flash  and  snaps  the  already-set  shut- 
ter at  the  same  time.  So  perfectly  are 
these  two  events  synchronized,  that 
pictures  of  galloping  horses  and  hurd- 
lers in  the  air  can  be  made  at  night  as 
well  as  by  day.  Turning  to  other 
fields  of  usefulness  for  his  invention, 
the  discoverer  devised  a  means  by 
which  the  device  can  be  attached  with 
an  invisible  electric  connection  to  a 
cash  drawer,  safe,  or  other  locality 
which  might  be  attractive  to  a  burglar. 
The  camera  is  concealed  in  an  adjoin- 
ing room,  the  lens,  only,  peeping 
through  an  aperture,  and  so  protected 
that  it  cannot  be  easily  seen  or  de- 
stroyed.    The  thief  who  attempts  to 


open  a  safe  door  or  cash  drawer  so 
protected  sees  a  flash  of  light  and  a 
puff  of  smoke,  and  thinks,  perhaps,  that 
an  electric  fuse  has  blown  out.  Mean- 
while, however,  a  picture  of  him  in  the 
very  act  of  tampering  with  the  locked 
drawer  or  safe  has  been  made,  and 
evidence  secured  which,  in  the  hands  of 
a  clever  prosecuting  attorney,  would  be 
practically  certain  to  convict,  no  mat- 
ter how  carefully  prepared  in  advance 
a  false  alibi  might  have  been. 

The  device,  which  is  the  invention 
of  a  well-known  New  York  photog- 
rapher, has  been  tested  with  excellent 
results  by  Police  Commissioner  Waldo, 
and  it  is  now  installed  in  several 
banks,  insurance  offices,  and  other 
financial  headquarters  in  the  metrop- 
olis. 


Wg&  V 

m  '  t& 

'rfliV-r 

■    $  . 

Hfc 

Wf    fey?- & •       *Sf*' 

T 
f 

?* 

WHAT  CAN  THE  SPEEDER  DO  ? 
If  there  is  a  motion-picture  machine  grinding  away,  the  road  burner  is  in  a  bad  light  with  the  judge  when  the  reel 

is  shown  to  him. 


PHOTOGRAPHY    AND    CRIME 


215 


The  Bertillon  system  of  identifi- 
cation, of  course,  includes  pho- 
tographs of  suspects,  prisoners, 
and  convicted  criminals ;  the  fa- 
miliar "Rogues'  Gallery"  is  main- 
tained in  every  police  headquar- 
ters. But  even  here  the  camera 
is  not  infallible.  Crooks,  once 
photographed  for  the  "Gallery," 
sometimes  go  to  the  facial  sur- 
geon, have  crooked  noses 
straightened,  prominent  ears 
laid  back,  and  even  their  bone 
measures  changed  by  laying 
back  the  flesh,  for  instance,  on 
the  nose  and  the  back  of  the 
head  and  having  the  supposedly 
permanent  measurement  be- 
tween these  two  points  altered 
by  grinding  down  the  bone  with 
a  revolving  burr ! 

The  United  States  Army  some 
years  ago  inaugurated  a  scheme 
by  which  deserting  soldiers  could 
be  easily  recognized.  It  is  an 
adaptation  of  the  Bertillon  idea, 
and  includes  a  camera  which 
makes  upon  one  plate  two  pic- 
tures of  the  sitter,  one  full  face 
and  one  side  face,  so  that  a  per- 
manent description  of  all  en- 
listed soldiers  is  obtainable  at 
any  time. 

In  the  detection  of  forgeries,  photog- 
raphy frequently  plays  an  important 
part.  It  is  also  of  great  value  in  show- 
ing alterations  in  writing  and  fixing 
the  time  of  execution  of  an  undated 
document.  It  is  difficult  to  interest  a 
jury  in  a  microscope,  and  no  lawyer 
can  be  sure  that  each  juryman  sees  the 
same  thing  through  the  delicately  ad- 
justed instrument.  But  a  photomicro- 
graph— a  photograph  through  a  micro- 
scope— shows  judge,  jury,  witnesses, 
and  prisoner  the  same  thing  at  the 
same  time. 

Perhaps  the  first  case  where  photog- 
raphy was  employed  in  this  way — the 
first  to  attract  world-wide  attention, 
at  any  rate — was  that  of  the  forger 
Piggot,  who,  in  1882,  "discovered" 
many  documents  in  the  handwriting  of 
Charles  Parnell,  a  noted  commoner  of 
England.  These  documents  all  seemed 
to  prove  that  Parnell  was  in  league 
with  the  murderers  of  Lord  Cavendish. 


The  Contractor  Proved  His  Case 
He  was  sued   because  a  building  he  was  at  work  on  fell.    This  evi- 
dence proved  his  defense,   that  a  flywheel  burst  and  knocked  it  down 


The  London  Times  got  hold  of  them, 
published  them,  and  created  an  enor- 
mous sensation. 

But  photography,  coming  to  Par- 
nell's  aid,  soon  established  the  fact  that 
the  incriminating  documents  were  for- 
geries, for  enlarged  photographs  plainly 
showed  them  to  be  traced  in  ink  over 
lead  pencil.  The  Times  had  made  the 
publication  in  perfect  good  faith.  Piggot 
escaped  to  Paris,  followed  by  the  police, 
who  chased  him  into  Madrid,  where  he. 
shot  himself  as  they  broke  into  his  room. 

A  recent  discovery,  credited  to  Doc- 
tor Robert  W.  Wood,  of  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  will  make  the  way  of 
the  forger  of  wills  and  other  documents 
even  harder  than  it  is  at  present. 
Doctor  Wood  has  a  new  and  practic- 
ally infallible  way  of  using  the  camera 
to  show  where  handwriting  has  been 
altered.  Clever  manipulators  of  paper 
and  ink,  chemicals,  and  delicate  tools, 
can  raise  a  check,  substitute  one  name 


216 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Cracked,  Chipped  Brick  Was  Used 
This  photograph  proved  to  the  court  that  the  allegation  was  true. 


for  another  in  a  will,  and  leave  no  trace 
that  the  most  minute  visual  examina- 
tion can  detect.    But  no  one  can  apply 
any  erasing  chemical  yet  discovered  to 
any  piece  of  paper,  and  not  make  such 
changes  in  it  hut  that  the  ultra-violet 
rays  of  light  will  record  the  fact  upon 
a  sensitive  plate.     Doctor  Wood  takes 
a  piece  of  paper  which  apparently  has 
not    been    altered,    and    photo- 
graphs it  with  these  invis- 
ible, but  powerful  ultra- 
violetrays.   The 
photograph,     which 
results,     shows     a 
deep  smudge 
wherever    a 
chemical  has 
been  applied  to 
the  paper,   re- 
vealing   stains 
wholly  i  n  v  i  s- 
ible  to  the  eye 
or     to     the 
m  icroscope. 
The    discovery 
is   particularly 
valuable,    because 
the  ultra-violet  rays 
themselves   make   no 
change  whatever  in  the 
paper  and,  therefore,  leave 
no  trace  to  show  that  it  is 
under    suspicion    and    exam- 
ination. 

The  photographic  evidence 
of  the  discovery  of  the  North 


Pole,  offered  by  Doctor  Cooke, 
which  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
scientists  who  calculated  the 
angles  of  shadows  at  the  time 
and  place  specified,  has  a  re- 
markable parallel  in  the  annals 
of  criminology. 

It    was    in    May,    1910,    that 
Frank  Erdman,  of  Omaha,  was 
accused  of  attempting  the  life  of 
Thomas  Dennison,  by  concealing 
under   the   porch   of   Dennison"s 
home  an  infernal  machine  con- 
taining twenty-six  sticks  of  dyna- 
mite.   The  machine  was  found  at 
two-fifty,    Sunday    afternoon, 
May   22,    and    Erdman,    on    the 
testimony    of    two   young   girls, 
who  swore  they  saw  him  at  that 
time   within   a   block  of   Denni- 
son's   home,   carrying  the   identical    suit 
case  in   which  the  machine  was   found, 
was  promptly  arrested.  There  were  three 
other   witnesses   who   also   testified    to 
having  seen  Erdman  prior  to  his  being 
seen   with   the   suit  case   by   the   two 
girls. 

Colonel    Yeiser,    Erdman's    lawyer, 
searched  long  and  hard  for  a  defense. 
Erdman  could  establish  no  alibi. 
Naturally.   Yeiser  tried   to 
how  that  the  witnesses 
were  elsewhere  at  the 
time    they    testified 
to  having  seen 
Erdman.    In 
search    of    evi- 
dence   to    this 
effect,  Yei ser 
visited  the 
pastor    of    the 
church    which 
the     girls     at- 
tended.   The 
pastor    showed 
him     a     photo- 
graph  of  his 
Sunday    school 
class,  with  the 
young    witnesses    in 
it,  made  on  the  church 
steps,  and  plainly  marked 
on  the  back,  May  22.  1910. 
Is  This  Corner  Dangerous  ?     Colonel  Yeiser  borrowed  the 

The  judge  can  make  a  better      photograph,     took     it     to     an 
decision  it  he  has  the  view  be-       r  or  .... 

fore  him  than  he  ever  could     astronomer,    and   asked    him 
'™nL™ii™S«uTdnA,lir     if    he    could    establish    the 


PHOTOGRAPHY    AND    CRIME 


217 


time    of    clay    by    the    length    of    the 
shadow  of  the  steeple  on  the  ground. 

The  astronomer  could — and  the 
astronomer  did.  The  time  he  calculated 
the  picture  to  have  been  taken  was 
3:2lj/>  P.  M.,  May  22.  As  there  were 
a  hundred  witnesses  to  swear  the 
young  women  had  not  been  out  of  the 
classroom  for  two  hours  before  the 
picture  was  taken,  their  evidence  fell 
to  the  ground.  They  were  simply  an 
hour  wrong  in  their  belief  as  to  the 
time.     The}-  had  seen  Erdman  and  he 


posures  were  made.  The  first  was  at 
3:20^2,  a  minute  before  the  computed 
time,  the  second  at  3:21 1/2,  exactly  on 
time,  and  the  third  at  3:22^,  a  minute 
after  the  computed  moment.  The  mid- 
dle picture  reproduced  the  exact  posi- 
tion of  the  shadow  as  it  appeared  on 
the  original  photograph  of  two  years 
before.  In  both,  the  lower  left-hand 
corner  of  the  shadow  is  exactly  in  the 
middle  of  the  same  weatherboard.  It 
is  somewhat  below  this  spot  in  the  pic- 
ture   taken    a    minute   before,    and    as 


HOW  THE  CANNY  FARMER  WORKF.D  IT 
He  took  tins  picturr  of  some  poor  alfalfa  serd.     When  the  seed  man  saw  it.  be  foryot  all  about  [bo  courts. 


had  a  suit  case,  but  it  was  at  3:30  and 
not  at  2:30.  .Meanwhile,  the  infernal 
machine  had  been  deposited,  but  there 
was  nothing  to  connect  Erdman  with 
the  crime  and  the  State  of  Nebraska 
dropped  the  case. 

Colonel  Yeiser  said  of  his  remarkable 
proof  of  the  fallibility  of  human  testi- 
mony as  to  time: 

"Two  years  later,  on  the  anniversary, 
May  22,  1912.  with  a  photographer,  I 
visited  the  scene  with  the  intention  of 
taking  new  pictures  and  comparing 
them    with    the    original.    Three    ex- 


much  above  it  in  the  one  taken  a  min- 
ute later.  The  computed  time  was, 
tiierefore,  certainly  correct  to  the 
minute." 

The  camera  is  at  once  the  agent  of  the 
criminal  and  the  law  he  would  escape. 
Let  him  who  would  offend  against  the  law 
look  well  to  it  that  the  lens  may  not  trap 
him,  for,  though  the  camera  can  be 
made  to  lie,  when  it  is  properly  used  its 
evidence  is  alike  unquestionable  and 
inexorable  in  its  pitiless  delineation  of 
"the  truth,  the  whole  truth  and  nothing 
but  the  truth." 


THE  FARMER  WHO  WORKS  THESE  ACRES  IS  BLIND.  BUT  HE  WORKS  MUCH  BETTER  THAN  YOU 

OR  I  MIGHT 

FARMING  WITHOUT  EYES 


A  J.  KING  of  East  Sound,  Wash- 
t\     ington,    has    proved    himself   a 

/  \   modern  farmer,  the  kind  that, 

/      \  running   true    to   type,    is 

J.  \.  •  either  about  to  purchase  an 
automobile  or  is  already  the  possessor 
of  one.  He  is  stone  blind.  And  yet, 
a  noted  oculist  says  :  "Blindness  usually 
makes  hopeless  cowards  of  its  vic- 
tims. It  robs  one  of  courage  and 
too  often  ends  in  a  drain  on 
charity.  Because  we  all  pity  the 
blind  beggar  we  contribute  to 
his  lack  of  ambition." 

If  the  idea  of  begging  or  de- 
pending upon  others  for  support 
ever  entered  the  active  mind  of 
Mr.  King  it  must  have 
been  given  a  chilly  recep- 
tion. He  refuses  to  permit 
his  misfortune  to  interfere 
in  any  way  with  his  progress 
through  life.  This  man's  blind 
ness,  in  some  ways,  has  given 
him  added  resolution  and,  in  fact,  much 
of  his  success  may  be  attributed  directly 
to  his  affliction. 

Blind  scholars  are  numerous,  but 
blind  farmers,  expert  in  their  business, 
are  few  indeed.  Life  in  rural  districts 
should  appeal  to  most  blind  people, 
just  as  it  should  to  those  who  are 
blessed  with  sight.  Blind  people  very 
quickly  develop  an  instinct  for  finding 

W 


their  way  about,  and  once  they  know 
a  locality  they  have  little  more  trouble 
in  going  about  their  business  than  any 
one  else.  In  a  short  time  almost  any 
blind  person  can  learn  to  get  about 
his  farm  and  do  work  that  other  people 
do.  Here,  he  is  out  of  danger  and  doing 
something  to  support  himself.  On  the 
other  hand,  blind  beggars  run  daily 
risks  of  death  by  accident  in  the 
crowded  cities  where  many  of 
them  prefer  to  remain,  depending 
upon  the  liberal  purses  of  passers- 
by.  "The  farm's  the  place  for 
any  one,  blind  or  not,"  says  Mr. 
King.  "You  can  talk  about 
'rubes'  all  you  like,  but  all  the 


A.  J.  King,  the  Blind  Farmer  Who 
Forgets  He  Is  Blind 


'rubes'  are  living  in  town 
nowadays." 
Recently,  when  a  Washington 
state  agricultural  expert  made  an  inspec- 
tion trip  through  Mr.  King's  locality,  the 
blind  farmer  was  the  only  dairyman 
that  could  tell  the  official  the  exact 
output  of  the  dairies  in  the  vicinity. 
Others  could  not  make  even  a  rough 
guess  of  it.  He  was  able  to  keep  sta- 
tistics which  others,  for  whom  the  task 
was  less  irksome,  permitted  to  go  un- 
noticed. 


FARMING  WITHOUT  EYES 


219 


Mr.  King  feels  his  way  through  his 
barns,  corrals,  and  storehouses,  and 
feeds,  milks,  and  cares  for  his  fine  cows. 
He  fells  trees,  saws  his  own  wood,  and 
superintends  his  own  crops.  He  plants 
his  own  garden,  cultivates  it,  and  har- 
vests it.  He  can  pick  clean  a  row  of 
peas  or  string  beans  quicker  than  any 
one  else  in  his  family.  He  is  now,  and 
has  been  for  some  time,  practicing  the 
gospel  of  better  business  on  the  farm, 


the  way  of  the  plow  and  cultivator. 
He  knows  the  location  of  every  gate 
and  never  errs  in  turning  his  stock  into 
the  right  pasture  for  the  day's  feeding. 
When  Mr.  King  wishes  to  go  to 
town,  he  hitches  up  the  family  mare 
and  it  is  no  more  that  faithful  animal's 
intelligence  that  gets  him  to  his  des- 
tination than  it  is  his  own  remarkable 
prowess  as  a  blind  navigator.  He  says 
that  just  as  soon  as  his  bank  balance 


IN  THE  BEAN  PATCH 
He  can  pick  clean  a  row  of  peas  or  string  beans  quicker  titan  any  one  else  in  his  family. 


for  he  thinks  that  if  bookkeeping  and  the 
recording  of  statistics  are  good  for  the 
grocer  or  the  butcher,  such  methods  will 
help  farmers.  This  is  why  he  was  able 
to  give  the  state  inspector  information 
which  that  official  greatly  desired. 

His  now  valuable  farm  was  built  up 
from  a  wooded  wilderness.  It  lies  in 
a  rich  little  valley  where  the  soil  is  as 
black  as  night.  He  himself  helped  fell 
and  burn  the  giant  firs  that  stood  in 


will  permit  and  the  volume  of  his  busi- 
ness as  a  farmer  will  warrant,  that  he 
may  invest  in  an  automobile.  In  that 
event,  Mr.  King  may  some  day  have 
the  added  distinction  of  becoming  the 
first  blind  chauffeur  in  the  country. 

Farming  has  not  been  considered  a 
field  offering  much  scope  to  the  blind, 
but  Mr.  King  thought  if  gophers  could 
get  about  making  furrows  in  the  ground, 
he  could  do  likewise. 


Last  month  Elbert  Hubbard  showed  us  how  strong  drink 
lowers  a  man's  efficiency.  This  month  we  are  "Telling  the 
Truth  About  Tobacco."  In  May  we  shall  have  an  article, 
the  third  of  this  series,  on  the  relation  between  habit  and 
efficiency,  in  which  diet,  from  a  common -sense  standpoint, 
will  be  discussed. 


SAN  DIEGO  SPEAKS 


MU.1 


The  San  Diego  Exposition 
A  mile  and  a  half  out  of  San  Diego,  California,  across  a 
concrete  viaduct  which  spans  Cabrillo  Canyon,  is  Balboa 
Park— a  natural  garden,  the  site  of  San  Diego's  Panama 
California  Exposition.  These  samples  of  architecture  show 
to  good  advantage  what  the  traveler  will  find  on  the  slopes 
of  the  ravines  which  are  now  being  covered  with  buildings. 
The  long  gulches  between  the  slopes  of  the  ravines  are 
now  dry  but  the  builders  are  planning  to  dam  them  up  in 
various  places,  fill  them  with  water,  and  thus  create  a  chain 
of  artificial  lakes.  The  level  land  at  the  top  will  be  graded 
into  boulevards  which  will  be  utilized  as  promenades  be- 
tween the  buildings  and  through  the  park  which  is  being 
created. 

The  Exposition  first  of  all  expresses  the  individuality  of 
the  great  Southwest,  that  country  of  romance  and  winter 
roses,  where  the  wanderer  may  strike  an  oil  gusher  or  die 
of  thirst  in  a  desert.  Science  and  Education  is  the  name 
of  the  building  above,  that  at  the  left  is  a  facade  of  the 
Home  Economy  building,  fashioned  after  the  hacienda  of 
Conde  d'Heras.  Mexico,  both  buildings  being  done  in  a 
style  which  is  absolutely  unmistakable  even  to  the  eve  of 
the  Eastern  man. 


m 


The  buildings  are  to  be  adjuncts  to  the-  plantations 
which  are  being  arranged  to  show  the  way  the  Southwest 
treats  the  farmer.  A  nursery  that  is  as  big  as  most  (arms 
has  been  set  out:  giant  palms  and  two-year-old  citrus 
trees  have  been  hauled  to  the  grounds  on  motor  trucks. 
The  photograph  above  is  that  of  the  almost  completed 
building  which  is  to  be  used  by  the  w*M  Mathers  counties 
"(  California.  It  is  in  a  color  scheme  of  red  and  gold. 
tile  being  used  instead  of  paint  to  produce  the  coloring. 
The  photograph  at  the  right  shows  one  of  the  entrances 
to  the  Science  and  Education  Building.  The  viaduct  which 
is  to  conduct  the  visitor  to  the  grounds  is  seen,  in  the  illus- 
tration below,  in  process  of  construction.  It  is  almost  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  long,  connecting  directly  through  a  build- 
ing with  the  main  boulevard,  the  Prado.  The  Prado  ex 
tends  for  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  the  entrance  at  the 
Other  ''rid  r,f  the  grounds. 


*£*h.J> 


JJEJQ 


EVERYBODY'S  HANDWRITING 


By 

WILLIAM    LESLIE    FRENCH 

You,  I,  everybody  likes  now  and  then  to  delve  into  the  possible  significance 
that  may  be  read  in  the  mere  shape  of  hand-written  words.  Does  this  turn  of  a 
letter  indicate  strength  of  character;  does  that  downward  stroke  show  temporary 
physical  exhaustion;  does  a  peculiar  twist  suggest  frankness,  truth,  faithlessness? 
We  may  go  about  this  investigation  in  a  spirit  of  amused  incredulity,  or  we  may 
consider  it  from  the  viewpoint  of  more  serious  science.  Whatever  your  initial 
attitude  toward  this  article  may  be,  we  feel  sure  that  it  will  interest  you. — The 
Editors. 


ON  account  of  the  close  rela- 
k  tionship  existing  between  an 
I  individual  and  his  writing, 
"  the  signs  set  down  in  one 
form  or  another  may  sym- 
bolize his  entire  personality.  Writing 
becomes,  even  to  the  ordinary  observer, 
the  index  of  strength  of  character,  will 
power,  judgment,  and  passion — and  re- 
veals fully  the  class  of  people  whom  one 
would  choose  for  associates. 

Now  all  that  you  have  to  consider  is 
that  the  impulses  which  are  transmitted 
from  the  brain  to  the  fingers  differ,  in 
degree,  with  each  person,  setting  him 
apart  from  his  fellows  ;  and  by  comparing 
the  strength  or  weakness  of  strokes  with 
the  particular  formations  which  appear, 
you  reach  your  conclusion.  Where  one 
writes  in  a  certain  fashion,  knowing  al- 
ready his  characteristics,  it  is  found  that 
another  resembling  him  will  write  sim- 
ilarly. So  people  are  divided  into  groups 
in  accordance  with  their  likenesses  or  dis- 
similarities of  pen  formations.  The 
English  writer,  Disraeli,  says,  "Hand- 
writing bears  an  analogy  to  the  character 
of  the  writer,  as  all  voluntary  actions  are 
characteristic." 

It  is  a  common  occurrence  with  us  all 
to  recognize  the  script  of  our  friends  and 
acquaintances.  We  do  it  at  sight,  auto- 
matically, in  the  same  way  that  we  know 
the  tones  of  voice. 

The  science  of  reading  character  from 
handwriting  is  a  simple  one,  if  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  are  followed.  At  the 
outset,  it  is  self-evident  to  everyone  that 
bodily  weakness  affects  the  steadiness  of 
the  hand.  In  wielding  the  pen,  the  per- 
son's force  and  stamina  being  lowered, 

222 


the  features  of  the  writing  become 
altered,  reflecting  such  debility.  No 
malady  to  which  we  are  heirs  but 
stretches  its  tentacles  along  the  nerves, 
getting  the  muscles  in  their  firm  grasp, 
and  this  retards  freedom  of  movement. 
For  this  reason  a  change  is  made  in  an 
individual's  usual  style. 

Everywhere,  children  by  their  simple, 
half-formed  writing,  show  that  their 
bodies  have  not  become  hardened  or  their 
characters  fully  developed.  In  the  first 
illustration,  one  can  tell  at  a  glance  that 
this  writing  reflects  a  character  and 
mentality  in  the  process  of  growth.  The 
uncertain  slant  and  the  halting,  stilted 
manner  of  making  the  words  and  cross- 
ing the  t,  betray  this.  In  like  manner, 
the  advance  of  old  age  leaves  traces  in 
wavering  and  tremulous  lines,  frequently 
the  last  words  inclining  downward  to  the 
right.  Illustration  two  is  a  fair  example 
— a  woman  past  eighty.  In  addition,  this 
slope  indicates  anxiety,  as  is  shown  in 
the  word  "Wonder." 

Illustration  three  shows  a  person  who 
is  in  perfect  physical  and  mental  health. 
The  steady  even  pressure  and  extension 
of  the  long  letters  g  and  y  below  the  lines, 
indicate  a  robust  constitution.  There 
is  not  a  nervous  or  erratic  dash  any- 
where. This  writer — a  man  close  to 
seventy — has  never  had  an  illness  in  his 
life.  Also,  energy,  force,  ambition,  all 
appear  in  his  rapid  style,  slightly  up- 
ward, and  in  his  t  bar.  This  is  strong  and 
firm,  showing  a  strong  will.  He  thinks 
clearly  and  logically,  for  the  connecting 
strokes  of  his  words  are  perfect.  His 
mind  clinches  his  flow  of  thought  with- 
out variation.     There  are  no  breaks  in 


EVERYBODY'S  HANDWRITING 


223 


A  Child  Shows  His  Unformfd  Character  bv  His  Un- 
formed Writing 


his  mental  processes.  No  matter  what 
the  style  may  be,  or  the  slope,  with  these 
signs  appearing,  it  would  denote  in- 
tellectual vigor. 

In  the  writing  of  Captain  Scott,  the 
brave  English  antarctic  explorer,  illus- 
tration four,  you 

will    find    an  ~^.t      -*«. 

equal  amount  of 
force,  deter- 
mination, and 
energy.  But  how 
different  the 
style !  The  up- 
right script  de- 
notes the  abso- 
lute control  of 
mind,  the  bold 
heavy  t  bars,  un- 
flagging persist- 
ence, while  the 
blunt  ending  of 
V  in  "Sunday"  is 
the  mark  of 
stubborn  effort. 
Yet,  the  nervous 
quiver  through- 
out, withthe 
slant  downward, 
reveals  depres- 
sion and  a  weak- 
ening of  vitality. 
These  hall  marks 
may  be  modified 

in  one  or  more  ways,  but  the  interpreta- 
tion would  remain  as  stated. 

In  the  choice  of  friends  and  acquaint- 
ances, of  lovers  and  helpmeets,  what 
we  look  for  are  affection,  loyalty,  and 
honor.  And  as  love  is  the  dominant 
quality  which  animates 
the  race,  the  main  indi- 
cations will  be  shown 
which  reveal  the  traits 
most  sought  after  by  the 
average  human  being. 

Where  the  writing  in- 
clines at  an  angle  of 
forty-five   d  e  g  r  e  e  s,   is  g. 

straight  at  the  base  lines, 
no  undulating  sweep — 
you  will  find  a  person  who  has  a  high 
sense  of  honor,  deep  affections,  and 
loyalty.  There  should  be  no  abrupt 
finals  or  letters  cramped  together,  for 
that  signifies  selfishness.  With  upright 
script,  the  heart  would  not  dominate  ex- 


y&u. 


a, 


MX-  Aorv^ 


aooJi. 


It. 


clusively ;  the  intellect  would  be  the  main 
factor.  However,  with  wide  spacing  be- 
tween words  and  letters,  and  even  lines, 
the  same  traits  of  character  would  appear 
as  in  love.  The  general  significance  of 
backhand  script  is  coldness  and  more  or 

less  indifference. 
This  would  be 
counteracted 
when  the  pen- 
forms  are 
shaded  and 
rounded,  words 
and  letters  wide 
apart,  with  final 
letters  not  cut 
off  s  h  o  r  t.  In 
each  instance, 
the  point  to  be 
remembered  is 
that  honor  and 
loyalty  are  al- 
ways present, 
no  matter  what 
the  slope,  if  the 
base  lines  are 
straight. 

Illustrations 
five  and  six 
show  the  hand- 
writing of  two 
people  who  have 
the  desirable 
qualities  neces- 
sary for  them  to  mate  happily.  The  first 
— a  woman's — shows  by  the  vertical 
style  that  her  mind  rules  her  heart,  buf 
she  is  not  devoid  of  affection  because  of 
the  delicacy  of  her  strokes  and  backward 
curve  of  the  y's.    Her  mental  energy  ap- 


A  Woman  of  Eighty  Shows  the  Advance  of  Years  With 

Wavering  Lines 


A  Man  op  Seventy,  but  Holding  His  Mental  and  Physical 
Health  to  Such  a  Degree  that  His  Vigor  Shows 


pears  in  the  same  formation  of  the  small 
letters  and  connections  as  in  number  six 
— the  man's.  He  has  a  great  deal  of 
sentiment — the  slant  shows  this.  He  is 
ambitious  and  has  energy  and  will  power. 
His    writing    is    uniformly    heavy    and 


224 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


sweeps  upward.  He  is  stronger  than  she 
is  from  the  standpoint  of  sheer  determi- 
nation, for  her  strokes  are  shaded.  They 
would  harmonize,  since 
their  ideals  would  be 
alike  and  their  tastes 
similar,  especially  along 
intellectual  lines.  In 
illustrations  seven  and 
eight  you  find  two  who 
would  be  unfitted  for 
marriage  or  even  con- 
stant friendship.  To 
be  sure,  the  base  lines 
are  comparatively  even, 
but  they  would  indulge 


J 


Gtw* 


in  arguments  and  bick- 


erings. Both  are  ener- 
getic, full  of  self-confi- 
dence, as  appears  in  the 
rapid,  assertive  style 
and  heavy  pressure. 
Both  write  at  an  angle 
of  forty-five  degrees — the  sign  of  a 
strong,  affectionate  nature,  but  both  cross 
their  t's  high  up  in  the  air,  as  it  were. 


4.    Captain  Scott 
"The  upright  script  denotes  the  absolute  con- 
trol of   mind    .    ,     .    yet  the  nervous  quiver 
throughout,  with  the  slant  downward,  reveals 
depression  and  a  weakening  of  vitality." 


~\c 


S     «~1\ 


5.    This  Shows  that  the  Writer  Should  Marry  the 

Man    Who    Wrote  Number    Six.      "They    Would 

Harmonize" 


showing  the  desire  to  rule.  They  would 
clash  on  this  point — even  though  they 
might  at  heart  have  much  feeling.  That 
they  would  also  be  extravagant  in 
the  spending  of  money  is  evidenced  by 
the  wide  spaces  between  words  and  let- 
ters. They  are  both  temperamental  to  a 
high  degree. 

With  reference  to  this  branch  of 
graphology,  space  forbids  any  giving 
further  specimens. 

Now,  when  the  writing  is  muddy  or 
very  heavily  shaded  on  the  down  strokes, 
the  love  of  material  pleasures  and  sen- 
suality are  revealed.  Illustration  nine 
betrays  by  the  slant,  excessive  emotion, 
while  the  gross  shading  denotes  sensu- 
ous  inclinations.      The  writer  of   illus- 


tration ten,  by  the  delicacy  of  the  script, 
the  refined  shading  throughout,  espe- 
cially the  cross  strokes,  shows  senti- 
ment allied  with  de- 
cency and  honor.  Her 
character  is  strong 
along  emotional  lines 
but  she  controls  her 
feelings ;  she  crosses 
her  t  f  i  r  m  1  y — w  i  1 1 
power  again ;  she,  or 
any  who  write  like  her, 
would  not  be  appealed 
to  by  anything  which 
was  gross  or  degrading. 
One  who  follows 
this  line  of  work  has 
frequently  to  act  as  a 
guide  or  familiar 
friend  although  he  may 
not  know  his  corre- 
spondents apart  ex- 
cept from  their  letters. 
A  recent  experience  of  this  kind 
reveals  the  confidence  and  trust  placed 
by  a  mother  who  required  some  practical 
suggestions  to  help  and  forward  her 
child's  interests,  and  secure  harmony  in 
the  family. 

Illustration  eleven  shows  a  portion  of 
her  letter.  Her  son,  a  young  fellow  about 
eighteen,  had  broken  loose  from  the  fam- 
ily, stayed  out  late  at  night,  and  was 
obstinate  and  insolent.  His  father  wished 
him  to  take  up  a  certain  line  of  work  but 
he  wished  to  go  into  something  else. 
Because  he  was  not  permitted  to  follow 
his  own  bent — engineering — he  refused 
to  obey  his  parents'  wishes. 

Illustration  twelve  is  the  boy's.  His 
script,  like  his  father's,  slants  to  the  right, 


at~***s 


6 


/■V     /     * 

6.    The  Husband  for  Number  Five 


EVERYBODY'S  HANDWRITING 


225 


showing  that  each  has  much  affection  at 
heart.  But  both  show  stubbornness  and 
a  determination  to  hold  on  to  their  point 
of  view.  This  is  indicated  by  the  heavy 
down  strokes  and  blunted  cross  strokes. 
The  high  t  bar  denotes  that  the  lad  has 
a  high  temper.  Illustration  thirteen — 
the  father's — shows  a  greater  degree  of 
stubbornness;  the  v  in  "city"  is  almost 
club-shaped.  Further,  he  is  less  im- 
pulsive, shown  by  the  partly  vertical 
slope.  These  signs  denote  that  their  wills 
would  naturally  clash. 

After  making  an  analysis,  the  follow- 
ing suggestions  were  given:  "Let  the  boy 
act  independently  and  pursue  his  own 
inclination.  Do  not  criticise  him  but 
find  out  what  his  ambitions  are.  Sym- 
pathize with  him  in  regard  to  his  desires. 
The  upward  swing  to  the  right  shows 
that  he  is  ambitious  and  not  lazy."  Sim- 
ilar advice  was  given  to  the  mother,  but 
from  a  different  point  of  view.  Her 
a's  and  o's  are  open  at  the  top,  indicating 
that  she  is  too  outspoken.  Also,  the  ex- 
treme slope  signifies  that  her  affection 
would  cause  her  to  be  too  anxious ;  she 
had  to  overcome  a  tendency  to  ask  ques- 
tions. Her  boy  was  growing  to  manhood 
— perhaps  she  had  not  realized  it.  The 
outcome  has  proved  satisfactory.  The 
suggestions  offered  were  accepted ;  har- 
mony now  reigns,  and  from  the  latest 
report  the  son  is  making  good  in  the  line 
of  work  which  he  has  chosen.  He  stays 
home  nights  and  studies  persistently. 
This  is  only  one  case  out  of  many. 

At  this  time,  when  the  eyes  of  the 
world  are  focussed  upon  our  Executive, 
Woodrow  Wilson,  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  although  in  certain  particulars, 
his  writing  differs  from  that  of  a  former 
President,  yet  the  same  signs  of  strength 
of  character,  mental  force,  and  patience 
appear  as  in  that  of  Abraham  Lincoln ; 
illustrations  fourteen  and  fifteen  both  ex- 
hibit the  upward  forward  slant  to  the 
right — ambition.  Both  have  a  wonder- 
ful power  of  concentration,  with  con- 
tinuity of  thought.  They  make  their  con- 
nections perfectly  and  their  small  letters 
are  low.  Each  crosses  his  t's  high  and 
with  decision,  the  sign  of  will  power. 
Patience  stands  out  in  the  calm,  deliber- 
ate fashion  in  forming  their  words.  Of 
the  two,  President  Wilson  is  colder,  for 
he  clips  his  finals,  in  about  the  same  way, 


I  should  think,  that  he  would  talk.  And 
on  account  of  this  he  would  manifest 
less  actual  sentiment  than  Lincoln.  But 
the  pen-traits  throw  both  into  the  same 
class  despite  minor  characteristics. 

Now    those   who   are   dishonest   will 
present  the  following  signs :     The  base 


r 


7.    Should  Never  See  Number  Eight 

"Two  who  would  be  unfitted  (or  marriage  or  even  con 

stant  friendship.'1 


£> 


l&Z&fiZL. 


I     Omoitsd  to  Number  Seven's  Temperament 


*S~*4r 


9.    "Betrays  iiy  the  Slant.  Excessive  Emotion. 
While  the  Gross  Shading  Denotes  Sensual  In- 
clinations" 


lines  waver,  indicating  deviousness  and 
lying.  The  small  letters  such  as  m  and  n, 
sharp  at  the  top,  show  cunning,  while 
some  of  the  letters  will  be  crowded  to- 

10.    "Sentiment  Allied  with  Decency  and  Honor" 

gether.  This  shows  a  grasping  nature. 
Add  shortened  abrupt  finals,  and  you  get 
gross  selfishness.  ( Illustration  sixteen.) 
By  contrast,  illustration  seventeen  is  the 


226 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


H.    Portion  of  a  Mother's  Letter  of  Distress 


J*~ 


*m- 


yu4s^  Ceu*u<  ^bi*uS& 


'  -*»-%-< , 


The  Boy  Who  Was  Wayward.     It  Shows  that 
He  Had  Much  Affection  at  Heart 


tf~"* 


,Sr 


13.    The  Father's  Handwriting.    He  Is  Stubborn 

opposite  in  all  these  .particulars.  In 
seeking  for  these  signs,  you  practically 
disregard  the  significance  of  all  other 
strokes. 

As  writing  reflects  character,  it  also 
shows  talents.  The  musical  gift  is  found 
in  the  running  rounded  curves  of  letters 
at  the  bottom. 

Illustration  eighteen  shows  that  this 
person  has  marked  talent  for  music.  The 
heavy  shading  gives  sensuousness,  while 
the  cross  bar  in  F  reflects  responsiveness 
to  all  that  appeals  to  the  ear. 

The  characteristic  signs  giving  dra- 
matic talent  are  represented  by  illustra- 
tions nineteen  and  twenty.  The  high 
capitals  show  love  of  praise,  applause,  and 
egotism.  The  curves  throughout,  com- 
bined with  the  shading,  denote  that  both 
are  high-strung,  intense,  and  have  suf- 
ficient self-confidence  not  to  suffer  from 
humility  at  any  time.  You  will  find 
in  the  dramatic  field  that  in  nearly  all 


instances,     these     hall 
marks  appear. 

By  the  same  process 
of  comparison,  one 
can  arrive  at  many 
other  endowments 
which  would  fit  an  in- 
dividual for  one  class 
of  work  or  another ;  in 
other  words,  to  determine  the  vocation 
for  which  one  is  adapted. 

To  show  the  various  effects  that 
fatigue  and  the  use  of  liquor  produce 
in  handwriting  the  following  group  is 
wonderfully  illuminating.  These  seven 
men  were  congregated  in  a  cafe  one 
morning  at  two  o'clock.  The  first  shows 
high  tension  in  the  jerky  nervous  manner 
of  forming  his  words,  the  dotting  of  the 
i's,  and  the  question  mark.  In  reality, 
he  was  under  mental  stress  and  worried. 
He  was  drinking  to  keep  himself 
awake.  A  person  of  his  vivid 
— ■  imagination — shown  by  the  high 
loops  of  his  lis — should  never 
drink.  When  normal,  his  writing 
is  vertical  and  very  even.  His 
beverage  was  beer,  of  which  he  was 
drinking  to  excess.  By  profession 
he  is  a  literary  man  of  which  his 
script  is  a  very  good  example. 
The  second  is  that  of  a  strong,  full- 
blooded  Irishman,  as  is  seen  in  the 
heavy  pressure.  But,  although  he 
pounds  the  page  as  if  he  were  shout- 
ing at  the  same  time,  shown  by  his 
t  crossings  and  quick  flowing  style,  still 
the  th  is  smudged  and  his  physical  force 
is  gradually  weakening.  Note  the  tobog- 
ganing of  "tonight."  He  also  was  ab- 
sorbing beer  in  copious  volumes. 

The  third  typifies  energy  misdirected, 
for  the  force,  together  with  the  slant. 
shows  that  affection  is  translated  into 
animal  self-indulgence.  This  individual 
had  been  out  late,  with  little  or  no  sleep 
for  a  day  or  two.  There  is  very  little 
sign  of  nervousness,  for  he  was  too 
young  to  have  been  affected  by  the  use 
ofi  liquor  to  any  extent. 

The  fourth,  by  the  firm,  steady,  even 
pressure,  indicates  that  he  is  in  good 
condition  every  way;  no  flagging  of 
words  or  lines.  He  is  temperate  at 
present. 

But  what  a  contrast  in  the  fifth! 
Naturally,  he  has  a  clear  intellect,  as 


EVERYBODY'S  HANDWRITING 


227 


*r&v    L4/i*>*o*-*- *(/ 


W*i*^*   Xea^tf  u^  tfCJj   s>vcsr  jDaz&CA*  ci** 


■&«<'U*C.   '°    rrusri  S*   &&t 


~7 


///w 


14—15.    "The  Same  Signs  of  Strength  of  Charac- 
ter   Mental  Force,   and   Patience    Appear    as   in 
That   of    Abraham   Lincoln."     A    Comparison    of 
Wilson's  and  Lincoln's  Chirography 


is  shown  by  the  upright  script,  small 
letters  low  in  height,  and  one  or  two  of 
the  words  well  made.  That  he  is  a  good 
raconteur  appears  in  the  a's  and  o's  being 
open  at  the  top.  But  his  holograph  goes 
all  to  pieces,  exhibiting  a  lack  of  con- 
tinuity, caused  by  the  utter  failure  of  his 
brain  to  co-ordinate  aripht.  "Moon"  and 
"night"  reflect  the  gradual  paralysis 
creeping  over  his  fac- 
ulties, intensified  by  a 
complete  letting  down 
of  his  mental  powers. 
The  words  drop  lower 
and  lower  as  if  he  were 
about  to  fall  prone  and 
utterly  exhausted.  And 
such  was  the  case, 
though  it  might  be 
only  temporary.  He 
had  been  d  r  i  n '-  i  n  g 
every  kind  of  beveragf , 
whiskey  predominat- 
ing. 

The  sixth  and  seventh 
were  written  by  two 
healthy,    virile    young 


men — street    car    con- 
ductors, who  had  come 
in  from  a  run  of  from 
fifteen  to  eighteen 
hours.    Each  took  only 
a  glass  of  beer  and  a 
sandwich.    Their   pen- 
manship   shows    physi- 
cal strength,   found  in 
the  down  strokes,  but 
also  shows  that  they  were  dead  tired. 
Their    formations   run   down   hill,   even 
though  the  words  hit  the  page  upward. 

The  above  instances  show  beyond  cavil 
that  moral  degeneration  will  manifest 
itself  in  a  weakening  of  the  symbols  of 
expression  and,  on  the  other  hand,  as 
one's  character  and  nature  become 
stronger,  so  the  symbols  likewise  become 
more  vital  and  powerful. 

Many  people  express  their  doubt  about 
the  utility  of  this  science.  They  cannot 
see  how  character  can  be  analyzed  or 
talents  shown  on  account  of  the  fact 
that  there  are  so  many  different  signs, 
all  varying.  Now  the  following  diagram 
explains  to  the  uninitiate  as  well  as 
others  how  the  process  works  out  in 
making  a  delineation.  The  specimens 
attached  were  taken  from  a  letter  writ- 
ten by  one  individual. 

The  inner  circle  represents  Mind.  The 
arrow  shows  the  changes  which  modify 
a  person's  tout  ensemble,  as  it  passes 
from  one  point  to  the  others. 

(1)  The  vertical  style  with  uniform 
pressure  gives  the  man  mental  poise, 
force,  and  some  obstinacy,  as  the  blunt 
ending  of  some  strokes  denotes. 


/>7 


16.    Gross  Selfishness  Combined  with  Dishonesty 


c^~^7 


17.    The  Extreme  Opposite  of  Number  Sixteen 


228 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


18.    "The  Person  Has  Marked  Talent  for  Music" 


HV(rJ. 


rta^'  n 


%Jh,f  '  t     y     c 

0  IhL        fin.        lufltr, 


19—20.    "The  Characteristic  Signs  Giving  Dramatic 
Talent  Are  Represented" 


(2)  The  small  low  letters  reveal  his 
.  power  of  concentration. 

(3)  The  upward  slant  signifies  am- 
bition and  some  enthusiasm. 

(4)  The  wide  spacing  between  his 
words  and  letters  is  the  sign  of  gen- 
erosity. 

(5)  This  trait  appears  again  with 
very  remarkable  t  bars.  They  are  firm 
but  extend  too  far  to  the  left,  showing 
will  power  rather  strong  at  times,  but 
also  a  tendency  to  procrastination. 

(6)  The  long  capital  Y  is  the  mark 
of  great  egotism  and  conceit. 

(/)  The  long  extended  rounded 
stroke  of  the  y's  gives  him  great  power 
of  endurance.  Tile  last  letter  with  its 
peculiar  curve  would  show  him  to  be 
erratic  and  even  eccentric. 

(8)  This  endows  him  with  rapidity 
of  thought  and  action. 

(9)  This  artistically  formed  capital 
D  gives  an  inordinate  love  of  approba- 
tion, •  shown  by  its  height,  but  also  a 
devotion  to  art  in  all  of  its  forms.  The 
down  and  cross  shading  denotes  that  his 
five  senses  are  on  the  alert  every  minute. 

( 10  and  11)  The  angle  of  his  writing 
changes,  betokening  vacillation,  and  even 
moodiness ;    depression   also   appears    in 


""^^D* 


t 


FROM  ONE  LETTER 

The  diagram  explains  to  the  uninitiate.  as  well  as  to  others,  how  the  process  works  out  in  making  a  delineation. 


EVERYBODY'S    HANDWRITING 


229 


the  downward  flow  of  the  word  forma- 
tion, "worried". 

(12)  The  sharpening  of  some  of  the 
small  letters  at  the  top  are  the  mark 
of  a  keen  critical  faculty :  but  the  wavy 
base  line  and  this  pointed  style  shows 
that  he  would  falsify  deliberately. 

(13)  Here  the  last-mentioned  qual- 


The  M  signifies  that  he  is  original,  while 
the  style  of  making  the  e  gives  a  love 
and  practice  of  culture. 

(16)  Again  are  revealed  similar 
tendencies,  emphasizing  his  melancholy 
trend. 

To  sum  up  his  characteristics:  He 
has  a  keen  intellect,  not  much  self-con- 


First 


K) 


•XX<£^ 


jJU  o— ^  k^Y*+ 


<* 


syn^O"**— 


Second    yKfa{    jsL    %fa  ,^W&7  ^<j£j? j^fa 

Third    ^G^^> rtA,-^^^  ^^^   t^ 


Fourth       ^Jj-JLtCt* -^  -£^u 


Fifth 


Sixth 


V)  Wjc    ^'Jl^ 


oA ' 


-  ^L  l) 


"K'V  »    V 


Seventh     ^^^/^^-«^^^^5^^2 


SEVEN  AT  TWO  IN  THE  MORNING 
Numbers  one  to  three  and  number  five  were  dronk  or  nearly.    The  last  two  were  dead  tired.    Each  one  of  them  show! 

his  condition  plainly. 


ities  appear,  together  with  small  letters 
of  uneven  height — inconsistency. 

(14)  The  rounded  swing  of  the 
words  at  the  bottom  reveal  a  marked 
love  of  music,  both  melody  and  harmony. 
In  fact,  this  is  shown,  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  all  through. 

(15)  Here  are  found  extreme 
forms  which  likewise  are  seen  elsewhere. 


trol,  is  irascible  at  times,  erratic,  impul- 
sive and  generous.  Selfish  only  when  his 
pleasures  are  interfered  with,  belonging 
to  the  group  termed  temperamental. 
Artistic,  musical,  he  has  a  gift  for  liter- 
ary production,  with  a  big  imagination. 
He  loops  his  long  letters  above  the  line 
He  would  borrow  freely  and  is  extrava- 

{<'>mtinuc<(  "it  f\ifff  J0<$) 


FOR  COAST  DEFENSE 


V1^f?% 


(—  - 


M' 


'isJ-irSr. 


ILITARY  authorities  in 
France  and  elsewhere  con- 
sider the  new  Schneider  ar- 
tillery train  as  an  important 
advance  for  coast  defense 
work.  A  railroad  track  is  laid  along  the 
coast  between  the  principal  fortifications, 
so  that  protection  is  given  over  quite  a 
long  reach  of  shore  line  by  means  of  the 
movable  battery,  and  this  dispenses  with 
erecting  smaller  permanent  works.  As 
the  battery  can  be  quickly  brought  to  any 
point  where  it  is  needed,  it  will  be  seen 
that  this  gives  an  excellent  means  of  coast 
protection,  and  at  a  comparatively  small 
expense. 

A  lookout  car,  which  has  a  telescoping 
tube  acting  like  the  surface  eye  of  a 
submarine,  is  coupled  next  to  the  small 
locomotive  which  draws  the  train.     The 


lookout   climbs   the   inside    of  the   tube, 
stations  himself  at  the  top,  and  operates 


"Hoist  Away" 


MOUNTED  FOR  A  "BARK" 


W 


ARCHITECT  IN  SECESSION 


231 


a  telephone  connection  with  the  inside  of 
the  car  so  as  to  report  his  observations 
without  leaving  his  post.  When  not  in 
use,  the  tube  is  telescoped,  reaching 
slightly  above  the  level  of  the  car  roof. 
The  cannon  is  mounted  on  a  revolving 
table  on  the  next  car  of  the  train.  It  can 
be  pointed  in  any  direction  by  one  man 
and  ammunition  is  quickly  supplied  to 
the  cannon  by  the  use  of  a  small  carriage 
which  runs  around  the  edge  of  the  turn- 
table.   A  set  of  hinged  braces  at  the  side 


of  the  car  anchor  it  firmly  by  means  of 
heavy  plates,  and  the  hand  screws  give 
an  adjustment  of  the  level  of  the  car. 
Between  the  two  guns  is  a  cartridge  car, 
which  handles  ammunition  with  a  crane. 
After  being  picked  up,  the  explosives  are 
fed  out  of  the  car  upon  a  sliding  way 
which  terminates  just  at  the  gun  plat- 
form, and  in  this  way  supplies  the  guns 
from  each  end  in  a  rapid  and  efficient 
manner,  so  that  the  train  forms  a  formid- 
able weapon  at  all  times. 


ARCHITECT  IN  SECESSION 


One 


IF  somebody  came  to 
you  and  laid  down 
a  certified  check  for 
ten  thousand  dol- 
lars, asking  you  to 
design  the  best  frame 
house  you  could  for  the 
money,  what  would  you 
do? 

This  question  was  put 
to  a  Los  Angeles  archi- 
tect, who  has  seceded 
from  the  ranks  of  his 
craft  and  started  a  revo- 
lution all  his  own. 

"I'd  first  make  sure 
of  the  ten  thousand. 
Then  I  would  use  every  argument 
I  could  muster  to  convince  that 
person  that  I  could  build  him  a  better 
and  cheaper  house  in  concrete  and 
hollow  tile  than  I  could  in  wood.  I 
might  even  go  so  far  as  to  swear  I 
could  do  a  better  job  in  concrete  and 
tile  for  eight  thousand  than  I  could  in 
wood  for  ten  thousand,  knowing  he 
would  be  grateful  to  me  in  the  end,  even 
if  he  did  not  get  off  under  twelve  thou- 
sand. The  point  would  be  to  make 
him  give  me  a  chance,  and  the  end 
would  justify  any  means." 

This,  partly  in  jest,  mostly  in  ear- 
nest, came  from  the  architect,  a  man 
most  plausible  and  persuasive. 

"But  if  you  didn't  succeed  in  con- 
vincing him.  what  then?" 

"That  has  happened  just  once,  and  I 
let  someone  else  have  the  job." 


Thk  Simplest  Form 
of  the  architect's  buildings  is  used  as  a  school. 

This  architect  has  turned  his  back 
definitely  on  frame  construction,  refus- 
ing absolutely  to  consider  it  as  the 
standard  in  domestic  architecture.  His 
name  is  Irving  J.  Gill. 

His  actual  secession  began  twenty 
years  ago  when  he  became  an  archi- 
tect. He  began  by  eliminating  picture 
mouldings,  wainscotings,  and  all  super- 
fluous woodwork,  and  by  simplifying 
to  the  last  degree  door  and  window 
casings,  baseboards,  and  the  casings  of 
bookshelves  and  wall  cupboards.  These 
were  merely  the  first  steps  in  a  general 
revolution. 

At  first,  the  exterior  of  his  houses 
was  still  of  frame.  He  did  some  more 
or  less  pretentious  things,  a  villa  at 
Newport,  and  other  houses  east  and 
west,  over  which  he  now  shakes  his 
head  disapprovingly.     One  new  at  a 


232 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


profession  cannot  fly  straight  in  the 
face  of  custom,  cost,  and  all  material 
considerations  and  get  anywhere. 

However,  one  by  one,  he  converted 
his  clients  to  concrete  and  hollow  tile 
construction,  and,  with  the  use  of  these 
materials  for  the  exterior,  he  elim- 
inated more  and  more  completely  the 
wood  trim  of  the  interior.  Picture 
mouldings,  chair  rails,  and  wainscoting 
he  had  banished  long  ago.  He  now 
went  further  and  cut  out  baseboards, 
and  what  was  left  of  window  and  door 
casings  and  the  framework  of  wall  cup- 
boards was  sunk  flush  with  the  wall 
and  thus  robbed  of  all  decorative  value, 
indeed,  of  all  character,  by  an  obvious, 


Concrete  and  Nothing  to  Burn 
There  are  no  baseboards  and  no  window  casings,  the  picture  mouldings  even  are 
absent.    The  result  is  a  new  and  beautiful  effect. 


studied,  and  deliberate  intolerance  of  it. 

The  anarchist's  efforts  culminated, 
at  last,  in  the  invention  of  a  steel  frame 
for  doors,  windows,  and  other  open- 
ings, which  serves  the  structural  pur- 
poses of  wood  frames  and  sends  them 
irrevocably  to  the  discard.  With  the 
frames,  have  gone  all  casings  and  many 
doors.  Doors  are  more  or  less  a  matter 
of  habit,  for  many  of  them  are  placed 
between  rooms  where  they  are  never 
closed.  Such  doors  are  dispensed  with 
altogether,  in  a  Gill  house,  and  dwell- 
ers in  these  houses  often  voluntarily 
leave  off  dust-collecting  draperies,  sim- 
plicity being  cumulative  in  its  effect. 

Meanwhile,  today,  wood  floors  have 
given  way  to  cement,  and  a  Gill  house 
stands    as    the    absolute    negation    of 


wood  as  a  necessary  factor  in  domestic 
architecture. 

In  this  war  on  wood  the  first  appeal 
is  made  to  the  housewife.  It  is  argued 
that  these  houses  reduce  the  drudgery 
of  housekeeping  to  a  minimum.  There 
is  no  woodwork  to  dust  or  wash  or 
scrub.  There  is  little  for  a  child  to 
mar  or  scratch.  The  kitchen  is  a  model 
of  compactness,  convenience,  and  sim- 
ple sanitation.  A  colored  housemaid 
in  one  of  these  kitchens  was  so  de- 
lighted with  the  ease  it  afforded  her  in 
doing  her  work  that  she  recommended 
Mr.  Gill  to  the  building  committee  of 
her  church,  and  that  negro  congrega- 
tion gave  him  his  first  commission  for 
a  church. 

But  however  much  a 
housewife  may  favor 
these  innovations,  the 
man  of  the  house  usually 
gives  first  thought  to  the 
question  of  cost.  This 
point  can  not  be  disre- 
garded by  any  architect 
who  wants  his  plans  to 
get  beyond  his  draft- 
ing table.  To  reduce  the 
cost,  instead  of  using 
concrete  for  the  entire 
thickness  of  wall  he  sup- 
plemented a  four-inch 
thickness  of  concrete 
with  hollow  tile.  For 
all  walls,  large  and 
small,  he  uses  four 
inches  of  concrete,  and 
varies  the  size  of  the  tile  according 
to  the  required  thickness  of  wall  as 
designated  by  building  ordinances.  In 
this  way  he  has  reduced  the  cost  of 
construction  to  a  point  so  near  to  that 
of  wood  that  he  is  in  direct  competition 
with  it,  the  slight  additional  cost  being 
easily  charged  to  durability,  freedom 
from  fire  risk,  and  eternal  repair  bills. 
After  all  it  is  the  matter  of  looks 
which  interests  the  average  householder. 
The  baseboardless  house  is  always  strik- 
ing to  the  person  who  has  never  seen  it. 
but  those  who  have  built  according  to  the 
new  idea  have  said  that  in  a  few  days 
one  becomes  used  to  the  absence  of  the 
usual,  but  unnecessary,  accouterments  of 
a  room,  and  the  spick  and  span  appear- 
ance is  delightful. 


For  Big  Game  or 

Fowl 
The  three  -barrel 
gun  istremendously 
powerful,  using  a 
high-powered  shell 
for  the  rifle  barrel 
and  two  loads  of 
shot  in  the  other 
barrels. 


THREE  BARRELS  FOR  GAME 

ENGLISH  gun  makers  seem  to  have 
progressed    much    further 
than    Americans    in    pro 
d  u  c  i  n  g    light    high- 
power  shooting 
arms,  their  three- 
barrel  guns 
surpassing 
anything 
turned     out 
in    this 
country. 
A     gun 
which  was 
recently 
built  to 
the    order 
of  a  Phila- 
d  e  1  p  h  i  a       V 
sportsman 
weighed  but         V; 
seven   and   a        ^B 
h  a  1  I  pounds,       ^H 
with   telescope 
sights    and    three 
barrels,    and    yet        ^k 
the    rifle    barrel  vf 

uses  such  a         ^ 
powerful  cart- 
ridge  that   it 
.would  blow         ■ 
the  ordinary 
gun     to 
pieces. 
This  par- 
ticular   gun 
proved    to 
have  about 
twenty  per  cent 
more  energy,  at 
a  point  two  hun- 
dred    yards     from 
the  muzzle,  than  the 
most    powerful    Ameri- 
can   gun    now    on    the 

,   ',        #r»i_  ._'i      •  'I  he  ant  likes  hone 

market.    The    recoil    is  agort 


much    less    than 
that    of    the 
h  igh-power 
guns   made 
here. 
The  two 
top   bar- 
rels   in 
w  hie  h 
shot  of 
the    same 
or    differ- 
ent  size 
may    be 
used,  are 
for  small 
g  a  m  e.    The 
front     trigger 
fires   either  the 
rifle  barrel  or  one 
of  the   shot   bar- 
r  e  1  s,    being 
manipulated  by 
a    small    slide. 
The  gun  has 
been  adopted 
by     a    great 
\  many  sports- 

m en   who 
hunt     mixed 
game    such 
;i<  is  to  be 
found    in    the 
African  or 
South  American 
fields. 


y  dew.    Ants  "milk"  the  aphid,  a  plant  parasite,  which  secretes 
of  honey  of  which  the  little  workers  are  very  fond. 


233 


One  of  them  would  destroy  a  fortress. 


BOMBS  FOR  AERIAL  WORK 
They  drop  perpendicularly  no  matter  what  position  they  are  in  when  thrown. 


BANK'S  APPLE  SHOW 
Michigan  banks  have  found  it  expedient  to  foster  the  agricultural  business  and  some  of  them  have  been  holding  shows 


234 


in  their  lobbies.    This  one  lasted  ten  days. 


DESTROYING  FROM  THE 
AIR 

CXTENSIVE  study  of  aerial  bombs 
*-J  has  been  made  by  the  war  depart- 
ments of  various  nations  in  the  last  year 
or  two,  and  the  British  Government  has 
ordered  large  quantities  of  a  certain  type 
recently  developed.  It  is  designed  for 
dropping  from  airships  and  aeroplanes 
and  has  been  built  so  that  no  matter  what 
position  it  is  in  when  it  strikes  the  air,  it 


their  own  lobbies.  Some  of  the  banks 
started  several  years  ago  in  a  small  way 
to  show  the  character  of  this  and  other 
kinds  of  fruit  grown  in  their  neighbor- 
hoods. The  shows  increased  in  display 
each  year  until  now  all  the  spare  room 
of  the  banking  houses  is  used. 

The  Traverse  City  State  Bank  held 
its  second  annual  event  recently.  Men 
visitors  were  given  apples  and  the  wom- 
en were  presented  with  neat  cook  books 
containing  recipes  using  apples. 


SOAKING  A  WATERWORKS 
Water  from  Cincinnati  was  used  to  put  out  a  fire  in  Norwood,  Ohio,  city  plant. 


rights  itself  and  plunges  vertically  to  the 
earth.  It  will  pierce  three  inches  of 
armor  plate  and  contains  enough  explo- 
sive material  to  destrov  a  fortress. 


BANKS  FIND  ROOM  FOR 
APPLES 

""THE  banks  in  towns  of  the  upper  end 
■*  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan 
have  become  greatly  interested  in  horti- 
culture, so  much  so  that  they  have  estab- 
lished apple  shows  which  they  hold  in 


WATERWORKS  BURNING 

""THE  electric  light  plant  and  water- 
*■  works  of  Norwood,  Ohio,  were 
almost  completely  destroyed  by  fire  re- 
cently, creating  the  unusual  condition  of 
a  waterworks  being  flooded  with  water 
from  a  neighboring  city's  plant.  Nor- 
wood has  a  population  of  about  two  hun- 
dred thousand  and  is  a  suburb  of  Cincin- 
nati, so  that  when  the  disastrous  fire 
broke  out,  the  appeal  for  help  from  the 
parent  city  was  answered  with  apparatus 
and  men. 

235 


HOW  MUCH 
DO  I  GET  ? 


the    amount   of 

the  farmer  receives. 

easily  be  made   by 

yone  who  can  handle 


IOWA  FARMS  IDAHO 


DON  H.  BARK,  United  States 
irrigation  engineer,  was  sent 
to  Idaho  four  years  ago  by 
the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  to  show 
the   farmers  how  to  grow  better  and 


As  Important  to  Water  the  Plants  as  the  An 
The  Iowa  farmer  must  be  ready  to  farm  by  irrigation 
moves  to  Idaho. 


1MALS 

when  h 


larger  crops.     At  that  time  the  farmers 
were  failing. 

Because  of  slight  rainfall,,  the  south- 
ern Idaho  farmers  must  depend  en- 
tirely upon  irrigation  for  the  produc- 
tion of  their  crops.  More  than  a  million 
acres  of  the  sage-covered  Snake 
River  plains  have,  by  the  applica- 
tion of  water  to  the  land  during 
the  last  decade,  been  made  to 
yield  abundantly  in  fruits  and 
grains.  Agriculture,  which  the 
pioneers  who  followed  the  old 
Oregon  Trail  thought  was  im- 
possible in  southern  Idaho,  has 
been  developed  into  the  State's 
most  important  industry. 

The  vast  irrigation  projects, 
by  which  this  change  has  been 
effected,  have  cost  more  than 
fifty  million  dollars.  Twelve 
thousand  miles  of  canals  now 
distribute  the  water  from  the 
reservoirs  over  the  land. 

The  settlers  in  southern  Idaho 
came  mostly  from  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  where  methods  of  farm- 
ing are  different  from  those 
necessarily  used  in  the  arid 
region.  In  order  that  they  should 
not    pay    dearly    for    their    ap- 


23b 


IOWA    FARMS    IDAHO 


237 


prenticeship,  by  the  loss  of  sev- 
eral crops,  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment placed  Bark  and  his  assist- 
ants among  these  Idaho  farmers 
to  tell  them  in  farmer's  style 
what  the  new  settler  must  do  to 
make  the  farm  pay. 

Those  who  settled  in  this 
locality  long  before  the  railroad 
pushed  its  way  across  the  moun- 
tains soon  learned  that  the  dif- 
ferent soils  and  crops  required 
varying  amounts  of  water :  also 
the  water  must  be  applied  at  the 
proper  time  in  order  that  the 
most  favorable  results  may  be 
obtained'.  When  water  in  the 
rivers  was  plentiful,  many  of  the  early 
settlers  filed  upon  extensive  water  rights, 
and  the  water  that  was  not  used  on  their 
land  was  wasted.  There  has  always  been 
a  difference  of  opinion  among  the 
farmers,  however,  as  to  bow  much  water 
is  actually  required.  Altitude  and  cli- 
matic conditions  have  much   influence 


Storage  Dam  of  the  Salmon  River 

The  (all  is  almost  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  and  a  wide  road  winds 

across  on  top  of  the  dam. 


they  are  able  to  furnish  the  farmers 
with  accurate  data  regarding  the 
amount  of  water  that  should  be  applied, 
and  the  number  and  relative  time 
of  irrigations  that  should  be  made  in 
order  that  the  best  yields  may  be 
secured. 
These  investigations  cannot  be  suc- 


MILNER  DAM  OK  THK  SNAKE  RIVER 
This  irrigation  canal  is  one  that  helps  to  make  the  total  of  twelve  thousand  miles  of  artificial  waterway. 


on  the  amount  of  irrigation  water  that 
should  be  used. 

The  relation  between  irrigation 
water  and  the  land  it  serves  is  known 
as  "duty  of  water."  Knowledge  of  this 
means  successful  crop  production 
where  irrigation  is  used.  It  is  this 
"duty  of  water"  that  P.ark  and  his  men 
determine,  and  by  their  investigations 


cessfully  conducted  on  a  vacant  city 
lot;  so  in  order  that  they  may  be  of 
full  value  to  a  large  number  of  farmers, 
the  experiments  have  been  made  in  a 
practical  manner  on  farms  in  nearly 
every  irrigation  district  in  southern 
Idaho.  Since  the  first  of  these  investi- 
gations were  made  in  the  State,  in  1910, 
more     than     four     hundred     separate 


238 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


tracts,  scattered  over  a  wide  scope  of 
territory,  have  been  experimented 
upon. 

A  field  on  an  average  farm  is  seeded 
to  a  staple  crop,  and  divided  into  a 
number  of  tracts,  to  each  of  which  dif- 
ferent amounts  of  water  are  applied  at 
various  times  during  the  irrigation 
season.     The    amount    of    water    that 


flows  onto  each  tract  is  accurately  meas- 
ured by  a  weir,  which  is  installed  in 
the  irrigation  ditches  leading  to  each 
tract,  and  in  waste  ditches  flowing  from 
each  tract. 

A  detailed  record  is  kept  of  the  time 
of  each  flooding  and  of  the  amount  of 
water  that  is  applied  to  the  land  at 
each  irrigation. 


BLAZE  ROARS  IN  TUNNEL 


AFTER  THE  NIGHT  ATTACK 
Up  on  the  hillside  can  be  seen  the  smoke  issuing  from  the  tunnel,  for 
the  all-night  fight  was  ineffectual. 


OUT  on  the  western  coast 
division  of  a  transconti- 
nental railroad  between 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, a  timber-lined  tun- 
nel over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  turned 
itself  into  a  roaring  furnace  recently,  so 
that  traffic  was  tied  up  for  fifty-one 
days.  Some  tramp,  walking  up  the 
Cuesta  Grade,  crawled  into  the  tunnel 
on  a  warm  day  and  fell  asleep  in  the  cool 
shelter  of  the  darkness.    His  camp  fire, 


fanned  by  the  breeze  from  the  moun- 
tains was  sucked  through  the  bore  and 
fired  the  timber  lining,  and  the  bush 
and  chaparral  for  a  thousand  acres 
around.  The  damage  which  the  com- 
pany suffered  amounted  to  over  a  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars,  while  at  the 
same  time  there  were  half  a  dozen 
towns  cut  off  from  civilization. 

The  burning  of  the  tunnel  and  the 
fight  of  the  men  who  attempted  to  sub- 
due  the  flames  was  a  dramatic   one. 


BLAZE    ROARS    IN    TUNNEL 


239 


SEALED  UP 
The  uphill  end  with  a  gas 
pipe  leading  into  the  tun- 
nel.   The  gas  drops  to 
a  temperature  of  one 
hundred    and    four 
degrees    below 
zero  when    it 
hits  the  air. 


five  hundred  feet,  the  heat  became 
intense  and  they  found  that 
embers  dropping  from  the  roof 
had  again  started  the  timber  afire 
and  they  were  forced  to  beat  a 


■"'•  fmoked  and  smoked,  but 

inside  the  tire  was  burning  fiercely. 

Both  ends  were  sealed  up  and 
for  the  first  forty-eight  hours, 
•engines  turned  steam  into  the 
bore  to  quench  the  fire,  but  it 
was  soon  found  that  this  re- 
sulted in  cave-ins  because  of  the 
clay  rock  formation  in  the  heart 
of  the  tunnel.  A  battery  of  four- 
teen containers  which  turned  out 
carbon  dioxide  was  pressed  into 
service  at  the  lower  end  so  that  ■ 
the  gas  naturally  filled  the  tunnel  as 
rapidly  as  possible.  Great  quantities 
of  this  were  used  and  it  was  found  that 
the  temperature  was  soon  lowered 
almost  two  hundred  degrees  at  the 
opposite  end. 

The  lower  temperature  at  the  upper 
end  made  it  possible  for  men  to  enter 
and  use  water,  the  actual  flames  being 
quenched.  The  supports  at  that  end 
were  still  good  and  the  party  advanced 
with  a  timber  bulkhead  on  a  push  car, 
like  a  shield  before  them.  When  the 
attacking  party  had  penetrated  about 


After  it  was  over  the  steam  shovel  took  the  job  in  hand 
It  left  an  opening  that  was  sixty-five  feet  high. 

hasty  retreat  while  the  timbers  burned 
more  fiercely. 

The  portal  timbers  fired,  the  bore 
again  became  a  raging  furnace  which 
was  left  to  burn  itself  out.  A  mam- 
moth cave-in  followed  and  the  damage 
was  complete.  Meanwhile,  and  during 
the  weeks  spent  on  repair,  all  the 
traffic  was  routed  another  way, 


ROOM  FOR  FIVE  HUNDRED  CARS 
Two  thousand  men  are  employed  around  this  Berlin  barn,  their  homes,  built  by  the  company,  occupying  the  surround- 
ing lots. 

HOUSING  BERLIN  CARS 


T 


HE  new  Lichtenberg  station 
of  the  Berlin  Street  Car 
Company,  declared  by  ex- 
perts in  this  line  to  be  one  of 
the  most  modern  and  best- 
arranged  affairs  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  is  also  the  largest  single  struc- 


Twenty-Six  Tracks  Abreast 

The  company  spent  several  years  building  the  station  and  it  is  a 

model  of  lighting  and  efficiency. 


ture  devoted  to  street  car  uses  in 
existence.  This  depot,  which  is  one 
of  twenty-five  owned  by  the  company, 
has  been  in  process  of  building  for 
several  years.  It  is  six  hundred  thirty 
feet  long  and  over  three  hundred  feet 
wide,  with  a  capacity  of  five  hundred 

210 


cars  at  one  time,  standing  upon 
twenty-six  tracks,  laid  abreast.  Every 
inch  of  the  immense  structure  is  made 
as  bright  as  day  by  a  splendid  system  of 
overhead  lighting. 

Along  the  front  of  the  hall,  under 
the  tracks,  are  the  working  tunnels, 
built  to  allow  the  repairing  of 
the  bottoms  of  cars  and  for  test- 
ing motors.  These  tunnels  are 
deep  enough  for  a  man  to  stand 
erect  and  are  connected  so  that 
one  can  go  from  one  tunnel  to 
another  throughout  the  entire 
length  of  the  building. 

Along  one  side  of  the  struc- 
ture are  various  workshops, 
storerooms,  and  clubrooms  for 
employes,  while  in  the  front  part 
are  the  splendid  offices,  rooms 
for  the  conductors  and  motor- 
men,  and  a  canteen.  All  of  these 
rooms  are  very  large  and  light. 
As  is  the  custom  in  Berlin,  the 
space  in  front  of  the  depot  is  di- 
vided into  grass  plots,  with  flower  beds 
and  ornamental  shrubbery,  giving  the 
appearance  of  a  small  park  rather  than 
the  entrance  to  a  street-car  barn. 

At  present,  a  force  of  about  two 
thousand  employes  is  engaged  in  and 
around  the  station. 


AN  EPIDEMIC  OF  SNAILS 


A  X    epidemic    implies    something 

f\    pathological,  but  nevertheless. 

/  m   epidemic  is  the  correct  word 

/      %      in  this  case.    To  the  people 

j[         A.   of  Sidney.  Ohio,  it  seemed. 

recently,  as  if  snails  had  rained  down, 

just  as  the  frogs  once  permeated  every 

part  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  and  years 

before  that  of  W'illimantic.  Connecticut. 


teacher,  who  was  interested  in  nature 
study,  believed  that  the  substance 
might  be  snail  shells,  but  she  had  never 
seen  any  so  small,  nor  could  she  under- 
stand how  they  came  to  be  upon  the 
cement  steps  that  were  four  inches  above 
the  walk. 

These    specimens    were   collected    and 
sent   to   the   laboratory   of  a    naturalist, 


UNDER  THE  MICROSCOPE 
The  snails  as  they  appeared  wen;  no  larger  than  the  head  of  a  pin.    They  are  a  particularly  small  size,  but  a  species 

that  is  found  all  over  the  world. 


But,  of  course,  neither  snails  nor  frogs 
came  from  the  skies. 

A  school  teacher,  returning  home 
just  after  a  heavy  rain,  found  that  the 
cement  sidewalk  in  front  of  her  house 
was  literallv  covered  with  a  gritty  sub- 
stance which  gave  forth  a  peculiar, 
crunching  sound  when  trod  on.  Some 
of  the  neighbors  also  observed  the 
same  phenomenon,  one  declaring  it 
was  salvia  seed,  while  others  thought 
it    had    "rained    snails."    The    school 


where 
were 

they  were 
under  'the 
MOIL     The 


it     was 
full-grown 


ascertained 
snails, 
known    among 
name     Vallonia 
members  of  the 


that    they 

and      that 

scientists 

pulchella, 

genus  are 


all  of  this  minute  size,  and  are  found 
in  every  part  of  the  w.orld.  There  is 
some  little  difference  in  the  various 
species.  In  the  Roekies  is  found  a 
variety  called  costata,  which  is  beauti- 
fully ribbed,  and  there  are  two  or  three 
other    forms    which    are    found    in    the 


241 


242 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


mountains  of  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  United  States. 

In  his  report,  the  naturalist  said : 
"The  habit  of  these  creatures  is  to  live 
in  the  grass.  Doubtless  there  was  some 
local  condition  which  set  them  to 
crawling  about,  and  they  swarmed 
over  the  sidewalks.  Sometimes  on  a 
board  that  has  lain  in  the  back  yard 
near  the  grass,  you  will  find  them  in 
abundance.  At  other  times  you  will 
not  find  any  in  the  same  locality.  The 
supposition  is  that  they  lay  a  large 
number  of  eggs  and  develop  into  full- 
grown  snails  in  a  comparatively  few 
weeks." 


It  seems  probable  that  some  peculiar 
phase  of  the  dampness  brought  out  the 
snails,  though  every  damp  spell  will 
not  produce  such  numbers. 

The  writer  once  knew  of  an  "epi- 
demic" of  slugs  that  covered  a  lawn. 
It  was  evident  that  this  had  resulted 
from  too  much  watering  of  the  lawn, 
but  the  conclusion  does  not  necessarily 
follow  that  every  one  who  drenches 
the  lawn  frequently  is  to  be  over- 
burdened with  slugs  covering  lawn  and 
sidewalks.  Evidently,  there  is  some 
little  hidden  spring  in  Nature's  re- 
sources that  lets  loose  this  surplus  at 
certain  times. 


A  FORTUNE  BEACHES  ITSELF 


T 


THE  GAME  OVEB 


HE  finest  oil  on  earth" — 
that  is  the  claim  made  for 
the  product  from  the  black- 
fish,  used  in  manufacturing 
lubricating  oils  for  watches 
and  clocks  and,  in  fact,  for  all  kinds  of 
fine  machinery. 

Blackfish,  or  "pilot  whales" — deriv- 
ing the  latter  name  from  the  fact  that 
in  a  school  of  them,  one  acts  as  a  pilot 
— are  great  black  monsters,  covered 
with  a  velvety  skin  and  varying  in 
length  from  eight  to  twenty  feet. 

Time  was  when  it  was  not  an  un- 
common spectacle  to  see  a  school  of 
five  hundred,  led  by  the  pilot,  making 
its  way  slowly  along  the  Massa- 
chusetts shore.    Thirty  years  ago  they 


were  eagerly  sought  after  by  residents 
who  had  no  other  work  to  occupy  their 
time.  They  were  driven  ashore  in 
schools,  and  became  stranded  upon  the 
sandy  beaches,  where  low  tides  left  them 
lying  high  and  dry.  Every  fishing 
shanty  near  the  shore  then  had  its 
whaling  dory,  lance,  harpoon,  try-pots, 
and  other  equipment,  in  case  a  school 
of  the  mammoth  fish  were  sighted  a 
mile  or  two  from  land.  They  had  to 
be  dissected,  flayed,  minced,  and  boiled 
in  order  to  get  the  oil  from  them. 

After  1884,  pilot  whales  apparently 
became  frightened  by  the  raids  made 
upon  them  by  the  whaling  fishermen, 
and  not  one  was  seen  near  Cape  Cod 
for  almost  thirty  years. 


A  FORTUNE  BEACHES  ITSELF 


243 


Thinking  that  they  had  become  en- 
tirely extinct,  most  of  the  fishermen 
sold  their  apparatus  to  curio  seekers, 
but  in  July,  1912.  thirty  came  ashore 
in  a  school  near  Wellfleet,  in  the  lower 
section  of  Cape  Cod.  A  second  school 
of  fifty  became  stranded  a  few  weeks 
later.    Within  a  few  days,  still  another 


The  Board  of  Selectmen  of  Eastham, 
having  had  considerable  complaint  a 
year  before  as  to  the  odor  which  the 
fish  threw  off  after  lying  on  the  beach 
in  the  sun,  ordered  the  pilot  whales 
driven  awav  from  their  shores.  The 
fish  were  taken  off  by  a  high  tide,  but 
were  beached  again  a  mile  away,  so  a  fleet 


TWO  BIG  ONES 
Powerful  in  the  sea.  they  lose  their  strength  when  the  water  leaves  them  on  the  beach.     They  furnish  the  finest  oils. 


collection,  which  numbered  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty,  was  brought  up  on  the 
beach  by  a  high  tide.  Practically  all  of 
these  were  abandoned,  owing  princi- 
pally to  the  lacK  of  apparatus  with 
which  to  prepare  the  fish.  This  meant 
a  loss  of  at  least  ten  thousand  dollars, 
for  each  fish  produces  a  barrel  of  oil, 


of  fifty  small  power  boats  was  formed. 
Sailing  close  to  one  another,  they 
formed  a  semicircle  about  the  school 
of  monsters  and  slowly  and  carefully 
drove  them  two  miles  out  to  sea,  where 
they  were  left  to  do  their  own  "pilot- 
ing." 
A  month  later,  however,  a  school  of 


THE  LEADER  GOES  WRONG 
Tbe  pilot  fhb  are  careless  in  being  caught  on  the  shoals  so  when  the  tide  goes  out  they  arc  left  high  and  dry. 


which  can  be  sold  for  approximately 
forty  cents  per  gallon.  This  does  not 
include  the  "head"  oil,  which  is  much 
more  valuable. 

Last  summer  a  .school  of  one  hun- 
dred came  ashore  at  Eastham.  The 
largest  was  twenty-two  feet  in  length, 
while  a  tiny  one  stretched  three  feet. 


seventy-eight  landed  off  the  Truro 
boundary,  and  an  enterprising  oil 
manufacturer  hastened  to  the  scene 
and  bought  the  entire  lot  from  the  men 
who  had  sighted  them  and  laid  claim  to 
them.  He  assembled  a  gang  of  old 
whaling  fishermen  and  soon  had  them  at 
work  on  the  carcasses. 


BUSINESS  AND  OLD  IRON 


WILLIAM  JACOBUS  of 
New  York  City  calls 
himself  a  "scrap  metal- 
lurgist", which  means 
that  he  has  elevated  the 
business  of  saving  old  iron  and  kin- 
dred metals  to  the  dignity  of  a  science. 

Every  city  dweller  who  hears, 
continually  the  raucous  cry  of  *  _^^Kk 
"r-raak  s'l  iyun,"  rendered 
to  a  cowbell  obligato,  is 
quite  willing  to  believe 
that  a  large  proportion 
of  his  fellow  citizens 
deal,  or  desire  to  deal, 
in  rags,  old  iron, 
and  the  like.  But 
probably  every  city  I 
dweller  does  not  1 
know  that  what  he 
regards  as  the 
lowly  calling  of 
salving  cast-off 
utensils,  imple- 
m  e  n  t  s,  machinery, 
and  clothing,  is  a 
business  of  such 
magnitude  as  to  re- 
quire the  astounding 
investment  of  seven 
hundred  million  dol- 
lars, or  that  the  principal 
firms  engaged  therein 
have  a  national  organiza- 
tion which  holds  conventions 
just  like  the  concerns  that 
sell  things  when  they  are 
new.  In  New  York  City 
alone  are  half  a  score  of  men 
who  came  to  this  country 
fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago,  with  nothing 
but  a  desire  to  get  rich  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible, each  of  whom  has  since  acquired  a 
million  dollars  or  more  in  the  junk 
business. 

Of  every  one  hundred  pounds  of 
metal  used  in  manufacturing,  at  least 
eighty-five  pounds  is  returned  to  serv- 
ice by  way  of  the  melting  pot,  after 
the  article  in  which  it  originally  ap- 
peared is  worn  out.  If  old  metals 
were  not  used  ovef  and  over  again, 
there  would  not  be  enough  of  them  to 
do  the  work  of  the  .world. 

244 


William  Jacobus 
He  is  called  a  scrap  metallur- 
gist, but  the  fact  is  that  he  beat 
the  old-iron  men  at  a  game  of 
which  they  were  past  masters. 


The  heads  of  some  of  the  big  corpora- 
tions are  recognizing  this,  together  with 
the  uncomfortable  fact  that  the  junk 
men,  and  not  the  corporations,  have  been 
getting  the  money.  Hence,  the  useful- 
ness of  Jacobus. 

The  man  with  the  new  profession  is 
the  son  of  a  junk  dealer  in  Buf- 
■^^  falo,    who    helped    in    his 

father's  business  when  he 
was  ten  years  old.  It  was 
not  long  before  he  be- 
^  came  interested  in 
metallurgy,  thinking  it 
might  be  useful  in  his 
business.  It  might 
have  been  so  but  for 
the  peculiar  ways  of 
his  competitors,  for 
the  old  metal  busi- 
ness is  probably  the 
crookedest  of  any 
that  is  classed  as 
legitimate.  Scorn- 
ing to  stoop  to  dis- 
honesty,  Mr. 
Jacobus  was  forced 
to  give  up  this  busi- 
ness, but  he  quietly 
planned  to  expose  its 
devious  methods. 
Combining  his  expert 
knowledge  of  old  metals 
with  an  intimate  insight 
into  the  ways  of  old  metal 
dealers  and  his  natural  ability 
as  a  detective,  he  began  his 
task  by  obtaining  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment. This  Department  has 
several  million  dollars  worth  of  metal  to 
dispose  of  annually,  which  has  furnished 
a  particularly  rich  field  for  the  junk  men. 
By  combining,  under  a  gentleman's 
agreement  not  to  bid  against  each 
other,  they  contrived  to  get  copper 
worth  thirteen  cents  a  pound  at  one  or 
two  cents  a  pound,  and  other  material 
at  proportionate  rates.  Also,  copper 
weighed  ©n  the  junk  man's  scales 
weighs  but  six  or  seven  ounces  to  the 
pound  when  purchased,  though  the 
same  metal  runs  twenty  to  twenty-five 
ounces  to  the  pound  when  sold,  if  the 


PAVEMENTS    FOR    TOMORROW 


245 


buyer  is  not  wise  to  this  old  method  of 
proceeding. 

Jacobus  began  operations  by  pre- 
paring a  large  quantity  of  old  metals 
from  the  lighthouse  service  for  sale. 
All  the  metals  were  carefully  sorted 
and  graded.  When  the  auctioneer  was 
ready,  Jacobus  took  the  floor  to  make 
a  few  remarks.  He  announced  that  all 
metals  would  be  sold  in  lots  just  as  he 
had  divided  them,  at  government 
weights,  with  no  deductions  for  dirt, 
moisture,  or  anything  else.  When  the 
first  call  for  bids  was  made,  a  man 
planted  in  the  crowd  for  the  purpose 
by  Mr.  Jacobus,  bid  very  close  to  the 
actual  value  of  the  lot,  instead  of  a 
small  fraction  of  the  value.  There  was 
a  tremendous  sensation,  followed  by 
some  frantic  bidding  by  the  junk  men. 
For  the  first  time  in  their  lives  they 
paid  the  actual  market  value  for  all 
they  got;  moreover,  they  paid  for  it  in 
real  money  with  the  melancholy  assur- 
ance that  there  would  be  no  rebates 
nor  refunds  on  any  pretext  whatever. 
The  official  opinion  of  Jacobus  has 
been  expressed  by  the  Paymaster  Gen- 


eral  of  the  Navy:  ''The  employment 
of  a  scrap  metal  expert  was  continued 
during  the  past  year.  His  services 
have  resulted  in  changes  of  method  in 
shop  administration  at  several  yards 
and  stations  which  have  accomplished 
tremendous  savings  to  the  Govern- 
ment. A  great  deal  of  material  for- 
merly sold  at  low  figures,  due  to  its 
not  being  properly  segregated,  is  now 
profitably  made  use  of  in  various  ways, 
and  in  the  case  of  that  which  is  at 
present  sold,  far  better  prices  are  ob- 
tained by  reason  of  recommendations 
relative  to  its  sale  made  by  the  expert." 
The  saving  to  the  Department  un- 
der the  Jacobus  method  is  estimated 
at  two  million  dollars  a  year.  What 
he  did  for  the  Government  he  is  now 
doing  for  corporations.  A  small  east- 
ern railroad  now  sells  its  scrap  metal 
for  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  a 
year,  and  yet  under  the  scientific 
Jacobus  management  it  will  realize  one 
million  dollars  from  this  waste  as  soon 
as  the  plan  is  in  force.  The  success  of 
tin-  "scrap  metallurgist"  is  at  hand. 


PAVEMENTS  FOR  TOMORROW 


BEDS  of  asphalt,  ready-mixed 
and  easy  to  get  at,  lie  along 
the  Athabasca  River,  in  north- 
ern Alberta.  Engineers  have 
estimated  that  there  is  enough 
raw  material  in  them  to  pave  half  the 
cities  in  America  and  all  that  is  want- 
ing is  the  means  of  getting  it  to  mar- 
ket, but  the  railroads  have'  not  yet 
pierced  that  northern  wonderland. 

The  banks  of  the  Athabasca,  two 
hundred  miles  north  of  Edmonton, 
show  heavy  outcrops  of  tar-sand,  and 
for  miles  at  a  stretch  tar  oozes  out  of 
the  cliffs  as  if  some  great  cauldron 
were  overflowing.  Disintegrated  lime- 
stone underlies  these  overflows  of  tar. 
with  clay  cropping  out  by  way  of 
variety.     For  many  years,  the  Indians 


have  been  using  this  tar  for  gumming 
their  canoes,  having  only  to  boil  it  a 
little  to  get  it  into  a  workable  shape ; 
but  it  is  now  known  to  be  of  great 
industrial  value,  with  a  market  waiting 
for  it  as  soon  as  it  can  be  taken  out. 
Within  the  past  year  and  a  half,  a  fur- 
ther outcrop  has  been  found  much 
nearer  Edmonton,  covering  an  area  of 
a  thousand  acres  at  a  depth  below  the 
surface  of  from  three  to  twenty-five 
feet,  and  estimated  to  be  one  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  in  thickness.  Street  pav- 
ing in  the  Canadian  West  will  be 
merely  a  form  of  civic  relaxation  when 
all  these  tar-sand  areas  are  within 
reach. 

Most   of   the   asphalt   now   used    in 
Xorth     America     comes     from     three 


246 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Athabasca  Asphalt 

The  outcroppings  of  tar  can  be  seen  along  the  river  banks. 

They  are  signs  of  the  typical  asphalt  bed. 

sources  of  supply :  Trinidad,  Cuba,  and 
California.  Trinidad  has  been  supply- 
ing our  market  since  1870,  when  in 
Newark,  New  Jersey,  was  laid  the  first 
asphalt  street  in  the  United  States. 
Seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  asphalt 
pavement  that  has  since  been  laid 
throughout  the  country  is  either  wholly 
or  in  part  mixed  with  Trinidad  pitch, 
which  comes  from  a  most  remarkable 
tar  lake,  supposed  to  be  the  crater  of 
an  extinct  volcano.  This  lake  is  only 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  acres  in  extent, 
but  forty-five 'years  of  digging  have  not 
depleted  it  in  the  slightest,  for  it  re- 
news itself  from  within  as  fast  as  its 
surface  is  removed. 

The  Trinidad  asphalt  is  a  clear,  soft 
pitch,  which,  before  laying  as  a  pave- 
ment, must  be  mixed  with  sand  to  give 
it  body  and  hardness.  That  from  Cuba 
and  Venezuela  is  of  much  the  same 
grade. 

Beds  of  asphalt  occur  in  several 
States,  notably  in  California  and  Texas. 
The  California  article  differs  from  that 


of  Trinidad  in  that  1;  is  ready 
mixed  with  sand,  being  found  in 
its  natural  state  as  an  impreg- 
nated tar-sand.  The  Santa  Cruz 
beds,  in  particular,  have  fur- 
nished paving  material  for  many 
of  the  cities  on  the  coast,  and 
their  product  is  gaining  in  favor. 
The  tar-sands  along  the  Atha- 
basca, comprising  what  is  prob- 
ably the  largest  supply  of  paving 
material  north  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  are  of  practically  the 
same  formation  as  those  of  Cali- 
fornia, differing  only  in  a  larger 
percentage  of  oil,  which  has  to 
be  removed  by  a  process  of  slow 
cooking.  They  grade  81.73  per 
cent  of'silicious  sands  and  12.42 
per  cent  of  pure  bitumen,  or 
mineral  tar.  This  sand  may  be 
used  in  its  native  state  for  roof- 
ing, and  with  very  little  refining 
it  makes  an  excellent  pavement, 
tests  of  it  on  Edmonton  streets 
having  proved  very  satisfactory. 


:,  "I, 

\  ^%  RASPBERFK 

MTS              L 

LITTLE  SLfflfl 
LAKE 

^^%^\ 

fP~-<\ 

%           / 

"deer  mtn. 

V    \ 

"IwHABASCA 
j  LANDING 

-^23 

°'   )          V 

4vrJ 

>l 

'       VICTORIA^^ 

7 

ST  ALBERTc/"  SASKATCHEWAN 

X 

EDMONTONS 

Two  Hundred  Miles  North  of  Edmonton 

Up  there  is  enough  asphalt,  r<ady  mixed,  to  pave  the 

streets  of  half  the  cities  in  America.    But  there  are  as  yet 

no  railroads. 


A  thousand  square  miles  of  native 
asphalt,  it  is  estimated,  are  in  the 
Athabasca  region,  the  beds  averaging 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  thickness. 


an  explosion  resulted,  and  a  mill 
once  on  fire  in  those  days  was 
doomed.  In  addition  the  dust 
floating  about  was  a  menace  to 
the  health  of  the  workmen. 

Modern  dust  collectors  elim- 
inate danger  of  fire  and  explo- 
sions, as  well  as  likelihood  of 
lung  diseases  among  the  work- 
men. The  photographs  show 
the  construction  of  these  col- 
lectors and  the  different  meth- 
ods of  attaching  them  to  the 


I'L-T    COLLKCTOKS 

Dust  in  flour  mills  is  so  fine  that  a  spark  often  will  ignite 

it  and  cause  a  terrific  explosion  and  Ibe  destruction  of 

the  mill. 

TO  ELIMINATE  EXPLOSIONS 
IN  FLOUR  MILLS 

/"\\VJXC,    to    the    excellence    of    the 
^   dust-catching  apparatus,  there  have 
been  few  serious  explosions  in  flour  mills 
for  many  years.     Formerly  the  dust  inci- 
dent to  the  cleaning  and  grinding  was 
supposed  to  be  turned   into  a  room 
provided    for    the    purpose :    but 
large  quantities  of  it  escaped  and 
accumulated  on  the  machinery  and 
in  every  room  in  the  mill.     Fre- 
quently this  dust  ignited  so  quickly 


Ml 


PROCLAIMED  CHAMPION 
The  champion  corn  grower  of  the  United  States  getting  his  diploma  on  the  lawn  before  the  Department  of  Agriculture 


DIPLOMA  FOR  AN  ACRE 

•^T/ALKER  LEE  DUNSON  of  Alex- 
"  ander  City,  Alabama,  raised  two 
hundred  thirty-two  and  seven-tenths 
bushels  of  corn  on  a  single  acre  of 
ground.  The  cost  of  this  great  yield 
of  grain  was  but  nineteen  and  nine- 
tenths  cents  per  bushel  so  that  when 
sold,  his  profits  on  this  acre  were,  of 
course,  very  large.  In  recognition  of 
this,  Secretary  Houston  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  gave  him  a 
diploma,  which  entitles  him  to  be 
hailed  as  the  champion  corn  grower  of 
the  United  States,  and  this,  in  a  coun- 
try which  is  famous  for  its  crop  of  that 
grain,  is  an  honor  for  which  thousands 
of  boys  are  striving  every  summer. 
J* 

TEACHING  WITH  DISCS  AND 
ROLLS 

A  RECENT  Paris  invention  is  the 
**  "automatic  professor"  for  teach- 
ing foreign  languages,  and  by  its  use 
it  is  an  easy  matter  to  acquire  a  good 

m 


pronunciation  of  the  language.  The 
difficulties,  not  to  speak  of  the  expense, 
of  having  a  language  instructor  are 
now  overcome  by  the  new  Pathe- 
graphe,  which  is  the  production  of  a 
leading  Paris  phonograph  and  moving 
picture  establishment.  In  principle,  the 
idea  of  using  the  phonograph  as  a  lan- 
guage teacher  is  not  a  new  one,  but  as 
the  learner  needs  to  have  the  words 
printed  and  pronounced  at  the  same 
time,  it  remained  to  bring  out  a  prac- 
tical device  to  accomplish  this  and  to 
make  up  a  home  teacher  at  once  inex- 
pensive and  exact. 

The  new  phonograph  device  uses  a 
set  of  discs  having  words  and  phrases 
pronounced  by  a  native  teacher,  and 
for  each  disc  a  corresponding  roll  of 
paper  with  the  same  words;  as,  for 
instance,  with  the  English  word  at  the 
top  and  the  German  word  just  under 
it.  The  paper  band  moves  along 
exactly  in  step  with  the  phonograph 
disc  so  that  the  pupil  hears  the  spoken 
word  at  the  same  time  that  the  printed 
word  and  its  translation  pass  over  the 


middle  pointer  before  the  pupil's  eye. 
The  word,  together  with  its  sound, 
will  be  strongly  impressed  on  the 
pupil's  mind  and  a  language  will  be 
acquired  very  quickly  in  this  way. 
Much  time  will  be  saved,  and  the  "au- 
tomatic professor"  will  have  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  real  one  and  few  of  the 
drawbacks.  The  material  necessary 
for  a  language  consists  of  twenty-five 
to  thirty  phonograph  discs  with  double 
face  records  and  the  proper  number  of 
paper  rolls,  together  with  a  prepared 
language  book.  There  is,  of  course, 
no  limit  to  the  number  of  languages 
which  can  be  learned  in  this  way,  and 
it  is  proposed  to  prepare  outfits  for 
the  use  of  specialists  who  desire  to 
study  the  languages  and  dialects  of 
any  part  of  the  world. 


SUN  MINES  GOLD 

THE  discovery  of  gold  in  Candle  mi 
*■  Johnny  Bull  Hill,  Alaska,  was  one 
of  the  most  peculiar  in  the  annals  of 
gold  mining  in  the  North.  Under  a 
layer  of  ice  twenty  feet  in  thickness, 
was  found  a  layer  of  gravel  containing 
gold  in  workable  quantities. 

To  get  this  gold  the  rays  of  the  sun 
are  utilized.  An  overburden  of  a  foot 
<>r  two  of  moss  and  muck  is  sluiced  off 
with  water  and  the  mass  of  ice  exposed 
to  the  action  of  the  sun.  The  sun,  dur- 
ing the  long  arctic  days  of  midsummer. 


Tin:,  machine  *ueaks  the  word  in  toe  language  you  want 

to  learn  and  points  to  it  on  a  written  roll.     You  can't  help 

but  learn  it. 

does  rapid  work  in  reducing  the  sheet 
of  ice  to  the  level  of  the  gravel  body 
which  underlies  it.  Then  sluice  boxes 
are  arranged  along  the  slope  of  the 
gravel  bed.  and  the  water  dammed. 
When  there  is  enough  water,  it  is 
turned  on  the  gravel  to  wash  it  into 
the  boxes.  The  gold  separated,  the 
waste  gravel  is  then  washed  down  into 
the  tailing  piles  minus  its  golden  load. 


MOLDING   l  HI,  PAH 
When  tbe  sun  comes  out,  it  melts  the  ice:  when  the  water  runs  down,  it  washes  out  the  told;  the  miner  sits  and  holds 

the  pan  belnw. 


A  LADDER  FOR  THE  "DOWN- 
AND-OUT" 


THE  Rufus  F.  Dawes  Hotel, 
Chicago,  built  by  a  father  as 
a  memorial  to  his  son,  who 
was  drowned,  opened  its 
doors  recently  to  a  host  of 
unemployed  men.  Charles  G.  Dawes 
is  the  founder. 

On  the  opening  night  three  hundred 
down-and-outs  straggled  in  from  a 
snowstorm  which  raged  outside.  Some 
of  them  at  once  seated  themselves  be- 
fore a  broad  open  fireplace  in  the 
spacious  lobby.  They  rolled  cigarettes 
or  lighted  their  pipes  and  conversed 
among  themselves  so  that  the  lobby 
had  all  the  appearance  of  a  clubroom. 
Meantime  others  were  purchasing 
strings  of  tickets, .  each  of  which  en- 
titled the  holder  to  soup  at  two  cents, 
coffee  at  the  same  price,  rolls  and 
doughnuts  at  a  penny  each,  and  pie  for 
three  cents. 

Later  in  the  evening  the  men  were 
shown  downstairs  to  the  bathroom. 
They  took  off  their  clothes  and  placed 
them  in  lockers,  their  locker  keys  being 


fastened  to  rubber  bands  which  they 
put  on  like  bracelets.  Every  man  had 
to  take  a  shower  bath. 

As  they  came  out  of  the  shower,  they 
were  given  a  towel.  Then  each  man 
was  handed  a  night  shirt  and  a  pair 
of  bath  slippers,  and  shown  to  the 
stairway  leading  to  his  sleeping  quar- 
ters. 

Beds  at  a  nickel  apiece  take  up  the 
greater  part  of  the  first  floor  and  all  of 
the  second  floor.  They  are  in  dormi- 
tories with  an  exhaust  fan  system  of 
ventilation.  Every  bed  has  two  sheets, 
pillow  slip,  and  blanket.  The  pillows 
and  mattresses  are  covered  with  ver- 
min-proof coverings  and  the  beds  are 
so  made  that  they  can  be  transformed 
into  "double  deckers"  in  case  of  emer- 
gency. 

For  those  who  prefer  to  be  alone, 
there  are  ninety-five  "cubicle"  rooms 
on  the  third  floor.  These  rooms  are 
rented  at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  a  night. 

The  building  alone  cost  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  Mr.  Dawes  does  not 
believe  the  hotel  will  be  self-support- 
ing, at  least,  not  for  a  long  time,  but 
thinks   the    deficit   will   not   be    large. 


A  REAL  COZY-CORNER 

The  hotel  is  much  more  like  a  city  man's  club  than  a  lodging  house  for  the  "down-and-outs,"  and  that  is  why  it  means  so 
much  more  than  munv  attempts  at  relief  in  the  cities. 

250 


The  institution  is 
not  endowed,  but 
any  deficit  will 
be  taken  care  of 
by  its  founder. 

The  hotel  is 
not  intended  to 
provide  perma- 
nent lodgings. 
Men  will  be  ac- 
commodated 
while  they  are 
searching  for 
employment,  but 
the  professional 
idler  will  not  be 
welcome.  Those 
in  charge  of  the 
operation  of  the 
hotel  have  a 
labor  scheme  f<  >r 
finding  employ- 
ment for  men  in 
hard  luck.  They 
expect  to  get  a 
list  every  day 
from  the  larger 
concerns  that  need  workers.  There  will 
be  no  charge  for  this.  It  is  part  of  the 
"service"  that  goes  with  hotel  accommo- 


The  Stips  of  the  Ladder  Are  Clean 
Tho  menu  speaks  for  itself  and  so  do<  s  the  entrance  to  this  effort  on 
behalf  of  the  man  who  meets  hardship  when  he  comes  to  a  bit:  city. 


dations  here. 
The  younger 
of  the  Dawes, 
the  man  who 
lost  his  life  in 
the  accident  at 
his  summer 
l  o  m  e,  had 
been  enthusi- 
astic in  a  de- 
sire to  give 
the  "d  o  w  n- 
a  n  d-o  u  t"  a 
lift.  He  had 
often  talked 
to  his  father 
of  someestab- 
1  i  s  h  m  e  n  t 
which  would 
aid  the  man 
who  r  e  al  I  y 
wanted  a  job 
but  who  could 
not  afford  to 
buy  shelter 
and  food 
while  he  was 
looking  for  it. 
It  cost  over 
one  hundred 
thousand  dol- 
lars before  its 
doors  were 
opened.    Any 


deficit  will  be 
cared  for  by 
the  founder, 
who  seems  to  have  given  his  son  the  sort 
of  memorial  which  he  would  have  most 
desired. 

iSl 


FERRYING  BY  THE  AIR  ROUTE 


..tfcttou.   U   UhCEHYVW 


THE  FLORIDA  AIR  ROUTE 

It  was  the  first  one  to  be  established  and  operation  began  the  first  of  this  year.    The  banks  were  crowded  when  the 

bidding  for  the  right  to  ride  began. 


A  N  air-line  ferry  is  making  a  daily 
f\     schedule    between    Tampa    and 

/  %  St.  Petersburg,  Florida,  a  round 
/  \  trip  of  thirty-six  miles.  At 
JL  JL  San  Francisco,  a  company  for 
ferrying  passengers  by  aeroplane  has 
been  incorporated  and  regular  trips  are 
soon  to  begin.  This  latter  concern  hopes 
to  have  in  operation  shortly  a  fleet  of 
forty  boats — at  least  that  is  the  plan  of 
the  promoters. 

The  initial  trip  of  the  hydroaeroplane 
ferry  of  the  Florida  line  was  made  on 
New  Year's  day.  Six  thousand  people 
gathered  at  St.  Petersburg  and,  just 
before  the  time  scheduled  for  the  start, 
an  auctioneer  sold  the  right  to  cross,  to 
the  first  passenger,  for  four  hundred 
dollars.  The  usual  fare  is  five  dollars 
each  way.  The  flight  from  St.  Peters- 
burg is  made  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing and  the  return  from  Tampa  at  two 
in  the  afternoon. 

Tampa  Bay.  on  the  west  coast  of  the 

252 


Florida  Peninsula,  is  about  twenty-five 
miles  long  and  fifteen  or  twenty  wide. 
The  little  city  of  St.  Petersburg  is 
situated  upon  the  western  shore,  and 
Tampa  lies  on  the  northeastern  side. 
The  route  of  the  hydroaeroplane  extends 
for  the  most  part  over  this  sheet  of  water. 

The  first  trip  to  Tampa  with  pilot  and 
passenger  occupied  twenty-three  minutes 
— a  speed  of  about  forty-seven  miles  an 
hour.  The  return  was  accomplished  in 
about  twenty  minutes,  or  at  the  hourly 
rate  of  about  fifty-four  miles.  The  wind 
was  back  of  the  machine  during  this  part 
of  the  journey  and  so  assisted  in  hasten- 
ing the  homecoming. 

On  the  out  trip  the  hydroaeroplane 
stuck  to  the  water  as  long  as  it  was  in 
sight  from  the  shore.  It  is  understood 
that  upon  the  return  the  speed  rose  as 
high  as  seventy  miles  per  hour. 

As  illustrative  of  what  is  likely  to 
happen  with  regular  schedules  an  experi- 
ence of  the  second  day  may  be  cited.     A 


FERRYING    BY    THE    AIR    ROUTE 


253 


fast   trip  was   made   to   Tampa 
without   accident   at   the    average 
rate  of  nearly  fifty-seven  miles  per 
hour.     Upon  the  return,  when  the 
craft  was  eight  or  nine  miles  from 
St.  Petersburg,  the  forward  group 
of  three  cylinders  went  out  of 
action  because  of  the  clogging 
of  the  supply  pipe.    This  accident 
left  the  machine  under  only  half  its 
power,  so  that  the  pilot  brought  it  down 
to   the   surface   of   the   water.      A   high 
wind   was   blowing  and   the   hydroaero- 
plane    was     allowed     to 
drift  during  the  work  of 
clearing  the  pipe,  yet  no 
water  was  shipped.    When  all 
was  again  in  shape,  the  ma- 
chine   was    headed    into    the  • 
wind  in  order  to  get  under  way.     Just 

then  a  big  "roll- 
er" tilted  one 
of      the 


ffice    at    his    proper    hour. 
The    launch    reached    the 
shore  again  in  half  an 
hour.    But  the  hydro- 
aeroplane   had,    in 
the   meantime, 
been    gotten 
into  working 
condition, 


Conquering  the  Stretch  of  Water 

Once  in  the  air  it  wasn't  much  of  a  trick  to  sail  from  St. 

Petersburg  to  Tampa.  Florida. 

and  its  superiority  as  a  means  of  rapid 
transit  was  quickly  demonstrated,  for  it 
reached  the  pier  fifteen  minutes  ahead  of 
the  launch. 


the    hydroaeroplane    rose 
on  the  crest.    The  "hydro" 
then      slid      sideways     and 
swung  around  with  the  end  of 
the  wing  as  a  pivot.    The  result 
was  a  badly  buckled  plane  and  sev 
eral  crushed  ribs. 

When  the  accident  occurred,  a  launch 
put  out.  The  aircraft's  passenger,  an 
employe  of  the  local  post  office,  swam 
t<>  the  boat,  with  the  idea — as  he  after- 
wards explained — of  reaching  the  post 


aeroplane  ferry  promises 
to  be  a  much  larger  project 
than  the  Tampa  Bay  line, 
after  it  gets  under  way,  but 


The 

\\  KSTKRN 

Ferry 

The  San  Fran- 
cisco  plan  is 
hinder  than  the 
Florida  plan 
but  they  are 
slower  in  begin- 
ning on  an  ac- 
tual schedule. 
They  expect  to 
have  forty  ma- 
chines even 
tually. 


254 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


the  company  has  not  progressed  as  far  as 
has  the  Florida  concern,  though  such  a 
ferry  is  badly  needed.  Great  numbers  of 
business  men  and  women  are  forced  to 
travel  across  San  Francisco  Bay  night  and 
morning  going  to  and  from  their  offices. 
The  trip  is  six  miles  by  boat  ferry,  taking 
half  an  hour  in  the  best  of  weather,  but 
in  case  of  fog,  a  delayed  and  often  a  dan- 
gerous trip.  Various  means  of  transpor- 
tation have  been  suggested — an  enormous 
bridge  was  agitated  at  one  time.  This 
air  ferry  may  solve  the  problem. 

The  company  has  adopted  the  Curtiss 
flying  boat,  a  biplane  of  the  best  type. 
It  will  carry  a  one-hundred-horsepower 
engine  and  will  be  able  to  fly  in  a  seventy- 
five-mile  wind,  a  speed  which  exceeds  the 
requirements  made  by  the  United  States 
Government  for  its  military  flying  ma- 
chines. It  will  have  water-tight  compart- 
ments, and  the  three  passengers  carried 
in  addition  to  the  pilot,  will  be  protected 


from  waves  and  spray  in  landing,  and 
against  rain.  The  craft  will  carry  a 
liquid  compass,  a  revolution  counter,  a 
speed  indicator,  a  barograph,  a  map 
holder,  and  other  late  aeronautic  im- 
provements. Each  one  will  carry  two 
powerful  searchlights  for  use  in  foggy 
weather.  The  trans-bay  trip,  a  distance 
of  about  six  miles,  will  be  made  in  six  or 
seven  minutes.  Ultimately,  when  the  ma- 
chines have  proved  themselves  depend- 
able and  the  traveling  public  has  been 
reassured  through  familiarity,  the  com- 
pany expects  to  have  a  fleet  of  forty 
flying  boats  making  regular  schedule 
trips  between  San  Francisco  and  points 
across  the  Bay. 

The  man  behind  the  San  Francisco  air- 
line ferry  idea  is  John  L.  Lekas,  a  Greek 
aviafor  and  inventor  of  note.  Lekas  ex- 
pects to  divide  his  time  hereafter  between 
his  ferry  enterprise  at  San  Francisco  and 
building  airships  for  the  Greek  navy. 


DIGGING  OUT  THE  ESKIMOS 


OFF  THE  ARCTIC  COAST 


HE  was  lying  prone  on  the  con- 
crete floor  of  a  marine  engine 
factory  in  Buffalo — a  whale 
of  a  man,  delving  into  the 
vitals  of  a  gasoline  motor. 
The  greasy  overalls  which  covered  most 


of  his  person  were  appropriate  enough, 
but  the  things  which  did  not  quite  fit  in 
were  his  high  cut  vest  and  clerical  collar. 

"Who's  your  friend,  Frank?"  said  a 
bystander  speaking  to  the  foreman. 

"Him?     Oh    he's    a    sky    pilot    from 


KIDS  AT  MACKENZIE  RIVEK 
They  don't  mind  the  cold  a  bit,  not  any  more  than  do  they  their  mothers. 

somewhere  up  North,  but  believe  me,  that  boy's  some  mechanic.     He   may   not   be 
much  of  a  preacher,  but  he  certainly  could  hold  down  a  man's  job  in  any  engine 

shop  in  the  country,  and  that's  more  than  most 

of  them  could  do." 

That  is  a  fairly  accurate  description  of  The 
Reverend  C.  E.  Whittaker.  His  home  address 
is  anywhere  north  of  sixty-seven  degrees  and 
his  business  in  life  is  doing  difficult  things. 

Suppose,  you  old  sea  dog  of  the  Rocking  Chair 
Fleet,  that  you  were  assigned  the  task  of  navi- 
gating a  newly-launched  sixty-five-foot  auxiliary 
sloop,  by  way  of  the  inland  waters,  from  Colling- 
wood.  Ontario,  to  Herschel  Island  on  the  Beau- 
fort Sea.  Would  you  take  the  job?  But  that  is 
just  a  part  of  Whittaker's  vacation  trip — one  of 
the  many  jaunts  he  has  had  in  eighteen  years 
among  the  Eskimos  of  the  MacKenzie  River 
district. 

Or  you,  with  the  engineering  school  degree, 
would  you  take  a  kerosene  engine  into  the  Arctic 
Circle,  three  thousand  miles  from  the  nearest 
repair  shop,  and  guarantee  that  the  boat  would 
not  get  frozen  into  the  ice  floes  because  of  your 
inability  to  make  the  motor  work? 

Or  you  with  the  scholarly  mind,  how  about 
tackling  a  strange  language,  unlike  any  tongue 


The  Base 

The  mission  residence  at  Fort  McPherson 

could  hardly  be  said  to  be  palatial. 


2SS 


256 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Eskimo  Country 

A  fleet  of  fishing  boats  used  in 

the  summer  time  by  the  more 

southern  people.  The  bergs  go 

silently  by. 


spoken  by  civilized  man,  and  using  it  for 
convincing  arguments  ?  These  are  some 
of  the  incidentals  of  the  work  of  living 
eighteen  years  in  the  frozen  Northland. 
The  aboriginal  Eskimo  of  the  Mac- 
Kenzie  is  an  undersized  person  of  un- 
clean habits.     Like  the  lady  of  the  prob- 


White  Whalk  or  Grampus 
Just  as  the  candle  may  be  candy  to  the  Eskimo,  the  whale  with  his  blubber  is  the  piece  de 

resistance. 

lem  play  he  is  more  unmoral  than  im- 
moral, but  it  amounts  to  the  same  thing 
in  the  end. 

"Go  to  the  nearest  well-to-do  farmer 
and  spend  a  night  in  his  pigsty,  and  that 
is   exactly   like   life   with   the   Eskimos. 


The  difficulty  you  would  have  in 
crawling  or  wriggling  into  the 
sty  through  a  hole  only  large 
enough  for  the  pigs  was  exactly 
my  case  with  their  houses.  As 
to  the  habits  of  your  companions, 
the  advantage  would  probably  be 
on  the  side  of  the  pigs,  and  the 
security  of  the  position 
decidedly  so,"  said  one 
of  the  first  missionaries. 
It  was  in  1895  that 
W'hittaker  started  to 
work  among  these  peo- 
ple. He  tried  to  teach 
them,  but  the  Eskimos 
just  sat  and  smoked  and 
smoked.  Appreciation 
of  the  joys  of  tobacco 
seems  to  be  about 
the  only  sign  that  the  Eskimo  shows  of 
heeding  the  white  men's  teachings.  The 
discouraging  part  of  it  was  not  so  much 
the  violent  opposition  which  developed  in 
some  quarters,  as  their  absolute  inability 
to  comprehend  the  new  teachings.  They 
seem  to  have  but  little  spiritual  sensi- 
bility.   Their 

lives    are    ruled 

by  superstitious 
fears ;  the  hunter 
may  kill  deer 
with  a  rifle,  but 
not  bear ;  the 
women  must  not 
work  on  deer 
skins  in  the  seal- 
ing season ;  a 
dead  whale  or 
seal  when 
brought  to  shore 
must  be  given  a 
drink ;  if  you 
move  into  a 
house  by  the 
door,  you  must 
move  out  of  it 
by  the  skylight. 
The  observance 
of  these  rules  is 
really  the  prac- 
tical working  religion  of  the  Eskimo. 

Returning  from  a  brief  furlough  at  the 
end  of  three  years  in  the  North,  W'hit- 
taker brought  his  bride.  In  five  years 
she  saw  only  two  white  women,  the  wives 
of  captains  of  whalers. 


WILL  OUR  COAL  VANISH? 


By 
GUY    E.    MITCHELL 


BLEAK  BLUFFS  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA  CONTAIN  LIGNITE 
In  thai  State  alone,  although  it  is  commonly  thought  to  be  lacking  in  minerals,  there  are  over  five  hundred  billion  tons 

of  coal,  according  to  estimate. 


OUR  production  of  coal  in 
1912  reached  the  record- 
breaking  figure  of  534,- 
000,000  tons,  yet  according 
to  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  in  1913  it  was,  in  round 
figures,  575,000,000  tons — an  increase  of 
40.000.000  tons. 

There  is  no  indication  as  yet  of  any 
slacking  down  in  the  prodigious  rate  of 
increase  which  has  characterized  Ameri- 
can coal  production  since  the  very  first 
mining  of  it  began  nearly  one  hundred 
years  ago.  The  total  production  for  each 
ten-year  period  has  been  not  only  double 
that  of  the  preceding  decade,  but  just 
about  equal  to  the  entire  amount  of  coal 
previously  mined  since  the  beginning  of 
the  industry.  It  seems  incredible  that 
the  number  of  tons  mined  from  1904 
to  the  end  of  1913.  a  period  of  only  ten 
years,  was  equal  to  the  total  amount 
which  had  been  mined  from  the  begin- 
ning in  1814  up  to  1904.     In  the  boom 


year  of  1907,  the  production  was  480,- 
000,000  tons,  the  greatest  output  on 
record,  and  then  it  was  believed  that  this 
would  be  the  high-water  mark  for  a  long 
time.  Yet  nearly  100,000.000  tons  more 
than  this  was  mined  in  1913,  or  575,000,- 
000  tons.  Should  thjs  terrific  rate  of  in- 
crease continue  indefinitely,  another  cen- 
tury would  see  even  our  vast  coal  reserve 
melt  away  into  practically  nothing. 
However,  if  the  present  rate  of  pro- 
duction be  maintained,  we  should  have 
little  to  fear  for  the  future.  We  have  in 
this  country  between  seventy  and  seventy- 
two  per  cent  of  the  total  known  coal 
deposits  of  the  world  and  our  coal  ton- 
nage is  estimated  by  geologists  at  3,540,- 
000,000.000  tons.  This  is  about  six 
thousand  times  the  amount  mined  in 
1913,  so  that,  at  the  present  rate  of  pro- 
duction and  allowing  for  waste  in  min- 
ing, our  coal  supply  would  last,  say, 
about  four  thousand  years. 

While  there  has  yet  been  no  let-up  in 

IS) 


258 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


UNITED  STATES 


■■■i  GREAT  BRITAIN 
GERMANY 


AUSTRIA  -HUNGARY 
FRANCE . 
I  BELGIUM 
I  RUSSIA 
JAPAN 

I  ALL  OTHER  COUNTRIES 


'  RELATIVE  RANK  OF 
COAL  PRODUCING  COUNTRIES 


SEVENTY  PER  CENT  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COAL 
The  anthracite  is  shown  in  the  little  black  square,  but  more  has  recently  been  discovered  in  Colorado  and  there  are  other 

small  beds  scattered  about. 

1816  to  1825,     331.356     tons  (200O  lbs.) 


I 


1826 to  1835,    4.168.149    tons 


'I836T0I845,    23.177,637     tons 
*  1846  to   1855,     83.417.825      tons 
_r856  to    1865,     173.795.0iA      tons 
I86&    to   1875,    419. 4-25,104      tons 
1876    to    I885-;  ^.847,  760,3 '9      tons 

1886    to  1895,     1,586,098,641     TONS 
1896   to  1905,       2,832,599,4-52 


A 

CENTURY 

OF  COAL.  PRODUCTION 

+. 

IN    EACH     TEN    YEAR    PERIOD    THERE 

HAS    BEEN     MINED    AS    MUCH 

AS    THE     ENTIRE     PREVIOUS 

PRODUCT  ION 


8    YEARS       1906     TO      1913  (1913  F-STIMAT^rt__3_j84^C_0;C^0_T0NS 

IF  THE  INCREASE  IN  COAL  CONSUMPTION  CONTINUES,  THE  SUPPLY  WILL  SOON  BE  GONE 

Under  such  circumstances  a  century  hence  it  will  become  necessary  to  find  a  new  fuel.    However,  statisticians  believe 

we  have  nearly  reached  the  limit  of  our  increase. 


WILL  OUR  COAL  VANISH? 


259 


the  rate  of  increase  in  production  in  the 
L'nited  States,  obviously  the  rate  must  of 
necessity  soon  slacken.  Coal  production 
is  at  present  increasing  about  twenty 
times  as  fast  as  our  population,  so  that 
at  this  rate  with  already  between  700,000 
and  800,000  people  mining  coal  today  the 
people  of  the  country  would  soon  all  be 
miners.  The  continuation  of  the  present 
rate  of  increase,  therefore,  is  not  looked 
upon  as  probable  by  the  coal  experts  of 
the  Government.  We  must,  compar- 
atively speaking,  soon  reach  something 
like  the  limit  of  our  coal-burning  capacity 
and  with  our  vast  reserve  and  the  rela- 
tively small  inroads  made  in  it  thus  far, 
we  can  view  even  an  increase  in  produc- 
tion without  alarm.  Mention  has  already 
been  made  of  the  fact  that  the  coal  ton- 
nage of  the  world  is  estimated  by  geol- 
ogists at  3,540,000,000,000  tons.  But 
geological  explorations  and  discoveries 
are  increasing  the  known  tonnage  a  hun- 
dred times  faster  than  the  older  beds  are 
being  exhausted.  Deposits  may  be  ex- 
pected to  be  constantly  located  for  an  in- 
definite period.  While  in  the  last  four 
years  2.000,000.000  tons  have  been 
mined,  during  that  period  newly-discov- 
ered and  surveyed  beds  in  the  West  have 
added  about  300,000,000.000  tons  to  the 
known  supply. 

It  is  believed  that  before  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  gets  through  with  its  das-id- 
eation of  the  western  lands  still  another 
thousand  billion  tons  of  coal  will  be 
added  to  the  present  known  reserve. 
There  are  now  known  to  be  some  325,- 
000,000  acres  in  the  United  States  under- 
lain with  coal,  much  of  it  with  beds  of 
great  thickness — forty,  fifty,  or  even  one 
hundred  feet  thick.  A  single  square  mile 
with  a  coal  bed  fifty  feet  thick  contains 
nearly  60,000,000  tons. 

For  many  thousand  years  the  human 
race  increased  and  spread  over  the  earth, 
gaining  its  sustenance  from  the  products 
of  the  surface  soil  and  invading  the 
depths  only  in  search  of  the  precious 
metals.  Coal  was  an  early  mineral  dis- 
covery, yet  its  first  use  was  in  but  a  few 
restricted  fields  of  industry,  and  for 
many  centuries  it  constituted  no  impor- 
tant factor  in  the  world's  economy;  but 
today  it  is  vitally  associated  with  all  of 
our  economic  problems.  The  knowledge, 
therefore,  that  America  possesses  an  im- 


mense supply  of  this  metamorphosed 
vegetable  matter  is  a  cause  for  keen  na- 
tional satisfaction,  while  a  study  of  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  deposits  is  a 
subject  of  interest  alike  to  the  house- 


Oni-  for  the  Government 

A  geologist  recently  found  a  thirteen-foot  vein  of  anthra 

cite  on  government  land  in  Colorado. 


holder,  the  captain  of  industry,  and  the 
economist.   ' 

There  are  many  interesting  develop- 
ments in  the  coal  industry,  developments 
which  will  tend  to  make  our  coal  supply- 
last  longer.  A  ton  of  coal  today  does  a 
great  deal  more  than  it  did  ten  or  twenty 
years  ago,  and  it  will  do  a  great  deal 
more  ten  years  hence  than  it  does  today ; 

{.Continued  on  page  3M 


"KNOCK-DOWN"  TOWN 


UP  along  the  Au  Sable  River,  in 
Michigan,  a  big  piece  of  con- 
struction work  in  power  de- 
velopment was  recently  put 
through.  Aside  from  the 
importance  of  completing  the  project 
itself,  the  principal  factor  with  which  the 
construction  company  had  to  contend' 
was  the  housing  of  several  hundred, 
workmen.  Work  was  carried  on  sue-" 
cessively  at  three  points.  Loud,  Five. 
Channels,  and  Cook.  These  were  not- 
located  in  populous  districts  in  which  the 
supply  of  labor  was  plentiful,  but  in 
sparsely-settled  sections  sonle  distance" 
from  any  town.        ' 

The  question  of  "locating"  the  men 
employed  on  the  job  was  as  serious,  in 
its  way,  as  were  the  technical  difficulties 
involved.  The 
workmen  had 
to  eat  and  sleep 
and  they  had 
to  have  recrea- 
t  i  o  n.  They 
couldn't  go  to 
a  town  because 
the  distance 
was  too  great 
and  there  were 
no  facilities  for 
travel.  So  the 
builders  of  the 
plants  did  ex- 
actly as  'Ma- 
homet did 
when  the 
mountain  we 
read  about 
wouldn't  come 
to  him  —  he 
went  to  the 
mountain.  The 
workmen 
couldn't  go  to 
the  town,  so  a 
"town"    was 

brought  to  them.  Houses  were  built;  a 
general  store  was  put  up ;  there  was  a  hos- 
pital to  take  care  of  the  sick  and  injured ; 
and  a  schoolhouse,  at  which  the  "rule  of 
three"  and  some  other  things  in  "readin', 
Yitin'  and  'rithmetic"  were  taught  the 
children  of  the  men  on  the  job.     The 

260 


The  Town's  First  Site 

When  the  jot>  at  Loud  was  finished,  the  construction  gang  picked 

up  the  town  and  moved. 


The  Third  Job  Finished 

They  moved  the  church  and  the  school  and  the  hospital  and  all  twice 

after  building. 


married  men  and  their  families  were 
located  in  one  section  of  the  "town",  and 
the  single  men  lived  in  another.  A 
"movies"  parlor  was  built  for  the  recrea- 
tion of  the  workmen  at  the  finish  of  their 
various  shifts,  and  Sunday  school  and 
church  services  were  held  in  the  little 
schoolhouse.  There  was  also  a  volunteer 
fire  department,  and  an  efficient  engineer 
looked  after  the  sanitary  arrangements. 
When  one  development  plant  was  fin- 
ished, the  "movies"  parlor,  the  school- 
house,  the  hospital,  the  general  store,  the 
fire  station,  and  the  workmen's  houses 
were  taken  apart  and  carried  cross- 
country to  the  point  where  the  next 
project  was  under  way.  And  when 
development  number  two  was  completed 
the  "town"  was  sent  to  number  three. 

A  sanitary 
officer  of  ex- 
perience was 
selected  to  su- 
pervise living 
conditions.  It 
was  his  duty, 
for  instance,  to 
see  that  all 
garbage  and 
refuse  from 
the  kitchens 
was  buried. 
The  garbage 
pits  had  a 
depth  of  not 
less  than  two 
feet  each  and 
when  they 
were  filled  to 
within  eight 
inches  of  the 
top,  they  were 
covered  with 
sand  up  to  the 
surface  of  the 
ground.  This 
burying  plan 
helped  materially  to  reduce  the  number 
of  flies. 

The  "swat  the  fly"  campaign  was  an 
important  feature.  Each  of  the  houses 
was  equipped  with  screens  and  there 
were  distributed  to  every  resident  copies 
of  the  latest  bulletins  of  the  Michigan 


Above  is  Dm  panorama  of  the  buildings  on  one  of  the  sites. 
The  street  below  is  a  typical  one— the  hospital  is  at  the  right  and  the  schoolhouse  at  the  left. 


State  Board  of  Health,  relating  to  flies 
and  other  disease-breeding  insects. 

When  workmen  reached  the  site  on 
which  construction  work  was  to  begin, 
they  were  lined  up  before  the  general 
superintendent  and  assigned  to  their  new 
homes.  The  lots  on  which  the  houses 
stood  averaged  about  seventy-five  feet 
square.  Streets  were  cut  through  the 
lots,  i"  give  every  householder  a  corner 
location.  There  were  no  double  houses 
or  residence  grouping  of  any  sort. 

The  water  supply  was  usually  taken 
from  a  spring  at  some  point  above  the 
development  site.  A  penstock  was  pro- 
vided for  every  four  houses,  and  at  each 
was  located  a  self-dumping  barrel,  so 
arranged  that  it  automatically  filled  with 
water  every  twenty  to  fifty  minutes. 
Each  of  the  houses  had  an  outdoor  or 
open  sewer  into  which  was  thrown  water 


that  had  been  used  in  the  kitchen  and  in 
other  ways.  One-inch  rough  hemlock 
lumber,  with  sides  and  roof  coverings  of 
tar  paper,  was  used  for  most  of  the 
houses.  Occasionally  there  was  to  be 
found  an  old-fashioned  log  cabin. 

The  schoolhouse  was  part  of  the 
"town",  the  teachers  having  been  sup- 
plied by  the  township  board  of  education. 
Until  the  Loud  development  was  com- 
pleted, there  was  an  average  of  one  hun- 
dred and  six  scholars  attending  the  ses- 
sions. 

The  spirit  of  co-operation  was  every- 
where apparent  and  there  was  prevalent 
that  general  feeling  of  contentment 
which  has  enabled  the  power  company  to 
complete  the  developments  without  labor 
troubles  of  any  sort  and  in  a  way  which 
has  made  for  greatest  efficiency  in  con- 
struction. 


D   C 


3  a 


XI 


WITHIN  A  TICK 

OF  THE  NEWS 


By 
C.    F.    CARTER 

BECAUSE  the  daily  newspapers 
do  not  come  out  quite  as  fast  in 
New  York  as  the  New  Yorker 
would  have  us  believe,  a  most 
remarkable  news  bureau  has 
been  built  up,  which  furnishes  news  to  all 
down-town  Gotham  just  about  as  fast 
as  events  happen.  There  is  no  time 
wasted  in  making  carbon  copies  on  type- 
writers or  in  having  the  copy  set  on  the 
linotype.  It  is  sent  over  the  wire  to  each 
news  station. 

Eifty  years  ago  the  word  "ticker"  was 
coined  in  a  broker's  office  somewhere, 
and  to  the  whole  United  States  that  name 
very  quickly  meant  a  device  which  printed 
hieroglyphics  on  a  strip  of  paper,  the 
whole  unintelligible  to  the  layman.  To- 
day the  ticker  prints  its  news  on  a  strip 
of  paper  about  five  inches  wide,  in  lan- 
guage that  can  be  understood.  To  sup- 
plement it,  messenger  boys  from  the 
bureau  carry  bulletins  to  give  more 
details  on  the  stories  which  have  been 
summarized  and  printed  on  the  ticker. 

The  organization  is  a  wonderfully 
large  and  perfect  one.  Reliability  being 
the  fundamental  feature,  no  statement  is 
sent  out  without  verification.  Of  equal 
importance  is  speed.  Once  a  bit  of  news 
is  secured,  the  point  is  to  get  it  to  sub- 
scribers with  the  least  possible  delay. 
Two  edjtors  are  always  on  duty  during 
business  hours  on  the  same  principle  that 
some  ocean  liners  carry  two  captains,  so 
that  the  bridge  may  never  be  without  the 
presence  of  a  commander.  At  the  same 
big  desk  sit  four  expert  typists  who  take 
news  over  the  telephone  from  reporters. 
The  Stock  Exchange  man  has  his  own 
typist  who  is  not  permitted  to  leave  his 
desk  even  for  a  moment  without  calling 
someone  to  take  his  place.  For  long- 
distance messages  there  are  telephone 
booths  equipped  with  typewriters  and  a 
slot  through  which  the  typist  hands  the 

262 


Hotter  Than  the  Hourly  Edition 

The  ticker  prints  its  news  on  a  strip  of  paper  five  inches 

wide  just  as  fast  as  it  comes  over  the  wires. 


message,  a  line  or  two  at  a  time.  From 
the  typewriter,  the  item  goes  to  the  edi- 
torial desk  where  it  is  summarized  and 
then  passed  on  to  the  telegraph  operator. 
Instantly  the  message  is  on  its  way  to 
hundreds  of  receiving  instruments  in 
banks,  brokers'  offices,  newspaper  offices, 
hotels,  and  elsewhere. 

The  "local  staff"  for  this  system  of 
news  gathering  and  news  distribution 
consists  of  seventy-six  reporters,  each  of 
whom  is  a  specialist  on  some  one  subject. 
To  each  of  the  great  railroad  systems 
and  each  of  the  leading  industrial  con- 
cerns a  man  is  assigned  whose  sole  duty 
it  is  to  study  that  one  property  and  write 
about  it.  European  news  is  supplied  by 
a  London  company,  which  is  the  largest 
news  distributing  agency  in  the  world, 
with  correspondents  all  over  England 
and  the  continent. 

For  seven  hours  a  day  the  news  ticker 
spins  out  a  moving  picture  of  important 
events  of  the  world  as  they  occur.    The 


WITHIN   A  TICK  OF  THE  NEWS 


263 


"Street"  always  knows  when  anything 
happens  long  before  it  is  generally 
known,  because  the  "Street"  is  thickly 
peppered  with  tickers. 

The  new  ticker  is  merely  a  form  of 
the  printing  telegraph,  which  has  fur- 
nished more  contributions  to  the  scrap 
heap  than  any  other  invention.  While 
inventors  have  tinkered  at  the  printing 
telegraph  for  more  than  fifty  years,  less 
than  five  million  dollars'  worth  of  such 
machines  are  in  use  in  the  whole  world. 
Most  printing  telegraph  instruments  for 
long-distance  transmission  are  to  be 
found  in  Europe.  The  special  form  for 
serving  individual  patrons  is  also  found 
chiefly  in  Europe.  In  London,  especially, 
the  news-ticker  service  is  well  developed 
— financial,  sporting,  political,  and  reli- 
gious items  be- 
ing furnished 
to 


classes  who  desire  special  fast  service  in 
news  reports. 

The  old  service  from  the  Stock  Ex- 
change was  badly  handicapped  by  a  poor 
receiving  instrument,  but  the  machine 
now  in  use  is  a  complete  regeneration 
of  the  old  device.  Instead  of  weights 
and  springs  for  motive  power  as  in  the 
first  one,  storage  batteries  that  need  re- 
newal only  once  in  eight  days  have  been 
substituted.  Instead  of  crow's  foot  bat- 
teries, a  three-horsepower  generator  at 
the  main  office  supplies  the  electric  cur- 
rent that  keeps  the  system  going.  Instead 
of  a  paper  roll  that  ran  out  just  before 
the  news  item  you  particularly  wanted 
came  along,  there  is  a  roll  that  needs 


renewal 
days 
specially 
the    pur- 
sure  tin 


but 


once  in  nine 
This  paper  is 
made    for 
pose   to   in- 
form thick- 


264 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ness,  and  absorbent,  so  that  it  will  take 
ink  readily.  Also,  the  machine  has  been 
speeded  up  to  double  its  former  capacity, 
and  its  noise  has  been  suppressed. 

The  essential  mechanical  feature  of  the 
present  news  ticker  is  a  type  wheel,  bear- 
ing on  its  periphery  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet.  The  wheel  revolves  in  one 
direction  only.  The  sending  machine  has 
a  keyboard  like  a  typewriter  with  a 
key  for  each  letter  connected  with  a 
tiny  electric  mo- 
tor. The  pres- 
sure of  a  key 


the  printing  wheel  is  thrust  back  to  the 
left  side  of  the  page  ready  to  begin  a 
new  line,  while  at  the  same  instant  the 
paper  is  pulled  up  one  space.  The 
printed  lines  are  five  and  one-quarter 
inches  long. 

The    service   gives   out   news    to   the 
"Street"  where   it   is  most  needed,   for 


BETWEEN  SENDING  AND  RECEIVING 
The  switchboard  distributes  the  messages  to  the  innumerable  ticker  stations  which  are  placed  throughout  down-town 

New  York. 


stops  all  the  type  wheels  on  all  the  re- 
ceiving instruments  at  the  corresponding 
letter  while  a  bar  presses  the  paper 
against  the  type,  thus  making  the  im- 
pression. When  the  key  is  released,  the 
wheel  automatically  slides  along  on  its 
shaft  one  space.    At  the  end  of  the  line, 


without  an  up-to-the-minute  knowledge 
of  what  the  outside  world  is  doing, 
rumor  is  much  more  likely  to  affect  the 
sensitive  market.  The  newspapers  with 
their  hourly  editions  do  not  come  often 
enough.  The  news  must  come  hotter  and 
faster  than  these  possibly  can. 


From  the  laundering  of  clothes,  we  have  advanced  to  the 
laundering  of  smoke.  There  are  in  New  York  City  now  three 
plants  that  are  taking  the  soot  out  of  the  air.  Charles  Frederick 
Carter  will  tell  you  the  purpose  of  it  and  how  it  is  done  in 
May  Technical  World. 


Fanning  the  Air 

This  motor  boat  can  travel  in  very  shallow  water  and  there 
propeller.    It  has  a  speed  of  about  twenty-five  mi 

AIR  PROPELLER  COMPETES 

"THIS  seventeen-and-a-half- foot  boat 
lias,  with  its  air  propeller,  a  speed 
of  about  twenty-five  miles  an  hour  when 
it  is  loaded  with  four  passengers.  It  has 
but  a  thirty-horsepower  engine  and  it 
can  carry  more  than  its  own  weight  at 
this  speed  in  a  depth  of  water  that  would 
not  allow  a  water  propeller  to  operate. 

A  great  many  boats  of  this  type  have 
been  built  in  Europe  and  have  been 
found  to  be  very  successful,  but  their 
operation  in  the  United  States  has  been 
confined  to  one  or  two  inventors.  Frank 
A.  Mullington  of  Portland,  Oregon,  built 
this  one.  and  a  Michigan  experimenter 
built  one  which  attained  remarkable 
Speed  for  the  horsepower  used.  In 
Europe,  however,  they  arc  planning  to 
flrive  barges  and  lighters  with  aerial  pro- 
pellers. It  has  been  found  that  in  some 
cases  the  air  is  a  more  effective  medium 
than  the  water,  even  when  the  travel  is 
necessarily  very  slow.  But  to  be  efficient 
the  speed  of  the  propeller  in  the  air  must 
be  very  great. 


SAVING  STRING 
II-  there  had  been  no  saving  there  would 
be  no  ball  of  twine,  and  this  is  a  huge 
one. 

Twine  is  one  of  the  important  little 
things  that  make  up  the  tremendous  an- 
nual waste  of  stuff  that  might  be  saved. 

Four  years  ago  letter-carriers  at  the 
Pleasant  Ridge,  Ohio,  post  office  began 


to  wonder  what  became 
of  all  the  twine  in  which 
the  mail  is  wrapped 
when  it  comes  from  the 
main  post  office  in  Cin- 
cinnati. 

They  realized  that 
twine    on    the    incoming 
mail  had  been  needlessly 
wasted    when    it    might 
have  been  used  to  wrap 
up    outgoing    mail,    for 
which  purpose  the  Gov- 
ernment   had   been    fur- 
nishing new  twine.    They 
thereupon  began  saving 
the  incoming  twine,  and 
the   ball   here  shown  is 
the    result.    The    twine 
used  on  the  outgoing  mail  was  far  less 
than  that  saved  from  the  incoming  mail 
so  the  ball  grew  and  grew.     It  is  now 
twenty-nine     inches     in     diameter     and 
weighs  seventy-five  pounds.    How  much 
it  is  actually  worth  the  men  do  not  know 
but  it  should  be  figured  in  terms  of  the 
value  of  new  twine  saved  by  use  of  the 
old.     This  spirit  of  co-operation  in  the 
postoffice  department  has  been  more  evi- 
dent in  the  last  few  years,  since  the  civil 
service  has  replaced,  in  a  large  measure, 
the   old  Jacksonian   spoils   system,   used 
for  so  long. 


never  are  weeds  on  its 
!es  an  hour. 


They  Are  Proud  of  This  Ball 

The  carriers  of  a  little  Ohio  town  saved  twenty-five  miles 

of  string  to  show  they  mean  to  economize. 


265 


INTO  THE  CITY'S  CELLAR 

TTHIS  switch  engine  was  handling 
*  freight  in  the  yards  at  Pittston, 
Pennsylvania,  when  it  suddenly  dropped 
out  of  sight.  It  was  fifteen  feet  to  the 
bottom  of  the  pit — a  coal  pit.  There 
has  been  speculation  as  to  the  fate  of 
towns  which  have  been  tunneled  by  the 
mine  oper-  ff|  fe  ators.  No  one 
was   hurt  on  this  occasion. 


BITES  ON  SANDY  ROADS 

A  "FLYING  automobile"  has  been 
**■  added  to  the  French  army  equip- 
ment for  use  on  deserts.  It  differs 
from  an  ordinary  machine  in  that  it- 
has  a  huge  aeroplane  propeller  at- 
tached, which  can  be  used  in  case  of 
necessity.  The  wheels  of  an  automo- 
bile, under  power,  do  not  grip  the 
desert  surface  and  even  have  great 
trouble  in  negotiating  some  sandy 
American  roads.  When  there  is  a  high 
wind  across  the  Morocco  deserts  the 
new  equipment  is  especially  service- 
able. The  machine  is  said  to  be  capable 
of  traveling  fifty  miles  an  hour  under 
such  circumstances. 


Fixed  for  the  Desert 

Where  the  simoon  blows  it  is  hard  to  make  auto  wheels 

grip  the   surface  of    sand.     This  French  war  machine 

turns  on  the  propeller  when  the  wind  blows. 


PHOTO   B>    UNDERWOOf   4   UhCEtwftOO 


266 


ODOMETER  SET  IN  HUB 

A  HUB  odometer  has  been 
placed  on  many  new  auto- 
mobiles. This  little  trouble- 
saving  device  is  but  two  inches 
in  diameter  and  is  encased  in 
and  protected  by  the  heavy  iron 
rim  of  the  hub  of  the  wheel.  It 
registers  up  to  a  hundred  thou- 
sand miles  and  repeats.  It  does 
away  with  the  lengthy  tubing 
containing  the  registering  ap- 
paratus and  at  the  same  time  is 
inconspicuous  and  conveniently 
located.  The  principle  upon 
which  this  odometer  works  is  a 
set  of  two  gears.  One  is  fas- 
tened to  the  spindle  and  is  sta- 
tionary, while  the  other  is 
attached  to  the  hub. 


Eye  to  the  Chauffeur 

This  hub  odometer  can't  be  unhitched  or 

turned  back,  so  the  length  of  the  jov  ride  is 

exactly  meaiured. 


Fixing  a  Brack 

Perched  on   tbe   wall   which   the  cave  dwellers  built    the  scientist 

restores  the  ancient  fortifications  which  protected  their  owners  Irl'm 

the  shell  people. 

CLIFF  HOUSE  RESTORED 

DALCONY  HOUSE,  a  wonderful  cliff  ruin  in 
Mesa  Verde  National  Park,  has  recently  under- 
gone extensive  repairs  at  the  hands  of  scientists 
from  the  School  of  American  Archaeology  at 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.  Iron  braces  were  attached 
to  a  wall  which  threatened  to  topple  into  the  deep 
gorge  below.  Balcony  House  was  the  fortified 
•  stronghold  of  the  cliff  dwellers.  It  is  the  most 
inaccessible  of  all  the  cliff  buildings  in  the  Mesa 
Verde  country,  being  built  hundreds  of  feet  up  in 
a  cavern  in  the  canyon  wall.  It  can  be  reached 
from  below  only  by  a  narrow  trail,  and  from 
above,  the  cliff  dwellers  swung  themselves  down 
by  ropes  of  yucca.  Previous  to  its  restoration 
Balcony  House  was  in  a  state  of  ruin.  Vandals 
had  used  powder  to  destroy  it  in  a  search  for 
pottery  and  skeletons.  Two  other  ruins  have  been 
restored  recently. 


?67 


0  Br   UNDERWOOD   i  UNOERWOOO 


DIRECTING  THE  SHIP'S  SOCIAL  FUNCTIONS 
The  arrow  points  to  Frau  Dagenhardt.    She  is  keeping  things  moving  in  a  saloon  of  the 

not  intervene  and  spoil  the  trip  for  the  guests. 


liner  so  that  dull  care  will 


TO  SPEED  THE  TIME 

""THE  liner  Imperator  has  a  social 
*■    director.    Frau   Dagenhardt 
makes    every    trip    with    this 
great   steamship   and    she 
spends  her  evenings  and  her 
afternoons    keeping    up    the 
spirits   of  those   guests   who 
are  well  enough  to  appear  in 
the  saloons,  and  providing 
entertainment     for    them. 
She    entertains    the    chil- 
dren,   too,    but    she    finds 
that    is    one    of    her    simplest 
duties  because  children 
soon     become     well 
acquainted    over 
their    toys.    Her 
chief  accom- 
plishment    is 
the  directing 
of  successful 
holiday    meals 
and  parties. 
She    is    the 
hostess  of  the 
great   boat. 


PHOTS  BY   UNDERWOOD   *  UNDERWOOD 


For  the  Diver 

It  straps  on  the  head  and  a  good  swimmer  can  use  it  below  the  surface 

for  many  minutes.     A  pump  above  supplies  the  air.     It  is  for  the 

man  below  to  use  his  head  and  to  keep  his  eyes  open. 


MINUS  THE  HELMET 

AFRENCHM  A  X  has  per- 
**    fected   a   diving   apparatus, 
weighing  but  fourteen  pounds, 
which  can  be  used  by  a  good 
swimmer    to    advantage. 
A  belt  is  fastened  around  the 
head  of  the  diver  to  hold  a 
mouthpiece     in     place.     The 
same    sort    of    rubber    hose 
which  the  regular  helmeted 
diver  uses  extends  up  to 
a  boat  or  a  dock  over  the 
point     of     diving.     The 
tube   terminates    at   one 
end  in  a  soft,  flat  rub- 
ber which  is  held 
n   the    m  o  u  t  h 
with    a    collar- 
ette.    It    is    so 
placed  between 
the   lips   as   to 
form  a  perfect 
connection  and 
no    air    can 
escape.    A  rub- 
ber air  bag  is 


268 


fastened  to  the  tube  to  regulate  the  in- 
coming air  and  to  provide  a  surplus  in 
case  anything  should  happen  to  the 
pump  above.     A  pair  of  flat  tubes 
pinch     the     nostrils     so 
that  they  will  not  fill  up 
with  water.    All  breath- 
i n g  must  be  done 
through  the  mouth. 


VOLCANO  HAS  SUB-CRATER 

YV7ITIIIX  the  crater  of  Mount  Ma- 
"  zama,  Oregon,  is  a  sub-crater 
which  forms  an  island  in  the  midst  of 
Crater  Lake.  The  lake  is  surrounded  by 
the  high  volcanic  rim  of  the  mountain, 
the  water  filling  in  the  opening  which 
once  spouted  fiery  lava  and  desolated  the 
surrounding  territory.  Wizard  Island, 
the  sub-crater,  has  long  puzzled  scien- 
tists. It  is  heavily  wooded  and  the  crater 
within,  which  rises  eight  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  lake,  is  filled  with 
snow  the  year  round.  How  deep  it  is 
has  never  been  ascertained.  The  lake 
around  the  inside  crater  is  about  two 
thousand  feet  deep,  with  wonderfully 
clear  water.  The  mountain  is  in  the 
center  of  the  national  park  which  was 
recently  set  aside. 


No  Joy-Rides  Now 
The  Postal  device  for  checking  their  autos  gives 
away  every  movement  and  stop  of  the  machine. 


CHECKS  UP  AUTOS 


A  N  accurate  and  indisputable  record  of 
**  every  movement  and  stop  of  the 
automobiles  being  used  in  one  division 
of  the  Post-Office  Department  in  Wash- 
ington is  being  kept  by  the  postal  offi- 
cials by  means  of  an  attachment  known 
as  the  "recordograph." 

It  prints  a  record  showing  the  time 
and  duration  of  every  stop  made  by  the 
machine  to  which  it  is  attached,  the  dis-' 
tance  and  speed  between  stops,  and  the 
total  distance  and  the  number  of  stops 
made  during  the  day.  With  the  records 
from  this  device,  the  officials  are  able  to 
figure  up  the  time  and  cost  of  mail-box 
collections  and  parcel-post  deliveries. 


WIZARD  ISLAND 
The  sub-cone  of  Mount  Mazama  is  always  full  t$  snow.     It  is  heavily  wooded  and  rises  precipitately  from  the  center  of 

the  lake  which  is  about  two  thousand  feet  deep. 

269 


The  SALMON  FISHER- 
MEN WHO  DON'T 
COME  BACK 


By  Randall  R.  Howard 


THE  two  fishermen  exchanged 
anxious  glances  as  their 
gasoline  engine  missed  a 
stroke,  chugged  lazily  a  few 
times,  then  stopped,  dead. 
They  knew  the  sign — their  supply  of 
gasoline  was  exhausted  and  they  were 
drifting  with  the  tide  out  to  sea.  The 
open  boat,  piled  high  with  gill  net  and 
loaded  with  a  fair  catch  of  salmon,  slug- 
gishly rode  a  great  ocean  swell.  Eagerly 
their  eyes  searched  in  every  direction  for 
sight  of  another  boat,  but  in  vain.  As 
their  boat  dipped  low  in  the  trough  o'i 
the  sea,  then  rode  the  next  ocean 
swell,  each  man  instinctively  turned  his 
weather  eye  to  the  clouds  and  the 
horizon,  for  storms  come  up  suddenly  in 
the  Pacific  off  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia River,  and  many  salmon  fishermen 
have  never  come  back.  There  were  no 
other  fishing  boats  in  hailing  distance. 
Night  would  soon  be  upon  them.  It  was 
too  dark  to  signal  either  of  the  two  de- 
tachments of  United  States  Life-Saving 
Crews    that    habitually    watch    off    the 

210 


Columbia  River  bar  during  the  salmon 
fishing  season,  even  if  they  were  near 
enough  to  signal,  which  was  doubtful. 

The  two  fishermen — Fretiof  Roske 
and  his  boat  puller — had  been  ambitious 
to  make  a  good  haul  this  day.  Several 
hours  before,  they  had  started  with  a 
thousand  or  more  salmon  fishing  boats 
from  the  historic  old  town  of  Astoria, 
Oregon,  which  clings  to  rugged  hillsides 
and  hovers  over  tidal  flats  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia — the  greatest 
salmon  highway  of  the  world,  and  the 
largest  stream  of  the  Far  West.  The 
several  hundred  sailboats  in  that  enor- 
mous fleet  of  fishing  craft  looked  like  a 
flock  of  huge  sea  gulls  alighting  on  the 
water.  But  the  greater  number  of  the 
fishing  boats  were  more  modern — pro- 
pelled by  gasoline,  as  was  the  boat  of 
Fretiof  Roske. 

Below  Astoria,  the  Columbia  River  is 
from  eight  to  twelve  miles  wide.  So, 
early  that  morning,  the  fishermen  had 
quickly  scattered  over  their  regular  fish- 
ing grounds.     Soon,  more  than  a  thousand 


THE  SALMON   FISHERMEN   WHO   DON'T   COME   BACK       271 


long  gill  nets  had  been  strung  out  in  the 
water  which  was  enough  muddied  to 
hide  the  linen  mesh  and  thus  permit 
daylight  fishing.  The  tide  was  ebbing, 
carrying  the  floating  nets  against  the 
hordes  of  Chinook  salmon — the  royal 
food  fish  of  the  world — that  were,  with 
other  varieties  of  salmon,  pressing  up- 
stream on  their  annual  pilgrimage  to 
mountain-water  spawning  grounds.  The 
nets  and  the  boats  had  drifted  on  and  on, 
the  fishermen  often  lying  lazily  under  the 
tent-like  tarpaulins  that  usually  shelter 
one  end  of  the  boat  from  the  sunshine 
and  rain  and  wind  and  dashing  salt  spray 
that  temper  the  lives  of  these  hardy 
salmon  pursuers.  It  is  not  all  a  life  of 
arduous  toil. 

Gradually,  the  fishermen  had  begun  to 
"pick  up."  Some  of  them  had  recovered 
their  nets  and  turned  toward  home, 
almost  before  they  were  opposite  the 
headlands  that  mark  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  Especially  cautious  were  the  own- 
era  of  the  less-dependable  sailboats. 
Every  one  of  them  had  heard  recounted, 
or  had  personally  escaped,  one  or  more 
of  the  epoch-making  storm  days,  after 
which  the  shores  were  strewn  witfi 
wreckage,  and  human  bodies  lay  still  on 
the  sands. 

But  the  business  of  the  salmon  fisher- 
men is  to  catch  fish,  and  catching  salmon 
means  taking  chances.     Hence,  on  this 


particular  afternoon,  hundreds  of  these 
fishermen  had  drifted  on  and  on.  They 
had  passed  the  headlight.  They  had 
passed  the  "look-out"  of  the  Point 
Adams  Life-Saving  Crew,  spying  from 
the  high  trestle  of  the  south  jetty  that 
extends  several  miles  into  the  sea.  When 
the  weather  is  even  slightly  rough,  or  is 
threateningly  uncertain,  only  the  most 
daring  of  the  salmon  fishermen  will  ven- 
ture onto  "the  bar"  where  the  more 
shallow  waters  are  always  madly  swell- 
ing and  often  breaking  into  surly  white- 
caps.  Even  the  big  boats — the  ocean 
steamers  and  the  foreign  lumber  schoon- 
ers— teeter  and  lunge  and  dip  as  they 
cross  the  bar. 

But  Fretiof  Roske  and  his  companion 
boat  puller  had  been  ambitious  for  a  big 
salmon  catch,  and  the  farther  out  to  sea 
they  had  pushed,  the  less  had  been  the 
competition  and  the  better  the  fishing. 
The  tide  had  been  carrying  them  almost 
parallel  with  the  long  rock  jetty,  con- 
structed as  a  step  toward  the  control  of 
the  channel  across  the  bar.  At  last  they 
had  "picked  up,"  cranked  their  gasoline 
engine,  and  attempted  to  turn  about  and 
start  homeward.  Then  the  sputtering — 
the  dead  engine,  the  helpless  drifting. 

Roske  and  his  companion  were  swept 
on  and  on,  farther  and  farther  out  to  sea. 
Darkness  had  fallen.  The  wind  was  in- 
creasing.    A  storm  threatened  and  the 


HARD  TO  CAPSIZE 

"The    lower   Columbia  River  does  not  claim  as  large  a  human  loll  as  formerly,  because  the  fishermen  have  better 

equipment,  an  evolved  fishing  sense,  ana  because  of  the  rescue  work  of  the  life-saving  crews." 


Docked 
Part  of  the  fleet 
of    the    lower 
Columbia  up  for 

the  night. 


reefs  and  headlands  of  the  North  Pacific 
Coast  hold  the  record  for  being  respon- 
sible for  many  wrecks.  The  fishermen 
could  do  little  with  their  oars  against  the 
tide.  Their  only  hope  was  to  fight  the 
waves,  wait  for  the  tide  to  turn,  and  pray 
that  they  might  be  picked  up,  which 
prayer  was  almost  vain  in  the  darkness 
of  the  night.  Then  a  thought.  Ahead, 
on  the  border  line  of  this  greatest  of 
world's  oceans,  they  could  see  a  waver- 
ing light.  They  knew  it  was  the  moored 
Government  Lightship  off  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia.  Though  their  boat  was 
tossed  as  a  splinter,  they  were  able  to 
guide  it,  and  to  swerve  it  toward  this 
one  token  of  human  aid.  And,  somehow, 
they  were  able  to  approach  near  enough 
to  the  lightship,  now  rocking  in  the  storm 
and  tearing  at  its  anchors,  to  attach  a 
line.  Luckily,  the  storm  was  not  severe 
— severe,  that  is,  for  the  Pacific — else  this 
story  could  not  have  been  told  in  detail. 
Later,  a  storm  did  come  that  wrecked 
the  decks  of  the  beacon  ship  and  almost 
washed  one  of  the  keepers  overboard ; 
and  another  storm  set  the  ship  adrift. 
But  this  time  the  spirits  of  the  salty  deep 

272 


Even  the  big 
boats,  the  ocean 
steamers  and  the 
foreign  lumber 
schooners,  teeter 
and  lunge  and  dip 
as  they  cross  the 
bar." 


were  kind.  Morning  came.  The  fisher- 
men were  sighted  and  they  made  known 
their  wants.  With  a  renewed  supply  of 
gasoline,  the  plucky  boatmen  started  to 
return  to  shore.  A  little  later  they  were 
the   bar   by   the   Life- 


thought    much    of    the 
was    all    in    the    season's 


rescued    outside 
Saving  Crew. 

Neither    man 
incident.     It 
work. 

But  there  are  other  stories — other 
fishermen  who  do  not  come  back.  On 
the  average,  perhaps  the  matter-of-fact 
remark  of  a  native  Astoria  fisherman  is 
about  right: 

"Yes,"  he  told  me,  "the  Columbia  is 
good  for  at  least  two  a  month." 

But  there  are  so  many  men  in  the  busi- 
ness, and  a  few  lives  more  or  less  don't 
count — much ! 

Nearly  any  Astoria  fisherman  can  tell 
you  of  the  sudden  storm  that  left  twenty- 
six  fishermen  on  the  sandspit  that  is  now 
referred  to  as  "the  graveyard" — and  of 
other  storms.  But,  usually,  the  men  are 
picked  off  in  ones,  twos,  or  threes. 

Back  a  little  time,  a  sudden  south- 
easter capsized  not  less  than  twenty  fish- 


THE   SALMON    FISHERMEN   WHO   DON'T   COME   BACK       273 


ing  boats.  It  happened,  this  time,  that 
the  fishing  fleet  was  inside  the  bay,  and 
it  was  considered  a  stroke  of  community 
good  luck  that  only  three  fishermen 
registered  at  Davy  Jones'  locker. 

Mike  Peltomaa,  for  one,  had  cast  his 
net  in  the  lower  bay.  He  was  about  to 
"pick  up"  when  the  storm  broke  in  all 
its  fury.  He  and  his  boat  puller,  John 
Brown,  decided  that  they  could  not 
hazard  the  few  minutes  required  to  save 
their  fishing  gear,  even  though  it  meas- 
ured a  good  piece  of  their  month's 
profits.  But  no  sooner  was  the  sail 
spread  than  the  boat  capsized.  The 
look-out  of  the  Point  Adams  Life-Sav- 
ing Crew  was  watching  at  a  distance, 
and  immediately  gave  the  rescue  signal. 
But  when  the  life-savers  arrived,  half  an 
hour  later,  the  overturned  boat  had 
lodged  against  a  snag.  Brown  was  still 
clinging  grimly  to  the  stern,  but  his  com- 
panion was  not  in  sight.  After  a  search, 
Peltomaa  was  found  tangled  in  some  of 
his  fishing  gear,  but  he  was  beyond  help. 

Across,  on  the  north  side  of  the  bay, 
Alfred  Anderson's  boat  also  capsized. 
He  and  his  boat  puller,  Johnson,  clung 
to  the  wreck  while  the  Cape  Disappoint- 
ment Life-Saving  Crew  were  notified 
and  sped  to  the  rescue.  Anderson  was 
able  to  hold  on  long  enough.  But  John- 
son,  chilled   and    numbed,    fell   off,   and 


was  seen  no  more. 


One  might  continue  to  recite  like 
tragedies  of  the  salmon  fishermen  of  the 
lower  Columbia.  And  there  is  almost 
no  limit  to  the  incidents  of  narrow 
escapes  that  could  be  told.  For  example, 
Isaac  Laurilla  and  John  Hill  were  fish- 
ing just  off  Clatsop  Beach  one  morning. 
A  storm  was  coming  and  they  had  taken 
in  their  net  and  raised  their  sail.  Then 
— swish,  came  a  great  breaker!  And — 
boom,  a  moment  later,  came  another  that 
literally  bounced  their  boat  end  over  end. 
The  two  men  used  their  wits  to  keep 
clear  of  the  nets,  which  are  deadly  to 
fishermen  as  well  as  to  salmon,  and  they 
were  able  to  hold  to  the  overturned  boat. 
It  happened,  in  this  case,  that  the  Point 
Adams  Life-Saving  Crew  was  not  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  away. 
So  it  was  a  matter  of  only  three  or  four 
minutes  until  the  men  were  pulled  into 
the  big  rescue  boat. 

The  salmon  fisherman  never  knows 
what  trick  the  Fates  will  next  play. 
Every  one  of  his  precautions  may,  on 
occasion,  come  to  naught.  For  example, 
one  John  Miemi  and  his  boat  puller  were 
congratulating  themselves  that  they  were 
no  longer  dependent  upon  the  old  fash- 
ioned sailboat,  for  Miemi  had  recently 
invested  in  a  modern  boat.  But  out  on 
the  bay  they  found  the  water  pretty 
rough,  and  the  waves  began  to  roll 
higher  and  higher.  Finally  three  of  these 
waves  joined  in  team  play  against  the 
salmon  pursuers — and  before  the  last  of 


THE  SALMON  FISHERMAN 
He  is  a  chance-taker  because  any  virile  man  is  when  it  means  that  thereby  he  does  better  work.    He  is  a  seafarer 

though  he  plies  the  Columbia. 


The  Mimi's  Black 

Bottom 
The  whitecaps  roll  over 
the  ship  as  she  lies 
beached.    The  highest 
wave  is  breaking  over 

the  hull. 


the  trio  of  sea 
walls    had 
pounded  past, 
the  gas  engine 
was  as  dead  as 
a  door  nail.  The 
waves  might 
have     done     more 
havoc    but    for    the 
fact    that    the    life- 
savers  were  watching. 

It  was  not  long  afterward 
that  a  fisherman,  who  prided  himself 
that  he  did  not  rely  upon  the  "new- 
fangled" gas  engines,  was  also  rescued, 
because  his  one  sail  had  suddenly  split 
beyond  repair,  forcing  the  boatman  to 
drop  anchor  until  his  signal  of  distress 
was  seen. 

More  account  is  now  being  taken  of 
the  life  of  the  individual  fisherman  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  than 


After  the  Storm 

The  Alice  met  her  fate 

off    Long  Beach. 

Washington. 


formerly. 
Some  fifteen 
years  or  more 
ago,  so  the  old- 
timers  say, 
"floaters"  were 
found  almost 
every  day,  rather 
they  were  seen,  for 
in  those  days  the  aver- 
age fisherman  and  the 
average  water-roving  citizen 
of  the  salmon  fishing  world  gave  little 
attention  to  such  discoveries.  A  man 
dead  was  a  long  time  dead,  they 
reasoned,  and  the  body  was  as  well  off 
floating  out  to  Father  Neptune  as  any- 
where else. 

Those  were  crude  days,  comparable 
to  the  vigilante  period  of  the  mining  an'd 
stock-raising  West.  Salmon  were  easy 
wealth  in  those  days,  though  every  fish- 


"MORE    AND    MORE    FISHERMEN    ARE   EQUIPPING    THEIR    BOATS   WITH    GASOLINE    ENGINES. 
WHICH  ARE  FAR  MORE  TRUSTWORTHY  THAN  SAILS" 

04 


THE  SALMON   FISHERMEN   WHO   DON'T   COME   BACK      275 


erman  must  scramble  for  himself.  But 
woe  unto  the  man  who  did  not  scramble 
in  accordance  with  community  standards. 
For  example,  two  "net  rustlers"  thought 
to  make  an  easy  living  by  sneaking  out 
the  salmon  from  the  fishing  gear  of 
another.  As  the  story  goes,  these  two 
were  caught  "with  the  goods",  and  were 
forthwith  strung  up  in  the  old-fashioned 
"necktie  party"  style  of  the  frontier.  In 
the  same  category,  perhaps,  is  the  pass- 


fishermen  committee  who  adorned  the 
necks  of  the  intruders  with  big  stones 
which  were  then  dropped  overboard. 
And  that  the  work  of  justice  might  be 
complete  the  boat  and  the  fishing  gear 
of  the  Chinamen  were  allowed  to  float 
out  across  the  bar  to  the  ocean. 

Sometimes  the  fishermen  play  jokes  on 
themselves.  For  instance,  only  a  few 
months  ago  a  party  of  salmon  harvesters 
started    across   the    river    from    Astoria. 


THE  JETTIES 
Here  the  life  savers  keep  a  lookout  who  always  watches  lor  the  prey  of  the  river. 


WAITING   FOR  THE  TIDE 

.ilmon  fisherman  never  knows  what  trick  tin-  Fates  will  next  play.      Every  one  of  his  precautions  may,  on  oc- 
casion.come  to  naught." 


ing  of  the  two  Chinamen  who  were  am- 
bitious to  evolve  from  salmon  cannery 
butchers  into  salmon  fishermen.  Doubt- 
less a  part  of  this  ambition  arose  from 
hostility  to  the  tactics  of  the  cannery 
capitalist  who  wished  to  secure  his 
salmon  somewhat  cheaper  than  at  union 
rates.  Or  maybe  it  was  thought  that  the 
salmon  baron  wished  to  test  out  the  pos- 
sibility of  building  up  a  labor  machine 
of  his  own.  However,  the  prompting 
reasons  were  all  the  same  to  the  two 
would-be  fishermen.  According  to  tradi- 
tion, the  Chinamen  were  met  by  a  special 


This  Mecca  city  for  Columbia  River  fish- 
ermen is  not  a  dry  town,  and  there  were 
eight  men  in  the  boat.  At  least  there 
were  eight  men  when  the  boat  started. 
Out  in  midstream  there  had  been  some 
scuffling.  But  it  was  some  time  later 
that  one  of  the  occupants  thought  to 
count  their  number,  finding  only  six  men 
in  the  boat. 

But,  in  the  main,  the  life  of  the  salmon 
fisherman  is  no  joke,  not  even  a  brutal 
practical  joke.  The  lower  Columbia 
River  does  not  claim  as  large  a  human 

(Continued  on  page  3/6) 


MR.  DEFENDING  ATTORNEY 


D  ANGELES  County,  California, 
;  now  provided  with  a  public 
efender  of  the  people.  The 
prosecuting  attorney  has  had  his 
place  at  the  bar  for  hundreds 
of  years  but  the  poor  man  has  never  had 
a  defender  who  was  regularly  employed 
by  the  State  and  who  was  available  in 
civil  cases  as  well  as  in  criminal  ones. 
Walton  J.  Wood  was  appointed  last 
January  to  represent  the  poor  of  his  dis- 
trict in  criminal  cases,  civil  suits  not 
involving  amounts  of  more 
than  one  hundred  dollars, 
and  in  civil  cases  in 
which  the  defendant 
seems  to  be  unduly 
harassed. 

Applications  to  De- 
fender   Wood    have 
been   coming    in    at 
the    rate    of    about 
twenty     each     day, 
and  upon  investiga- 
tion    it     has     been 
found  that  a  majority 
of    these     cases     are 
deserving    and,    of 
course,    as    the 
office   is 


same  diligence 


becoming  more  generally  known  and 
knowledge  of  what  can  be  done  to  aid 
the  poor  man  has  been  disseminated,  his 
docket  is  rapidly  getting  large.  Already 
two  assistants  have  been  appointed  and 
the  county  will  probably  soon  be  facing 
the  necessity  of  adding  others. 

In  criminal  cases  defended  by  the 
public  defender,  no  effort  is  made  to 
block  the  wheels  of  justice  by  technical- 
ities, but  every  case  is  handled  with  the 
that  would  be  exercised 
by  an  able  attorney  in  private 
practice  with  justice  instead  of 
personal  profit  as  the  object. 
In  civil  suits  for  amounts 
less  than  one  hundred  dol- 
lars, the  plaintiffs  who  sue 
through  the  public  defend- 
er are  most  often  working- 
men  who  are  unable  to  col- 
lect back  wages.  Frequent- 
ly suit  is  unnecessary  when 
the  defendant  learns  that 
the  matter  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  public  defender. 
The  success  of  the  plan  has 
been  so  evident  that  a  large 
number  of  cities  have  inquired 
as  to  the  working  of  the  scheme 
and  there  is  strong  probability 
that  others  will  adopt  it. 


The  Public  Defender 
Mr.    Walton    J.    Wood,    of 
Los  Angeles   County,  Cali- 
fornia, holds  the  first  office 
of  the  kind,  created  to  aid 
the  poor  man  at  law. 


Each  month  the  best  and  most  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  -will  receive  the  first  prise  of  a  twenty-dollar  gold  piece; 
the  second  best  a  ten-dollar  gold  piece;  the  third  best  a  five-dollar  gold  piece;  and 
the  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prises  will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  that  -we  ordinarily  pay  for 
such  material.  Good  clear  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value 
of  your  item  and  will  increase  its  chances  for  a  first  price.  But  it  is  the  intrinsic 
value  of  the  material,  not  the  literary  expression,  that  'will  count  with  us.  Items 
not  "winning  prises  but  considered  "worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our 
regular  space  rates.  There  is  ou-ly  one  restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete  for  these 
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SLIDING  THROUGH  THE 
DESERT 

A  X  automobile,  prepared  to  travel  over 
*"*  the  sands  of  the  desert,  is  equipped 
with  two  canvas  belts  attached  to  the 
rear  wheels.  The  belts  are  held  in  front 
and  above  by  suspended  flywheels,  mak- 
ing a  roadbed  on  the  same  principle  as  a 
caterpillar  engine.  The  man  who  in- 
vented this  contrivance  makes  two  trips 
weekly  across  the  trackless  wastes  of 
desert  between  Holtville,  California,  and 
Yuma,  Arizona,  a  distance  of  fifty-nine 
miles,  in  less  than  six  hours.  This  time 
is  six  to  eight  hours  quicker  than  any 
car  that  does  not  have  the  attachment. 
The  sand  storms  are  very  severe. 


The  Desert  Caterpillar 
Making  its  own  road  as  it  rocs,  the  sand  dunes  are 
asphalt  to  this  machine. 

E.  G.  De  Boer, 
Holtville,  California. 


rn 


278 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


THE  QUICK  CLEANUP 
When  someone  runs  into  the  kitchen  by  the  back  way,  just  sweep  anything  undesirable  into  the  trap  that  opens  with  a 

slight  foot  pressure. 


(First  Prize,  Twenty  Dollars) 

DEPOSITING  THE  WASTE 

TO  eliminate  the  kitchen  scrap  bucket, 
■*■  I  constructed  a  small  trapdoor  in 
the  kitchen  floor,  placing  it  in  an  out-of- 
the-way  corner  at  the  end  of  the  cup- 
board and  directly  over  the  entrance  of 
the  coal  cellar. 

First  1  cut  a  hole  in  the  floor  and 
made  a  door  to  fit.  Projecting  strips  were 
then  placed  along  the  under  side  of  all 
edges  of  the  hole  to  form  a  support  for 
the  door  which  was  then  hinged  and  the 
lever  attached. 

A  slight  pressure  of  the  foot  on  the 
bolt  (e)  will  open  the  trap  which  is 
closed  by  the  spring  attached  at  (f)  and 
(g)  as  shown.  The  waste  material  is 
gathered  up  and  shoveled  into  the  fur- 
nace nearby.  F.  R.  Ritchie, 

Akron,  Ohio. 


Because  the  Cellar  Light  Burns  All  Night 

This  little  trick  is  the  only  effective  one  there  is  for  the  conquest  of  this 

bugbear. 


(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

HOPE  FOR  THE  LIGHT  BILL 

THIS  is  a  little  device  for  turning  on 
■*    and  off  the  lights  in  the  basement. 
By  using  the  ordinary  switch  the  lights 
are  often  left  on  all  night. 

One  of  the  steps  is  fastened  with 
hinges  instead  of  being  nailed,  and  in 
place  of  the  ordinary  switch  to  turn  on 
the  light,  a  pull  socket  is  connected  up. 
This  socket  is  fastened  to  the  wall  or  the 
floor  of  the  room  above,  directly  over 
one  end  of  the  hinged  step.  The  wires 
of  the  lights  are  connected  to  an  attach- 
ment plug  which  is  screwed  into  the 
socket.  The  step  is  held  in  position  by 
a  spring  which  may  be  fastened  to  the 
step  above  or  the  ceiling.  The  chain  of 
the  pull  socket  is  fastened  to  the  step  by 
a  string.  When  a  person  going  down- 
stairs reaches  the 
hinged  step  the  lights 
are  turned  on.  As  soon 
as  he  steps  on  the  next 
step  the  spring  lifts  it 
back  to  the  first  posi- 
tion. When  he  comes 
back  upstairs  the  same 
operation  is  repeated. 
By  using  this  little  de- 
vice the  basement  lights 
are  never  left  burning 
all  night  and  it  is  saving 
us  money. 
Harry  Rowland, 
Hutchinson,  Kansas. 


WAITING  FOR  A  BREEZE 
When  the  wind  blows,  the  eels  can  swim  up  and  over  through  the  cascade  of  water,  but  for  the  present  they  have  to 

hang  on. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar. 

NEEDED-MORE  WIND 

""THE  unusual  spectacle  of  lamprey  eels 
*    apparently  ascending  a  dry  concrete 
wall  occurred  here  recently.    As  a  matter 
of  fact,  this  wall,  which  is  the  outer  or 
river    wall    of    the    Dalles-Celilo    Canal, 
along    the    Columbia    River,    is    covered 
with  a  sheet  of  water  at  times  when  the 
wind  cascades  the  canal  water  over  the 
wall,  and  at  those  times  the  eels  begin 
their   upward    journey.      Between   times 
they  are  left  hanging  on  the  wall. 
Gerald  L.  Massey, 
Big  Eddy,  Oregon. 


MINUS  THE  MATCHES 

A  VERY  convenient  lighter  may  be 
**■  made  by  most  any  one  to  fit  a  gas 
plate.  The  main  part  of  lighter  (A)  is 
a  steel  arm  on  which  is  fastened  a  file 
surface  (D),  and  swiveling  on  the  same 
pivot  is  another  arm  (B),  holding  one 
of  the  common  flint  tips  (C) ;  the  latter 
being  made  to  press  onto  the  file  by  a 
spring  (E). 

The  lighter,  when  not  used,  rests  on  a 
base  away  from  the  heat  of  the  gas  flame. 
When  needed,  pressure  on  the  handle 
swings  the  lighter  up  through  hole  in 
burner  to  position  shown  dotted.  Squeez- 
ing the  little  arms  to- 
gether scrapes  the  flint 
top  on  the  file  surface, 
producing  sparks  and 
lighting  the  gas. 
K.  P.  Albridge, 
EH]  Proiidence, 

Rhode  Island. 

Push  and  Pinch 

You  can  always  find  Ihe  matches 

or  rather  the  light    because  it  is 

bolted  on  the  stove  and  is  flint  and 

steel.    But  it  lights  the  gas. 

m 


NEXT  TO  A  LOCOMOTIVE 

The  wild  mountain  sheep  are  as  a  rule  almost  untamable  but  the  search  for  food  brought  them  down  into  this  town. 


WILD    SHEEP    COME   TO    MAN 

"""THE  people  of  our  town  have  been 
*■  very  much  interested  in  the  wild 
mountain  sheep  which  have  come  down 
to  feed  near  the  railroad  station.  The 
last  winter  was  very  severe  in  the  moun- 
tains and  they  were  driven  down  in  the 
search  for  food.  They  are  now  so  tame 
that  any  person  may  pet  or  feed  them. 
Thomas  V.  Canavan, 

Ouray,  Colorado. 


" """ '  n 

r 

Instrument  Which    Enables  Physician  to  Deter- 
mine  Optical    Condition  of  Eve  with    Testing 
Lens  Set 


FITTING  GLASSES 

"THE  illustration  shows  an  optical  in- 
*•  strument  for  measuring  the  refrac- 
tion of  the  eyes.  With  it,  any  optical 
defect  of  the  eye  is  made  manifest,  and 
a  scale  and  index  gives  the  value  of  the 
lens  required  to  correct  such  defect.  It 
saves  the  trouble  of  handling  many  test 
lenses  and  has  in  it  all  of  the  values  of 
the  most  complete  test  case. 

Aside  from  its  convenience,  other 
unique  features  of  the  instrument  are 
that  it  is  not  a  magnifying  nor  reducing 
instrument,  but  preserves  a  constant 
angle  of  vision  for  all  adjustments  to  the 
error  of  the  eye,  while  the  adjustments 
place  the  lens  value  in  the  position  at 
which  a  spectacle  lens  should  stand.  It, 
therefore,  greatly  shortens  the  time  re- 
quired to  determine  what  lens  value  is 
needed  by  the  eye  tested. 

This  instrument  places  in  the  hands  of 
any  physician  a  simple,  quick  means  of 
discovering  the  optical  condition  of  the 
eye.  Otherwise,  he  must  master  the 
technicalities  of  testing  with  the  trial  case 
or  refer  the  case  to  a  specialist. 

The  instrument  is  the  invention  of 
George  A.  Rogers  of  Chicago,  and  pat- 
ents are  held  in  the  United  States  and 
leading  foreign  countries. 

G.  A.  R.,  Chicago,  Illinois. 


2W 


MADE    BY    OUR    READERS 


281 


Sixty  Barrels  a  Minute 

All  tbo  otbrf  welta  11  the  surrounding  country  giro  clear 

cold  water  but  this  monster  serves  it  hot. 

GUSHES  HOT  MINERAL  WATER 

IX  the  Flathead  Indian  Reservation 
*  near  Camas,  Montana,  is  an  artesian 
well  containing  hot  mineral  water,  said 
to  be  the  only  one  in  the  world.  Around 
it,  within  a  mile,  are  other  artesian  wells 
in  which  the  water  is  clear  and  cold. 

A  few  years  ago  the  Government 
threw  open  the  Flathead  Reservation, 
and  those  who  were  successful  in  the 
drawing,  now  own  fine  ranches  in  a 
fertile  valley.  Artesian  wells  have  been 
struck  at  a  depth  ranging  from  ninety 
to  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  feet. 

In  the  summer  of  1913,  on  a  ranch 
within  a  mile  of  one  of  these  cold  wells 
drillers  were  at  work  when,  at  the  depth 
of  two  hundred  and  forty-four  feet,  hot 
water  gushed  upward  with  such  force 
that  the  drillers  were  forced  to  flee.  In 
a  few  days  the  rush  of  hot  water  had 
washed  a  large  hole,  with  the  drill  still 
in,  though  incapacitated. 


The  well  was  finally  curbed  so  that  it 
could  be  used.  The  water  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty  degrees  Fahrenheit,  flowing 
at  the  rate  of  sixty  barrels  a  minute. 


SPEEDING  THE  MORNING  FIRE 

I  LIGHT  up  the  fire  in  the  morning 
*  with  a  kerosene  paste,  a  couple  of 
tablespoonfuls  of  which  are  sufficient  to 
start  a  quick  fire.  I  have  a  pail  of  wood 
ashes  that  I  have  mixed  thoroughly  with 
kerosene  and  the  supply  lasts  a  long  tiine. 
Coal  oil  does  not,  of  course,  explode 
easily  under  any  circumstances  and  I 
never  allow  the  pail  of  "fire  paste"  to 
stand  around  where  sparks  will  fall  into 
and  ignite  the  material.  As  far  as  I 
know  there  is  absolutely  no  way  for  any 
accident  to  occur  in  using  kerosene  in 
this  fashion. 

Alletha  Brown, 
Winter  set,  Iozva. 


Ready  por  the  Bath 

Mineral  water  at  one  hundred  and  twenty  degrees  comes 

out  of  this  artesian  well. 


282 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


PLAN  OF  WHEEL 


ELEVATION 

For  Windy  Country 

The  windmill  used  on  the  farms  is  still  a  rather  primitive 

machine  but  it  can  be  made  into  an  efficient  one  which 

will  handle  any  gale. 

(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

FAIR  AND  FOUL  HARNESSED 

""THE  last  word  in  aero  engineering  has 

•*•    brought  out  a  form  of  windmill  that 

embodies    efficiency    and    power.      It    is 

proof  against  wreckage  by  cyclones  and 


will  even  harness  the  force  of  tornadoes. 
The  inventor  has  tried  out  this  new  tur- 
bine wind  motor  and  has  found  that  it 
surpassed  his  hopes. 

A  movable  horizontal  wheel  is  placed 
inside  of  a  concrete  housing.  It  revolves 
a  vertical  shaft,  which  transmits  the 
power  to  the  machinery  below.  The  form 
concentrates  a  large  volume  of  moving 
air  into  a  smaller  space  which,  crowding 
into  a  narrowing  tunnel,  is  compressed. 
The  outlet  leads  to  large  blades  on  the 
wheel.  This  windmill  works  on  the  same 
princinle  as  the  water  turbine. 

L.  D.  Carter,  Portland,  Oregon. 

J* 

MY  GATE 

INSTEAD  of  hanging  my  new  gate  in 
*■  the  usual  manner,  I  secured  some 
angle  iron  from  an  old  windmill  tower 
and  made  a  triangular  frame  which  I 
clamped  to  the  gate. 

The  posts  (P)  are  double,  set  about 
three  inches  apart  so  that  the  gate  can 
move  endwise  between  them.  In  the 
drawing  one  post  is  cut  away  to  show 
the  pulleys. 

The  wheel  (C)  runs  between  two 
boards  and  keeps  the  gate  in  a  horizontal 
position  while  it  is  being  opened  or  closed. 
The  length  of  the  boards  should  be  a 
little  greater  than  the  width  of  the  gate- 
way and  the  center  post  is  notched  to 
allow  the  passage  of  the  wheel. 

The  rollers  (R)  are  to  prevent  any 
sagging  of  the  gate  should  it  remain 
open  or  closed  for  long  periods,  as  when 
fully  open  or  closed  one  end  of  the  gate 
rests  on  one  of  the  rollers,  giving  three 
bearings  at  all  times. 

The  gate  can  be  opened  and  closed 
very  easily,  often  without  one's  getting 
out  of  the  rig.        William  T.  Eldridge, 
Plain  fie  Id,  Illinois. 


■<(■:■■"<"?'< 


A  BETTER  GATE 
There  are  many  patent  gates  but  this  one  is  so  simple  that  any  one  can  make  it.     It  slides  back  and  lorth  and  is  always 

well  bung. 


Takes  to  Rough  Roads 

A  tractor  was  too  big  and  wasted  power,  and  horses  were 

not  economical.     The  old  car  does  the  work. 

(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar*) 

AUTO   PEDESTAL 

AS  our  machine  was  not  used  very 
**  often  in  the  winter  time,  we  did  not 
like  to  have  its  weight  on  the  tires  con- 
tinuously, as  when  the  machine  was 
standing  in  the  garage  the  tires  rapidly 
became  soft.  When  I  had  built  my  jack, 
we  found  we  could  run  the  machine  over 
it,  pull  the  lever  and  the  job  was  done. 
It  is  so  simple  that  I  think  anybody 
could  make  it,  and  it  has  Ix'en  very 
effective  in  reducing  expenses  of  the  tire 
bugbear.  The  lift  needed  on  the  lever 
is  slight. 

Cliffokd  M.  Johnston, 

Parry  Sound,  Ontario,  Canada. 


AUTO  PLOW 

""THIS  is  a  picture  of  an  automobile 
*■  which  has  been  converted  into  a  farm 
machine.  This  machine  was  formerly  an 
old  sixty-horsepower  touring  car  which 
two  brothers  bought  for  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  and  by  spending  an  addi- 
tional fifty  dollars  for  attachments,  they 
had  a  home-made  tractor  which  did  the 
work  of  from  four  to  six  horses  at  a 
much  lower  cost.  The  running  cost  for 
fuel  and  oil  is  about  seventy-five  cents 
per  acre,  and  from  three  to  four  acres 
are  covered  in  a  day  with  a  plow  which 
digs  from  eight  to  nine  inches  deep. 

Traction  wheels  are  used  in  the  rear. 
By  the  use  of  a  lever,  the  driver  can  raise 
or  lower  the  plow  to  change  the  depth  of 
a  furrow. 


^  =  ^.._-^ 


«**9 


Bktter  Than  Fou* Jacks 
Run  the  automobile  ov.-t 
the  little  hand  mad<-  set. 
pull  on  tin;  I.-viT  and  the 
weight  is  oft  the  tires. 


While 
these  brothers 
have     been     ex- 
perimenting with 
tractors     for 
some  years,  this  has 
been   found   the  most   satis- 
factory.    Their  first  attempt  was  with  a 
steam  traction  engine  and  later  they  tried 
a  gasoline  traction  with  a  steam  truck,  but 
these  proved  too  heavy  for  their  work. 

?S3 


284 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  working  speed  of  the  car  is  about      much  like 
four  miles  per  hour,  which  is  twice  the 
speed  of  horses. 

These  brothers  live  in 
Logan  County,  Ohio,  and 
have  a  farm  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  acres  which  they  are 
caring  for  in  a  scientific  way. 
Louis  S.  Warner, 
Port  Clinton,  Ohio. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

PERCHED  ON  A 
THIMBLE 

""THIS  tiny  motor  is,  I  be- 
A  lieve,  the  smallest  one  that 
has  ever  been  built.  It  is  just 
about  half  as  big  as  the  motor 
which  has  recently  been  on 
exhibition  before  the  Acad- 
emy of  Science.  It  required 
the  watchmaker's  art  to  build 
the  little  machine,  as,  except 
for  its  size,  it  is  just  like  a 
regular  motor.  Complete,  it 
weighs  thirty-four  grains ; 
when   running,   it  hums  very 


Smallest  of  All 
This  motor  will  run 
standing  on  top  of  an 
ordinary  thimble. 
Notice  the  size  of  the 
armature  shown  above. 


the  New  Jersey  mosquito. 
Ivan  T.  Nedland, 
Hillsboro,  North  Dakota. 
J* 

(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

HORSE  VERSUS  MAN 

COME  time  ago  there  was  a 
^  great  deal  of  discussion 
here  as  to  how  many  men  it 
would  take  to  hold  a  team  of 
horses  in  a  tug-of-war.  It  was 
arranged  during  a  two-day 
carnival  to  have  twelve  men 
on  sixty  feet  of  rope  pull 
against  a  good  steady  team. 
The  horses  were  sharpshod 
and  the  men  were  allowed  to 
make  footholds; 'the  pull  was 
to  last  for  three  minutes. 

It  can  be  seen  by  the  picture 
that  the  horses  were  pulling 
hard  and  steady,  nevertheless 
they  were  not  able  to  move 
the  men.  Ten  men  could  hold 
the  ordinary  team. 

F.  J.  Smith, 
Litchfield,  Michigan. 


TWELVE  MEN  DID  IT 
Tbe  horses  bad  the  aid  of  harness  but  two  of  them  could  not  pull  twelve  men. 


Ten  men  could  bold  them. 


THE  BEAT  OF  THE  FLAIL 


Our  Forefathers' 
Flail 
Under  a  burning  Ko- 
rean sun  the  coolies  ply 
their  long  whip  like 
flails  to  the  little  pile  of 
straw,  beating  the 
stalks  until  they  give  up 
their  grains  of  barley. 
Seven  or  eight  men 
labor  with  monotonous 
drudgery  over  a  task 
which  would  take  one 
of  our  threshing  ma- 
chines a  couple  of  min- 
utes. But  even  then 
their  task  is  not   done. 


After  the  flailing  they  gather 
up  the  kernels  and  carry 
the  grain  laboriously  to 
their  homes,  and  when  the 
wind  blows  fresh  and  strong, 
they  start  the  last  process. 
Standing  high  on  the  stump 
of  a  tree,  th«-  Korean  shakes 
nnd  sifts  the  grain  in  his 
wicker  platter.  The  chaff 
blows  away  in  clouds  and 
the  worker  drops  the  clean 
grain  in  a  pile  on  the  street 
below. 


Where's  My  Coat? 

"Phew  !     I  put  the  lighted  end  of  that  cigar 
in  my  mouth  I 


"How  lucky  you  were,  dear,  to  discover  it 
immediately." — Life. 


A  Rambunctious  Animal 

"Did  you-all  lose  a  gi-raffe?"  he  inquired. 

"Yep,"  returned  the  owner ;  "I  sure  did. 
Have  you  found  him?" 

"Yas,  sah ;  I  done  found  him." 

"Got  him  with  you?" 

"No,  sah ;  I  reckoned  I  better  inquire  first, 
sah,  before  I  fotched  him  over." 

"All  right,  you  fetch  him  here,  and  I'll  give 
you  a  dollar  for  your  trouble." 

"Yas,  sah ;  but  I  reckon  de  trouble  am  wuff 
mo'  dan  a  clollah.  Dat  ole  gi-raffe  am  right 
smart  rambunctious.  He  done  tried  to  bite  me." 

"What  are  you  talking  about,  nigger? 
Giraffes  don't  bite !  They  kick.  But  you 
bring  him  along,  and  I'll  give  you  two  dol- 
lars." 

"All  right,  boss ;  I  reckon  you  am  mo'  famil- 
iar wid  dat  gi-raffe  dan  I  be;  but  he  sure 
made  signs  like  he  would  bite  me." 

The  darky  departed,  and  about  a  half-hour 
later  there  was  a  sudden  commotion  on  the 
front  porch  of  the  store,  the  door  was  thrust 
open,  and  in  came  the  darky,  puffing  and  wild- 
eyed  and.  pulling  on  a  rope.  At  the  other  end 
of  the  rope,  squirming  and  snarling,  was  an 
enormous  Nubian  lion — "The  fiercest  lion  in 
captivity,"  according  to  the  show  bills. 

"Dar,  Mistah  white  man,"  exclaimed  the 
captor,  throwing  down  the  rope  and  pointing 
to  the  lion — "dar's  your  ole  gi-raffe;  and  I 
tell  you  he  do  bite !" — Lippincotfs. 

286 


Some  Time  Ago 

An  alienist,  while  going  through  the  insane 
asylum  at  Howard,  R.  I.,  not  long  ago,  came 
upon  a  man  sitting  in  a  brown  study  on  a 
bench. 

"How  do  you  do,  sir,"  said  the  alienist 
kindly.    "What  is  your  name,  may  I  ask  ?" 

"My  name?"  said  the  other,  frowning  fiercely. 
"Whv,  King  George,  of  course." 

"Indeed !"  replied  the  alienist.  "But  the  last 
time  I  was  here  you  were  Theodore  Roose- 
velt." 

"Yes,  of  course,"  answered  the  other  quickly  ; 
"but  that  was  by  my  first  wife." — Everybody's. 


Unfortunate 

Country  Grocer — "Well,  little  boy,  do  you 


want  to  buy  some  candy?" 
I'gotta  buy  soap." — Life. 


"Sure  I  do,  but 


A  Mile  Away 

A  young  lady  took  down  the  receiver  of  the 
telephone  one  day  and  discovered  that  the  line 
was    in    use. 

"I  just  put  on  a  pan  of  beans  for  dinner," 
she  heard  one  woman  complacently  informing 
another. 

She  hung  up  the  receiver  and  waited  for  the 
conversation  to  end.  Upon  returning  to  the 
telephone  she  found  the  women  still  talking. 
Three  times  she  waited,  and  then  at  last,  be- 
coming exasperated,  she  broke  into  the  con- 
versation. 

"Madam,  I  smell  your  beans  burning,"  she 
announced  crisply. 

A  horrified  scream  greeted  the  remark,  and 
the  young  lady  was  able  to  put  in  her  call. 

— Everybody's. 


BLOWING  OFF  STEAM 


287 


Masked 

A  young  gentleman  with  a  very  plain  face 
was  rather  annoyed  because  his  view  of  the 
stage  was  obstructed  by  the  hat  of  a  pretty 
girl  who  was  sitting  in  front  of  him  in  the 
gallery.  Wishing  to  get  a  glimpse  of  the 
performance,  he  plucked  up  courage  and,  in 
a  nervous  voice,  exclaimed :  "See  here,  miss, 
I  want  to  look  as  well  as  you." 

"Oh,  do  yer?"  she  replied  in  a  rich  Cockney 
accent,  as  she  turned  round  and  looked  at  him 
square  in  the  eye.  "Then  you'd  better  run  'ome 
and  change  yer  face." 


Gone 

Professor  (in  geology) — "The  geologist 
thinks  nothing  of  a  thousand  years." 

Sophomore — "Great  guns !  And  I  loaned  a 
geologist  ten  dollars  yesterday !" — Pennsylvania 
Punch  Bowl. 


John  Bull  Abroad 

The  Paris  Liberie  has  discovered  the  most 
"nervy"  of  English  tourists — always  a  self- 
confident  race.  This  man  entered  a  well-known 
restaurant,  accompanied  by  two  little  girls, 
ordered  a  bottle  of  mineral  water  and  three 
plates,  and  began  to  eat  sandwiches,  which  he 
had  brought  with  him  in  his  pockets. 


Tact 

Here's  tact   for  you. 

"I  was  calling  at  a  house  on  East  Sixty-first 
Street.     There  was  a  little  boy  about  seven 


The  manager,  overcome  by  this  outrage,  ap- 
proached him,  and  said,  "I  should  like  to  in- 
form you  that  this  is  not  a " 

"Who  are  you?"  interrupted  the  English- 
man. 

"I  am  the  manager,"  was  the  reply. 

"Oh,  you  are  the  manager,  are  you?  That 
is  good.  I  was  just  going  to  send  for  you. 
Why  isn't  the  band  playing?" — Youth's  Com- 
panion. 


Willing  Messenger 

Mrs.  Subbubs  (to  tramp) — "Out  of  work, 
are  you?  Then  you're  just  in  time.  I've  a 
cord  of  wood  to  be  cut  up  and  I  was  just 
going  to  send  for  a  man  to  do  it." 

Tramp — "That  so,  mum?  Where  does  he 
live?    I'll  go  and  get  him." — Boston  Transcript. 


years  old,  I  should  judge.  He  stared  at  me  a 
long  time,  then  went  and  whispered  to  his 
mother.  This  was  embarrassing,  so  I  giggled 
and  said : 
"  'It's  rude  to  whisper  in  company !' 
"The  kid  looked  puzzled  for  a  minute.  Then 
he  answered: 

"  'It  would  'a  been  a  lot  ruder  to  say  it  out 
loud.'  " — Cleveland  Plain-Dealer. 


Good  Riddance 

"So  Miss  Biffers  is  married  at  last?" 
"Yes." 

"And  who  is  the  happy  man?" 
"Her    dear    old    dad." — Birmingham    Age- 
Herald. 


Speed  Record  Broken 

Two  Irishmen  employed  on  a  man-o'-war, 
finding  things  a  bit  slow  one  morning,  decided 
to  liven  them  up  a  little.  So  Dennis,  instructed 
by  Mike,  placed  himself  astride  one  of  the  big 
guns  and  held  a  deck-pail  over  the  muzzle. 
"Now,"  said  Dennis,  "let  'er  go !" 
Whereupon  Mike  touched  her  off  and  she 
went,  sure  enough — likewise  Dennis  and  the 
pail.  When  the  officer  in  charge  came  run- 
ning up,  he  said :  "Michael,  what  has  become 
of  your  friend?" 

"Oh,"  said  Mike,  "he  just  wint  afther  a  pail 

of  water." 

"I  see,  but  when  is  he  coming  back?" 

"Well,"   answered   Mike,   "I'm   sure   I  can't 

tell  exactly,  but  if  he  comes  back  as  quick  as 

he  wint,  he'll  be  back  yisterday." — Pathfinder. 


THE  SCENE  STANDS  STILL 


A   VIEW  finder  which  enables  the 
i\     student  to  put  the  outlines  of  a 

/  %  distant  object  on  paper  in  cor- 
/  \  rect  proportion  has  been  of 
JL  \.  great  assistance  to  a  teacher 
of  art,  who,  finding  that  the  thumb  and 
pencil  method  was  inaccurate,  was  in- 
spired to  try  another  way. 

The  greatest  difficulty  the  novice  ex- 
periences in  sketching — and  one  which 
the  old  hand  meets,  too,  for  that  matter 
— is  to  get  the  thing  down  as  he  sees 
it.  Every  time  one  raises  his  eyes  from 
the  pad  upon  which  he  is  drawing,  he 
sees  the  object  he  is  sketching  from  a 
different  viewpoint — he  sees  a  different 
thing — because  it  is  utterly  impossible 
to  get  the  head  and  eye  in  exactly  the 
same  position  they  were  before,  and, 
vary  that  position  as  little 
as  he  may,  he  is  getting 
a  different  perspective 
from  that  with  which 
he  started.  Then  the 
proportioning 
tribulation.  . ',' 


A  Constant  View 
for  the  Artist 


He  squints  through  the  sight  and  blocks  out  his  drawing  in  correct  proportion.  It 
keeps  the  scene  from  jumping  about  and  folds  up  for  transport. 


The  eye  must  be  given  something  to 
gauge  the  object  by,  therefore  you  see 
the  artist  holding  his  pencil  at  arm's 
length  and  marking  off  with  his  thumb 
the  height  of  the  object  he  is  drawing, 
creating  a  plane  of  the  picture. 

It  was  to  encompass  all  these  points, 
the  fixity  of  vision,  a  scale  to  look  at, 
a  proportioner  of  perspective,  that  this 
device  was  made.  In  brief,  it  is  the 
principle  of  a  photographic  camera 
with  the  sole  difference  that  you  have 
to  draw  what  you  see  instead  of  its 
being  mechanically  reproduced.  A 
frame  with  lettered  strings  across  the 


face  to  make  squares  is  erected  on  a 
stand.  At  the  other  end  of  the  stand  is 
a  peephole  on  a  hinge,  mounted  so  that 
it  may  be  slid  back  and  forth. 

To  operate  it,  one  simply  has  to  have 
a  sketching  pad  of  any  size  desired 
upon  which  are  ruled  the  lines  1,  2,  3,  4, 
and  A,  B,  C,  D.  If  these  squares  are 
the  same  size  as  those  on  the  frame, 
the  sketch  will  be  exactly  as  one 
sees  the  object.  It  will  readily  be 
observed  that  those  squares  may  be 
made  larger  or  smaller  as  one  wishes 
to  have  the  picture  many  times  larger 
or  smaller  than  he  will  see  it  through" 
the  frame.  Set  up  the  "helper"  at  any 
point  of  vantage  where  one  wishes  to 
sketch.  Look  at  the  picture  seen 
through  the  frame  via  the  eye-hole  in 
F  and  focus  this  eye-piece  F  as  you 
would  a  camera,  getting  the  eye 
nearer  the  plane  of  the  picture  or 
farther  from  it  to  secure  the  very 
best  results.  Naturally,  the  sliding 
bar  C  may  be  as  long  as  one  wishes. 
The  nearer  one  views  the  picture 
through  the  frame, 
the  wider  will  be  the 
angle  taken  in — the 
more  picture,  in 
other  words.  As  in 
the  sketch  you  see 
the  top  of  the  spire 
at  line  3  and  little 
over  a  quarter  above 
B.  Note  it  so  on  the 
sketch  pad.  The 
end  of  the  roof  is 
between  four  and 
five  and  not  quite  half  above  D,  and  so 
on.  You  can  thus  sketch  the  entire  out- 
line of  the  picture  and  with  absolute  ac- 
curacy. 

Naturally  the  lines  on  the  sketching 
pad  should  be  charcoal  or  other  easily 
erasable  material.  A  similar  frame  to  D 
could  be  laid  over  the  sketching  pad, 
until  one  has  noted  the  various  outlines 
through  the  wires  or  strings.  It  should 
then  be  removed  in  order  to  complete 
those  outlines  without  hindrance. 

In  spite  of  the  dash  and  speed  of  the 
more  modern  artists,  this  aid  to  the  pupil 
is  still  valuable. 


Sketch,  pad- 


2SS 


LIKES  AND  DISLIKES 


IX  common  with  almost  every  wide- 
awake publication,  we  regularly 
send  out  letters  to  former  subscrib- 
ers asking  that  they  renew.  Some- 
times we  get  the  renewal  and  some- 
times we  get  no  response.  But  the  other 
day,  one  of  these  letters  soliciting  re- 
newal was  returned,  with  the  following, 
written  on  the  margin: 

"Nothing  doing.  You  are  socialistic 
in  your  ideas  and  in  the  policy  of  your 
magazine.  Better  get  subscribers  who 
agree  with  you,  and  not  seek  for  those 
who  have  no  sympathy  with  your  ideas 
or  your  party.  You  would  have  done 
better  had  you  confined  yourself  to  mat- 
ters technical  and  not  attempted  to  flaunt 
the  red  Hag." 

Now  this  letter  was  not  signed;  it 
therefore  deserves  no  consideration  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  this  statement  rep- 
resents the  mental  attitude  of  a  great 
many  well-meaning  but  rather  short- 
sighted people.  This  man  evidently 
would  jump  to  the  conclusion  that  a  pub- 
lication which  printed  an  article  on  Mor- 
monism  was  in  favor  of  polygamy,  and 
further  than  that,  probably,  that  its  entire 
staff  was  putting  the  doctrine  into  regular 
practice.  Does  he  suppose  that  news- 
papers which  print  accounts  of  murders 
are  to  be  suspected  of  homicidal  mania? 
That  would  be  a  perfectly  fair  and  log- 
ical analogy,  would  it  not? 

People  only  jump  to  these  wild  conclu- 
sions where  their  prejudices  are  con- 
cerned.   No  one  has  what  may  be  called 


a  prejudice  against  murder  or  polygamy. 
We  disapprove  of  them  on  sane  princi- 
ples and  we  have  excellent  reasons  for 
our  disapproval.  But  socialism  is  a  dif- 
ferent matter.  We  are  quite  sure  that 
the  gentleman  who  is  afraid  to  sign  his 
name  could  give  no  logical  reasons  for 
his  objection  to  socialism.  In  fact,  we 
are  quite  sure  that  he  could  not  give  a 
definition  of  the  word  socialism  that 
would  satisfy  himself  or  anyone  else; 
so  his  objection  is  just  an  ignorant  preju- 
dice, and  where  an  ignorant  prejudice 
comes  in  at  the  door,  reason  flies  out  of 
the  window.  Now,  we  have  printed  ar- 
ticles on  the  subject  of  socialism  because 
it  is  a  live  question  of  the  day,  but  we 
have  never  taken  sides  either  for  or 
against  it.  This  magazine  has  never 
taken  a  partisan  attitude  and  never  will 
take  such  an  attitude  on  any  question  of 
the  day,  because  we  believe  that  the 
function  of  a  magazine  is  to  present 
such  questions  without  bias,  and  to  leave 
the  reader  free  to  form  his  own  opinions. 
If  the  socialists  win  an  election  some- 
where, or  accomplish  some  great  reform, 
we  should  be  glad  to  publish  it,  although 
we  suppose  the  ultra-conservative  pub- 
lications that  our  sensitive  ex-subscriber 
approves  and  patronizes  would  not  even 
consider  the  item  as  proper  news. 

But  then  there  is  the  other  side  of  the 
ledger.  It  seems  that  a  great  many  peo- 
ple appreciate  Technical  World,  and 
they  take  the  trouble  to  send  in  unsolic- 
ited testimonials  such  as  the  following, 

?S9 


290 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


which  we  feel  privileged  to  print  as  a  sort 
of  antidote  to  the  one  we  have  just  dis- 
cussed : 

"When  I  was  renewing  my  magazine 
subscriptions  with  Johnson,  the  magazine 
man,  of  Seattle,  last  fall,  I  asked  him  to 
suggest  something,  and  he  recommended 
your  magazine.  I  thereupon  subscribed, 
and  now  write  to  assure  you  that  what 
was  a  chance  shot  has  proved  to  be  a 
most  fortunate  one.  The  recent  article 
in  the  March  number,  by  Elbert  Hub- 
bard, on  efficiency,  as  relating  to  the 
drink  habit,  appeals  to  me  most  strongly. 
It  is  not  a  sermon,  in  the  usual  sense,  nor 
a  moral  lecture,  but  it  strikes  home  on 
the  all-important  theme  of  the  day,  effi- 
ciency. I  have  two  boys,  one  seventeen, 
the  other  twenty-two,  the  latter  now  in 
a  law  school,  and  I  have  today  written 
him  to  procure  a  copy  of  the  March  num- 
ber and  read  this  particular  article,  re- 
read it,  and  get  the  word  efficiency  thor- 
oughly entrenched  in  his  mind.  True, 
the  effect  of  alcoholic  stimulants  on  the 
body  is  now  being  taught  in  our  schools, 
and  I  know  that  great  good  is  being  ac- 
complished in  that  way,  but  certainly 
such  articles  as  the  one  in  question  can- 
not but  appeal  to  the  young  man,  from  a 
new  and  effective  angle. 

"Aside  from  the  article  in  question, 
we  enjoy  every  part  of  your  most  excel- 
lent publication." 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)  E.  E.  Lonabaugh. 

Now  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  have 
not  read  Elbert  Hubbard's  article,  let  us 
say  that  it  seemed  strongly  inclined  to 


the  side  of  total  abstinence ;  but  so  far  no 
distiller  or  brewer  has  written  accusing 
us  of  being  a  temperance  publication. 

To  go  back  to  the  subject  of  socialism, 
some  time  ago  we  printed  an  account  of 
what  the  socialistic  city  government  of 
Milwaukee  claimed  to  have  accom- 
plished. This  article  brought  forth  a 
very  angry  remonstrance  from  a  leader 
of  the  opposite  side  who,  unlike  the  latest 
objector,  had  the  courage  to  sign  his 
name.  It  was,  therefore,  possible  for 
us  to  reply  to  the  gentleman,  pointing 
out  the  fact  that  we  had  shown  both 
sides  of  the  medal  in  this  article.  It  ulti- 
mately developed  that  the  gentleman  in 
question  had  not  read  the  whole  article ; 
he  had  just  read  the  part  that  dis- 
pleased him  and  ignored  the  rest — a  fact 
that  he  afterwards  very  handsomely  ac- 
knowledged. 

Not  long  ago  we  lost  a  very  substantial 
advertising  contract  amounting  to  some- 
thing like  two  thousand  dollars  because 
we  told  about  an  electric  light  trust  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  which  had  its  teeth 
drawn  and  its  claws  pared  by  the  citi- 
zens. We  suppose  a  great  many  people 
thought  that  was  a  most  rampant  so- 
cialistic article.  We  never  considered 
whether  it  was  or  not.  It  was  news  and 
news  of  the  sort  the  people  ought  to 
have ;  so  we  printed  it. 

We  wonder  if  any  of  the  articles  in 
preparation  for  the  May  issue  will  give 
offense  to  conclusion-jumping  old  fogies. 
Some  of  them  probably  will.  But 
whether  it  stirs  up  opposition  or  not,  we 
are  printing  facts  and  not  our  sentiments 
about  them. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


291 


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381-385  Fourth  Aw. 

New  York  City 


THOMAS  NELSON  &  SONS 

Publishers  Since  1798      Bible*.  Hymnals,  and  Prayer  Books 
Dept.  17D,  381-385  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 


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294 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


An  Old  Man  at  Fifty 

—A  Young  Man  at  Seventy 

The  Remarkable  Story  of  Sanford  Bennett,  a  San  Francisco  Business 
Man,  Who  Has  Solved  the  Problem  of  Perpetual  Youth 

By  C.  E.  PAGE,  M.  D. 

Author  of  "Natural  Cure  for  Consumption."  "How  to  Feed  the  Baby,"  etc. 


THERE  is  no  longer  any  occasion  to 
go  hunting  for  the  Spring  of  Eternal 
Youth.  What  Ponce  de  Leon  failed 
to  discover  in  his  world  famous  mis- 
sion, ages  ago,  has  been  brought  to  light  right 
here  in  staid,  prosaic  America,  by  Sanford 
Bennett,  a  San  Francisco  business  man.  He 
can  prove  it  too,  right  in  his  own  person. 

At  50  he  was  partially  bald.  To-day  he  has 
a  thick  head  of  hair,  although  it  is  white.  At 
50  his  eyes  were  weak.    To-day  they  are  as 

strong  as  when  he      

was  a  child.  At  50 
he  was  a  worn-out, 
broken-down,  de- 
c  r  e  p  i  t  old  man. 
To-day  he  is  in 
perfect  health,  a 
good  deal  of  an 
athlete  and  as 
young  as  the  aver- 
age man  of  35. 

All  this  he  has 
accomplished  by 
some  very  simple 
and  gentle  exer- 
cises which  he 
practises  for  about 
ten  minutes  before 
arising  in  the  morning.  Yes,  the  exercises 
are  taken  in  bed,  peculiar  as  this  may  seem. 

As  Mr.  Bennett  explains,  his  case  was  not 
one  of  preserving  good  health,  but  one  of 
rejuvenating  a  weak  middle-aged  body  into 
a  robust  old  one,  and  he  says  what  he  has 
accomplished,  anyone  can  accomplish  by  the 
application  of  the  same  methods,  and  so  it 
would  seem.  All  of  which  puts  the  Dr.  Osier 
theory  to  shame. 

I  haven't  room  in  this  article  to  go  into  a 
lengthy  description  of  Mr.  Bennett's  methods 
for  the  restoration  of  youth  and  the  preven- 
tion of  old  age.  All  of  this  he  tells  himself 
in  a  book  which  he  has  written,  entitled  "Old 
Age — Its  Cause  and  Prevention."    This  book 


Sanford  Bennett 
at  60 


is  a  complete  history  of  himself  and  his  ex- 
periences, and  contains  complete  instructions 
for  those  who  wish  to  put  his  health  and 
youth-building  methods  to  their  own  use.  It 
is  a  wonderful  book.  It  is  a  book  that  every 
man  and  woman  who  is  desirous  of  remaining 
young  after  passing  the  fiftieth,  sixtieth,  sev- 
entieth, and  as  Mr.  Bennett  firmly  believes, 
the  one  hundredth  milestone  of  life,  should 
read. 

For  the  purpose  of  spreading  broadcast  the 
methods  of  pro- 
moting health  and 
longevity  devel- 
oped by  Mr.  Ben- 
nett an  interesting 
eight-page  book- 
let which  is,  in  ef- 
fect, a  summary  of 
his  system  has 
been  prepared  by 
the  publishers  of 
Mr.  Bennett's  in- 
teresting book — 
the  Physical  Cult- 
u  r  e  Publishing 
Company,  2204 
Flatiron  Building, 
New  York  City. 
This  booklet  they  will  send  free  to  any- 
one sufficiently  interested  to  write  for  it. 

The  grandest  thing  in  the  world  is  Youth, 
and  it  is  one  of  the  really  great  hardships  of 
life  that  "its  beauteous  morn"  should  pass  so 
swiftly  and  give  place  to  old  age. 

For  having  solved  the  problem  of  retain- 
ing youth  during  life,  the  world  owes  San- 
ford Bennett  a  vote  of  thanks.  Of  course 
there  are  those  who  will  scoff  at  the  idea,  but 
the  real  wise  men  and  women  among  those 
who  hear  of  Sanford  Bennett  and  his  return 
to  youth,  will  most  certainly  investigate  fur- 
ther, and  at  least  acquire  a  knowledge  of  his 
methods. 


Sanford  Bennett 
at  72 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


295 


23  Volumes 


FIRST    ANNOUNCEMENT 

of  the    SECOND    EDITION    of  the 

New  International  Encyclopaedia 

A  new  edition  of  the  New  International  Encyclopaedia  —  the  SECOND  —  is  now  in  course  of 
preparation.     The  first  volumes  will  be  ready  for  delivery  about  April  15th. 


(New  Subjects^  New  Type  ^  (improved  Binding^  (New  Maps  ^  (New  Color  Printing) 


1.  The  Second  Edition  includes  over  70,000 
distinct  articles.  Thousands  of  pages  are  devoted 
to  subjects  untouched  before — subjects  that  have 
application  and  special  reference  to  Educational 
and  Industrial  America. 


2.  The  first  edition  is  now  the  standard  author- 
ity in  nearly  every  Public  Library  and  Public 
Institution  in  this  country.  Every  scholar, 
every  reader,  everv  library  will  certainly  want 
this  neiv  edition. 


Not  that  the  World'*  point  of  view  is  neglected,  but  that  America's  is  specialized 

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12  Years'  Procession  of  Vital  Events 


The  present  questions  of 
Government  Ownership  of 
Public  Utilities.  Industrial 
Welfare  Work.  The  rise  of 
the  Suffrage  Question.  The 
Progressive  Party.  Socialism 
in  America.  The  Income 
Tax.  Tbe  Mexican  War. 
The    Labor    Unions,      The 


Parcel  Post.  The  problem 
of  the  Trusts.  Banking  and 
Currency  Laws.  Motor 
Trucks.  New  American 
Banking  Methods.  Radium 
and  the  cancer  cure.  New 
Religious  Developments  in 
America.  Hydro- Aeroplanes 
and  stabilizers  to  make  air 


travel  safer.  Intensive  Farm- 
ing and  Gardening-  The 
development  o  f  American 
commerce  through  govern- 
mental aid.  Tbe  develop- 
ment of  submarine  warfare 
which  threatens  to  make 
battleships  obsolete. 


Meantime  the  South  Pole  has  been  discovered,  charted  and 
mapped.-  The  Panama  (.'anal  changes  the  commercial  and  eco- 
nomic condition  of  North  and  South  America,  and  the  future 
commercial  geography  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


In  the  last  few  years  war  in  the  Balkans  has 
altered  Europe's  face.  Turkey  develops  in 
the  grasp  of  a  new  parry.  New  and  concen- 
trated Asiatic  forces  thunder  at  the  door  of 
Europe.  China  turns  into  a  Republic 
Enelan  1  tightens  her  grasp  on  Thibet.  Ger- 
many threatens  English  sea  supremacy. 
Japan's  commercial  star  comes  forth.     The 


Naval  supremacy  in  tbe  Mediterrenean 
shifts.  Tbe  Wireless  Telephone  presses 
close  upon  Wireless  Telegraphy,  Discov- 
eries In  explosives  of  stupendous  power  will 
make  for  the  world's  peace  or  carry  new 
terrific  death  into  tbe  wars  of  the  future. 
Astronomy's  latest  history  destroys  old-rime 
theories. 


This  2nd  Edition  of  the  New  International 
alone  covers  ALL  these  great  World  subjects. 

Send   In  the  Coupon    immediately.    The   Special  intro- 
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CONTENTS 

The  work  will  consist  of  22  Tolumes  and 
an  additional  volume  of  "Courses  of  Read- 
ins;  and  Study,"  covering  rome  18,000 
pases  with  over  300  separate  maps  of 
cities,  states  and  countries  in  colors,  and 
nearly  800  separate  full  page  engravings 
illustrating  the  text :  many  of  these  'in 
colors,  the  result  of  12  or  more  separate 
printings. 

New  Paper  sjsaj  Binding 

The  paper  Is  "University  Bible "  paper. 

specially  made  for  tins  edition.  Thin  1  ut 
opaque,  making  the  volumes  light  in 
weight.  The  leaves  will  not  tear,  stick  to- 
gether or  crumple.  The  bindings  a>e  trom 
cloth  (o  full  leather.  The  most  substan- 
tial binding  ever  put  on  books. 

Typography 

The    type    from    which    the 
new  International   Encyclo- 
paedia is  printed  is  new. 
clean-cut   and    legible. 
The       lithography, 

.tit  •  tones,      duo- 
tints  and  text  cuts 
are  on  a  scale 
never  f>efore 


DODD,  MEAD  &  COMPANY 

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City 


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296 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


New  York's  Newest  Institution  for  the  Service 


of  the    Public 


THE  CRAFTSMAN  RESTAURANT 

THE  CRAFTSMAN  CLUB-ROOMS 
LIBRARY  AND  LECTURE  HALL 

THE  CRAFTSMAN  MAGAZINE 

ARCHITECTURAL  AND  SERVICE  DEPTS. 

CRAFTSMAN  WORKSHOPS 


Building  Materials 

Home  Decoration 
Model  Rooms 


THE 

CRAFTSMAN 
» PERMANENT 
HOMEBUILDERS' 
EXPOSITION 


Home  Equipment 
arden  and   Grounds, 

RUGS INTERIOR  DECORATING 

DRAPERIES  AND  HOUSE  FURNISHINGS 
GENERAL  FURNITURE  DISPLAY 
CRAFTSMAN  FURNITURE  DISPLAY 


EVERY  floor  of  THE  CRAFTSMAN'S  new  twelve-story  building— running  through  an  entire 
block,  38th  to  39th  Streets,  a  step  from  Fifth  Avenue,  in  the  shopping  centre  of  America— is 
devoted  to  the  service  of  the  home-loving,  home-building  public,  as  indicated  above. 
The  display  of  furniture,  rugs  and  draperies  on  the  first  four  floors  is  full  of  inspiration  for  the 
homelover  who  is  seeking  to  furnish  a  home  in  good  taste.  The  next  four  floors  are  given  over  to  the 
chief  feature  of  the  Building, — The  Craftsman  Permanent  Homebuilders'  Exposition,  consisting  of 
extremely  valuable  and  attractive  exhibits  by  manufacturers  of  world-wide  reputation.  On  the  tenth 
floor,  The  Craftsman  Magazine  offers  the  resources  of  its  Architectural  and  Service  Departments  to 
those  about  to  build  or  remodel  a  home.  The  Craftsman  Club-Rooms  on  the  eleventh  floor  are  for 
the  free  use  of  the  public ;  here  are  charmingly  furnished  rest  rooms  for  men  and  women,  a  reference 
library,  and  a  lecture  hall  in  which  lectures  will  be  given  on  building  and  decorating.  The  Craftsman 
Restaurant  on  the  top  floor  caters  to  the  comfort  and  refreshment  of  visitors  to  the  Building,  and  is 
one  of  the  show-places  of  New  York. 

GUSTAV  STICKLEY,  THE  CRAFTSMAN 

CRAFTSMAN  BUILDING 

38TH  AND  39TH  STREETS,  EAST  OF  FI^TH  AVENUE 

NEW  YORK 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


297 


Open  Your  Door  to  the  World's  Most  Suc- 
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298 


TECHNICAL    WORLD  MAGAZINE 


What  this  Bolt 
will  do — 


It  fastens  heavy  fixtures,  electrical 
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^flcket  KNIFE 
SHARPENER 


The  tough,  sharp  crystals  of  a  Pike 
India  Oilstone  just  eat  steel.  It's 
fun  to  see  how  quickly  they  put 
a  dandy,  keen  edge  on  carvers, 
kitchen  knives,  tools,  etc.  No 
other  stone  cuts  so  fast  without 
losing  its  shape. 

Adopted  now  by  manual  training 
schools,  bis  machine  shops,  etc. 
No:  King  like  it.  This  is  only  one 
of  the  famous 

XI  SHARPENING 

1       STONES 
'The  only  line  that  includes  every  sharpening 
substance — natural  or  artificial — each  the  best 
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You'll  be  pleased.     Write  today. 

PIKE  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

102  Main  St.,  Pike,  N.  H. 


Popular  Educational  Food  Campaign 

Eggs  in  wrong  combination  and  an  excess  of  starchy  (paste  making)  and  fatty  foods  make 
people  sluggish  and  cause  dull,  splitting  headaches,  lack  of  memory  and  concentration,  drowsiness 
and  inertia.  A  complete  change  to  "digestible "  brainy  foods  (suitable  meat,  game,  fish  and  suitable 
dairy  foods,  combined  with  suitable  vegetables  and  fruits  according  to  the  new  brainy  food  plan)  pro- 
duces the  most  marked  improvements  in  a  few  weeks. 


Brainy  Diet 


A  thin  man,  after  being  out  of  work  nearly  a  year  through  weakness,  was 
restored  in  three  weeks  to  hard  work  as  a  carpenter  at  full  pay.  In  Buch  cases 
the  change  from  wrong  combinations  of  foods,  an  excess  of  starchy,  cloggy, 
death  producing  foods  to  energizing  foods  causes  a  literal  transformation. 

Another  person,  deaf  in  the  right  ear,  owing  to  adischarge  caused  by  an 
excessof  mucus  making  foods  (cream,  butter,  cheese,  etc.)  completely  elimi- 
nated the  catarrh  thereby  restoring  his  hearing  by  taking  correct  combina- 
tions of  suitable  foods. 

A  case  of  kidney  and  bladder  trouble  of  ten  years'  standing  was  saved 
from  a  surgical  operation,  and  the  objectionable  discharge  relieved  within  ten 
days,  because  the  loss  of  control  was  due  entirely  to  the  constant  irritation 
from  certain  irritating  foods  and  drinks. 

Prurigo  or  "Itch,"  chronic,  beyond  the  remedies  of  doctors  and  skin 
specialists  completely  disappeared  within  three  months. 

A  chronic  sufferer,  weighing  415  pounds,  unable  to  exercise,  reduced  over 
150  pounds  (in  public  life,  under  many  witnesses),  gained  strength  and  firmer 
flesh,  and  lost  rheumatism. 

Over  100  similar  cases  certified    by    Official   Investigating  Committee 

During  nineteen  years  of  personal  experiments,  Ihave learned  to  produce  in  myself  rheumatism,  catarrh,  sore  throat, 
tonsilitis,  constipation,  double  chin,  swollen  glands,  kidney  troubles,  shortness  of  breath,  rough  scaly  skin, 
dandruff,  sores,  boils,  pimples  with  white  pus,  blackheads,  rash,  and  other  symptoms  at  will  by  eating  o< 
different  classes  of  foods  inexoess  forseveral  dassorweeks  aocording  to  the  symptoms  desired.  AND  I  CAN  RESTORE  MYSELF  TO 
GOOD  HEALTH  IN  A  PEW  DAYS  BY  CORRECT  DIET.  The  foods  which  cause  expectoration,  catarrh,  cough,  constipation,  tumors, 
etc.,  are  specified  in  my  booklet  which  has  taught  many  to  cure  themselves. 

"  The  New  Brainy  Diet  System  "  sent  for  10  cents.    Send  Addresses  of  Sick  Friends  to 

G.  H.  BRINKLER,  Food  Expert,     Dept.  17C,       Washington,  D.  C 

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O.H.  BRINKLER 

Food  Expert 


Tomatoes.  Lemons, 
some  fruits  are  sol- 
vents ;  Green  Vegeta- 
bles are  laxatives;  etc. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


299 


Fill 
Out 
This 
Blank 

It's  your  first 
Step  toward 
Getting  More 
Money,  Fun.and  Rest. 

It  Is  your  first  step  toward  Efficiency—  the  science  that 
has  brought  dollars  to  corporations  and  leisure  to  indi- 
viduals. Fill  out  this  blank  :  it  costs  you  nothing  and  puts 
you  under  no  obligation.  Send  it  to-day  and  learn  how 
you  can  profit  through 

THE  INSTITUTE  OF  EFFICIENCY 


Do  less  work  and  get  more  for  it. 

That  is  the  idea  behind  the  world  wide  sweep  of  the  Efficiency 
Movement.  Not  records,  nor  systems,  nor  red  tape — but  the  best  way 
to  get  the  most  done  with  the  least  effort — that  is  Efficiency. 

And  now  that  great  idea  which  has  worked  wonders  for  industrial 
corporations,    for    railroads,    for   our    national    government — that 
has  been  worked  out  to  apply  to  you  yourself — you  personally.     For, 
after   all.    Efficiency   is   not  the   manipulation   of   materials— but  the 
better  handling  of  men  and  women — of  their  brains  and  their  bodies. 

And  this  applied"  to  your  brain  and  your  body  you  learn  through 
the   Institute  of   Efficiency. 

You  will  learn  it  by  mail  in  your  own  time  and  your  own  place 
from  Harrington  Emerson — who  for  forty  years  has  been  living  the 
Efficiency  Movement — who  taught  it  to  so  many  personally  and  who 
at  last  has  worked  out  the  way  to  teach  it  to  you  at  long  distance. 

The  cost  of  the  course — small  anyway — will  be  repaid  even  before 
you  have  finished  it  by  your  extra  earning  power. 

Tt  isn't  easy — nothing  worth  while  is — and  this  is  the  most  worth- 
while thing  you  ever  did.  The  course  is  difficult,  but  with  persistence 
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happier. 


Wake  Up! 


Tour  powers  are  lying,  half  called  on,  within  you.  Your  will  to  do 
Is  lying  dormant.  'William  James  says  we  are  all  half  awake— that 
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power  toward  success.  This  application  blank  here  is  your  big  step 
forward.    Take  it  to-day.  . 


A  few  of  the  Lesions  in  the  Court* 

How  to  study  and  remember  and  apply 
what  you  know. 

How  to  eize  yourself  up. 

How  to  I'luc-prlnt  ymii  nwn  nwr. 

The  management  ot  yourself  aa  though  you 
were  a  factory' or  a  corporation. 

How  the  United  States  Navy  Increased  lta 
efficiency  isooov 

The  secret  of  cutting  coat  In  factories. 
How  an  Individual  can  apply  this  to  himself. 

How  to  handle  yourself  to  the  beat  advan- 
tage. 

How  to  weigh  and  Judge  people  audpropo- 

sMbMk 

How  to  get  help  from  others. 

Rules  for  selecting  adviser*. 

How  to  strengthen  your  own  power  of  will. 

The  art  of  making  friends. 

New  and  original  methods  for  developing 
the  memory. 

Efficient  Home  Management. 

Social  Qualities,  Dress,  Manners,  Courtesy, 
Etiquette.     Personal  Flnsnces. 

How  to  buy  to  best  advantage.  What  pro* 
portion  to  upend  on  rent,  clothing,  etc. 

Self  Eduratlon.  With  ihe  Instruction  that 
la  given  In  this  one  lesson  any  man  or  woman 
can  become  a  well  educated  person. 

Salesmanship. 

How  to  persuade  people.  To  display  goods. 
To  present  a  business  proposition. 

Rules  by  which  corporatlona  succeed,  and 
mistakes  by  which  tbey  fall. 

Foundations  for  future  study,  wort,  and 
development  in  your  personal  efficiency. 


THE  INSTITUTE  OF  EFFICIENCY 


30  Irving  Place,  New  York 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


'&***■. 


«j*^ 

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Almost  %  Price- 

This  $35.00  Set— Now  $19.80 

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Cyclopedia  of 

Mechanical  Engineering 
Gas  Engine  Operation  and 
Modern  Shop  Practice 

Contains  3,092  pages,  7x10  Inches;  2,327 
illustrations,  full  page  plates, diagrams,  etc.- 
hundreds  of  valuable  tables  and  formulas; 
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FREE  COUPON  Wo.r„' V„'5 20 


American  Technical  Society, 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A.  j 

Please    send    me    Cyclopedia    of  Mechanical  ■ 

Engineering  for  seven  days*  free  examination.  ■ 

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your  order.     Title  not  to  pass  until  fully  paid.  ! 

T.W.  4-14  S 

NAME '.. 

Address. 

As  I  have  had  no  previous  dealings  with  you,  I 


refer  you  to . 


R.  J.  Cunntnghame  Stewart  Edward  White 

IN  BACK  OF  BEYOND 


WITH 


STEWART 

EDWARD 

WHITE 

Once  again  OUTING  has  the  BIG  OUT- 
DOOR STORY  of  the  year. 

MR.  WHITE  tells  the  story  of  his  ad- 
ventures and  experiences  in  a  virgin 
country  with  its  wild  game  and  wilder 
savages — a  country  never  before  pene- 
trated by  white  men. 

Its  wonderful  picture,  told  as  only  Mr. 
White  can  tell  it,  of  exploration  and 
discovery,  and  of  game  more  abundant 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world  even 
in  its  palmiest  days. 

It  begins  in  the  APRIL  OUTING  now 

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copy  or  better  use  the  coupon. 

OUTING 

141-5  West  36th  St.,  N.  Y. 

Send  me  OUTING  for  the  six  months  con- 
taining STEWART  EDWARD  WHITE'S 
Big  Outdoor  Story.     $1.00  is  enclosed. 

Name 

Address 


J 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


301 


THE   COMPLETION   OF  THE 

GRAND  TRUNK  PACIFIC 

Brings  Your  Chance 

You  still  have  one  ground-floor  chance  left.  The 
building  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific's  great  transcon- 
tinental line  across  Western  Canada  has  built  cities 
and  brought  wealth  to  thousands  of  wise  investors  who 
bought  choice  lots,  cheap,  before  the  railroads  came 
and  scld  them  later  at  handsome  profits.  You  have 
the  same  chance  NOW  at 

VANDERH00F 

(Location  of  the  railway  station  site  approved  by  the  Board  of  Rail- 
way Commissioners,  April  9, 1912.    Order  number  16,278.) 

The  key  to  a  whole  new  empire — that's  Vanderhoof. 
Think  of  1,000  square  miles  of  the  richest  soil  waiting 
for  market  places.  Think  of  800  miles  of  navigable 
waterway  waiting  for  towns  to  link  its  traffic  with  the 
railroad.  t  Grasp  the  fact  that  the  last  spike  in  the  wonderful  new 
transcontinental  line  will  soon  be  driven  near  Vanderhoof. 
THESE  ARE  FORTUNE  FACTS  FOR  YOU. 


Towns  Grow  Quick — Profits  Multiply  Fast  In 

WESTERN  CANADA 

Get  Your  Share  of  the  Wealth  Without  Leaving  Home 


One  day  the  shack  of  the  pioneer  merchant.  The  next  day, 
the  handsome  brick  blocks  of  a  modern  city.  Western  Canada 
towns  giow  like  magic.  This  means  quick  money  for  shrewd 
investors.  Millions  of  dollars  have  been  made  here  buying 
choice,  down-town  lots  in  n?w  towns  before  the  railroads  came 
and  holding  for  the  inevitable  rise  in  value.  Many  a  man  has 
bad  one  little  investment  of  a  few  dollars  down  and  a  few 
dollars  a  month  start  him  on  the  road  to  fortune.  Today  your 
chance  is  at  Vanderhoof,  a  new  townsite  in  the  last  west  on  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific's  main  line  through  new  British  Columbia. 

A  Strategic    Distributing  Center 

Vanderhoof  is  the  center  of  the  rich  Nech  ico  Valley.  Gov- 
ernment investigators  say:  **The  Nechaco  Valley  is  the  great- 
est connected  area  of  lands  susceptible  to  cullivation  m  the 
whole  province  of  British  Columbia."  Vanderhoof  is  the  heart 
of  this  great  agricultural  region.  It  has  the  combined  trans- 
portation advantages  of  the  greatest  transcontinental  railway 

A  Few  Dollars  Down  and  a  Few  Dollars  a  Month   | 


and  an  800-mile  navigable  waterway.  Tt  is  only  400  miles  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean  and  direct  steamship  lines  to  the  Orient. 
Short  route  via  Panama  to  European  markets.  Vast  timber  and 
mineral  wealth  are  easily  accessible  by  both  rail  and  water. 
Grain,  fruits,  dairy  products,  poultry,  fish,  vegetables,  cattle, 
timber  and  mineral*  will  come  by  rail,  road  and  river  to 
Vanderhoof.  So  Vanderhoof  is  bound  to  be  an  important 
supply  center.     Today  you  can  cash  in   on  this  knowledge 

Either  start  ir  holiness  there  and  supply  the  settlers  with  what 
they  need  at  bio  profits  or,  if  you  can't  leave  home  or  don't  want 
to,  simply  buy  business-center  lots  at  present  low  first-sale  price* 
and  bold  for  the  rise  in  values  after  the  railroad  is  completed  in 
the  spring. 

That's  Vour  biff  chance  at  Vanderhoof.  But  you  must  act 
quickly.  This  advertisement  may  never  appear  again,  so  keen  are 
those  who  know  the  possibilities  of  British  Columbia  to  invest 
and  set  le  there.  Anyone  can  take  advantage  of  this  chance. 
The  prices  are  low.  The  terms  are  easy.  We  are  authorized  to 
take  applications  for  a  short  time  at  low  figures  in  order  to 
encourage  quick  development.  It  makes  no  difference  whether 
you  wiih  to  invest  big  money  or  only  a  few  dollars  a  month. 


May  Mean  the  Beginning  of  Your  Fortune        I 


COUPON 


We're  ready  this  instant  to  take  your  application  for  business  center  lots. 
Get  ahead  of  everyone  by  telegraphing  us  to  reserve  the  best  business  lot  for 
you — easy  terms — subject  to  your  acceptance.  You  take  no  chances.  The 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Station  Site  has  been  approved  by  the  Board  of  Rail- 
way Commissioners.  Grading  is  already  completed  for  the  railway  yards. 
At  lea  it  investigate.  Get  our  proof  of  profit ^  possibilities.  Find  out  the  bit 
dcrhoof.     ."* 


chances  that  await  you  at  Vande 


Mail  the  Coupon  Now. 


Clear  and  Perfect  Title  Direct  from  the  Land  Department  of  the 

Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway 

N.T.  MacMILLAN  COMPANY,  Ltd.,  Authorized  General 
Selling  Agents 

314  McArthar  Building,  WINNIPEG,  MAN.,  CANADA 


N.  T.  MocMUIan  Company,  Ltd. 
314  Mr  Arthur  Building-, 

Wlnnlper.  Manitoba,  Canada! 

Send  mo  your  illustrated  descriptive  matter  of 
VANDi:RIIOOF,  British  Colombia,  in  the  heart 
of  the  rich  Nechaco  Valley:  also  maps  of  the  town 
and  transcontinental  railway,  and  full  information 
for  the  investor  or  prospective  business  builder. 
This  does  not  obligate  me  in  any  way. 


I 

i 

i 
I 
I 
I 

J  Name.... 

I  Address. 
I 

I  Town.... 


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302 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Shirley  You  Lardly  know 

President    y°u  have  *■■ on 
Suspenders 


5°<[ 


"Satisfaction  or  money  back" 

Be  sure  "SHIRLEY  PRESIDENT"  is  on  buckles 

The  C.  A.  Edgarton  Mfg.  Co.,  Shirley,  Mass. 


ROOSEVELT  DAM 

Your  Crops  Grow 
Rapidly — 
You  Make  Money 
Quickly — 

in  the 

Salt  River  Valley 

Arizona 

m  Down  here  in  the  Sunny  South- 
west climate  and  soil  wor:  over- 
time to  boost  your  bank  account. 
The  same  acre  is  good  for  several 
crops  a  year. 

<KThe  Great  Roosevelt  Dam 
shown  above  furnishes  the  water 
for  irrigation  and  electric  light 
and  power. 

<f  Twenty  acres  with  alfalfa  and  cows  will 
pay  you  a  liberal  salary  and  you'll  draw 
your  pay  check  monthly. 

<f  Salt  River  Valley  cantaloupes  and  straw- 
berries reach  market  in  early  March  and 
bring  fancy  prices.  Potatoes,  tomatoes, 
watermelons,  oranges,  peaches  and  olives 
make  good  money. 

<H  Improved  land  like  this  with  water 
rights  is  easily  worth  the  $100  an  acre 
asked  today.  Of  course  you'll  pay  more  if 
you  wait. 

<]f  This  is  already  a  valley  of  homes— good 
neighbors  surround  you  —  schools  and 
churches  are  close  at  hand. 

<fl  Write  for  Salt  River  Valley  folders  and 
information  about  round-trip  Homeseek- 
ers'  Excursions,  the  first  and  third  Tues- 
days of  each  month,  or  if  you  wish  address 
Secretary,  Board  of  Trade,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 
Your  name  and  address  on  a  postal  will  do. 

C.  L.  SEAGRAVES 

General  Colonization  Agent 

Atchison,  Topeka  A  Santa  Fe  Railway 

2344  Railway  Exchange,  Chicago 


PRACTICE  DEEP  BREATHING 

Breathing  is  the  Vital  Force  of  Life.  All  weak- 
nesses and  ailments  attributed  to  lack  of  ex- 
ercise are  usually  due  to  shallow  and  incor- 
rect breathing.  The  main  value  of  physical 
exercise  lies  in  the  activity  it  gives  the  Lungs. 
Learn  to  Breathe.  Oxygenate  your  Blood  and 
breathe  out  the  Poison  that  now  clogs  your 
System. 

Read  my  64-page  book.  "Deep  Breathing. * ' 
Correct  breathing  clearly  described  by  diagrams. 
Contains  special  breathing  exercises  and  a  mass 
of  other  valuable  information.  This  treatise  is 
the  result  of  over  twenty  years  of  experience  as 
a  "Respiratory  Specialist."'  Over  400.000  have 
already  been  sold.  Endorsed  by  Medical  Soci- 
eties and  Professors  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 
Accepted  by  the  National  Medical  Library  at 
Washington.  D.  C.  Book  sent  on  receipt 
of  ten  cents,  coin  or  stamps. 

PAUL  VON  BOECKMANN.R.S. 

2767  Tower  Building    110  W.  40th  St,    New  York 


RIDER  AGENTS  WANTED 

in  each  town  to  ride  and  exhibit  sample  1914  model.     Write 
/or  Special  Offer.      Finest    •£•/]«„    097 
Guaranteed  1914Models  1>IW  ">  V^M  t 
with  Coaster-Brakes  and  Puncture- Proof  Tires. 
1913  and    0913MODi:LS    «f  •*  t„   <$f9 

ALL  OF  BEST  MAKES V  *    ta  S>*^B 

lOO  Second-Hand   Wheels 

All  makes  and  models,  good  as   new   £9  f£%    4tJ9 

Great  Factory  Clearing  Sale.  W*  '"  V«» 
We  Ship  on  Approval  without   a   cent 

#S2?£X'£  '0  O^s'  Free  Trial 

trar%g?1&  coaster-brake  wheels,   lamps,  and 

l/ffkO   sundries,  half  usual  prices.    DO   NOT 

ou  get  our  catalogue  and  offer.     Write  now. 

Dept.  B-M         CHICAGO 


BUY  till  you  get  our  ca 
JULtiAD  CYCLE  CO. 


rm 


Salesman 


Earn  $1000  to  $5000  a  Year 

You  can  learn  to  be  a  salesman  in  eight  weeks  by  mail 
and  be  earning  while  you  are  learning.  No  former  exper- 
ience required.  Write  today  for  particulars,  large  list  or 
good  openings  and  testimonials  from  hundreds  of  our  stu- 
dents now  earning  $100  to  $500  a  month.  Address  nearest  offica. 
Dept,  26  National  Salesmen's  Training  Association 
'  Chicago  New  York  Kansas  City         San  Francisco 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


303 


Columbia  Grafonola  "Leader" 

Price  $75— Eaiy  Terms 


Vernon  Castle 

Originator  of  the  Castle  Walk  and  many 
other  modern   dances  endorses  the   new 

Columbia 
Dance  Records 


COLUMBIA  GRAPHOPHONE  CO. 

Woolworth  Building.  New  York  Gty 

Gentlemen: — 

"I  want  to  congratulate  you  on  the  excellent  dance 
records  you  have  recently  issued ;  they  are  the  best  I  have 
heard.  I  am  using  a  Columbia  'Grand'  Grafonola  and 
Columbia  records  at  Castle  House  where  they  are  attracting 
extraordinary  attention.  The  records  are  played  in  perfect 
dance  time  and  are  frequently  encored  by  our  patrons." 


(SgncJ) 


/6*^<nj   £  *t*^& 


Our  dance  records  Tango,  Hesitation,  Boston, 
One-Step,  Castle  Walk,  Innovation,  Maxixe,  Two-Step 
and  even  the  plain  waltz  —  are  rehearsed,  judged 
and  O.K'd  by  the  highest  authority  in  this  country 
on  modern  dancing-  Mr.  G.  Hepburn  Wilson,  M.B. 
The  result  is  a  wonderful  series  of  records  absolutely 
authentic  and  correct,  played  by  full  band  or  orches- 
tra with  great  brilliance  and  splendid  tone  volume. 
200  couples  can  dance  to  any  one  of  them. 


Have  your  dealer  play  some  of  these 
dances  over  for  you.  It  costs  you  noth- 
ing and  he'll  be  glad  to  do  it. 

Important  Notice 

All  Columbia  Records  can  be  used  on 
your  disc  talking  machine  (if  any  stand- 
ard make). 


COLUMBIA  GRAPHOPHONE  CO. 


New  York 
Box  D425,  Woolworth  Bldg. 

Manufacturers  of  the  Dictaphone 
Price*  in  Canada  plus  duty 


Toronto 
365-367  Sorauren  Ave. 


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304 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Quick  Drilling 

Where  You  Want  It 

Electricity 


Saves  time 
and  labor. 
It   double » 


A  Portable 
Machine  Shop 


Handiest  device  ever 
known  for  drilling,  tapping,  grind- 
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quickly  and  easily.    Does  away  with 
tiring  band  work. 


Electric  Portable  Drill 


"Weigrhs  only  11  pounds.    Perfect  balance  between 
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place  and  hold.    Has  famous  Temco  motor.    Con- 
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i  Costs  only  1  cent  per  hour  to  run.    Reverses  In- 
,  stantly  on  full  speed.    Changes  tap  to  drill  in  one 

minute.  Has  multitude  of  uses.  Saves  cost  quickly 

in  time  and  hard  work.  Guaranteed  not  to  burn  out. 

Ten  Days'  FREE  Trial 

I  Mail  postal  or  letter  quick— get  descriptive  CATA* 
i  LOG  FREE.    Address 

The  Temco  Electric  Motor  Co. 

477  Sugar  St..  Leipsic,  Ohio 

Special  Designers  and  Mfrs.  of  1-50  to  1-6  H.  P.  Motor? . 


liWW:W 


Row  Boat  Engine 


Let  the  Motorgo  I  Complete,  ready  1 
rrowforyou.   Doubles  I  to  run.  Converts  " 


the  pleasure  of  fish- 
^y   ing,  hunting,  boating. 
^S  Our    price  saves    you*, 
5    $20.00.     Guaranteed 

■    equal  to  any  row  boat  j 
BJ    engine,    regardless^ 

*■     of  price.  Write  us.f 


any  row  boat 


into  an  efficient  motor  boat  in  one 
•  minute.      Guaranteed  to  please  you 
in    every  way  or  money  returned1.  I 
Write  us  a  postal   card   now   fo»  | 
"  "Motorgo  Folder  No.  76 IT* - 

Sears,  Roebuck  and  Cov,  | 
Chicago 


We  Trust  You! 


:i'} 


Pay  Us  From  Your  Profits 

We  start  yon  in  a  business 

your  own— where  you    are   sole 

Boss  I    We  famish   everything 

necessary— you  pay  as  later. 

The  Fllmless  Post 

Card  Camera 

takes  5  sizes  of  post  cards:  also 
photo  buttons.      A   complete 
photographic     studio    in    itself. 
Takes,    develops,  tones,  and   fin- 
ishes   right    on    the   spot!      No 
Films,  Plates  or  Dark-room. 
You  Make  $50  to  $100 
a  Week  Easy 
At  Bathinr  Beaches.  Parka.   Fairs,  Carnivals, 
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on  every  dime.    Send  today  for  FREE  particu- 
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F1LMLESS  POST  CARD  CAMERA  WORKS 
2223  W.  12th  St.,  IM0G,  Chicago       SBBSBaaal 


ROCKWOC 

Paper 
Frictions 


D 


High  Speed,  Quick  Starts 
and  Sudden  Stops 

These  are  essential  in  many  forms  of 
machinery.  Friction  Transmission  dis- 
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About  the  Magazines 

Pictorial  Review  is  a  large  magazine 
of  ninety  or  more  pages,  profusely 
illustrated  throughout.  Its  Fashion 
pages  are  justly  famous  —  in  fact 
they  lead  the  world  in  the  showing 
of  newest  styles.  Its  Fiction,  its 
special  features  and  its  departments, 
are  eagerly  awaited  monthly  in  over 
a  million  average  American  homes. 
The  household  departments  are  edited 
with  just  one  purpose — to  show  you 
how  to  save  money  and  make  it  go 
further.  Then,  too,  there  are  general 
departments  on  embroidery,  home 
dressmaking,  home  millinery,  etc. 

The  Ladies' World  is  a  thoroughly  prac- 
tical and  up-to-date  Household  Maga- 
zine, and  treats  of  every  subject  of 
interest  to  women  and  the  home.  Its 
household  departments  are  as  good 
as  a  course  in  Domestic  Science.  Its 
stories,  verses  and  entertainments 
for  children  always  please  and  interest 
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instruction  that  is  of  value. 

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manager.    Its  suggestions  for  saving  of  expense  and 
new  ideas  for  doing  things  make  Ladles'  World  a 
practical  guide  for  women  everywhere. 

Modern  Priscilla  is  recognized  as  the  leading 
Fancy  Work  Magazine  in  America.  It  is  today  the 
undisputed  authority  on  all  kinds  of  Embroidery, 
Crochet,  Lace  Costumes.  Lingerie  and  Home  Deco- 
ration.   There  are  several  departments  devoted  to 
China,  Oil  and  Water  Color  painting.  Stenciling, 
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designs  for  all  sorts  of  Fancy  Work  or  given  you 
many  ideas  for  making  dainty  dress  accessories, 
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Technical   World   Magazine  — A    Popular 
Monthly,  profusely  illustrated,  telling  in  a 
simple  and  interesting  way  of  the  discover- 
ies of  scientists,  the  achievements  of  in- 
ventors, the  feats  of  engineers  and  ex- 
plorers, and  the  opening  of  every  field  of 
human  endeavor.     Makes  real  achieve- 
ments, real  events,  interesting.    Shows 
that  the  greatest  romance  in  the 
World  is  the  story  of  man's  cease- 
less fight  to'conquer  and  use  the 
myriad  forces  of  nature. 

More  Fascinating  Than  fiction" 
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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


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FORESTS  AND  FLOODS 

(Continued  from  page  204) 

was  to  intercept  still  further  the  water- 
courses by  damming'  them,  and  then  pro- 
viding each  dam  with  a  string  of  ordi- 
nary sewer  pipe  to  carry  the  water 
safely  under  it.  Thus  impounded,  the 
stream  dropped  its  silt  into  the  pool, 
and  flowed  away  down  through  the 
pipe  without  it.  A  combination  of  the 
two  systems  was  effected  simply  by 
damming  a  gully  already  provided  with 
a  line  of  drain  tile  and  by  sinking  a 
vertical  line  of  sewer  pipe  on  the  up- 
stream toe  of  the  dam  to  connect  with 
the  drain  tile  below.  The  final  result 
of  this  method  is  a  system  of  broad 
and  fertile  terraces  in  place  of  deep  and 
ragged  gullies;  clear  streams  instead 
of  muddy  ones. 

The  primitive  peoples  of  the  Cau- 
casus have  come  to  such  a  high 
appreciation  of  soil  on  the  hill  and 
out  of  the  river  that  they  not  only 
practice  many  good  schemes  for  hold- 
ing it,  but  if  any  does  escape  them, 
they  will  painstakingly  carry  it  back 
again  a  thousand  feet  high,  in  baskets 
on  their  heads.  The  Ifugaos  in  the 
Philippine  mountain  country,  though 
still  averse  to  breeches,  successfully 
farm  a  country  where  they  have  heavy 
rainfalls  almost  daily.  They  lose  no 
soil  and  their  rivers  stay  in  their 
banks;  and  their  system  of  dams  and 
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any  engineer. 

Whenever  our  rural  people  see  fit  to 
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will  gradually  become  more  navigable. 

As  for  the  forests,  they  are  a  great 
gift  in  themselves — a  source  of  indis- 
pensable material  which  we  must  treas- 
|  ure  for  its  own  sake,  rivers  or  no  rivers. 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


307 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


Young   Man! 
Your  greatest  opportunity 


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TIRES.    Coaster-Brake,    rear   wheels,    lamps. 
.    r+«.  repairs  and  sundries  of  all  kinds  at  half  usual  prices. 

MEAD  CYCLE  CO.        Dept.  B-29 


CHICAGO 


Rlfy  Fntfiff  ainar  320  Jokes  and  Riddles, 

Dig  cnier  lamer  153  Pailor  Game8  mi 

Magic,  IS  Tricks  with  Cards,  73  Toasts,  7 
Comic  Recitations,  3  Monologues,  22  Funny 
Readings.  Also  Checkers,  Chess,  Dominoes,  Fox 

I  and  Geese,  9  Men  Morris.    All  10c.  postpaid. 

C.  DORN.  70S  S«.  Dearborn  Street,  Dept.  J6,  Chicago,  III. 


EVERYBODY'S  HANDWRITING 

{Continued  from  page  239) 

gant.  He  has  a  strong  personality  and 
magnetism,  but  could  rarely  be  relied 
upon. 

In  this  work-a-day  world  where,  neces- 
sarily, we  come  in  contact  with  all  sorts 
and  conditions  of  men,  to  be  enabled  to 
form  our  judgment  quickly  and  to  our 
own  advantage  becomes  a  source  of 
profit.  And,  although  many  are  en- 
dowed with  that  canny  gift  of  reading 
people  at  a  glance,  all  of  us  are  not  so 
gifted.  So  the  science  of  graphology  is 
an  additional  means  of  assisting  us  to  be 
on  the  safe  side;  and  if  the  function  of 
the  handwriting  interpreter  is  merely  to 
suggest  to  others  the  things  of  which 
they  are  only  partially  aware,  it  is  well 
worth  while.  "Know  thyself"  is  an  old 
Grecian  adage,  but  it  teaches  us  that  what 
was  true  centuries  ago  is  equally  true  to- 
day. And  those  who  can  find  out  their 
powers  and  their  proper  use  are  those 
who  are  going  to  make  a  success  in  the 
long  run. 


WITH  POSTAL  RULES 

DERHAPS  the  most  monumental  evi- 
*■  dence  of  international  and  postal  red 
tape  in  the  world  exists  at  Beebe  Plain, 
Vermont.  This  town  has  the  distinction 
of  having  a  double  postoffice,  built  on 
the  Canadian  border  line.  One  end  of 
the  building  is  used  by  the  United  States 
and  the  other  end  by  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment. Beebe,  Canada's  postoffice, 
is  separated  from  the  Beebe  Plain,  Ver- 
mont, postal  station  by  a  ten-foot  corri- 
dor, with  a  common  door. 

A  letter  mailed  at  the  Vermont  side 
of  the  border  for  the  other  side  of  the 
imaginary  line  goes  south  on  the  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad  from  Beebe  Junc- 
tion, Quebec,  to  White  River  Junction, 
Vermont,  one  hundred  and  eleven  miles, 
returns  on  the  same  route,  and  thus  con- 
tinues its  way  to  Sherbrooke,  Canada, 
thirty- four  miles  farther.  There  it  is 
again  transferred  and  sent  to  Beebe,  Can- 
ada. Thus  after  a  twenty-four-hour  trip 
of  two  hundred  and  ninety  miles  it  ar- 
rives at  its  destination,  just  ten  feet  from 
where  it  started. 


Technical  world  magazine 


309 


"How  To 
Do  It"  Books 

A  Series  of  Practical  Handbooks 

Profusely  illustrated  with  many  engravings  and  explanatory 
diagrams. 

Edited  by  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK 
Editor  of  "Work,"  "Technical  Instruction"  series,  etc. 

Thousands  of  Copies  Already  Sold 

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HOW   TO 

Plan,  Build,  Adjust.  Main- 
tain, Repair  or  Operate 
almost     everything     from 

A  BOAT 

to  a 

Wireless    Plant 


Lis*  of  Tttlem 

Wireless  TVUrraphj-  and  How  To 
Make  the  Apparatus.  With  93  illus- 
trations,     (Paper  Boards.) 

One  Thousand  Praetieal  Reeelpts  (or 

all  kinds  of  domestic  repairs,  etc. 
160  pages.     (Paper  Boards-) 

ConJuHnr  Apparatus  Ip-to-Date  and 
How  to  Make  It.  167  photographs 
and  line  drawings.  (Paper  Boards.) 

Bent  IroB  Work.  Including  ele- 
mentary art  and  metal  work.  269 
engravings  and  designs. 

Ma  tiding  Medel  Bstts,  AU  about  the 

building,  fitting,  rigging,  and  sail- 
ing of  all  kinds  ol  model  Doats.  168 
illustrations. 

Clay  Wrn1i-llinr  sad  Phutrr  Casting. 
With  153  engravings  and  diagrams. 

Deeorativ*  Design*  Of  All  Ages,  for 
All  Purposes.  With  277  illustrations 
and  designs. 

Desnestle    JebWng.      How  to    grind 

cutlery.  Ax  chairs,  glaie  windows, 
and  do  all  kinds  of  odd  Jobs  about 
the  house,  etc..  etc.  157  illustrations. 

Dynamos  sad  Eleetrle  Motors.  All 
about  all  kinds  of  dynamos.  142 
diagrams. 

Eleetrle  Priaiary  Batteries.  A  prac- 
tical guide  to  their  construction  and 
use.     With  91  illustrations. 

Electro-Plating.  All  about  the  use 
of  all  kinds  of  tanks,  vats  and  ap- 
paratus (or  silver,  copper,  gold,  and 
nickel  plating,  etc.,  etc.  77 explan- 
atory diagrams. 

Earrariar  Metal*.     How  to  do  all 

*  ngr-iving  on  metal.     117 
engravings  and  diagrams. 

Pnralture  IEep*irl«r.  Wfth  100 
photographs  and  many  line  draw- 
ings. 

Honse     Peroration.  Comprising 

whitewashing,  paperhanging,  and 
painting;  embellishment  of  walls 
and  ceilings,  etc.  With  79  engrav- 
ings and  diagrams. 

Eaottlag  and  Splicing  Ropes  sad 
Cordate.  With  .'08  engravings  and 
explanatory  diagrams. 


List  of  Title* 

Mleroseopei  aad  Accessories.  All 
about  the  making  and  using  of 
microscopes.  With  140  illustration. 

Mounting  and  Framing  Ptetare*. 
With  240  explanatory  illustrations. 

Photographic  Chemistry.  How  to 
develop,  print,  tone.  Intensify ; 
methods  for  getting  best  results, 
etc..  etc.     With  31  illustrations. 

Photographic  Studios  and  Bark 
Room*.  All  about  the  planning  and 
building  of  studios,  dark  rooms, 
etc.        With    180    engravings    and 

diagrams. 

Photography.  This  handbook  covers 

the  entire  subject.  76  engravings 
and  diagrams. 

Piano*.  Their  construction,  tuning, 
and  repair.  With  74  engravings 
and  diagrams. 

Pampsand  Hydraolls  Rams.  Their 
Action  and  Construction.  With  171 
engravings  and  diagrams. 

Rustle  farp*at  ry.  How  to  make  all 
kinds  of  rustic  fences,  benches, 
flower  stands,  bridges,  summer 
houses,  etc.,  etc.     194 illustrations. 

Sewing  Machlaes.  Their  Construc- 
tion. Adjustment  and  Repair.  IT? 
explanatory  diagrams. 

How  to  Write  Signs,  Tteketa  and 
Posters.  How  to  "  form  letters, 
numbers,    make   signboards,    etc. 

With  170  illustrations. 

Smith's  War*.  All  about  blacksmlth- 
ing.    211  engravings  and  diagrams. 

Taxidermy.  Skinning,  mounting, 
and  stuffing,  birds,  mammals  and 
fish.     With  108  illustrations. 

Telescope  Making.  All  about  tele- 
scopes, how  to  make  and  use  them, 
etc.    218  illustrations. 

Upholstery.  Materials,  tools,  frames. 
webbing,  springing,  stuffing,  mat- 
tress  making,    carpet   laying,    etc. 

162  illustrations. 

Wood  Finishing.     Comprising  stain- 
'  ing,     varnishing     and     polishing. 
New  and  revised  edition.     12  dia- 
grams. 


HOW  TO  DO 

This,  That  and 
the  Other  from 

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to  TAXIDERMY 


50c  each,  postpaid 
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ua  $2  within  seven  days  after  receipt  and  then 
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buys  on  flight.  200  to  500  per  cent  profit.  One 
agent's  sales  $620  in  six  days;  another  $32  in 
two  hours.  Monroe  Mfg.  Co.,  X-3,  La 
Orosse.  Wis. 


BETTER  LIGHT  FOR  1-5  COST  OF 
ELECTRICITY.  Suitable  for  home  or  store. 
Easily  installed,  no  experience  necessary, 
big  demand.  Write  for  FREE  catalogue. 
Doud  Lighting  Co.,  175-0  N.  Sangamon, 
Chicago.  __^__^_ 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  MANOR 
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vereux  St.,  Utica,  N.  Y. __^ 

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ticulars. Freeport  Mfg.  Company,  66  Main 
St.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

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Co..  401  N.  Clark,  Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


AUTOMOBILES 


USE  AN  AIR-FRICTION  1914  MODEL 
*C."  Increases  power  and  economy  of 
motor  one-half.  Absolutely  impossible  to 
choke  or  load.  Uses  distillate,  gasoline  or 
half  kerosene  with  finest  results.  Starts 
easy  in  coldest  weather.  We  fit  all  motors, 
guaranteeing  definite  results  or  refund 
money.  Exclusive  county  rights.  Liberal 
exchange  on  other  carburetors.  The  Air- 
Friction  Carburetor  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 

LEA  RN  THE  REAL  ESTATE  BUSINESS. 
Our  complete  instruction  book  teaches  list- 
ing, appraising,  management,  salesmanship, 
insurance,  brokerage,  advertising,  renting 
agency,  forms,  etc.  121  subjects.  Excels 
$20.00correspondencecourse.  Buckeye  cover 
75c.  Silk  cloth  $1.00.  postpaid.  Realty  Book 
Company.  6001  Euclid  Ave..  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

fl»C  DAILY  easily  earned  at  home,  spare 
93  time,  silvering  mirrors.  No  capital. 
Free  instructive  booklet  tells  you  how  to 
make  $5.00  daily.    Patterson  &  Co.,  Dept.  6, 

Brooksville.  Ky. 

WOULD  you  like  to  own  a  good  paying 
mail  order  business?  We  have  a  line  that 
gets  repeat  orders  all  the  time;  you  can 
iftart  in  spare  time;  invest  a  dollar  or  two  a 
weekend  soon  own  a  nice  business  of  your 
own;  write  for  particulars.  Nadico,  1655 
Belmont  Ave.*  Chicago. 


MAIL  ORDER  BUSINESS  AT  HOME. 
We  start  you  and  furnish  everything.  Small 
capital,  large  profits.  Free  booklet  tellB 
how.  Write  quick.  T.  W.  Miller  Co.,  Box 
254.  Muskegon,  Mich. 

WRITE  US  before  you  buy  or  sell  prop- 
erty. Bargains  every  where— inquiries  daily. 
"NI80O"-X0F-Cincinnati. 


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LEARN  TO  SPEAK  ANOTHER  LAN- 
GUAGE. Easy  methods  for  learning  Ger- 
man, French,  Italian  or  Spanish,  sent  for 
25c.    J.T.  Sheridan  Co.,  417  E.  151st  St.,  N.Y. 


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lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  may 
mean  your  fortune.  Clarke  A  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers,  Box  142,  Le  Roy.  N.  Y. 

STAMP  COLLECTING  is  interesting,  in- 
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with  Album  and  538  stamps,  including 
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(Dragon),  Malay  (Tiger),  etc.  Big  lists  and 
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ELECTRICAL 


DIAGRAMS  -  Our  Modern  Blue  Print 
Chart  Method  of  Electrical  Wiring.  Write 
for  information.  Electrical  Wiring  Dia- 
gram Co.,  Box  G.  173.  Altoona,  Pa. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


GRANDFATHER'S   CLOCK    WORKS, 

$5.00.  Slightly  shopworn,  quantity  limited, 
others  with  chimes,  all  prices;  also  several 
nice  grandfather's  clock  cases,  exceptional 
bargains.  Clock  Company,  1690  Cayuga  St., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


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Company.  L-136,  Marden  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  O. 


FREE  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK  tells  of 
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service.  Thousands  of  vacancies  every  year. 
There  is  a  big  chance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pav,  lifetime  employment.  Just 
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MACHINERY 


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etc.  Send  sample  for  estimate  and  expert 
advice,  free.  THE  EAGLE  MFG.  CO.. 
Dept.  E,  Cincinnati,  O. 

FOR  SALE-30H.P.  4  cylinder  gasoline 
motor,  new— completely  equipped  with  car- 
buretor, magneto.  A  high  grade  motor  at  a 
bargain.  AddressD.  W.  Miller, 3306Clinton 
Ave.  So.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

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No  experience  needed.  Big  demand  and 
good  pay.  Detailsfree.  Ass'dM.  P.  Schools, 
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$5.00.  Send  for  catalog.  Deninger  Cycle 
Co.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


MUSHROOM    CULTIVATION 


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PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

ncririAl  DRAWINGS  FREE.  Patents 
UirlwIHL  procured  or  fee  returned.  Ex- 
pert services.  Send  Bket«h  for  Free  search. 
The  Patent  Exchange,  Jordon  Bldg.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  0.   _ 

PATENT  WHAT  YOU  INVENT.    It  may 
be  valuable.    Write  me.    No  attorney's  fee 

until  patent  is  allowed.  Estab.  I*«2.  "In- 
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523  Loan  &  Trust  Bldg.,  Washington.  D.  C. 


"PATENTS  AND  PATENT  POSSIBILI- 
TIES" is  a  72-page  treatise  which  tills  all 
about  patents,  what  to  invent  and  where  to 
sell  it.  It  gives  honest  advice  to  inventors, 
and  is  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  in- 
formation. Write  for  it  today!  It  is  r  REE. 
H.  8.  Hill,  907  McLachlen  Bldg.,  Washing- 
ton,  P.  C.       

PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  Send 
sketch  for  free  expert  search  and  report  as 
to  patentability.  Books  on  inventions  and 
patents,  and  book  of  references  from  con- 
gressmen, manufacturers,  bankers  and  in- 
ventors sent  free.  John  S.  Duffie  &  Co., 
606  F.  St.,  N.  W..  Washington,  D.  0. 

BUSINESS   GOES    WHERE    INVITED 

and  stays  where  well  treated.  My  27  years 
of  personal  attention  has  procured  patents 
for  successful  inventorsand  manufacturers. 
Grasp  this  opportunity  to  get  the  same  ser- 
vice. Write  and  Bend  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges,  630   Barrister  Bldg.,  Wash.,  D.  O. 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


311 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS— Continued 


PATENTS   AND   PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 

PATENTS  -HERBERT  UENNEK.  pat- 
ent attorney  and  mechanical  expert,  606  V 
St..  Washington,  D.  O.,  established  1883.  I 
make  a  free  examination  and  report  if  a 
patent  can  be  had  and  exactly  what  it  will 
cost.    Send  for  circular. 

PATENTS  THAT  PROTECT.  Advice  and 
books  free.  Highest  references.  Best  results. 
Send  sketch  or  model  for  free  search. 
Watson  ft.  Coleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  624  F 
Street.  Washington.  P.  C. 

PATENT8  SECURED.  Take  advantage 
of  my  personal  experience,  send  sketch  or 
model.  Get  my  free  book  containing  200 
mechanical  movements.  W.  N.  Roach,  Jr., 
952  McGill  Bldg..  Washington.  D.  C. 

PROTEC1TVE  PATENTS  PROCURED 
promptly.  Patent  books  free.  Trademarks 
registered.  Robb  A  Robb.  204-208  Southern 
Building.  Washington.  D.  C. 

0.  L.  PARKER,  Patent  Attorney.  W4 
G  Street,  Washington,  D.  C.  Inventor's 
handbook,  "protecting.  Exploiting  and 
Selling  Inventions."  sent  free  upon  request. 

PATENTS  without  advance  attorney's 
fees.  Send  sketch  for  free  report.  Books 
free.    Fuller  A  Fuller.  Washington,  D.  0. 

WRITE  for  my  "Words  of  Value  to  In- 

'    John  R.  Wood  worth.  Registered 

Attorney.  Wardir  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  0. 

PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  120,000 
offered  for  inventions  wanted.  Booklet  and 
opinion  free.  Milo  B.  StevenB  &  Co.  Es- 
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Monad  nock  Block,  Chicago. 


PATENTS   AND    PATENT   ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 


ADVICE  — Best  on  inventions.  Results 
assured.  A.  P.  Connor,  Electrical,  Mechan- 
ical Engineer,  Patent  Attorney,  Lawyer, 
Washington,  D.  0. 


POULTRY,    INCUBATORS,    ETC. 


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TECHNICAL  BOOKS 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


Aj  Trifling  Cost 


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WILL  OUR  COAL  VANISH? 

(Continued  from  page  259) 

that  is,  its  energy  is  constantly  being 
more  fully  utilized.  Waste  in  mining 
operations  is  also  constantly  being  les- 
sened. The  gas-producer,  which  is  com- 
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low-grade  coals  or  lignites  in  the  North- 
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mining,  can  be  made  into  an  ideal  fuel  as 
briquettes,  and  the  practicability  of  sav- 
ing the  enormous  quantities  of  fuel  gas 
which  now  go  to  waste  in  coke-making 
is  coming  to  be  recognized.  With 
briquettes  substituted  for  coal  on  all 
American  railroad  locomotives  alone,  it 
is  estimated  that  there  would  be  a  saving 
of  at  least  40,000,000  tons  of  fuel  an- 
nually. Another  factor  affecting  coal 
exhaustion  is  the  100,000,000  horsepower 
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fuel  petroleum  and  natural  gas  being 
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About  60,000,000  acres  of  coal  land  in 
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been  sold  at  two  hundred  dollars  an  acre 
and  in  a  few  cases  as  high  as  even  four 
hundred  to  six  hundred  dollars  an  acre. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


313 


.Over  H  Off- 

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you  are  not  planned  with  them.  Get  the  books. 
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FREE  COUPON  "M?-" 


American  Technical  Society, 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 

I    Please  nend  me  Cyclopedfa  of  Civil  Engineering; 
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-    mil  trn-i  S2   in  7  daya   and  balance  S2  a  month 
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Address 

As  I  have  had  no  previous  dealing's  with  you. 
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THE  SALMON  FISHERMEN 
WHO  DONT  COME  BACK 

(Continued  from  page  215) 

toll  as  formerly,  because  the  fishermen 
have  better  equipment,  an  evolved  fishing 
sense,  and  because  of  the  rescue  work 
of  the  two  United  States  life-saving 
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fishermen  who  had  been  swept  out  past 
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life-saving  buoys  and  belts  and  cork 
jackets  and  various  kinds  of  vests,  in- 
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inflated  until  the  waves  begin  to  threaten. 
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eigners, and  have  had  training  on  the 
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The  life  of  the  Columbia  River 
salmon  fisherman  will  ever  be  uncertain. 
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vain  with  her  children,  after  one  of  the 
sudden  storms  which  swept  the  mighty 
rive"r : 

"There  are  lots  of  widows  in  Union- 
town — and  I  suppose  there  must  be  lots 
more,  so  long  as  the  fishing's  got  to  be 
done," 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


317 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


319 


4 


1 


Get  Your  * 
Canadian  Home 

/rom  the, 

Canadian  Pacific 


OUR  new  home  is  ready  for  you  in  the  fertile  Canadian  West,  with  its 
magnificent  soil,  good  climate,  churches,  public  schools,  good  markets,  good 
hotels,  unexcelled  transportation.  Take  20  years  to  pay.  And  call  on  us  for 
a  long  time  loan  of  $2,000  for  farm  improvements,  if  you  want  it. 

This  land  is  offered  only  to  farmers  or  to  men  who  will  actually  occupy 
or  improve  it.  We  make  our  prices,  terms  and  development  assistance  so 
attractive  because  we  want  to  interest  settlers.  Come  where  you  can  own 
10  acres  for  every  acre  you  now  own  or  farm;  where  every  acre  will  produce 
double  what  a  worn-out  acre  produces  anywhere.  Mother  Earth  provides 
no  better  land  than  this  rich  virgin  Canadian  soil.  The  enormous  crop 
yield  per  acre  proves  this  every  season. 

We  Give  You  20  Years  to  Pay 

We  will  sell  you  rich  Canadian  land  for  from  $11  to  $30  per  acre — in  irrigation  districts 
from  $35  to  $55.     You  need  pay  only  one-twentieth  down.    Think  of  it — only  one-twentieth 
down,  and  then  the  balance  in  "" 
TOur  final  payment  comes  due 


and  then  the  balance  in  19  equal  annual  payments  with  interest  at  6%. 
your  final  payment  comes  due  your  farm  will  have  paid  for  itself  over  ar 
Many  good  farmers  in  Western  Canada  have  paid  for  their  farms  with  one  crop.    Here  are 


some  of  the  startling  features  of  the  most  remarkable  land  offer  you  have  ever  read: 

We  Lend  You  $2,000  for  Farm  Improvements 

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and  shows  our  confidence  in  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  in  your  ability  to  make  it  produce  prosperity  for  you  and 
traffic  for  our  lines.  This  loan  will  help  you  in  providing  buildings,  fencing,  sinking  well  and  breaking,  and 
you  are  given  twenty  years  in  which  to  fully  repay  this  loan.  While  enjoying  the  use  of  this  money, 
you  pay  only  interest  at  six  per  cent. 

Advance  Live  Stock  on  Loan  Basis 


Farm  Made  Ready  by  Experts  if  Desired  Sffig  whl^M^n^E^ 

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The  Company,  in  the  case  of  the  approved  land  purchaser  who  is  In  a  position  and  has  the  ability 
to  take  care  of  his  stock,  will  advance  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  up  to  the  value  of  $1,000  on  the  basis  of 
the  settler's  note  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent,  to  enable  him  to  develop  more  rapidly,  on  the  righi 
basis  of  mixed  farming. 

select  one 

[pert  8  has 
n  proved  farm*,  house  and  other  buildings  are  up,  well  is  dug.  farm  fenced,  tit- Id*  cultiva- 
ted and  in  crop.      All  waiting  for  those  who  want  an  immediate  start  and  Quick  results— all  planned  and  com 
pletad  bj  imn  who  know— our  own  agricultural  experts.    Take  20  years  to  pay  if  you  want  to.      We  give  frbb 
expert  serrloe     the  valuable  assistance  of  great  demonstration  farms.  In  charge  of    agricultural    spe 
its  empiojed  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  for  its  own  farms,-   This  service  is  yours—  frbb. 

This  Great  Offer  Is   Based   on   Good   Land 

The  Canadian  Pacific  oilers  you  the  finest  land  on  earth  for  grain  growing-,  cattle,  hoir,  sheep  and  horse  raisin?,  dairying,  poul- 
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ON  OM   NKAR    ESTABLISHED    LINKS  OP   RAILWAY,    NEAR    ESTAB- 
LISH SO  towns.  And  you  can  start  on  an  irrigated  or  non-irrigated 
farm,  improved  or  unimproved. 

Your  new  home  and  your  fortune  are  ready  for  you  in  the  famous. 
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Here  is  the  l-ast  Best  West— where  your  opportunity  lies.  Don't 
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Irrigation 
Farming 
Book  on 
Manitoba 


□ 


Book  on  Alberta- 
Saskatchewan 


~|   Information  on  Business  and 


H.  E.  THORNTON,   Colonization  Agent 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  Colonization  Department 

1 12  West  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  III. 
FOR  SALE— Town  Lots  in  all  growing  towns,  on  lines  of 
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Industrial  Opportunities 
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H.  E.  THORNTON,  Colonization  Agent 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  Colonization  Department 
112  Welt  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  III. 
Please  send  the  books  indicated  above. 


Name 

Address 

Town State. 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


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the  reading  public  only  what  is  the  best  in  literature. 


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resources  (their  Research  Bureau)  without  cost. 
The  Research  Bureau  is  the  final  'Court  of  Appeals* 
on  all  subjects. 

"I  want  the  NEW  INTERNATIONAL 
SECOND  EDITION  because  it  is  an  epitome  of 
the  world's  latest  knowledge  in  concise  form.  The 
New  International  is  not  a  collection  of  words — it 
is  a  succession  of  75,000  clean-cut,  pointed  articles, 
backed  with  exactness  and  knowledge. 

"I  want  this  Encyclopaedia  because  it  is  a  read- 
able story  of  the  world's  advance.  It  tells  me  not 
only  the  'ancient  history'  of  1910,  but  the  latest 
facts  in  1914.  My  special  articles  are  written  in 
simple  language,  not  in  the  ultra-scientific  language 
of  specialists  who  are  writingybr  specialists. 


"For  instance,  I  want  to  know  about  the 
Panama  Canal,  and  I  donyt  want  to  have  the 
article  end  with  a  statement  of  what  occurred  in 
19091  No  sir,  I  want  the  news  of  1914!  I  want 
to  know  about  the  greatest  Aqueducts  built  in 
history  — the  New  York  Catskill  and  the  Los 
Angeles  —  and  I  want  to  know  what  has  been  done 
on  them  up  to  no<w  and  not  what  <was  being 
considered. 

"I  want  the  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  be- 
cause  in  discussing  modern  medicine  it  says  some- 
thing about  Osteopathy.  I  don't  want  40  or  50 
pages  on  some  obscure  subject  like  Histology — but 
I  do  want  a  bibliography  of  the  authoritative  works 
on  the  subject. 


"I  am  buying  the  23  Volumes  of  the  Second  Edition  New  International 
Encyclopaedia  NOW  because  I  make  a  substantial  saving. 


"These  same  wonderful  books  will  cost  my  neighbors  more 
and  more  the  longer  they  wait.  I  am  buying  now  on  a  satisfac- 
tory payment  plan  at  a  lower  price  than  I  can  later  on. 


'  1  want  to  know  the  cost  of  [he  latest  and 
greatest  printing  press  in  doilart —  not  in 
foreign  money.  When  I  read  an  article  on 
Psychology.  I  want  to  know  that  it  it  by  as 
great  an  American  authority  as  Professor  £. 
B.  Titchener.  When  I  read  about  Engi- 
neering. I  want  to  read  Professor  Burr  of 
Columbia.  1  want  the  articles  arranged  so 
]  need  not  waste  lime  consulting  an  index 
that  leads  off  on  10  fall*  tnrfi 

"in  other  words.  I  want  to  go  direct  to 
my  information — and  the  New  International 
does  carry  mc  there  direct.  1  want  the 
American  point  of  view;  illustrations  that 
illustrate;  knowledge  that  will  help  me  to 
know  more  and  to  make  more.  I  want  a 
book  light  in  weight,  that  does  not  crumple 
up  but  will  stand  alone.  I  want  it  printed 
from  new  type  and  strongly  bound,  of 
course. " 

Here  are  So:ne  of  the  Vital   Events 

of  the  Last   Few  Years 

The  present  questions  of  Government 
Ownership  of  Public  Utilities.  The  Rise  of 
the  Suffrage  Question.     Socialism  in  Amer- 


ica. The  Mexican  War.  The  Labor 
Unions.  The  Parcel  Post.  Banking  and 
Currency  Laws.  New  American  Banking 
Methods.  Radium  and  the  Cancer  Cure. 
New  Religious  Developments  in  America. 
Hydro- Aeroplanes  and  stabilizers  to  make 
air-  travel  safer.  Intensive  Farming  and 
Gardening. 

The  South  Pole  has  been  discovered, 
charted  and  mapped.  I  want  to  know  about 
it. 

In  the  last  few  years  war  in  the 
Balkans  has  altered  Europe's  face.  Turkey 
has  dereloped  in  the  grasp  of  a  new  party. 

New  end  concentrated  Asiatic  forces 
thunder  at  the  door  of  Europe.  China  turns 
into  a  Republic.  England  tightens  her  grasp 
on  Thibet.  Germany  threatens  English 
sea  supremacy.  Japan's  commercial  star 
comes  forth. 

The  Naval  supremacy  in  the  Medi- 
terranean shifts.  The  Wireless  Telephone 
presses  close  upon  Wireless  Telegraphy. 
Discoveries  in  explosives  of  stupendous 
power  will  make  for  the  worlu's  peace  or 
carry  new  terrific  death  into  the  wars  of 
the  future. 


CONTENTS 

The  work  will  consist  of  22  volumes  and  an 
additional  volume  of  "Courses  of  Reading  and 
Study."  covering  some  18,000  pages  with  over  300 
separate  maps  of  cities,  states  and  countries  in 
colors,  and  nearly  800  separate  full  page  engrav- 
ings, illustrating  the  text ;  many  of  these  in  colors, 
the  result  of  U  or  more  separate  printings. 

New  Paper  and  Binding 

The  paper  is  "I'niversity  Bible"  paper  spe- 
cially made  for  this  edition.  Thin  but  opaque, 
making  the  volumes  light  in  weight.  The  leaves 
will  not  tear,  stick  together  or  crumple.  The 
bindings  are  from  cloth  to  full  leather.  The  most 
substantial  binding  ever  put  on  books.  . 

Typography 

The  type  from  which  the  new  I 
temational  Encyclopedia  is  print- 
ed is  new,  clean-cut  and  legi- 
ble.   The  lithography,  half 
tones,  duo-tints  and  text 
cuts    are    on  a   scale 
never     before 


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Technical  World  Magazine 


Contents  for  May,  1914 


Cover  Design Fred  Stearns 

Our  Twelve  Great  Scientists 

F.  R.  Moulton,  Professor  of  Astronomy,  University  of  Chicago 

This  is  the  first  of  the  series  of  articles  which  will  appear  about  the 
latest  work  and  the  accomplishments  of  the  twelve  men  who  were 
picked  by  America's  first  thousand  scientists.  Professor  Moulton 
is  intimately  acquainted  with  Professor  Michelson  and  he  has 
written  a  remarkable  article  on  the  value  of  the  work  of  this  pure 
scientist 328 

"Foreigners"— Huerta's  Most  Faithful  Guard  .     .       Norman  Maul 

A  little  band  of  men  from  all  over  the  world  is  keeping  Huerta's 
capital  in  light.  Because  they  are  faithful,  the  business  of  that 
city  goes  on  as  though  there  were  no  war .338 

The  Melon  Spoils— Commerce  Dodges  a  Tax      .     .    Hal  MacKay 

The  Mississippi  River  is  bridged  at  Memphis  for  the  last  time  in 
its  course  toward  the  Gulf  That  bridge  has  been  extracting  tolls 
from   all  commerce   which  passed  east  or  west.       But  the  big 

melon"  that  it  created  will  not  be  cut  again .341 

Standardizing  the  Child T.  P.  Nash,  Jr. 

They  are  using  a  whole  county  of  North  Carolina  to  experiment 
with  in  finding  out  what  is  the  matter  with  the  child  of  the  South. 
Is  he  subnormal?     The  experiment  will  take  five  years 348 

Discovering  Europe  by  Airship Chester  Carton 

The  first  serious  effort  to  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  aeroplane  will 
probably  be  made  this  coming  summer .358 

Cradling  the  Canadian  Navy Monroe  Woolley 

Canada  is  to  have  a  navy  all  her  own 361 

Will  Cape  Cod  Disappear  ? Robert  H.  Cahoon 

Sometimes  the  waves  wash  almost  over  it,  even  now .    364 

Eating  for  Efficiency William  Brady,  M.  D. 

This  is  the  third  of  our  series  on  everyday  habits.  There  have  been 
many  foolish  notions  about  eating.  Dr.  Brady  has  written  signifi- 
cantly on  the  subject 368 

Laundered  Smoke Charles  Frederick  Carter 

A  new  method  of  keeping  carbon  out  of  the  air .374 

Blue  Monday  Clears  for  Farm  Wives       ....     G.  F.  Moreton 

A  co-operative  laundry  does  the  business .382 

Rain  from  Below  for  Kansas       L.  E.  Wallace 

Kansas  is  experimenting  in  irrigation  for  the  small  farmer 383 


Making  Friends  of  the  Floods Charles  M.  Niles 

They  have  tamed  a  New  York  river  so  that  it  contributes  its  flood 

water  to  power  plants 385 

A  Twenty-Thousand-Dollar  Pipeful Arthur  L.  Dahl 

They  are  cleaning  up  San  Francisco — they  are  doing  away  with  the 

opium  dens  and  the  opium  trade.      They  had  a  big  bonfire 392 

The  "Kids"  Race Harvey  Edmonds 

The  Junior  Vanderbilt  Cup  Race  was  held  recently 394 

Nation  Takes  Up  Elk  Farming Robert  H.  Moulton 

An  attempt  is  being  made  to  save  the  elk,  which  have  been  starving 

by  thousands  for  the  last  ten  years 396 

Denver  Undermines  the  Continental  Divide     .       Arthur  Chapman 

The  city  is  going  to  build  a  municipal  tunnel 397 

How  to  Get  to  the  Farm Frank  G.  Moorhead 

If  you  have  a  little  bit  of  capital  and  no  knowledge  of  farming, 
how  would  you  start  at  it?  Mr.  Moorhead  has  drawn  from  a 
wealth  of  experience  and  a  number  of  experts  just  what  a  city  man 
has  to  do  before  he  can  become  a  successful  farmer 406 

Photographic  Copy  Halts  the  Forger  ....    Charles  W.  Person 

New  York  is  doing  away  with  the  typewriter  and  the  pen 411 

Three  Millions  a  Mile Charles  F.  Carter 

The  Lackawanna  Railroad  is  spending  an  enormous  amount  of  money 

to  lower  a  few  grades  and  to  make  a  few  short  cuts 416 

Snap  Shots  at  Night A.  J.  Manson 

Speed  photographs  can  be  taken  with  a  new  flash-light  apparatus       ....   420 

Make  Them  Stay  Tied — Photographs 

How  to  tie  a  few  of  the  simplest  knots  and  what  happens  when  you 

tie  them  wrong 422 

Houses  from  a  City's  Waste George  W.  N.  Hallock 

One  of  the  boroughs  of  New  York  is  making  building  material  from 

garbage.      It  has  an  odorless,  efficient  plant 428 

Camera  Shows  Wind  Pressure Francis  P.  Mann 

The  Duke  of  Guise  has  tabulated  pressures  on  the  planes  of  airships 

with  the  aid  of  the  camera 43 1 

Shot  Up  a  Mountain Bland  Edwards 

Water  at  terrific  pressure  is  furnished  to  a  hotel  on  the  top  of  a 

mountain 436 

Made  by  Our  Readers 

Prize  winners  take  forty-five  dollars  in  the  May  contest 440 

Blowing  off  Steam 

The  best  humor  found  in  our  contemporaries 454 


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A  Few  Facts  About  the  Work 

29  Volumes. 

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eiible) 


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el  H.6Q 


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I 


r 


TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 

VOL.XXI    •     MAY     *    1914    •    NO.3 


IN  THIS  ISSUE 


Standardizing  the  Child    § 

Page  348 


Three  Millions  a  Mile 


OUR  TWELVE 


W  W~  T^HEN  we  wrote  to  each  of 
l/g/  the  thousand  leading  scien- 
r  p  tists  of  this  country,  asking 
them  the  question:  "W ho  are 
the  twelve  greatest  American  scien- 
tists?" we  fully  expected  to  receive  a  suf- 
ficiently large  number  of  replies  alike  in 
opinion  to  make  the  sum  of  the  answers 
authoritative.  Also  we  felt  that  we  liad 
reason  to  believe  that,  of  the  famous 
physicists,  bridge  engineers,  tunnel  dig- 
gers, bacteriologists,  astronomers,  and 
inventors — merely  to  begin  the  classifica- 
tion of  scientific  professions — the  twelve 
names  so  chosen  would  be  generally  ac- 
knowledged as  well  entitled  to  the  honor. 

Nor  have  we  been  disappointed  in 
these  expectations.  Nearly  sixty-one  per 
cent  of  those  called  upon  to  vote  re- 
sponded, and  the  twelve  men  named 
could  probably  not  be  surpassed  in  inu- 
portance  by  an  equal  number  of  scien- 
tists from  any  other  country  in  the 
world.  The  painstaking  care  evidently 
exercised  in  making  the  selection  was 
most  impressive.  A  number  of  letters 
stated  that  only  after  the  most  careful 
consideration  could  a  list  be  made.  The 
vote  of  those  who  thus  wrote  almost  in- 
variably came  in  later.  And  it  was  usu- 
ally the  biggest  men — men  whose  names 
are  familiar  to  all  school  children — who 
zvere  the  most  conscientious,  the  most 
deliberate.  From  every  point  of  view 
we  are  more  than  gratified  by  the  result 
of  the  poll. 

A  fact  both  interesting  and  signifi- 
cant as  indicating  the  value  of  such  a 
vote  is  that,  with  few  exceptions,  the 
tzvelve  names  highest  in  the  list  zvere 
well  ahead  of  all  other  contestants;  this. 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  a  surprisingly 
large   number   of  names  were   entered. 

328 


ALBERT  ABRA- 

ByERMoul- 

Prqfessor  of  Astronomy 

Another  thing  especially  claiming  our 
attention  was.  that  ballots  came  in  from 
all  over  the  world — from  New  Zealand, 
from  Siam,  from  Argentina,  from  Alaska 
— from  wherever,  indeed,  our  letter 
chanced  to  overtake  the  traveler.  The 
American  scientist  has  incidentally 
proved  himself  to  be  something  of  a 
globe-trotter. 

We  zvish  that  we  coxdd  publish  the 
names  of  these  thousand  men  of  science. 
of  those  they  voted  on,  and  the  exact 
number  of  ballots  each  of  the  twelve 
declared  greatest  received.  But  zve  can- 
not. We  voluntarily  pledged  that  each 
man's  ballot  would  be  kept  secret.  We 
are  free  to  publish  only  the  names  of  the 
tzvelve  men,  and  authorized  articles  on 
their  work. 

By  holding  this  sort  of  symposium,  and 
publishing  articles  based  upon  the  results. 
zve  feel  that  several  important  things  will 
be  accomplished.  In  the  first  place,  the 
public  will  have  presented  to  its  atten- 
tion in  concrete  form  the  latest  word  on 
the  wonderful  advances  that  are  being 
made  in  the  several  branches  of  scientific 
investigation  and  zvork.  In  the  second 
place,  the  tremendous  practical  z-alue  of 
scientific  investigation  will  be  given  spe- 
cial emphasis.  By  the  method  employed. 
such  publication  Zinll  be  authoritative, 
convincing,  and  final. 

In  putting  our  plan  into  operation,  Dr. 
L.  0.  Howard,  Secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Sciences,  at  JVashing- 
ton,  D.  C,  assisted  us  in  making  up  the 
list  of  one  thousand  names. 

The  first  article  on  the  first  of  the 
twelve  great  scientists  follozvs  in  this 
number.  The  others  will  appear  in  the 
several  successive  issues  of  Technical 
World  Magazine. — The  Editors. 


GREAT  SCIENTISTS 

HAMMICHELSON 


ton  Ph.  D. 

University  of  Chicago 

THE  vote  of  the  thousand  fore- 
most American  men  of  sci- 
ence has  placed  the  physicist, 
Albert  Abraham  Michelson, 
University  of  Chicago,  among 
the  first  twelve.  He  already  occupied 
that  position  by  virtue  of  the  honors 
bestowed  upon  him  by  the  great  uni- 
versities and  scientific  societies  of  this 
country  and  Europe.  He  was  the  first 
American  to  be  awarded  the  Nobel  prize 
in  science  and  the  only  one  to  receive  the 
Copley  medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London.  Michelson's  first  work  ofi  the 
velocity  of  light  while  an  instructor  at 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
proved  the  advent  of  an  experimenter  of 
the  first  rank. 

Michelson's  experiments  at  Berlin  for 
the  purpose  of  determining  the  motion  of 
the  earth  through  the  ether,  showed  the 
boldness  and  originality  of  his  concep- 
tions. His  invention  of  the  interferom- 
eter accomplished  what  had  been  thought 
impossible  and  enabled  him  to  explore 
regions  which  were  supposed  to  be  inac- 
cessible. His  recent  experiments  on  the 
tidal  yielding  of  the  earth  are  an  example 
of  the  directness  of  his  procedure.  From 
the  beginning,  his  work  has  been  char- 
acterized by  brilliance,  by  the  funda- 
mental character  of  the  problems  it  has 
covered,  by  its  contempt  for  experi- 
mental difficulties  and  by  its  invariable 
success.  In  short,  it  has  all  those  qual- 
ities which  characterize  genius. 

From  early  manhood  Michelson  has 
gone  with  unerring  instinct  toward  im- 
portant problems  and  in  his  own  remark- 
able way  has  solved  them  one  after  an- 
other. 

Michelson  is  a  man  of  medium  size, 
rugged  physique,  good  color,  and  black 


hair  and  eyes.  Although  he  has  arrived 
at  an  age  at  which  a  man's  physical 
powers  ordinarily  decline,  he  shows 
almost  no  effects  of  the  years  that  have 
passed.  In  some  way  he  has  robbed  Time 
of  twenty  years.  He  plays  a  splendid 
game  of  tennis  and  is  excellent  at  bil- 
liards. He  is  frequently  seen  at  the  clubs, 
though  he  is  hardly  what  one  would  call 
a  club  man.  .  He  enjoys  recreation,  but 
he  takes  no  real  interest  in  the  number- 
less trivial  things  which  absorb  the  atten- 
tion of  men  of  smaller  caliber.  He 
naturally  is  absorbed  in  his  work ;  on 
the  other  hand,  he  seems  to  have  leisure 
for  things  which  interest  him,  and  he  has 
few  of  the  idiosyncrasies  ordinarily  as- 
sociated with  genius.  He  is  easily  ap- 
proached on  legitimate  matters,  but  there 
is  something  about  the  set  of  his  jaw 
and  the  steadiness  of  his  eye  which  warns 
one  against  any  unjustifiable  liberties 
with  his  time  or  attention. 

Like  many  of  the  great  scientists, 
Michelson  has  fine  artistic  tastes.  He  is 
fond  of  music  and  painting  and,  indeed, 
has  done  some  very  excellent  work  in 
water  colors.  And  in  this  connection  it 
would  be  remiss  not  to  mention  that  one 
of  the  things  which  has  inspired  him  in  his 
scientific  work  is  the  aesthetic  aspect  it 
presents.  In  his  book  on  "Light  Waves", 
he  has  himself  recorded  the  fact  that  in 
the  wonderful  harmonies  and  sym- 
metries of  the  subject  of  light  he  has 
found  the  keenest  satisfaction. 

Although  custom  decrees  that  one 
should  not  praise  his  friends  until  they 
have  no  further  need  of  praise,  I  am 
not  going  beyond  the  proprieties,  and 
certainly  not  beyond  the  facts,  to  confess 
here  that  I  esteem  it  to  have  been  one  of 
the  great  privileges  of  my  life  to  have 

329 


330 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


known  intimately  so  well-rounded  and 
so  great  a  man. 

The  first  great  problem  Michelson  un- 
dertook was  the  determination  of  the 
velocity  of  light.  That  light  does  not 
travel  at  infinite  speed  had  long  been 
known  from  observations  of  the  times 
at  which  Jupiter's  satellites  are  eclipsed, 
and  indeed,  its  velocity  had  been  deter- 
mined with  considerable  accuracy  by  the 
celebrated  physicist  Fizeau ;  but  Michel- 
son,  from  1878  to  1882,  perfected  the 
methods  of  experimentation  and  obtained 
the  rate  at  which  it  travels,  with  an  error 
not  exceeding  one-fortieth  of  one  per 
cent  of  the  quantity  measured.  Since 
light  travels  at  the  rate  of  186,330  miles 
— or  farther  than  seven  times  around  the 
earth — per  second,  the  difficulty  of  meas- 
uring its  speed  with  this  extraordinary 
precision  can  be  imagined.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  emphasize  the  fundamental 
importance  of  knowing  the  velocity  of 
light.  Its  speed  is  equaled  only  by  that 
of  electromagnetic  waves,  such  as  are 
used,  for  example,  in  wireless  telegraphy. 
The  speed  of  light  is  the  absolute  su- 
perior limit  of  the  rate  at  which  matter 
can  move,  because,  as  has  recently  been 
found  out  under  the  stimulus  of  one  of 
Michelson's  experiments,  the  mass  of  a 
body  depends  upon  its  velocity — mass 
diminishing  as  velocity  increases — and  a 
body  would  vanish  completely  if  it  at- 
tained the  speed  of  light. 

In  1880,  Michelson  was  at  Berlin  in 
the  laboratory  of  Helmholtz.  There  he 
started  the  experiment,  which  was  later 
completed  at  Cleveland  in  collaboration 
with  Professor  E.  W.  Morley,  of  at- 
tempting to  measure  the  motion  of  the 
earth  with  respect  to  the  ether.  Astron- 
omers had  found  that  the  sun  with  its 
retinue  of  planets  is  moving  toward  the 
stars  in  the  constellation  Hercules  at  the 
rate  of  twelve  miles  per  second,  or  four 
hundred  million  miles  per  year.  This 
would  be  the  motion  of  the  sun  if  the 
stars  were  at  rest,  but  as  they  are  not 
at  rest,  the  real  problem  of  determining 
the  motion  of  the  sun  remained  un- 
solved. Michelson  undertook  to  measure 
the  motion  of  the  sun  with  respect  to 
that  all-pervading  medium,  known  as 
ether,  which  fills  interstellar  space.  Ob- 
viously, no  more  fundamental  basis  of 
reference  could  be  used.     It  seems  ex- 


tremely improbable  that  our  sun,  which 
is  only  one  of  several  hundred  millions 
that  modern  instruments  show  are  blaz- 
ing in  the  immensity  of  space,  is  at  rest 
with  respect  to  this  framework  of  the 
universe.  Even  if  the  sun  were  at  rest, 
the  earth  would  move  through  the  ether 
in  its  revolution  around  the  sun.  If  one 
is  riding  swiftly  through  rain  which  falls 
vertically,  it  seems  to  descend  slantingly 
and  strikes  him  in  the  face.  Similarly, 
astronomers  have  found  that  the  appa- 
rent direction  of  the  light  which  comes 
from  the  stars  is  influenced  by  the  motion 
of  the  earth  around  the  sun.  This  proves 
the  motion  of  the  earth  with  respect  to 
the  ether  which  transmits  light  and  other 
forms  of  radiant  energy.  Consequently, 
it  seems  that  the  success  of  the  experi- 
ment would  be  assured  if  the  enormous 
experimental  difficulties  could  be  over- 
come. The  difficulties  were  overcome ; 
the  experiment  was  made  and  repeated ; 
but — no  motion  of  the  earth  with  respect 
to  the  ether  was  found. 

The  negative  result  for  the  motion  of 
the  earth  with  respect  to  the  ether  was 
a  profound-  scientific  surprise.  Few  ex- 
periments have  had  so  important  an  in- 
fluence on  science.  It  has  raised  ques- 
tions of  the  first  importance  in  mechan- 
ics, astronomy,  philosophy,  and  mathe- 
matics. It  has  struck  at  the  foundations 
of  the  laws  of  physics  and  of  our  defini- 
tions of  the  identity  of  two  instants  and 
the  equality  of  intervals  of  time.  It  has 
given  rise  to  the  so-called  "theory  of 
relativity,"  and  the  problems  it  has 
forced  on  scientific  men  have  by  no 
means  all  been  answered. 

The  problem  of  attempting  to  deter- 
mine the  motion  of  the  earth  with  respect 
to  the  ether  presented  most  formidable 
experimental  difficulties.  In  order  to 
overcome  them,  Michelson  invented  a 
wonderful  scientific  instrument,  the  "in- 
terferometer". Its  uses  are  numerous, 
and  one  of  the  most  important  of  them 
is  to  measure  excessively  minute  changes 
in  distance.  In  determining  short  dis- 
tances, it  is  fifty  times  as  powerful  as 
any  microscope  can  be.  The  power  of  a 
microscope  is  forever  limited  by  the 
fundamental  fact  that  the  light  waves 
upon  which  its  use  depends  are  not  in- 
definitely short.  The  absolute  theoretical 
limit  of  a  perfect  microscope  is  one-half 


ALBERT  A.MICH  ELSON.  PhRScD.  LLD. 

FROM    EAKLY    MANHOOD  HE  HAS   GONE   WITH  UNERRING  INSTINCT  TOWARD 
IMPORTANT  PROBLEMS  AND  HAS  SOLVED  THEM  ONE  AFTER  ANOTHER" 


JSJ 


332 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


a  light  wave,  or  about  one-one- 
hundred-thousandth  of  an  inch ;  and 
no  device  can  increase  its  power  be- 
yond this  limit.  But  the  interferom- 
eter depends  upon  the  properties  of 
light  waves  in  another  way,  and  it 
is  not  subject  to  such  narrow  re- 
strictions. 

The  unaided  eye  can  see  sep- 
arately about  two  hundred  lines 
to  the  inch ;  the  most  powerful 
microscope  reveals  about  five 
hundred    times    as    many, 
or    one    hundred    thou- 
sand lines  to  the  inch ; 
and  the  interferometer 
can  measure  distances 
corresponding    to    five 
million    lines    to    the 
inch.    The  interferom- 
eter is  equally  useful 
in  measuring  small 
changes  in  angles  and  as 
an    adjunct    to    the    tele- 
scope    and     spectroscope. 
Every  one  can  appreciate 
the    immense    importance 
of     the     microscope     and 
telescope  not  only  in  ab- 
stract science,  but  also  in 
questions  of  more  imme- 
diate concern  to  the  ordi- 
nary man.   What  has  been 
said  proves  the  enormous 
value  of  the  much  more 
powerful  interferometer, 
and  the  reason  why  it  is 
a  necessity  in  every  well- 
equipped  laboratory  can  be  readily  under- 
stood. 


Michelson's  Interferometer 

In  measuring  small  changes  in  distances  or  angles,  this  instrument  is  fifty 
times  as  powerful  as  the  most  powerful  microscope  which  can  ever  be  made. 
Its  uses  are  very  numerous:  among  other  things  it  can  measure  a  change 
of  distance  of  one  five-millionth  of  an  inch.  It  is  now  found  in  all  well- 
equipped  laboratories. 


The  Harmonic  Analyzer 

By  means  of  this  an  assistant  can  do  in  a  few  minutes  what  would  require 

the  work  of  a  skilled  computer  for  many  weeks. 


The  problem  of  weights  and  measures 
has  become  of  great  importance  in  mod- 
ern   times   because   of   the    ex- 
tensive relations  of  science  to  the 
ordinary  matters  of  life. 
The  fundamental  unit  of 
length      is     the     meter, 
which  was  originally  de- 
fined as  being  one-fnrty- 
millionth    of   the    earth's 
circumference.    The  rea- 
son for  such  a  definition 
was  the  supposition  that  the 
size  of  the  earth  is  constant, 
so     that     if     the     "standard 
meter"  were  lost,  it  could  be 
determined  again  by  measur- 
ing the  earth.     If  the  doubt- 
ful question  of  the  invariabil- 


OUR  TWELVE   GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


333 


ity  of  the  earth's  dimensions  is  waived, 
the  definition  still  is  not  satisfactory  be- 
cause the  size  of  the  earth  cannot  be 
measured  with  the  accuracy  demanded  by 
modern  science.  Hence  something  more 
fundamental  must  be  adopted. 

An  international  commission  of  weights 
and  measures  met  at  Paris  in  1893,  and 
one  of  its  problems  was  the  determina- 
tion of  the  length  of  the  standard  meter 
in  terms  of  something  that  could  not  be 
lost  or  destroyed.  Michelson 
was  asked  to  give  his 
assistance  in  this  un- 
dertaking and 
determined,  r. 
the  help  of  the 
i  nterferom- 
eter,  the 
length  of 
the  meter 
in  t  e  r  m  s 
of  the 
lengths  of 
the  light- 
waves 
emitted  by 
the  e  I  e- 
ment  cad- 
mium when 
it  is  in  the 
vaporous 
state.  The  re 
suits  were 
accurate  that 
cannot  be  subject  to 
an  error  exceeding  one 
part  in  two  million.  If 
the  standard  meter  at 
Paris  and  all  others  in 
the  world  should  be  lost, 
if  the  dimensions  of  the 
earth  should  be  altered 
by  any  cataclysm,  the 
length  of  the  meter 
would  be  preserved,  be- 
cause cadmium  would  still  exist  and 
the  ether  would  transmit  its  rays.  One 
might  ask  what  would  happen  if  the 
cadmium  or  the  ether  should  change. 
The  meter  would  then,  indeed,  be  lost ; 
but  when  the  elements  lose  their  prop- 
erties and  the  ether  fails,  we  shall  prob- 
ably have  no  more  use  for  standards  of 
weights  and  measures. 

The  analysis  of  the  light  which  comes 
from  incandescent  vapors  is  one  of  the 


Michelsos's  Grating.  Containing 
Fifteen  Thousand  Parallel. 
Equally  Spaced  Lines  to  the  Inch 
The  lines  of  the  grating,  which  is  car- 
ried on  the  stand  at  the  left.  are.  of 
course,  not  separately  visible.  They 
make  a  sort  of  gray  patch  across  the 
surface  on  which  they  are  ruled.  The 
grating  is  one  of  the  two  most  power- 
ful means  of  separating  light  into  its 
constituent  parts. 


very  central  problems  in  physics  and 
astronomy,  and  it  is  of  great  importance 
in  chemistry.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  accurate  and  simple  methods 
of  determining  the  chemical  constitution 
of  a  radiating  mass,  whether  it  is  a  single 
substance  or  a  mixture.  By  this  means 
the  chemical  constitution  of  the  sun  is 
determined,  and  it  has  been  found  that 
both  our  sun  and  other  suns,  which  are 
so  distant  in  the  depths  of  space  that 
hundreds  of  years  are  re- 
red  for  their  light  to 
come  to  us,  contain 
familiar  terrestrial 
ement  s — in 
act,  those 
things  of 
which  we 
ourselves 
are  made. 
I  t  i  s  a 
matter  of 
no  small 
interest  to 
prove  in 
this  way 
the  essen- 
tial unity 
of  the  vis- 
ible universe 
and  to  show 
that  we  are 
physically  a  part 
the  universal 
order. 
But  in  another  and  per- 
haps more  fundamental 
way  spectrum  analysis  is 
of  the  highest  impor- 
tance. The  light-waves 
which  are  emitted  by 
incandescent  gases  have 
a  story  to  tell  of  the 
nature  of  the  substances 
which  radiate  them.  The 
information  furnished  in  this  way  con- 
cerns the  most  fundamental  properties 
of  matter.  As  is  well  known,  material 
bodies  are  made  up  of  very  small 
particles  which  are  called  molecules. 
These  particles  are  so  very  minute 
that  several  hundred  millions  would  be 
required  to  make  a  row  an  inch  long. 
The  molecules  are  composed  of  still 
smaller  bodies  known  as  atoms.  The 
number  of  atoms  in  a  molecule  varies 


MICHELSON'S  RULING  ENGINE 
This  machine  is  used  in  a  room  whose  temperature  is  automatically  kept  constant  to  within  one-hundredth  of  a  degree.' 
The  screw  which  drives  the  arm  carrying  the  ruling  diamond  is  the  most  accurately  constructed  piece  of  machinery  in 

the  world. 


from  two  or  three  in  the  simplest  sub- 
stances to  fifty  or  more  in  the  highly 
complex  organic  compounds.  One  of  the 
revolutionary  discoveries  of  recent  times 
is  that  the  atoms  in  turn  are  made  up 
of  infinitesimal  particles  which  are  called 
corpuscles.  The  lightest  atoms  contain 
about  a  thousand  corpuscles,  and  the 
heaviest  ones  more  than  two  hundred 
thousand.  It  has  been  seriously  sug- 
gested that  all  corpuscles  are  exactly 
alike  and  that  they  are  the  fundamental 
units  out  of  which  the  material  universe 
is  made.  It  is  the  accelerations  of  the 
corpuscles  which  produce  light.  Conse- 
quently, spectrum  analysis  is  of  profound 
importance  because  it  gives  information 
respecting  the  vibrations  of  the  infini- 
tesimal corpuscles  of  which  the  atoms  are 
composed.  It  is  altogether  the  most 
promising  avenue  of  approach  to  the  re- 
condite regions  in  which  the  secrets  of 
the  ultimate  constitution  of  matter  lie 
concealed.  The  explorations  of  such 
fields  as  these  surpass  in  intellectual  ad- 
venture and  surprise  the  voyages  of  a 
Columbus ;  they  compare  rather  with  the 
experiences  of  those  who  have  swept  the 
heavens  with  powerful  telescopes  and 
have  found  in  their  appalling  depths 
millions  of  worlds  and  groups  of  worlds 
of  which  they  had  not  dreamed. 

The  subject   of  spectrum   analysis   is 
one  to  which  Michelson  has  given  many 


of  the  best  years  of  his  life.  His  con- 
tributions to  it  have  been  of  the  highest 
order  in  three  different  ways.  He  in- 
vented the  "echelon  spectroscope,"  pri- 
marily for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the  nature  of  the  effect  of  magnetic 
forces  on  light  which  had  been  noted  by 
Zeeman.  He  ruled  spectroscope  gratings 
of  a  much  higher  order  of  excellence 
than  had  before  been  made.  He  analyzed 
the  spectral  lines  by  means  of  the  inter- 
ferometer and  a  powerful  harmonic  an- 
alyzer. The  experimental  difficulties  con- 
nected with  spectrum  analysis  are  of  a 
serious  character.  They  arise  from  the 
many  conditions  which  modify  the  light 
emitted  and  from  the  enormous  number 
of  light  waves  given  off  per  second.  Few 
example,  a  sodium  atom  gives  out  about 
400,000,000,000,000  vibrations  per  sec- 
ond of  each  of  two  slightly  different 
kinds  of  light.  In  conquering  these  diffi- 
culties genius  finds  ample  opportunity 
for  exercising  its  powers. 

The  echelon  spectroscope  is  remark- 
able for  the  conception  on  which  it  is 
based,  for  its  power  of  resolving  light 
into  its  constituent  vibrations,  and  for 
the  severe  requirements  of  mechanical 
skill  in  its  construction.  The  limit  of 
the  mechanician's  art  has  been  demanded 
in  producing  the  surfaces  of  the  plates 
of  which  it  is  made.  The  grating,  which 
is  used  in  the  same  general  problems, 


334 


OUR  TWELVE   GREAT   SCIENTISTS 


335 


presents  almost  equal  difficulties  of  an- 
other character.  It  is  necessary  to  rule 
on  a  piece  of  polished  glass  from  fifteen 
thousand  to  fifty  thousand  straight, 
parallel  lines,  equally  spaced.  The  chief 
difficulty  consists  in  making  a  machine  so 
nearly  perfect  that  it  will  produce  these 
lines  uniformly  at  a  separation  near  the 
resolving  power  of  the  most  powerful 
inicroscopes.  It  is  needless  to  say  that 
the  actual  work  must  be  done  in  a  room 
the  temperature  of  which  is  automatically 
kept  constant  to  within  a  small  fraction 
of  a  degree.  There  are  in  all  three  types 
of  spectroscopes :  the  prism,  the  grating, 
and  the  echelon ;  of  these  the  second  and 
third  are  by  far  the  most  powerful.  And 
of  these  three  types  of  spectroscopes, 
Michelson  has  invented  the 
third  and  has  surpassed  all 
others  in  constructing  the  sec- 
ond. 

We  come  finally  to  the  con- 
sideration of  Michelson's  recent 
important  work  on  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  interior  of  the  earth. 
The  deepest  mines  penetrate 
less  than  two  miles  below  the 
earth's  surface.  This  corre- 
sponds to  about  one-two-hun- 
dredth of  an  inch  on  a  globe 
two  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  clear 
from  this  that  we  have  direct 
knowledge  of  only  a  relatively 
very  thin  layer  of  the  surface 
of  the  earth.  A  knowledge  of 
the  condition  of  its  interior  is 
of  great  importance,  especially 
:<>  the  geologist.  Obviously,  all 
information  with  respect  to  it 
must  be  obtained  indirectly. 

It  has  long  been  known  that 
the  temperature  below  the 
earth's  surface  increases  at  the 
rate  of  about  one  degree  per 
hundred  feet,  or  fifty  degrees 
per  mile.  If  the  rate  of  increase 
were  constant,  the  temperature 
at  the  relatively  small  depth  of 
one  hundred  miles  would  be 
above  the  melting  point  of  all 
substances  under  ordinary  sur- 
face conditions.  Volcanoes  in 
many  parts  of  the  earth  have 
poured  forth  enormous  quan- 
tities of  lava.  These  things  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  earth 


is  a  molten  mass  covered  with  a  rela- 
tively thin  solid  crust  on  which  we  live. 
It  is  certain  that  the  interior  of  the 
earth  is  very  hot,  but  this  does  not  mean 
necessarily  that  it  is  in  a  liquid  condi- 
tion because  the  enormous  pressure,  to 
which  the  material  at  great  depths  is 
subject,  may  hold  it  in  a  solid  state  in 
spite  of  its  high  temperature.  The  prin- 
cipal facts  known  respecting  the  interior 
of  the  earth  are  that  its  average  density 
is  five  and  one-half  times  that  of  water ; 
that  it  is  about  as  rigid  as  steel ;  and 
that  it  yields  to  distorting  forces  as  an 
almost  perfectly  elastic  body  and  not  as 
a  viscous  mass.  Of  these  three  facts,  the 
first  has  long  been  known  ;  the  second 
has  been  pointed  toward  by  several  dis- 


Michelson's  Harmonic  Analyzer 
This  instrument  is  used  in  analyzing  spectral  lines  into  their  funda- 
mental constituents,  and  thus  assists  in  establishing  some  of  th^  im- 
portant ultimate  properties  of  matter.    In  complexity  and  delicacy 
it  corresponds  to  the  linotype  machine. 


336 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


tinct  and  rather  conclusive  lines  of  evi- 
dence ;  and  the  third  has  only  just  been 
established  by  some  remarkable  experi- 
ments carried  out  by  Michelson  and  his 
colleague,  Henry  Gordon  Gale.  These 
conclusions  are  of  the  most  profound 
importance  to  the  students  of  the  earth's 
deformations. 

One  cannot  but  wonder  how  the  physi- 
cal condition  of  the  inaccessible  regions 
of  the  interior  of  the  earth  can  be  dis- 
covered. The  method  is  simple  in  con- 
ception, but  has  been  most  baffling  in 
practice.  Every  one  is  familiar  with  the 
fact  that  the  moon  and  sun  raise  tides 
in  the  water  that  covers  a  large  part  of 
the  earth.  They  run  up  on  the  shores  of 
the  continents  twice  daily.  Suppose  the 
earth  had  no  rigidity  and  yielded  per- 
fectly to  the  attractive  forces  of  the 
moon  and  sun;  then  there  would  be  no 
water  tides  relative  to  the 
land,  because  the  earth  as  a 
whole  would  always 
quickly  respond  to  the 
forces  which  were  acting 
upon  it.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  the  earth  were 


End  of  Pipe  in  Michelson's  Earth-Tide  Experi- 
ment with  Compound  Microscope  Adjusted  for 
Measuring  the   Distance   Between  the    Pointer 

and  Its  Reflected  Image 

The  microscope  is  M;  the  observer  looks  in  at  0;  and  the 

pipe  containing  the  window  is  P. 


absolutely  rigid,  the  water  tides  would 
attain  their  greatest  possible  height. 
Since  the  magnitudes  of  the  forces  are 
known,  it  is  not  difficult  to  compute  what 
the  maximum  tides  would  be.  Observa- 
tion shows  that  there  are  water  tides 
upon  the  earth.  This  proves  that  the 
earth  has  some  degree  of  rigidity. 
But  the  tides  are  not  as  high  as 
they  would  be  if  the  earth  were  abso- 
lutely rigid.  This  proves  that  the  earth 
yields  somewhat  to  the  forces  which  are 
acting  upon  it.     The  amount  by  which 


the  tides  fall  short  of  their  theoretical 
maximum  measures  the  extent  of  the 
yielding  of  the  earth. 

There  would  be  no  great  difficulty  in 
applying  the  method  which  has  just  been 
described,  if  the  continental  elevations  on 
the  earth  were  of  simple  geometrical  out- 
line. But  in  the  case  of  the  actual  earth 
the  tides  are  so  modified  by  the  irregular 
contours  of  the  coast  lines,  the  varying 
depths  of  the  oceans,  and  shelving 
beaches,  that  they  baffle  analysis  and 
cannot  be  made  to  yield  the  result.  Con- 
sequently, for  more  than  thirty  years, 
attempts  have  been  made  to  obtain  the 
facts  from  the  same  principles  by  other 
methods.  After  an  elaborate  trial,  Sir 
George  Darwin  gave  up  the  problem  in 
despair.  Finally,  Hecker,  of  Potsdam, 
succeeded  in  establishing  the  rigidity  of 
the  earth  with  a  form  of  the  delicate 
instrument  which  is  used  in  measuring 
earthquake  waves.  But  the  work  of 
Hecker  was  not  conclusive  regarding  the 
equally  important  question  of  whether 
the  earth  yields  as  an  elastic  or  as  a 
viscous  body. 

The  last  stage  in  the  problem  of  the. 
earth's    rigidity    seems   to   have   arrived 


End  of  Pipe  in  Michelson's  Earth-Tide  Experiment 
The  pipe  is  about  half  filled  with  water  and  the  pointer  P, 
observed  through  a  glass  window,  is  just  under  its  sur 
face.  The  variation  in  the  water  level  is  determined  by 
measuring  the  distance  between  P  and  its  reflected  image 
from  the  under  surface  of  the  water.  The  reflected  image 
is  visible  just  above  the  pointer  P. 


OUR  TWELVE   GREAT   SCIENTISTS 


337 


with  the  work  of  Michelson.  He  adopted 
the  simple  plan  of  measuring  the  tides 
in  two  six-inch  pipes  five  hundred  feet 
long,  and  half  filled  with  water,  placed 
horizontally  six  feet  deep  in  the  ground 
so  as  to  have  a  constant  temperature. 
One  is  lying  east  and  west  and  the  other 

north   and 

south    in 

order  to  get 

the     tides     in     both 


reduced  in  scale  by  the  partial  yielding 
of  the  body  of  the  earth. 

The  small  amount  by  which  the  ob- 
served tides  fall  short  of  their  theoretical 
maxima  proves 
that  the  earth, 
through  and 
through,  is  as 
rigid  as  steel ; 
the  sensibly  per- 


directions.  The  change  of  the  water 
level  in  both  ends  of  the  pipes  is 
determined  by  measuring  with  a  micro- 
scope the  distance  between  the  image  of 
a  pointer  just  beneath  the  water  surface 
and  its  reflection  from  this  surface.  The 
whole  range  of  the  tide  in  these  pipes  is 
less  than  one-thousandth  of  an  inch,  yet 
the  apparatus  was  so  perfect  and  the 
readings  by  Gale  were  so  accurate  that 
all  the  numerous  variations  of  the  tides 
were  perfectly  revealed.  The  complex 
nature  of  the  tides  might  at  first  thought 
be  overlooked.  They  depend  both  upon 
the  sun  and  moon,  whose  positions  with 
respect  to  a  point  on  the  earth  vary  in 
a  complicated  fashion.  Every  change, 
in  their  diurnal  motions  across  the  sky, 
in  their  altitude  when  they  cross  the 
meridian,  and  in  their  distances,  produces 
a  corresponding  change  in  the  tides.  The 
apparatus  used  by  Michelson  and  Gale  is 
SO  sensitive  that  thirty  of  these  varia- 
tions are  revealed.  The  curves  given  by 
the  observations  are  wave  for  wave,  and 
irregularity  for  irregularity,  similar  to 
those  furnished  by  theory,  but  they  are 


feet  agreement  of  the  phases  proves 
that  it  yields  as  an  elastic  body  and 
not  as  a  viscous  mass.  The  latter  fact 
shows  that  Sir  George  Darwin's  cele- 
brated theory  that  the  moon  split  off  from 
the  earth  many  millions  of  years  ago  and 
that  it  has  been  driven  out  to  its  present 
distance  by  the  bodily  tides  it  has  raised 
in  the  earth  is  erroneous,  unless,  indeed, 
the  condition  of  the  interior  of  the  earth 
were  formerly  quite  different,  because 
such  an  evolution  would  take  place  only 
in  a  body  which  is  viscous. 

This  hasty  excursion  on  the  far  bor- 
ders of  science  will  serve  to  give  at  least 
a  faint  idea  of  the  nature  of  some  of  the 
problems  which  have  engaged  and  are 
now  engaging  the  attention  of  physicists  ; 
it  will  show  how  serious  are  the  demands 
on  the  imagination  of  one  who  would 
succeed  in  such  pursuits ;  and  it  will  in- 
crease the  respect  for  the  reasoning 
powers  of  man,  which  have  led  him  to 
construct  instruments  that  magnify  his 
feeble  senses  ten  thousand  fold,  and  have 
guided  him  safely  when  he  has  pene- 
trated so  far  into  the  unknown. 


THE   "FOREIGNERS'"  LIGHT  ARTILLERY 

"  FOREIGNERS  "-HUERTA'S 
FAITHFUL  GUARD 

By 
NORMAN    MAUL 


WITH  a  searchlight  playing 
on  the  hills,  a  barbed-wire 
fence  around  the  property, 
and  a  military  organiza- 
tion of  their  own  on 
guard,  the  little  "international  force"  at 
Necaxa  has  thus  far  warded  off  all 
efforts  of  Mexican  rebels  and  bandits  to 
destroy  the  power  plant  that  supplies 
electricity  to  the  capital.  For  upon  the 
waters  tumbling  over  the  great  cliffs  at 
Necaxa,  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
miles  away,  the  City  of  Mexico  is  de- 
pendent for  light  and  power. 

At  the  plant  are  stationed  men  not 
only  from  the  United  States,  but  from 
England,  New  Zealand,  Canada,  Den- 
mark, Germany,  and  Switzerland,  all 
good  men  and  tried,  and  they  are  there 
with  the  determination  to  keep  that  plant 
going  if  it  is  humanly  possible  to  do  so. 
But  these  men  at  Necaxa  are  not  so 
solicitous  for  the  welfare  of  the  capital 

S3S 


city  as  they  are  for  the  great  plant  itself, 
which  represents  an  investment  of  over 
fifty  million  dollars.  It  is  only  sheer 
loyalty  to  the  men  who  employ  them  that 
keeps  these  outsiders  "on  the  job".  A 
guard  of  federal  troops  also  lies  en- 
camped there  by  order  of  Huerta ;  but  it 
is  not  so  much  because  of  this  lazy  fed- 
eral guard  as  because  of  the  little  band 
of  "foreigners" — ever  on  the  alert,  with 
their  searchlight  sweeping  the  hills  and 
their  guns  always  loaded — that  Necaxa 
has,  up  to  the  present  time,  been  safe. 
As  a  consequence,  the  gaiety  of  the  cap- 
ital has  not  been  abated  by  reason  of  the 
fighting  in  the  surrounding  country.  So 
long  as  there  is  not  actually  an  enemy  at 
the  gates,  festivities  continue.  The  dance 
halls  and  theaters  are  still  popular  and 
the  bull  fight  draws  the  same  gay  multi- 
tudes. The  city  at  night  presents  the 
same  brilliant  appearance  that  it  did  in 
the  peaceful  days  preceding  the  insur- 


FOREIGNERS— HUERTA'S    FAITHFUL    GUARD 


339 


rection— all  because  of  the  faithful  band 
at  Necaxa  that  keeps  the  power  lines 
charged. 

But  this   work  of   the  guard   at   the 
great    falls   does   not   consist   merely    in 
repelling  attacks  from  the  outside.  There 
is  treason  to  guard  against  within.  There 
have  been  rebel  sympathizers  on  the  pay 
roll  and   they  have  never  overlooked   a 
chance  to  do  damage,  such  as  throwing 
dirt  into  the  machinery  to  put  it  out  of 
business.   One  night  grit 
was   found  in  the  bear- 
ings of  the  searchlight, 
and     the     dynamo    that 
supplies  current  for  the 
great    lamp    was    short- 
circuited.     Evidently 
there  was  collusion  with 
the    insurrectos    outside, 
for    while    repairs    were 
being  made,  word  came 
that  a   force  of  bandits 
was  headed  for  the  plant. 
Van    Allen    Lyman,    in 
charge  of  the  night  de- 
fenses,  summed   up  the 
situation    in    this    terse 
way:   "I  did  some  quick 
and  not  very  fancy  re- 


pairing and  got  that  searchlight  going; 
and  then  stuck  with  it  all  night  while  our 
men  prepared  for  the  expected  attack; 


A  Typical 
Native 
Laborer 
of  THE 
Plant 


Light  for  the  Storm  Center 

cou'ntryCaTheDlD'flnf  R«ieh.CUTent. t0  Mexic0  5**!  the  capital  of  the  stricken 

country,     i  ne  plant  has  been  kept  going  in  spite  of  war  by  the  bravery  of  a 

foreign"  guard. 


The  First  Necaxa  Plant 
A  temporary  cableway  at  the  first 
fall  was  built  first.  The  cliffs 
over  which  the  water  tumbles  are 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
from  Mexico  City. 

but  the  light  must  have 
scared  them  off,  I  guess, 
for  they  didn't  bother 
us." 

In  addition  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  search- 
light and  the  barbed-wire 
fences,  the  men  of  the 
plant  are  armed  with 
Mauser  rifles,  a  Hotch- 


THE  FEDERAL  SQUAD 
Huerta  has  stationed  a  small  body  of  troops  to  help  guard  the  power  plant. 


kiss  rapid-fire  gun,  and  three  Colt  ma- 
chine guns.  This  is  necessary,  for  fre- 
quently the  troops  on  guard  are  with- 
drawn by  order  of  the  authorities,  tem- 
porarily. 

One  of  the  ingenious  defenses  rigged 
up  by  the  men  is  an  improvised  spot 
light  made  of  an  enameled  washbasin 
and  a  cluster  of  tungsten  lamps.  This 
played  a  leading  part  on  one  occasion, 
when  bandits  endeavored  to  get  through 


a  weak  point  in  the  fences  in  an  attack. 
The  four  transmission  lines  running 
from  Necaxa  have  not  been  damaged  to 
any  very  great  extent  by  the  enemy. 
The  rebels  tried  often  enough  to  cut 
the  wires  but  a  damaged  machete  and  a 
dead  Mexican  soon  showed  the  futility 
of  that  practice.  Shooting  at  the  wires 
was  tried,  too,  and  it  was  when  the 
rebels  succeeded  in  breaking  insulators 
that  the  lines  were  temporarily  out. 


TARGET  PRACTICE 
The  men  on  guard  are  not  going  to  take  any  chances  of  missing  rebel  Mexicans  if  they  are  forced  into  battle. 

skirmishes  are  not  infrequent. 


Night 


MO 


THE  FIRST  PIER 


Tbe  new  Harahan  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  is  to  cost  five  million 
dollars. 


The  MELON  SPOILS 

Commerce  Dodges  a  Tax 
By  Hal  Mackay 


FOR  twenty-one  years  a 
weather-beaten  thing  of 
metal,  spanning  the  Missis- 
sippi in  the  heart  of  the 
Southland,  at  Memphis,  has 
collected  an  enormous  tribute  from  the 
commerce  of  the  nation.  It  has  stood 
there  in  good  times  and  in  bad,  and 
it  has  gathered  its  toll  and  made  mil- 
lionaires of  the  men  who  built  it.  Ship 
a  carload  of  pots  or  pans  from  Pitts- 
burgh to  Texas  and  you  will  pay  a  tax 
of  healthy  size  to  this  old  fee-grabber; 
fill  the  empty  car  with  Texas  cotton 
and  ship  it  back  to  New  England  and 
en  route  it  will  be  halted,  weighed,  and 
a  tariff  of  one  cent  or  more  per  hun- 
dred pounds  will  be  exacted  at  this 
bridge. 

The  bridge  is  paid  for.  It  earned  its 
cost  of  construction  years  and  years 
ago  and  has  made  a  fabulous  return 
on  its  investment.  It  was  constructed 
by   the   Kansas   City   and    Fort   Scott 


Railroad  at  a  cost  of  four  million  dol- 
lars, and  the  first  year  of  its  operation, 
yielded  a  profit  of  nearly  ten  per  cent. 
Since  then,  the  dividends  have  in- 
creased steadily,  so  that  in  1910  an 
official  of  the  company  on  the  stand  in 
an  Arkansas  court,  swore  on  cross-ex- 
amination that  the  bridge  had  made 
that  year  over  seven  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  He  said  that  this  was 
"very  satisfactory."  It  is  said  that  the 
bridge  owners  have  altogether  obtained 
a  net  profit  of  nearly  fourteen  million 
dollars. 

When  the  Kansas  City  and  Fort 
Scott  Railroad  was  absorbed  by  the 
Frisco  Railroad,  a  leasing  arrange- 
ment was  made  with  the  Rock  Island, 
the  Cotton  Belt,  and  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific to  carry  their  freight  across. 
This  was  a  very  fair  arrangement  for 
the  Frisco.  The  tariffs  were  so  regu- 
lated that  the  other  three  roads  paid  not 
only  all   of  the  operating  expense   but 

Ml 


342 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


furnished  a  profit  for  the  Frisco's 
trouble.  The  Frisco  made  the  rates  and 
made  them  sufficiently  high  for  a  good 
return.  Owning  the  company,  it  was 
placed  in  the  position  of  paying  toll 
to  itself  which,  of  course,  was  not  toll 
at  all. 

The  others  made  the  best  of  the 
bargain.  It  was  better  to  pay  high 
rates  and  get  freight  across  than  not 
to  get  freight  across  at  all,  and  so  they 
put  up  with  it  for  years.  The  first 
ripple  in  the  serene  course  of  this  com- 
bination occurred  when  the  Missouri 
Pacific    (Iron    Mountain),    which    is    a 


Gould  property,  asked,  it  is  said,  that 
the  tariffs  be  cut  practically  in  half. 

Now  be  it  understood  that  the  Gould 
interests  practically  own  or  at  least 
control  the  bridges  at  Saint  Louis  and 
several  other  cities  north  of  Memphis. 
Their  men  know  the  bridge  business. 
Although  for  years  they  had  been 
aware  that  they  were  paying  excessive 
rates  to  the  Memphis  company,  they 
were  not  altogether  free  from  criti- 
cism in  regard  to  the  tolls  on  their  own 
structures.  To  their  demand  for  a  cut 
in  the  tariff,  however,  the  Frisco  po- 
litely replied  by  requesting  in  turn  that 
they  write  a  tariff  according  to  their 
own  ideas,  and  submit  it.  The  prob- 
ability was,  so  the  letter  stated,  that 
it  would  be  convenient  to  the  Mem- 
phis company  to  accept  whatever 
charges  the  Gould  interests  might 
suggest ! 

The  Gould  officials  can  tell  a 
cow-catcher  from  a  tender  just 
about  as  readily  as  any  one  and 
it  took  them  a  remarkably  short 
time  to  detect  the  trap  that  was 
laid  for  them. 

The  trap  was  simply  this :  If 
the  Goulds  insisted  upon  a  re- 
duction to  rates  lower  than  those 


AT  WORK  ON  THE  TENNESSEE  SIDE 

The  War  Department  ordered  that  the  piers  of  the  new  be  in  line  with  those  of  the  old  so  that  navigation  would  not  be 

obstructed.    There  is  practically  no  place  farther  south  where  the  river  could  be  bridged. 


THE  OVERLOADED  BRIDGE  THAT  MADE  MILLIONS 

Ten  years  ago  it  was  thought  this  old  crossing  would  always  be  big  enough  for  all  the  traffic  south  of  the  Eads 

bridge.    It  is  the  bridge  farthest  south  on  the  "Father  of  Waters". 


of  their  own  bridges  at  Saint  Louis  and 
elsewhere,  the  Memphis  company  would 
take  them  at  their  word  and  lower  the 
rates.  Then,  of  course,  the  lower  rates 
would  have  a  tendency  to  divert  traffic 
from  Saint  Louis  to  Memphis  and  the 
Memphis  bridge  corporation  would 
gain  thereby.  In  other  words  the 
Gould  system  would  be  casting  aside  a 
large  volume  of  business  at  its  own 
request. 

Whether  it  was  by  mutual  agree- 
ment or  not,  or  whether  both  com- 
panies were  beginning  to  feel  the  need 
of  catering  to  public  opinion,  the  Gould 
officials,  it  is  stated,  cut  the  rates  on  a 
few  unimportant  items  and  continued 
with  virtually  the  same  tariff.  The 
bridge  company,  which  had  started  out 
by  charging  seventy-five  cents  per  pas- 
senger on  all  trains,  graciously'  reduced 
its  per  capita  tax  to  fifty  cents.  This  was 
only  the  beginning  of  the  reductions 
that  were  forced  upon  the  latter  com- 
pany. Later  in  trying  to  confirm  its 
claim   to  being  a  common   carrier,  it 


succeeded  in  convincing  Congress  that 
it  was  entitled  to  such  a  rating,  only  to 
have  the  Arkansas  representatives  take 
the  matter  into  the  federal  courts  and 
bring  about  another  cut  in  the  tariff, 
this  time  square  in  the  middle — down 
to  twenty-five  cents. 

At  this  time  another  blow  fell.  The 
railroads,  that  is,  the  three  outside  cor- 
porations, awoke  to  the  fact  that  they 
had  been  hauling  passengers  all  the 
way  from  Bridge  Junction,  Arkansas, 
which  is  the  western  approach  to  the 
span,  into  the  Memphis  terminals,  a 
distance  of  over  three  miles,  absolutely 
free  of  charge.  This  furnished  an  ex- 
cellent excuse  for  a  claim  on  the  toll 
charged  by  the  bridge  company,  and  so 
they  demanded  ten  cents  out  of  the 
twenty-five. 

The  bridge  officials  found  a  way  out 
of  this  by  adding  ten  cents  to  the  toll, 
on  the  ground  that  when  the  toll  of  a 
quarter  was  charged,  the  passenger 
had    secured    the    right    to    cross    the 

(Continued  on  fiagc  46/) 

343 


THE    MULE  LOSES  HIS  JOB 


EMANCIPATED 
All  over  the  world,  little  electric  locomotives,  pulling  great  loads,  are  slipping  through  galleries  too  low  for  a  mule. 


344 


WHEN  THE  PACIFIC  ROARS 


345 


HOW  NEW  YORK  RIDES 


N 


EW  YORK'S  cross-town  lines 
have  only  lately  been 
changed  from  horse  car  to 
electric  systems.  In  the  city, 
which   has   the   most   modern 


The  Double-Decked  Hobble 

Skirt  Car 

It  is  made  for  long  runs  with  a  large 

number  of  passengers.    The  step 

is  low  so  that  narrow-skirted  women 

can  get  aboard  easily. 


means  of  transportation 
known  to  the  world, 
is  still  an  occasional 
antiquated  "belt  line"  car 
which  did  little  more 
than  hold  down  the 
franchises  for  the  com- 
panies. But  lately  the 
companies    dispensing 


with  their  horse-drawn  street  cars  are 
replacing  them  with  the  latest  in  storage- 
battery  "hobble  skirt"  types ;  and  the  old 
motive  power  has  been  put  to  its  proper 
function  of  hauling  the  peddler's  cart. 

The  original  hobble 
skirts  are  gone  but  they 
have  left  behind  them  a 
street  car  which  any 
woman  can  use  with  im- 
punity, no  matter  what 
kind  of  skirt  she  wears. 
The  cross-town  car  has 
a  side  door  over  its 
single  truck,  to  which 
the  step  is  but  eight  or 
ten  inches.  The  con- 
ductor sits  beside  the 
door  in  a  little  cage. 

The  storage-battery 
car  is  a  near  relation  to 
the   brand    new    double- 


The  Old  Dobbin  Car 

The  new  storage-battery  car  is  finally  driving  it  out.    The  old  cars  did  little  more 

than  hold  down  the  franchises  for  the  companies. 

346 


The  Storage  Battery  Car 
It  is  replacing  the  horse  cars  on 
New  York  cross-town  lines.  The 
nation's  metropolis  has  the  newest 
and  oldest  of  street  cars,  but  the 
horse-drawn  ones  are  now  very 
rare. 

deckers  which  have  been 
put  on  the  main  lines 
and  which  are  also 
equipped  with  the  "hob- 
ble skirt"  entrance. 
These  cars  are  an  out- 
growth of  the  London 
tram  and  they  are  giving 
efficient   service. 


EFFICIENCY  IN  THE  BILTMORE 


The  sub-c. -liars  of  th<- 
modern  hotel  are  elim- 
inated in  the  Biltmore. 
The  "incoming  station" 
of  a  jrreat  railroad  is  just 
beneath  it,  so  subter- 
ranean kitchens  vera 
impossible.  As  a  result 
the  traveler  pays  no 
transportation  charges 
on  his  trunks.  They  are 
put  in  a  Biltmore  eleva- 
tor and  shot  up  to  his 
room  directly  from  the 
baggage  car. 


STANDARDIZING 
the  CHILD 


By  T.  P  Nash  Jr. 


Doctor  C.  W.  Stiles  calls  the  five  thousand  children  he  now  has  under  exam- 
ination "human  guinea  pigs" ,  because  he  believes  that  after  his  work  with  them  is 
finished,  he  will  have  discovered  certain  principles  that  will  be  of  vital  importance 
to  the  health  and  mentality  of  all  Southern  children.  A  'whole  county  is  his  labora- 
tory. There  is  little  doubt  that  the  average  Southern  child  is  backward,  though 
not  organically  inferior.  There  are  very  definite  reasons  for  this.  Doctor  Stiles  is 
finding  them  out.  Through  his  zcork  %ve  may  ultimately  expect  to  know  wliat 
remedies  will  improve  the  health  and  happiness  and  advance  the  economic  inde- 
pendence of  the  South. — The  Editors. 


I 


8 


WANTED  five  thousand  human 
guinea  pigs,  and  I  got  them !" 

This,  I  admit,  is  an  astonish- 
ing introduction  to  the  unique 
experiment  which  the  Federal 
Government  has  undertaken,  to  deter- 
mine the  average  physical  and  mental  en- 
dowment of  Southern  children. 

What  have  guinea  pigs  to  do  with  an 
endeavor  to  measure,  for  the  first  time, 
the  peculiar  influences  which  shape  the 
life  and  growth  of  the  boys  and  girls  of 
the  Southland ;  to  find  a  proper  standard 
for  intelligent  methods  of  correction  and 
cultivation  and  advancement 
among  them  ? 

"Human   guinea  pigs?" 
you  exclaim  with  horror. 
Guinea  pigs  involuntarily 
suggest  vivisection.    And 
human    vivisection — 
really,    that    is    a    bar- 
barous project.  ' 

But     the     Govern- 
ment is  back  of  the        4 
"barbarous  project," 
and  Doctor  C.  W.        9 
Stiles,     Professor 
of  Zoology  of  the        2      ! 
United     States 
Public      Health 
Service,  is  its  in- 
stigator. 

JW 


0 


How  Many  Can  You  Remember  ? 
In  taking  the  mental  tests  a  number  of  digits  are  read  to 
a  child.    An  adult  should  remember  eight  —  given  in  any 
order.    Some  of  the  grammar  school  children  could  re- 
member as  many  as  ten,  and  one  or  two,  eleven. 


While  the  Government's  representa- 
tive is  smiling  at  your  horror,  and  filling 
his  pipe,  let  us  take  a  quick  inventory. 
A  glance  at  the  small  office-laboratory 
and  the  several  assistants  busy  over  their 
microscopes  is  reassuring.  Nor  can  we 
associate  motives  of  human  vivisection 
with  the  man  on  the  other  side  of  the 
desk,  whom  the  world  knows  as  the  man 
who  was  most  closely  connected  with  the 
discovery  of  the  American  hookworm 
and  the  directing  genius  in  the  campaign 
for  its  eradication  in  the  South. 

A  figure  in  olive-drab  uniform,  slightly 
above  medium  height,  and  inclining 
to   overweight ;   hair   just   turning 
gray ;    short,    crisp    moustache — 
these  are  details  we  note  only 
5  after  we  have  gazed  into  a  pair 

of    level,    gray    eyes    which 
^  carry  a  conviction  of  con- 

scious    purpose     and     re- 
3      7      5  source.     The  most  likely 

reason  that  Doctor 
5      8      15  Stiles    got    five    thou- 

sand   human    guinea 
8      6      5      1         pigs,  we  surmise,  is 
because  he  wanted 
7      3      8      5      9        them.    Nor  is  it  a 
matter    for    large 
wonder,  we  agree, 
that    the    United 
States  Public 


STANDARDIZING   THE   CHILD 


349 


Health  Service  should  permit  him  to  try 
out  under  its  patronage  an  educational 
experiment  of  his  own  invention. 

But  the  pipe  is  going  well,  and  the 
Doctor  is  tilted  back  comfortably  in  his 
chair. 

human 


guinea   pigs — 


Put  Them  in  Pairs 
One  and  A.  two  and  B,  etc.,  are  alike.    The  subjects  are  to  pair  them 
off.    The  same  test  is  used  by  the  Government  on  immigrants    to 

detect  defectives. 


Five  thousand 
that's  how  the 
thing  began. 
In  a  measure, 
of  course,  the 
hookworm  cru- 
sade is  related 
to  —  even  re- 
sponsible for — 
the  present  in- 
vestigation. Al- 
though experi- 
ences in  differ- 
ent Southern 
States     clearly 

show  the  enormous  improvement  that 
can  easily  be  brought  about  in  backward 
children,  no  one  can  yet  measure  that 
improvement  in  terms  of  the  average 
Southern  child.  Xo  standard  of  com- 
parison exists  by  which  results  found 
may  be  checked.  Medical  examination 
in  the  schools  of  the  South  is  not  far 
advanced.  Even  where  it  has  been  pro- 
vided, the  tests  and  standards  and  meth- 
ods have  been  those  developed  in  a  dif- 
ferent locality  and  under  different  con- 
ditions. 

Obviously,  there  had  to  be  a  home-bred 
standard.  So  Doctor  Stiles  resolved  to 
set  about  finding  one.  He  wanted,  for 
his  purpose, 
one    entire  I 

county  with 
five  thousand 
school  children. 
And  he  wanted 
no  restraint  in 
his  research. 

The      Public 
Health   Bureau 
gave   him   per- 
mission to  un- 
dertake the  work.     Several 
reasons  led  to  the   selection 
of  Wilmington,  North  Caro- 
lina, for  the  testing  ground, 
the    most    important    being 
the  fact  that  the  location  and 
the    influences   arising   from 
the    location    are    fairly 


Like  the  Leaf  Cluster  Test 
[ghtlv  more  difficult  to  pair 
these  designs.    The  Government 
allows  the  immigrant  thirty  sec- 
onds to  accomplish  it. 


typical  of  the  entire  South.  Another  im- 
portant consideration,  also,  was  the  loca- 
tion in  Wilmington  of  a  United  States 
Marine  Hospital,  which  offered  facilities 
and  organization  for  beginning  the  work 
immediately.  New  Hanover  County,  with 
approximately  five  thousand  children  in 

its     schools, 
4.  ,  *;.        wanted  med- 

ical inspection 
and  as  the 
money  was  not 
immediately 
available  for  it, 
the  authorities 
were  glad  to 
meet  the  inves- 
tigators more 
than  half-way 
in  a  spirit  of 
co-operation. 
Theoretically,  normal  physical  quality 
is  necessary  to  average  mentality.  If  the 
average  school  child  in  certain  Southern 
districts  is  below  the  physical  standard 
of  the  children  in  other  sections,  how 
does  he  correspond  mentally?  And  if  he 
does  not  measure  up  mentally,  what  are 
the  causes  of  the  backward  physical  con- 
dition, and  how  may  the  causes  be  rem- 
edied? These  are  the  questions  which 
Doctor  Stiles  and  his  experts  hope  to 
answer. 

Naturally,  therefore,  the  work  falls 
into  two  classes:  the  physical,  or  strictly 
medical  part ;  and  the  mental  part. 

A  mental  test  has  had  in  the  past  no 
part  in  the  av- 
erage    medical 
inspection  of 
schools  and  this 
is    the    unique 
feature     which 
distinguishes 
the     investiga- 
tion   of    five 
thousand    chil- 
dren  from  the 
average     med- 
cal  examination,  and  raises 
it  to  the  dignity  and  inter- 
est of  a  great  scientific  ex- 
periment. 

The  physical  examina- 
tions are  made  during  the 
summer  vacation  and  last 
summer  it  was  necessary  to 


He  expects  to 

prove  that  the  edu 

cational  problem  of  the 

South  is  one  of  sanitation 

and  improved  health  conditions. 


employ  five  assistants.  Labora- 
tory facilities  were  greatly  in- 
creased by  the  use  of  tents,  but  after  the 
first  few  days  it  was  found  that  more 
room  was  needed  than  was  available,  and 
throughout  the  summer  the  children 
made  their  appointments  for  examination 
a  month  ahead. 

In  all  cases  the  usual  physical  tests  are 
applied  to  the  respiratory,  circulatory, 
and  digestive  organs,  and  to  the  nervous 
system.  As  a  complement  to  this  actual 
physical  examination  by  professional 
assistants,  each  pupil  in  the  city  schools 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  given 
a  list  of  fifty-seven  questions. 

Answers  to  these  questions  constitute 
a  bill  of  family  statistics  of  individual 
health  and  habits.  Take  as  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  general  character  and  purpose 
of  these  questions,  the  following :  "Have 
you  ever  had  ground  itch?"    "Have  you 

350 


Wilmington.  North  Carolina,  High  School 
First  tests  were  made  here  last  winter.    Grammar  and 
high  school  children  were  examined  for  their  mental 
capacity. 

ever  had  the  hookworm  treat- 
ment ?"    "Have  you  plumbing  in 
your  home?" 

Now,  I  dare  say,  not  one  parent 
in  ten  sees  any  relation  between 
these  questions.  But  ground  itch  is 
the  first  stage  of  the  hookworm  dis- 
ease, and,  unless  the  person  subse- 
quently receives  treatment,  the  chances 
are  that  the  disease  will  progress  to  a 
flourishing  state  in  his  system.  It  is 
known  that  the  surface  outhouse  is  the 
main  source  of  hookworm  infection ;  and 
the  investigators  expect  to  find  that  the 
majority  of  children  who  have  had 
ground  itch  are  from  homes  without 
plumbing.  Hookworm  is  a  cause  of  the 
South's  backwardness.  No  one  so  afflicted 
can  have  energy  and  ambition. 

The  South's  educational  problem  is, 
therefore,  to  a  considerable  degree,  a 
problem  of  sanitation.  "Swat  the  fly" 
has  become,  as  elsewhere,  a  familiar 
slogan — so  familiar,  in  truth,  that  its 
importance  is  neglected  in  the  South.  It 
has  been  almost  impossible  heretofore  to 
arouse  lasting  interest  in  the  subject. 
Southern  people  have  been  accustomed 
to  the  fly  and  its  breeding  place — the 
outhouse — for  generations. 


STANDARDIZING    THE    CHILD 


351 


One  of  the  fortunate  developments  of 
recent  sanitary  work  is  the  discovery  of 
just  such  a  startling  means  of  appeal  to 
public  sentiment.    One  dis- 
covery  in   connection   with 
the  sanitary  work  has  fur- 
nished evidence  for  a  fresh 
indictment  of  the  fly,  and 
marks  a  starting  point  for 
the    investigators.      A   test 
showing     conclusively 
whether  a  person  has  eaten 
food   contaminated   by   hu- 
man excreta  has  now  been 
made    in    various   parts   of 
the    country,    and    Doctor 
Stiles   has    at    his   disposal 
data  from  as  far  north  as 
Northern  New  York,  as  far 
south    as    Southern     Ala- 
bama, as  far  east  as  Balti- 
more, and  as  far  west  as 
San  Francisco.   The  method 
of    demonstrating    is    both 
easy    and    practicable,    and 
depends  on  the  presence  of 
certain  protozoa  in  the  hu- 
man intestine.     The  stage 
of  each  form  of  these  proto- 
zoa outside  the  body   is  a 
spore.     The    spores    enter 
the  body  only  through  the 
mouth  ;  and,  although  there  are  several 
ways  in  which  the  infection   may  come 
about,  it  seems  quite  clear,  both  from  ex- 
perimen t  and 
circumstantial 
evidence,  that 
the    most    pro- 
lific   danger    is 
in    transmission 
by  the  fly. 

In    the    examina 
tion  of  one  hun- 
dred  and   eigh- 
ty-seven   unse- 
lected   persons, 
chiefly  city  chil- 
dren, in  a  certain 
Southern    county, 
twenty-three  per  cent 
were    found   to   have 
eaten     food     contami- 
nated   in    the    manner 
already     stated.      The 
percentage  of  infection 
was    ten    higher    for 


those  living  in  houses  without  any 
plumbing  than  for  those  living  in  houses 
connected  with  a  sewer.  When  the  fact 
is  known  that  those  with 
sewerage  were  still  not  en- 
tirely immune,  on  account 
of  the  proximity  of  surface 
outhouses,  the  difference  is 
even  more  startling.  Two 
hundred  and  ninety-three 
flies  were  caught  in  a 
Hodge  fly  trap  placed  in 
one  of  these  outhouses  for 
twenty-four  hours,  and 
during  the  same  twenty- 
four  hours  seventeen  hun- 
dred and  forty-two  flies 
were  caught  in  another  fly 
trap  placed  in  a  kitchen 
forty  feet  away. 

Many  a  Southern  farmer 
is  perfectly  willing  to  ig- 
nore the  common  pleas  for 
better  sanitation,  but  a  per- 
sonal letter  to  him  saying 
that  John  or  Sally  has 
eaten  something  worse  than 
poison  has  been  found  a 
means  to  startle  the  most 
indifferent  father  into  ac- 
tion. 

The  second  portion  of 
the  work,  that  is,  the  mental  tests,  is 
taken  up  largely  during  the  winter 
months  when  the  experts  can  take  advan- 

tage    of    the 
school     organ- 
ization.   Al- 
though   only 
tests  which  are 
standard    and 
authoritative   have 
been  selected,  many 
of  them  have  never 
before      been 
used  in  public 
schools.  They 
have    been 
devised     espe- 
cially    for     the 
study  of  backward 
children. 

In  no  sense  can  the 
tests  be  called  difficult. 
They  are,  in  fact,  the 
same  for  children  of 
all  ages.    Their  pur- 


Glad  and  Sad 

Normal    illiterates  over   twelve 

should  be   able  to   classify   them 

very  quickly.    This  t>*t  was  used 

on  the  Southern  children. 


Four  Are  Looking  to  the  Left 
The  children   are  required  to  begin  at  the  upper 
I'd  hand  corner  and  find  the  four  as  quickly  as 


352 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Mates  Must  Be  Paired 

The  children  see  how  quickly  they  can  put  them  together.    It  is  a 

test  in  "  visual  selection." 


pose  is  to  show  the  quality  of  the  mind  as 
it  now  is,  and  what  it  may  ultimately  be 
capable  of.  To  illustrate,  a  child  of  ten 
may  show  greater 
mental  possibilities 
than  a  child  of  fif- 
teen. The  series  of 
tests  for  the  two 
children  is 
the  same ;  the 
difference  in 
the  quality  of 
their  minds, 
that  is  their 
quickness  in 
mental  reac- 
tion, is  meas- 
ured by  the 
stop  watch. 
Children  are 
expected  to 
vary  in  their 
responsiveness 

to  the  reactions  in  these  tests,  according 
to  their  ages ;  a  difference  of  three 
months  in  age  being  sufficient  to  reveal 
different  reactions. 

Each  child  is  handled  by  thirteen 
assistants,  and  is  subjected  to  thirty-two 
tests.  Similar  tests  are  so  distributed 
that  there  is  a  successive  variety.  Wher- 
ever the  time  element  enters,  as  when  the 
child  is  required  to  subtract  nine  from 
one  hundred  until  one  is  reached ;  or  to 
name  opposites  to  a  list  of  familiar 
words;  or  to  fit  variously  shaped  blocks 
into  their  proper  holes  in  a  board,  the 
time  is  noted  by  stop  watch  to  the  frac- 
tional part  of  a  second.  Where 
the  test  is  of  the 
child's  attentive- 
ness,  or  retentive- 
ness,  or  accuracy 
of  observation,  an 
account  is  made 
the  number 
of  trials  and 
mi  stakes. 
Many  of 
the  older 
children 
regard  an 
invitation 

to  "play  blocks"  as  a  joke ; 
the   seniors   are   later 


Thesi 


but  some  of 
to  find 
that  they  have  not  been  able  to  perform 
as  creditably  as  some  of  the  freshmen 


chagrined 


have  with  the  little  games  which  form 
the  tests. 

The   broad   basis   of   classification    in 
the   examinations,   as   I   have   indi- 
cated,  is   the   age   of   the   children. 
Each  day  this  winter  they  have 
been  testing  mentally   four 
groups :   those   whose  birthday 
it  is ;  and  those  whose  birthday 
is  three  months,  six  months,  or 
nine  months  ahead.    Thus  they 
will    have    examined    in    three 
months'  time  all  the  children  in 
the  schools. 

Every  one  of 
the  five  thou- 
sand "h  u  m  a  n 
guinea  pigs" 
will  eventually 
receive  an 
average  of  five 
hours'  atten- 
t  i  o  n.  It  will 
take  two  years  to  make  all  the  tests 
planned.  This  year  they  are  working 
in  the  city  and  country  schools  for 
whites.  Next  year  the  schools  for 
negroes  will  have  their  turn. 

Finally,  all  these  statistics,  mental  and 
physical,  will  be  worked  together  into 
tables  which  will  show  an  average, 
abstract  figure  for  a  large  number  of 
children  grouped  by  age.  There  will  be 
a  group  figure  for  the  children  ten  years 
old,  another  for  children  of  ten  and 
a  quarter,  still  another  for  children  of 
ten  and  one-half,  and  a  fourth  for  chil- 
dren ten  years  and  nine  months  old.  All 
the  children  from  six 
eighteen  years 
old  will  be  thus 
standardized. 

Aside  from 
the  bearing 
statistics 
m  a  y  have 
on  the 
main  i  n- 
quiry,  the 
possibil- 
ities for 
combina- 
t  i  o  n  s 
among  them  and  for  more  or  less  inci- 
dental comparison  will  be  almost  infinite 
By  the  simple  device  of 

{Continued  on  page  464) 


the 


Five  Games  of  Blocks 
are  samples  of  the  sets  used.    The  blocks  must  be  fitted  in  their  places. 
The  stop  watch  tells  whether  the  mind  is  working  well  or  not. 


listing  children 


HIS  CATAMARAN 
The  native  Hawaiian  goes  to  sea  in  a  dugout  which  he  turns  into  a  catamaran  by  adding  a  "limb"  on  an  outrigger, 
can  handle  it  when  the  breakers  would  pound  a  heavier  boat  to  pieces. 


He 


THE  LAUNCHING  OF  THE  QUEEN  ELIZABETH 
England'!  latest  man-of-war  is  oil-driven.    This  is  the  first  of  two  of  this  type  to  be  put  into  service  by  Great  Britain. 


Note  tbe  inverted  bell-shaped  bows. 


sss 


354 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Forty  Million  Candle  Power 

The  light  from  this  giant  landmark  can  be  seen  forty 

miles  away. 

THE  BIGGEST  FLASH  LIGHT 
IN  THE  WORLD 

""THE  new  light  recently  installed  in 
*■  the  famous  lighthouse  on  the  island 
of  Heligoland,  in  the  North  Sea,  can 
claim  the  distinction  of  being  the  most 
powerful  flash  light  in  European  waters, 
if  not  in  the  world.  It  is  equal  to  forty 
million  candle  power  and  in  normal 
weather  is  clearly  visible  a  distance  of 
thirty  miles  out  to  sea.  The  flashes 
themselves,  which  last  but  a  tenth  of 


a  second,  have  been  observed  by  peo- 
ple standing  on  the  Mole  at  Busum, 
over  forty  miles  away. 

The  electric  apparatus  consists  of 
three  searchlights  spaced  one  hundred 
and  twenty  degrees  apart  and  mounted 
upon  a  rotating  platform.  The  mirror 
has  a  diameter  of  two  and  a  half  feet. 
The  searchlights  throw  their  rays  from 
a  massive  conical  tower,  which  is  two 
hundred  and  seventy-two  feet  above 
sea  level.  The  cost  of  maintenance  for 
the  giant  eye  amounts  to  about  eight 
thousand  dollars  a  year. 


OX  AND  DUMP  TRAIN 

IN  the  little  town  of  Rosenburg, 
1  Texas,  they  are  road  building  on  a 
big  scale,  and  the  one-time  plow  and 
oxen  are  being  superseded  by  a  train  of 
reliable  reversible  dump  wagons,  with 
a  traction  engine  as  the  motive  power. 

The  age  of  progress  is  exemplified 
by  the  five  up-to-date  wagons,  time 
and  money  savers  for  the  enterprising 
contractor.  It  is  claimed  that  these 
wagons  can  deliver  material  for  about 
seven  cents  a  cubic  yard  per  mile.  To 
deliver  by  team,  a  cost  of  twenty-six 
cents  a  cubic  yard  per  mile  would  be 
incurred. 

In  the  new  method  there  is  no  waste 
of  time  or  labor;  the  entire  outfit  is 
kept  busy  all  the  time. 

Invention  and  science  have  made  the 
art  of  road  building  advance  by  leaps  and 
bounds  and  the  coming  years  are  sure 
to  see  even  greater  progressive  methods 
used  than  those  so  strongly  emphasized 
in  the  accompanying  illustration. 


BUILDING  FOR  OX  TRAVEL 
A  modern  train  of  dump  cars  is  being  used  to  work  the  road  which  is  used  chiefly  by  teams  of  the  old-fashioned  kind. 


SCIENCE  TESTS  MUSICAL  EAR 

r\OCTOR  CARL  E.  SEASHORE, 
*^  of  the  department  of  psychology  at 
Iowa  State  University,  has  just  per- 
fected a  system  by  which -he  can  tell 
parents  whether  or  not  it  will  pay 
them  to  give  a  child  a  musical  educa- 
tion. 

In  making  these  tests  the  pupil  is 
not  required  to  sing  a  note,  and  no 
musical  instruments  of  any  kind  are 
used.  Dr.  Seashore  has  perfected  a 
device  by  which  he  has  divided  one 
full  musical  note  into  fifty-two  parts. 
By  means  of  the  most  delicate  tuning 
fork  and  a  tiny  telephone  he  can  ascer- 
tain the  exact  susceptibility  of  a  pupil 
to  minute  gradations  of  sound. 

Dr.  Seashore  has  been  working  on 
this  musical  testing  system  for  years, 
but  his  results  have  been  made  public 
only  recently.  The  first  tests  were 
made  under  the  direction  of  a  depart- 
ment of  the  Des  Moines  Women's 
Club.  Several  children  were  tested 
and  each  was  sent  home  with  a  chart 
showing  his  musical  qualifications  and 
appraising  his  adaptability  to  a  musical 
career. 


WIRELESS  FOR  FIRE  BOATS 

"THE  wireless  telegraph  has  been 
*■  adapted  to  the  fire  boats  of  the 
New  York  City  fire  department. 

Formerly,  when  an  alarm  which 
called  for  a  fire  boat  came  in,  the  boat 
responding  was  out  of  touch  with  the 


department  until  she  reached  the 
point  from  which  the  alarm 
was  sent.   Then  it  was  often 
found  that  the  fire  was  but 
a    slight   affair   which    had 
been  put  out  by  one  of  the 
land  companies  long  be- 
fore the  arrival  of  the 
fire  boat. 

Now,  as  soon  as  a 
land  company  reports  to 
headquarters  that  the 
fire  is  out,  the  fire  boat, 
which  mav  be  steaming 
at  full  speed  up  or  down 
the  river,  is  immediately 
recalled  by  the  wireless. 
This  saves  much  time,  as  well  as  fuel, 
and  returns  the  boat  to  her  berth,  ready 
to  respond  to  other  alarms.  The  system 
proves  itself  to  be  so  very  efficient  and 
economical  that  other  ports  in  this  coun- 
try may  be  expected  to  adopt  it  before 
very  long. 

Any  unfortunate  vessel  approaching 
New  York  with  a  fire  in  her  hold  may 
"call"  headquarters  with  her  wireless  and 
the  fire  authorities  will  immediately  send 
a  boat  down  the  bay  to  her  assistance. 


Fire  Boat's  Wireless 

If  a  land  company  is  successful,  the  oncoming  fire  boat  can 

be  signaled  that  she  is  not  needed. 

355 


A  Modern  Ark 

It  is  to  be  driven  by  a  weird  system  of  wind  wheels  con- 

nected.to  propellers. 

geared  to  propellers.  Most  of  the  ma- 
terial used  in  construction  was  picked 
up  along  the  beach. 

Trinqual  puts  no  faith  in  human- 
kind, his  only  friends  being  a  goat  and 
a  flock  of  chickens.  These  will  be  his 
traveling  companions,  he  says,  when 
the  flood  comes.  He  does  not  contem- 
plate, as  did  his  inspirer,  the  original 
Xoah,  taking  along  two  of  each  species 
of  the  animal  kingdom.  Scientists  and 
naval  architects  have  never  been  able  to 
build  large  catamarans  which  would 
hold  together  in  a  seaway.  The  stress 
caused  by  the  waves  lifting  one  side  and 
not  the  other  breaks  such  boats  apart. 


Alphonso  Trinuual 

This  modern  Noah  picked  up  the  material  for  his  boat  on 

the  beach. 

HIS  ARK 

A  N  old   Frenchman,  Alphonso 
**■  Trinqual,  is  building  an  ark 
at  Palo  Alto,  California,  in  an- 
ticipation of  another  world  flood. 
He  plans  to  build  a  catamaran 
and  has  one  float  of  the  necessary 
two  completed  after  working  nine 
years  upon  it.     The  completed  boat 
is  fifty  feet  long,  and  is  estimated  to 
draw    six    feet    of    water.     The   con 
templated     means     of     propulsion 
novel.     Horizontal     wind     wheels     are 
located  forward  and  aft  and   will   be 

356 


SUGGESTOMETRE 

It  is  an  instrument  invented  by  a  French  scientist  to  ascer- 
tain the  degree  of  nervous  reaction  of  the  fingers.  It  is 
also  used  to  determine  the  degree  of  one's  nervousness. 


IN  COLONIAL  STYLE 


He  is  now  completinp  two  twenty- 
room  houses  for  a  family  of 
martins  which  has  been 
impatiently     nag- 
gingat  the  archi- 
tect to  hur 
up  the 
a  rt  i  - 

no, 


CONCRETE  HOUSES  FOR 
BIRDS 

'"THE  high  cost  of  living  has  reached 

*■    bird  life  and  many  of  our  feathered 

songsters  are   now   living  in   concrete 

houses.     In  fact,  the  demand  for  cement 

homes  is  so  great  among  the 

birds     that     they     become 

tenanted  almost  as  fast 

as  they  are  completed 

and  put  into 

place 


One-Room 
Cottages 
Some  birds  scorn 
them      but    other 
clans  consider  them 
quite     aristocratic. 
and  far  above  the 
"tenements"  of  the 
martins. 


upon  some  fence  post 
or  tree  trunk.  A  mis- 
chievous little  house  wren  even 
went  so  far  as  to  invade  the  workshop 
where  the  houses  are  being  made  and 
to  take  possession  of  a  new  hut  that 
was  hanging  up  near  an  open  door  to 
dry  out. 


Even  the  shy  little  bluebird  has 
taken  to  these  cement  homes.  The 
builder  now  has  more  than  a  dozen 
bluebird  families  housed  in  his  cement 
hutlets,  and  they  like  them  so  well 
that  they  stay  the  year  round,  forget- 
ting to  go  south  for  the  winter  months. 
Martins,  liking  the  company  of  other 
birds  of  their  kind,  prefer  to  live  under 
one  roof  as  one  big  family,  and  for 
their  benefit  two  colonial  cottages  of 
cement  of  twenty  rooms  each  are  being 
built.  These  artistic  white  struc- 
tures are  exactly  to  the  liking 
of  the  martins,  for  it  took 
just  one- 


1 


alf  hour 

for    all    the 

martins    on 

premises  to 

session    of    the    first 

one    which    was    put 
up  on  a  tall  pole. 

No  self-respecting  mar- 
tin will  make  his  home  in 
a  single-room  house,  and 
no  robin  in  a  tenement. 


t  one- 


:    tne  ^k^ 

take  pos-    *1Vfl 
the     first 


f 


357 


DISCOVERING  EUROPE  BY 

AIRSHIP 


By 
CHESTER    CARTON 


RODMAN  WANAMAKER  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
son  of  the  famous  merchant 
and  former  postmaster-gen- 
eral, is  going  to  Europe  this 
summer.  Being  in  too  much  of  a  hurry 
to  wait  for  the  Cunarders,  which  con- 
sume five  whole  days  in  the  passage,  he 
has  reserved  a  berth  on  the  "Rodman 
Wanamaker  Transatlantic  Flyer,"  a  Cur- 
tiss  flying  boat,  scheduled  to  make  the 
trip  in  from  twelve  to  sixteen  hours.  Mr. 
Wanamaker  believes  in  "safety  first". 
Therefore,  he  is  not  going  in  person,  but 
by  proxy.  Some  accounts  have  it  that 
Mr.  Wanamaker  is  to  foot  the  bills  for 
two  other  men,  not  designated.  At  any 
rate,  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  fly  across 
the  Atlantic  in  a  single,  unbroken  flight, 
"between  dawn  and  dark  of  one  day." 

At  Hammondsport,  on  Lake  Keuka,  in 
Central  New  York,  Glenn  H.  Curtiss  has 
a  shipyard  in  which  one  hundred  and 
fifty  men  are  constantly  employed  in 
building  flying  boats.  Here  is  where  the 
inventor  sketched  his  designs  for  the  fly- 
ing boat  which  he  believes  is  capable  of 
crossing  the  ocean. 

The  craft  is  to  be  finished  in  time  for 
trial  on  Long  Island  Sound  or  vicinity, 
in  June  or  July.  The  start  across  the 
Atlantic  is  to  be  made  in  August  or 
September.  The  finish  will  be  somewhere 

3SS 


in  Ireland,  or  on  the  bottom  of  the  ocean 
between  here  and  there.  In  the  former 
case  Wanamaker's  proxies  will  receive  a 
prize  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  offered  by 
Lord  Northcliffe  for  the  first  aviator  to 
fly  across  the  ocean,  and  another  of  five 
thousand  dollars  offered  by  Mrs.  Vic- 
toria Woodhull  Martin,  of  the  Women's 
Aerial  League  of  Great  Britain. 

Right  here  it  should  be  explained  that 
the  narrowest  part  of  the  Atlantic,  that 
between  Newfoundland  and  Ireland — 
a  trifle  more  than  sixteen  hundred  miles 
— has  been  selected  for  the  crossing. 
Being  pretty  far  north,  the  days  in  mid- 
summer will  be  longer  than  at  a  lower 
latitude,  which  gives  more  hours  in 
which  to  make  the  crossing  "between 
dawn  and  dark  of  one  day",  as  the  pro- 
gram has  it.  Furthermore,  the  crossing 
is  to  be  made  at  an  altitude  of  about 
ten  thousand  feet,  where  strong  winds, 
blowing  from  the  west,  are  counted  on 
to  help  the  flying  boat,  which  is  only 
designed  for  a  speed  of  from  sixty  to  a 
hundred  miles  an  hour,  to  race  along  at 
two  hundred  miles  an  hour. 

Flying  across  the  Atlantic  on  paper 
has  long  been  such  a  common  perform- 
ance that  a  blase  world  now  yawns  when- 
ever the  subject  is  mentioned  and  turns 
to  other  news.  But  as  the  art  of  flying 
has  progressed  to  the  point  where  every 


DISCOVERING   EUROPE   BY  AIRSHIP 


359 


once  in  a  while  an  aviator  comes  down 
alive,  the  conviction  has  been  growing 
that  the  time  is  drawing  near  when  actual 
transatlantic  flight  would  be  possible. 
Recently,  opinion  has  crystallized  on 
1914  or  1915  as  the  year  in  which  the 
feat  might  be  achieved. 

To    give    the    proposed    transatlantic 
flight  proper  eclat,  Wanamaker,  in  agree- 
ing  to    defray    the    expenses,    placed    it 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Aero 
Club  of  America,  of  which 
he    is    a    member.      This 
club    is    an    organization 
having    more    than    six 
hundred    members,    in- 
cluding   a    formidable 
array    of    notable 
names,    established    in 
a  handsome  clubhouse 
at     Madison     Avenue 
and  Forty-First  Street, 
New  York  City.     It  is 
affiliated    with    twenty- 
three  other  aero  clubs 
in    the    United     States, 


the 
Britain 


and  with  the  Federation 
Aeronautique   Interna- 
tionale.     The    wisdom    of 
Wanamaker,  in  making  this 
step,   becomes   apparent    when 
it    is    known    that    several 
other    persons    who    feel 
that  they  could  find  use 
for  that  fifty-five  thou- 
sand dollars  of  prize 
money     are     talking 
volubly    about    mak- 
ing a  try  for  it.     By 
co-operating      with 
Aero  Club  of  Great 
the  Aero  Club  of  America  will  be 
able,  if  anybody  else  really  does  attempt 
the  crossing,  to  elevate  the  affair  to  the 
dignity  of  a  race. 

The  American  and  British  Govern- 
ments will  be  asked  to  provide  a  patrol 
of  warships  along  the  proposed-  route  to 
give  the  aviators  assistance,  if  necessary. 
As  it  would  take  a  good  many  warships 
to  patrol  a  lane  sixteen  hundred  miles 
long,  it  has  been  suggested  that  yacht 
owners  should  be  requested  to  help  out. 

The  "Rodman  Wanamaker  Trans- 
atlantic Flyer"  will  resemble,  in  a  gen- 
eral way,  the  well-known  Curtiss  flying 
boat.    The  only  notable  departure  from 


standard  design  apparent  in  the  sketch 
is  that  the  propeller  is  placed  in  front 
instead  of  in  the  rear.  The  hull,  which  is 
about  fifty  feet  long  by  five  feet  beam,  is 
of  torpedo,  or  stream  line,  form.  It  is  al- 
most entirely  enclosed  so  that  if  the  ma- 
chine should  take  a  dip  in  the  ocean  it 
may  stay  afloat  at  least  long  enough  for 
the  occupants  to  bottle  their  farewell 
messages.  To  further  facilitate  this  ob- 
ject, the  wings,  or  planes,  will  be 
arranged  so  that  they  can 
readily  be  detached,  leaving 
the  hull  unobstructed. 
For,  once  the  flying  boat 
drops  into  the  ocean,  it 
cannot  rise  again.  Cur- 
tiss wanted  to  design  a 
craft  that  would  be 
able  to  rise  from  the 
ocean  waves  as  readily 
as  an  ordinary  Curtiss 
flying  boat  rises  from 
the   smooth    surface   of 


Glenn  Curtiss 
"Curtiss  vouches  for  the  structural  in- 
tegrity of  his  bie  machine.     There  is 
no  case  on  record  of  one  of  his  flyers 
collapsing  in  the  air." 


a  lake.    Thus,  in  cross- 
ing the   Atlantic  the 
Wanamaker    Flyer 
could  swoop  down 
on  supply  ships  for 
fresh      supplies     of 
gasoline,   like   a   sea- 
gull upon  a  fish — rise, 
and   resume   its   flight. 
The  crossing  would  thus 
be  broken   into  a  number  of 
short    flights.      But    Wanamaker 
opposed  this  plan,  believing  that  a 
continuous,    unbroken    flight    would    be 
more  significant. 

In  the  bow  will  be  installed  a  standard 
eight-cylinder  Curtiss  motor  of  approx- 
imately two  hundred  horsepower.  This 
will  be  readily  accessible  so  that  any 
necessary  adjustments  can  be  made  dur- 
ing flight.  Twelve  feet  aft  of  the  motor 
will  be  the  cockpit,  which  will  be  large 
enough  for  two  men.  All  the  controls 
will  be  in  duplicate  so  that  the  machine 
can  be  handled  by  both  men  in  unison 
or  by  either  one. 

The  wings  will  have  a  spread  of  ap- 
proximately  eighty   feet   with   a   lifting 


360 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


area  of  approximately  one  thousand  two 
hundred  square  feet.  The  latest  wings 
designed  by  Curtiss  are  able  to  rise  from 
the  water  with  a  load  of  ten  pounds  to 
the  square  foot.  Thus  the  Wanamaker 
Flyer  will  have  a  capacity  of  six  tons, 
though  no  such  load  will  be  car- 
ried. The  actual  cargo  will  con- 
sist of  a  crew  of  two 


fifty  hours  at  full  speed  without  develop- 
ing any  trouble. 

The  crew  of  two  men  can  count  on 
steady  jobs  all  the  way  across,  provided, 
of  course,  that  they  get  all  the  way 
across.  Half  the  crew  will  be  busy  as 
pilot  and  engineer ;  the  other  half  will  be 
fully  occupied  with  the  duties  of 
navigation,  watching  the  tach- 
ometer which  will  record  the 
speed  of  the  motor ;  the  ane- 
mometer which  shows  the 
progress  through  the  air ; 
the  barometer  and 
barograph,  which  give 
the  altitude ; 


men,  one  ton  of  gasoline,  and  sup- 
plies of  lubricating  oil,  food,  clothing, 
and  instruments. 

Flying  machines  are  now  so  well  de- 
signed that  mechanical  stability  devices 
are  seldom  called  into  play  in  long, 
straight  flights.  Such  things  are  essen- 
tial only  in  trick  flying  or  in  maneuvering 
in  a  limited  area. 

The  factor  of  safety  is  large  from  an 
aviator's  point  of  view,  but  aviators  have 
unique  ideas  of  safety.  Curtiss  vouches 
for  the  structural  integrity  of  his 
big  machine.  There  is  no  case  on  record 
of  one  of  his  machines  collapsing  in  the 
air.  While  hoping  to  make  the  crossing 
in  not  more  than  twelve  hours,  he  will 
carry  a  supply  of  fuel  that  will  last 
at  full  speed  for  thirty  hours.  The 
motor,  though  extremely  light  for  the 
power  developed,  as  flying  machine 
motors  must  be,  is  pretty  reliable.  Ex- 
perience has  shown  that  nine  times  out 
of  ten  the  motor  will  run  from  forty  to 


*  in  the  bow  will  be  installed 
a  standard  eight  -  cylinder 
Curtiss  motor  of  about  two  hun 
dred  horsepower.  This  motor 
will  be  readily  accessible  so  that 
any  necessary  adjustments  of  us 
parts  can  be  made  during  flight." 


the   aviator's   compass, 
and    other    chores    of 
that  sort. 
At    the    proposed    altitude, 

the  fliers,  equipped  with  binoculars, 
will  have  an  enormous  range  of  view ; 
and,  following  the  regular  track  of  the 
liners,  soon  after  leaving  the  Newfound- 
land shore,  should  at  no  time  be  out  of 
sight  of  vessels.  Should  the  machine 
stop  at  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet 
it  will  have  a  gliding  radius  of  about 
thirty  miles,  or  say  fifteen  miles  in  any 
direction  selected.  This  might  prove  a 
great  advantage  if  there  were  a  steam- 
ship near  at  hand. 

Viewed  in  the  light  of  past  perform- 
ances, transatlantic  flight  seems  less 
wildly  impossible  than  might  be  sup- 
posed. The  present  record  for  duration 
of  flight  is  held  by  a  Frenchman  with  a 
French  machine.  M.  Fourny,  in  a  Far- 
man  biplane,  flew  for  thirteen  hours, 
seventeen  minutes,  on  September  11. 
1912.  The  record  for  the  greatest  dis- 
tance in  a  day  is  held  by  a  German, 
Victor  Stoeffler,  who  flew  one  thousand 


CRADLING   THE   CANADIAN   NAVY 


361 


three  hundred  and  forty  miles.  This  was 
not  done  straightaway  before  the  wind, 
but  over  a  closed  circuit.  As  great 
strides  in  the  development  of  machines 
and  motors  have  been  taken  since  M. 
Fourny's  record  was  made,  it  does  not 
impose  too  great  a  strain  upon  credulity 
to  imagine  a  machine  capable  of  doubling 
his  time  in  the  air.  As  for  Stoeffler,  he 
might  almost  have  doubled  his  distance  in 
a  single  day  if  he  had  flown  before  the 
wind. 

Rodman  Wanamaker  has  been  an 
aeronautic  enthusiast  for  several  years, 
lie  has  been  up  in  the  air  several  times. 
He  has  undertaken  to  finance  the  attempt 
at  crossing  the  Atlantic,  not  as  a  sporting 
event,  nor  merely  to  establish  a  record, 
but  solely  in  the  interest  of  science,  look- 
ing particularly  to  the  development  of 
transportation  and  the  future  of  the 
aeroplane  in  connection  with  the  navy. 

Glenn  H.  Curtiss  began  experimenting 
with  light-weight  motors  before  aero- 
planes were  invented.  By  1903  he  had 
become  a  successful  designer  and  builder 


of  motorcycles.  For  seven  years  he  held 
the  world's  championship  for  motor- 
cycles. He  also  rode  the  fastest  mile 
ever  covered  on  the  ground,  going  over 
a  measured  mile  on  a  machine  of  his  own 
design  in  twenty-six  and  two-fifths  sec- 
onds, which  is  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  miles  an  hour.  In  1905, 
he  built  for  the  Government  the  first  suc- 
cessful dirigible  balloon  made  in  this 
country.  On  its  official  trial  it  estab- 
lished a  record  that  still  stands  for  air 
craft  of  this  type  in  America. 

Curtiss  was  early  in  the  field  in  aero- 
plane building  and  flying.  Practically 
every  American  record  for  speed,  alti- 
tude, distance,  duration,  and  quick 
starting  is  held  by  Curtiss  machines.  All 
the  United  States  Navy  aviation  records, 
nearly  all  the  Ui:ited  States  Army  rec- 
ords and  many  of  the  Russian,  Italian, 
and  Japanese  Navy  records  are  also  held 
by  Curtiss  machines.  It  seems,  therefore, 
as  if  Mr.  Curtiss  is  well  qualified  to  de- 
sign a  craft  to  fly  across  the  sixteen  hun- 
dred miles  of  ocean. 


CRADLING  THE  CANADIAN 

NAVY 

By.    MONROE    WOOLLEY 


JOHN  BULL  is  going  to  permit  a 
distant  colony  to  build  and  man 
its  own  war  vessels,  a  thing 
which,  perhaps,  no  other  govern- 
ing nation  has  ever  done  before 
for  a  dependency.  A  hundred  years  back 
such  a  suggestion  would  have  been  pre- 
posterous.   It  would  still  be  absurd  under 


certain  circumstances.  For  instance,  it 
will  be  a  long  time  before  Johnny  B. 
will  favor  India  with  duelling  weapons 
as  he  has  Australia  and  Canada. 

Of  course  Mr.  Bull  will  not  be  out 
much  at  pocket  in  the  construction  of  the 
Canadian  Navy.  The  same  thing  applies 
to  the  Australian  project.    Had  the  Brit- 


IN  THE  DISTANCE-AMMUNITION  ISLAND 
There  are  always  ships  of  the  line  there  now  and  after  the  Canadian  navy  is  born— this  is  to  be  its  birthplace— it  will 

assume  still  greater  activity. 


ish  Government  been  forced  to  build  the 
ships  and  present  them  to  her  depend- 
encies there  might  not  have  been  such  a 
liberal  attitude.  Canada  and  Australia 
are  not  only  to  man  and  control  their  own 
ships  of  war,  but  they  are  to  build  them 
as  well.  Therefore,  England,  on  paper  at 
least,  will  have  her  own  fighting  tonnage 
increased  at  absolutely  no  cost  to  the 
kingdom's  treasury.  This  is  another  way 
of  her  keeping  ahead  of  Germany  in  the 
strenuous  naval  armament  race. 


Before  a  man  buys  a  horse  he  should 
provide  a  stable  to  keep  it  in.  Or,  to 
make  the  truism  more  modern,  before  he 
invests  in  a  car  he  should  see  that  a 
suitable  garage  is  ready  to  receive  it. 
This  same  thing  applies  to  nations  just 
beginning  to  recruit  navies.  Shipyards 
are  the  barns  and  garages  for  the  dogs 
of  war — terrier  and  mastiff — and  going 
without  them  is  a  great  deal  like  leaving 
a  horse  to  shiver  outside  in  the  weather 
or  a  car  to  rust  in  the  rain. 

So  Canada,  the  newest  player  in  the 
costly  game  of  armed  protection,  is  busy 
now  preparing  a  yard  at  which  to  build 
her  fighting  ships  and  a  place  at  which  to 
house  and  repair  them. 

The  cradle  of  the  Canadian  Navy  is 
to  be  located  at  Esquimalt,  a  formidable, 
natural    harbor    indenting    the    rugged 

The  Great  Drydock  at  Esquimalt 

The  Canadian  Government  is  negotiating  for  the  purchase 

of  land  nearby  for  the  construction  of  a  dock  which 

will  accommodate  the  biggest  dreadnaught. 


CRADLING  THE   CANADIAN    NAVY 


363 


shores  of  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia,  where  British  men-o'-war  have 
long  since  found  a  retreat  from  long 
cruises  when  in  hailing  distance  of  the 
Dominion.  Soon  it  will  become  famous 
as  the  birthplace  of  the  Canadian  Navy. 
In  the  past,  Canada  has  felt  much  like 
an  overgrown  boy.  Of  ponderous  dimen- 
sions geographically,  she  has  always  been 
dependent  for  protection  on  the  mother 
country,  herself  smaller  than  some  of  the 
Dominion's  vast  provinces.  It  is  gen- 
erally supposed  that  Canada  has  not 
much  of  an  army,  but  one  of  our  own 
army  officers  is  authority  for  the  state- 


The  Canadian  Government  is  now 
negotiating  the  purchase  of  an  additional 
site  at  Lang's  Cove,  at  Esquimalt,  for  a 
government  drydock  capable  of  accom- 
modating the  largest  ocean  liners  in  the 
world,  as  well  as  the  biggest  dread- 
naughts  of  today  or  tomorrow.  This 
dock  will  be  as  big,  perhaps  bigger,  than 
any  we  now  have  on  the  Pacific  side. 
Plans  for  it  are  being  drawn  and  the 
project  will  cost  upward  of  four  millions 
of  dollars. 

This  announcement,  in  conjunction 
with  the  purchase  of  the  British 
Columbia  Marine  Railway's  shipbuilding 


COMPLETELY  LANDLOCKED 
There  is  a  British  war  vessel  in  the  drydock  at  the  left.    There  is  room  for  a  squadron  to  lie  in  calm  waters. 


ment  that  she  has  a  militia  organization 
much  superior  to  ours.  In  addition,  she 
recruits  and  maintains  one  of  the  finest 
military  bodies  of  men  that  exist  any- 
where in  the  world.  There  is  no  armed 
guardian  of  life,  property,  or  country 
superior  to  the  Northwest  Mounted 
Police  anywhere.  The  men  that  compose 
this  hardy  corps  are  physically  the  pick 
of  the  earth. 

Canada's  navy  will  very  shortly  com- 
pare favorably  in  size  and  efficiency  with 
her  wonderful  frontier  constabulary,  and 
before  long  American  jack  tars  will  see 
in  the  Canadian  sailors  creditable  rivals 
in  marksmanship  and  maneuvering. 


plant,  is  taken  in  Dominion  political 
circles  to  indicate  that  the  Government 
will  at  once  proceed  with  its  program 
of  constructing  a  mosquito  fleet,  consist- 
ing of  torpedo  boats  and  destroyers,  in 
its  own  yards.  Later  on,  the  building 
of  larger  ships  will  be  undertaken,  and 
in  time  the  Canadian  Navy,  now  living 
only  in  legislation,  will  become  a  reality. 
The  British  admiralty  will  show  its 
faith  in  the  Esquimalt  yards  by  having 
some  of  its  smaller  craft  built  there. 
Thus,  in  time,  that  yard  may  not  only 
turn  out  its  own  fighting  ships,  but  may 
also  build  a  considerable  number  of  the 
smaller  ships  for  the  English  Navy. 


WILL  CAPE  COD  DISAPPEAR? 


By 
ROBERT    H.    CAHOON 


CENTURIES  ago,  a  great 
glacier  swept  down  from 
the  far  North,  and  ploughed 
a  huge  furrow  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea,  shoving 
millions  upon  millions  of  tons  of  earth 
before  it.  When  the  glacier  melted, 
there  was  left  the  immense  pile  of 
rocks  and  sand  which  came  to  be 
called  "Cape  Cod". 

Little  by  little  since  that  historic 
period,  Cape  Cod  has  been  gradually 
wearing  away.  The  sea,  at  the  point 
where  its  waves  strike  the  Cape  coast- 
line, is  in  perpetual  motion,  even  when 
it  is  perfectly  calm. 

The  possibility  of  the  disappearance 
of  the  Cape  is  so  remote  that  its  in- 
habitants are  not  concerned,  but  if  one 
is  to  take  any  notice  of  the  damage 
done  by  severe  easterly  gales  which 
are  pounding  to  pieces  the  eight-foot 
bluffs  of  which  the  outer  Cape  is  made 
up,  he  realizes  that  sooner  or  later,  the 
end  must  come. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  has  been 
forming  for  hundreds  of  years  a  nar- 
row neck  of  land,  extending  out  south- 
ward from  the  mainland  near  Chat- 
ham, the  "elbow  of  the  Cape".  Mono- 
moy  Point,  as  it  is  known,  projects  out 
in  a  straight  line  for  nearly  seven 
miles,  at  no  spot  more  than  a  quarter 


The  Outer  Cape 

It  is  a  graveyard  for  ships,  its 

moving  sands  and  bars  forming 

a  treacherous  shore.     A  wreck 

is  soon  buried. 


of  a  mile  wide.  The  waves  roll  in 
here  unchecked,  from  a  sweep  of 
thousands  of  miles,  so  that  the  coast 
line  is  constantly  changing. 

Monomoy  Point  is  a  favorite  pic- 
nicking ground  for  summer  visitors 
and  excursionists,  its  stretch  of  broad 
beach  being  composed  of  pure  white 
sand.  Bordering  its  sides  are  numer- 
ous shoals  and  sand  bars,  which  are  a 
great  source  of  danger  to  seafarers. 

At  Truro,  known  to  the  old  inhabi- 
tants as  the  "danger  field",  near  the  tip 
end  of  the  Cape,  are  bluffs  a  hundred 
feet  high,  extending  up  almost  perpen- 
dicularly from  the  water,  which  is 
steadily  eating  into  them.  Northeast 
gales,  which  blow  here  frequently,  spell 
doom  to  any  craft  which  by  chance 
sails  along  its  shores.  During  heavy 
storms,  the  surf  rolls  in  breakers  from 
ten  to  forty  feet  high.  At  times,  so 
angry  is  the  ocean  at  this  particular 
spot  on  the  narrow  Cape  that  it  utterly 
disregards  all  embankments  thrown  up 
by  human  beings  and  sometimes 
washes  completely  over  the  five-hun- 
dred-foot beach.  Once  the  tide  car- 
ried away  the  railroad. 

Uncle  Sam  has  lighthouses  stationed 
at  intervals  along  the  Cape.  Years  ago 
not  a  few  of  them  were  placed  on  high 
bluffs  because  the  action  of  the  sea 
had  worn  away  the  cliffs  to  the  very 
doors  of  the   lighthouses.     Nowadays 


364 


CUT  OFF 
The  lower  cape  is  lonetimea  cut  wit  by  high  tides  and  enormous  seas  that  sweep  over  it.     Will  the  time  come  when  it 

will  all  be  water  covered? 


these  structures  are  built  of  wood,  and 
situated  farther  inland ;  some  of  them 
are  placed  on  rollers  so  that  they  may 
be  moved. 

A  notable  instance  of  the  damaged 
lighthouses  was  that  of  the  old  lights 
at  Chatham.  The  first  houses  built  at 
this  dangerous  spot,  in  1808,  were  made 
of  wood :  they  were  placed  upon  skids 
so  that  they  could  be  moved  and 
kept  in  range  for  vessels  crossing  the 
Pollock  Rip  shoals,  two  miles  to  the 
southeast.  As  the  shoals  were  con- 
stantly changing,  it  was  necessary  to 
have  the  lights  movable,  in  order  to 
give     the     proper     signal     to      ships 


Moving 
v  little  Cape  Cod  has  been 
wearing  away.    The  waves  roll 
in  unchecked  from  a  thou- 
sand-mile sw 


During  a  heavy  northeast  gale  in 
November,  1871,  the  ocean  broke 
upon  the  mainland  a  short  distance 
from  the  lights,  and  working  to  the 
south,  in  a  very  short  time  undermined 
the  bluff,  carrying  the  sand  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  harbor.  In  con- 
sequence of  this,  in  1877  one  of  the 
lights  went  down  the  bank. 

The  Cape  averages  about  a  mile  in 
width  from  Chatham  down,  but  geolo- 
gists are  unable  to  figure  out  how  long 
it  will  take  the  sea  to  eat  through  to 
the  inner  Cape  Cod  Bay. 


3&5 


366 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


SELF-STARTING  FLYING  BOAT 


AN   electric  self-starter  has  been 
"■  plied  to  flying  boats  which 
are    operating    at    Marble 
head,  Massachusetts. 
The    machine    is    in 
stalled    below    the 
motor    of    the 
hydroaeroplane 
and  is  so  light 
that    the    i  n- 
c  r  e  a  se      in 
weight  from 
its  use  is  neg- 
ligible.    Many 
aviators  have 
been  injured  in 
the  past,  by 
pulling    on    the 
propeller  while 
starting    the 
motors.     There     is 
apparently  no  reason 
why  the  electric  starter 
cannot   be    added    to    any 
large  aeroplane. 

^5 


ap- 


Setting  Off  Twenty  Cylinders 

An  electric  starter  has  been  placed 

on  some  of  the  latest  aeroplanes. 


CAPACITY:  TWENTY   JONAHS 

A  FTER    a    fight    lasting   thirty-nine 

**■  hours,  in  which  five  harpoons  and 

one    hundred    and    fifty    bullets    were 

used,    a    re- 
in a  rkabl  e 


monster  was  caught  off  Knight's  Key, 

Florida.     According  to  the  scientists  of 

the  Smithsonian  Institution,  it  is  what  is 

known  as  a  whale-shark,  and  is 

believed  to  be  the  largest 

fish  ever  caught. 

When  captured  this 
giant  weighed 
thirty  thousand 
pounds,  which 
did  not  include 
a  porpoise 
weighing 
fifteen  hun- 
d  r  e  d  pounds, 
which  it  had 
swallowed.  Its 
length  is  forty- 
fivefeet.  A 
full-grown  man 
could  stand  up- 
right inside  its 
stomach. 
The  mouth  of  the 
creature  is  more  than 
three  feet  wide  and  forty- 
three  inches  deep.  The 
tongue  is  forty  inches 
long,  and  it  has  several 
thousand  teeth  much 
smaller  than  those  of  a  baby.  The  tail 
looks  like  the  caudal  appendage  of  an 
aeroplane  and  is  ten  feet  from  tip  to  tip. 
The  hide  is  three  inches  thick,  and  there 
are  no  scales.  This  big  whale  will  be 
exhibited  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposi- 
tion at  San  Francisco  in  1915  to 
show  what  Florida  fishing 
waters  produce. 


That  Mouth  Is  Three  Feet 

Wide 

It's  only  a  baby  fish,  but  it  has 

room  for  several  Jonahs.    The 

Smithsonian  Institution 

says  it  is  a  whale-shark. 


r*  : 


Scientists  believe  that 
the  monster  was  an  in- 
habitant of  depths  of 
more  than  fifteen  hun- 
dred feet,  and  that  it  was 
thrown  to  the  surface 
by  some  subterranean 
volcanic  disturbance, 
which  injured  its  diving 
apparatus  so  that  it  was 
unable  to  return  to  its 
native  level.  From  a 
study  of  its  skeleton  they 
believe  it  to  be  a  very 
young  animal. 


GREATEST  BOAT 
TARES  STACKS 

HTHE  Vaterland  of  the 
*•    Hamburg  -  American 
Transatlantic  Line,  which 
is  to  be  the  largest  ship 
in  the  world,  is  rapidly 
nearing    completion. 
Some  idea  of  her  enor- 
mous size  may  be  gained 
from   the   fact  that  her 
three  great  funnels, 
recently  placed   in  posi- 
tion, rise  to  a  height  of 
one     hundred     forty-six 
feet  above  the  water,  and 
that  her  stacks,  oval  in 
shape,  are  to  reach  sixty- 
two  feet  above  the  deck. 
Each  funnel  consists  of  two  parts 
an  inner  funnel,  and  an  outer  tube 
which  serves  for  cooling  off.  One 
of    the    most    powerful    derricks 
ever  built  is  required  to  handle 
these     enormous     cylinders. 
The  Vaterland  measures  nine 
hundred  fifty  feet  in  length. 
She   will    sail   on   her 
maiden  trip  to  __^^^ 

X  e  w  York 
this  spring,  the 
safest  sea- 
going vessel 
ever  built  for 
passenger 
service. 


Sharpens  Electrically 
A  pencil  is  automatically  sharpened  when 
it  is  pushed  into  the  hole  of  this  machine. 


THE  VA  TERLAND'S  STACKS 

SHARPENS  UNDER  POWER 

A  X      improved     pencil     sharpener 
*■  which  is  absolutely  automatic  has 
been  placed  upon  the  market.    It  oper- 
ates by  means  of  an  electric  motor  and 
when  the  pencil  to  be  sharpened  is 
inserted  in  the  machine,  the  motor 
starts  automatically 
and    continues    until 
the    pencil     is    with- 
drawn.  The  machine 
can    be    at- 
tached to  any 
standard    pencil 
sharpener.      It 
forms  the  stand  and 
a   chain   drive   ap- 
plies the  power  to  the 
handle  wheel. 

JK7 


EATING 
for  EFFICIENCY 

By  William  Brady  M.  D. 

There  used  to  be  an  old  proverb,  which  every  one  believed,  but  few  followed: 
"Eat  when  you're  hungry;  drink  when  you're  dry."  That  was  practically  the 
sum  total  of  common  sense  in  eating.  But  for  a  long  time  now  we  have  realized 
that  what  and  hozv  we  eat  are  equally  important  matters.  Dietetics  is  <no  longer 
a  question  of  eating  what  we  like  or  of  not  eating  what  does  not  agree  zrith  us. 
It  is  no  longer  a  question  of  pleasure  or  of  health.  From  the  average  man's  point 
of  view,  eating  should  be  a  question  of  maintaining  and  increasing  his  efficiency. 
Dr.  Brady's  article,  which  zve  know  you  will  read  with  keen  interest,  is  the  third 
in  our  efficiency  series — the  first  on  strong  drink,  the  second  on  tobacco. — Tin- 
Editors. 


WHAT  to  eat  was  a  prob- 
lem for  the  first  amoeba 
floating  in  the  primeval 
sea.  Whether  to  ingest 
a  tempting  microbe  or 
a  microscopic  crystal  worried  the 
amceba,  just  as  it  worries  you  and  me 
whether  we  ought  to  tackle  a  second 
helping  of  home-made  pie  or  plead  a 
pressing  engagement.  The  microbe 
occasionally  proved  too  much  for  the 
greedy  amceba,  and  the  pie — 

Be  it  distinctly  understood  that  we 
are  not  offering  dietetic  advice  to  in- 
valids. If  perchance  you  harbor  in 
your  midst  a  precious  mine  of  gall- 
stones or  a  chronic  appendix  grumble 
or  any  other  frankly  surgical  entity, 
then  the  suggestions  laid  down  in  these 
paragraphs  are  not  for  you.  We  are 
dealing  here  with  the  question  of  food 
for  the  healthy. 

The  nutritive  value  of  pie  has  been 
sufficiently  established  by  competent 
authorities.  It  only  remains  to  digest 
the  pie.  When  one  finds  himself  in  a 
position  where  it  is  imperative  that  he 
shall  take  his  chances  with  a  quarter 
section  for  the  sake  of  the  peace  and 
honor  of  the  home,  the  following 
maneuver  will  be  effective :  Let  him 
excuse  himself  and  retire  to  the 
privacy  of  his  room  where,  divested  of 

368 


all  restraining  garments,  he  may  do  a 
boa-constrictor  glide  flat  on  his  stom- 
ach. Fifteen  minutes  a  day  devoted 
to  this  simple  pastime  prevents  post- 
prandial remorse. 

One  of  the  most  potent  causes  of 
"indigestion" — excluding,  now,  unsus- 
pected organic  disease  within  the 
abdomen — is  a  kink  or,  as  the  doctors 
say,  "ptosis",  that  is,  dropping  of 
organs  due  to  our  •  upright  posture. 
The  logical  relief  for  distress  from  this 
cause  is  the  resumption  of  the  hori- 
zontal position  of  our  remote  an- 
cestors ;  or  better  still,  turning  somer- 
saults or  standing  on  our  heads,  if  we 
are  equal  to  the  exertion.  For  timid 
sufferers  a  half  hour's  rest  in  a  prone 
position  with  chest  low  and  hips  elevated 
is  a  first  rate  substitute.  All  of  this  may 
sound  freakish  to  the  uninitiated :  I 
myself  laughed  at  the  idea  when  1  first 
heard  of  it ;  now  I  am  passing  it  along 
for  the  benefit  of  mankind  and  the  dis- 
comfiture of  some  of  my  professional 
colleagues. 

One  of  the  great  pleasures  of  being 
a  doctor  is  that  of  ridiculing  popular 
notions  about  diet,  health,  and  hygiene. 
We  call  these  popular  ideas,  which  we 
ourselves  presented  to  the  people  a 
generation  or  so  ago,  "delusions",  and 
everv  doctor  is  entitled  to  shatter  his 


EATING    FOR    EFFICIENCY 


369 


share  of  them.  The  pie  proposi- 
tion I  shall  pass  unlabeled,  and  enter 
upon  the  job  of  smashing  a  genuine 
delusion. 

Bare-legged  and  breathless,  a  sturdy 
youngster     endowed     with     abundant 
freckles     and     a     cast-iron     stomach, 
sought   his   Commande  r-i  n- 
Chief.       "Ma,"     he    asked 
"please,  kin  I  have  a  slice 
o'    bread    'n'    butter    V 
sugar  on?"    To  Johnnie 
it  was  a  solemn  moment. 

"You  may  have  some 
bread  and  butter,  but  no 
sugar,"  compromised  his 
mother   firmly   but   ten- 
derly.   She  was  a  mother 
of  the  old   school  and  be 
tiered  that  anything  a 
child  just  naturally 
craves  in  his  diet 
is  bad  for  him — 
for  that   rea- 
son. 

"Aw.  please, 
Ma  —  just  a 
teenty  bit  o' 
brown  sugar  like 
the  Barker  boys 
— please !" 

Bttt   it  was  no 
use.  Johnnie  got 
a  slice  of  plain 
baker's    goods 
spread     thinly 
with     a     fair 
quality  of  oleo 


Delusion  number  one  is  that  sugar 
and  sweets  are  harmful  to  young 
people.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  cane 
sugar  is  the  most  concentrated,  nour- 
ishing, readily  digestible,  quickly  as- 
similated, inexpensive  form  in  which 
one  can  obtain  heat  and  energy. 
Physiologically  it  furnishes  immedi- 
ately available  energy  to  the 
muscles,  especially  to  those  of 
the  heart,  and  is  therefore 
urged  upon  patients  with 
weak  hearts.  Children 
crave  sugar  for  perfectly 
natural  reasons  —  their 
muscles  demand  its 
strength-giving      aid,      and 


Taking  a  Chance 
The  nutritive  value  of  pie  has  been 
.sufficiently  established  by  com- 
petent    authorities.       It 
only  remains  to  digest 
the  pie." 


margarine,  along 
with  the  stereo- 
typed reminder  that 
S  ti  g  a  r  makes  worms. 
Later  on,  being  a  perfectly 
normal,  moral  little  chap,  he  raided  the 
sugar  barrel  and  balanced  his  rations  in 
accordance  with  the  physiological  needs 
of  his  tissues.  As  for  Johnnie's  mother, 
she  was  only  enforcing  a  regimen  she 
had  been  taught  by  her  mother,  who 
in  turn  had  had  it  from  the  old  family 
doctor. 


their    hearts 
have    a    tremen- 
dous   load    upon 
them  during  the  devel- 
oping years.    Brown  sugar 
is  preferable,  for  reasons  which  will  be 
mentioned  later. 

It  is  really  surprising  to  find  how 
little  we  knew  about  food  values  and 
digestibility  before  the  adoption  of  the 
calorie  as  the  unit  of  measurement, 
and  the  modern  advances  of  laboratory 
physiology.  For  instance,  the  standard 


370 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


"The  more 

reliable 

firms  only 

recommend 

bouillon 

cubes  for 

the   relief 

of  'brain 

fas'." 


beef  tea  of  the  sick  room,  formerly  con- 
sidered the  very  essence  of  energy, 
proves  on  analysis  to  be  little  else  than 
a  stimulating  beverage.  Meat  broths 
as  a  class  are  incapable  of  preventing 
wasting  of  the  body,  though  they  are 
the  most  expensive  articles  of  diet  the 
sick  room  can  boast.  Animals  fed  wholly 
on  meat  broth  will  starve  to  death  even 
more  quickly  than  animals  which  are  fed 
nothing  at  all,  probably  because  the 
stimulation  of  meat  extracts  uses  up 
the  energy  of  their  tissues  too  rapidly. 

There  is  really  but  one  way  to  obtain 
all  the  nutritive  elements  of  beef,  and 
that  is  to  eat  the  beef  in  fairly  good 
sized  particles  without  much  mastica- 
tion. Meat  prote'in,  or  nitrogenous 
food,  is  insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol ; 
therefore  how  can  any  broth  or  pro- 
prietary essence  of  beef  nourish  the 
body? 

What  are  the  nourishing  constitu- 
ents of  "bouillon  cubes?"  From  fifty 
to  seventy-two  per  cent  of  the  weight 
of  a  cube  is  just  common  table  salt, 


cent  is  a  mixture  of  non-nitrogenous 
extracts,    stimulating    to    the    appetite 
and  the  flow  of  gastric  juice,  but  prac- 
tically  devoid   of   nourishment.     To   be 
sure,  the  more  reliable  firms  only  recom- 
mend  bouillon   cubes    for   the    relief   of 
"brain  fag"  and  that  tired  feeling;  yet 
most  people  fancy  the  cubes  contain  real 
strength.     A  cup  of  home-made  broth  is 
far  more  nourishing  if   not   too  finely 
strained,  provided  you  have  the  time  and 
the  kitchen ;  if  without  these  essential 
ingredients,  then  cubist  broth  may  hit 
the  spot  a  gentle  harmless  blow. 
:-n  On  the  subject  of  meat,  let 

us  say  a  word  for  those 
earnest,  wild-eyed  reform- 
ers who  are  living  on  vege- 
tables. Beginning  with 
Horace  Fletcher  and  Upton 
Sinclair  the  list  runs  all  the 
way  down  to  the  Gaekwar 
of  Baroda.  Sir  William 
Osier  is  no  vegetarian  but 
he  deserves  credit  for 
having  told  us  long  ago 
— while  he  was  living  in 
Baltimore,  where  the 
quick-lunch  is  manufac- 
tured— that  we  eat  not 
only  too  much  meat,  but  too  much  other 
food.  But  Fletcher  went  him  one  better, 
insisting  that  we  not  only  eat  more  than 
our  system  can  economically  handle 
but  we  eat  it  too  fast.  And  Horace 
Fletcher  would  make  a  strange  sort  of  a 
doctor,  for  he  practices  what  he  preaches. 
There  is  no  longer  any  question  of 
the  value  of  a  vegetarian  diet  for  cer- 
tain chronic  disturbances  of  health.  A 
practically  exclusive  vegetarian  diet 
may  also  be  best  for  people  in  ordinary 
health  who  are  engaged  in  sedentary 
occupations.  But  the  consensus  of 
opinion  among  dietitians  is  that  a 
mixed  diet  is  preferable  for  the  aver- 
age brain  worker  or  muscle  worker. 

The  beneficent  influence  of  tem- 
porary or  prolonged  meat  fasts  upon 
the  health  is  generally  recognized.  We 
can  save  ourselves  much  constitutional 
delinquency,  to  say  nothing  of  cold 
cash,  by  moderation  in  meat  eating. 
While  I  get  along  as  well  as  could  be 
expected  with  the  butcher,  considering 
what   he  asks   for  an   edible   steak,   ] 


and    from    eight   to    twenty-eight    per     am  simply  voicing  the  opinion  of  most 


EATING    FOR    EFFICIENCY 


371 


family  physicians  when  I  say  the 
butcher  is  prospering  altogether  too 
much  for  the  people's  health.  You  will 
suspect  that  I  owe  my  butcher  a  bill — 
and  I  do;  I  owe  him  more  than  he 
ever  charges  for  his  goods,  because  the 
more  meat  he  sells  the  more  practice 
I  get. 

These  victims  of  too  much  meat 
eating  come  with  "biliousness",  liver 
complaint,  sick  headache,  etc.,  and  I 
hate  exceedingly  to  call  them  gour- 
mands but  I  simply  have  to  do  it.  Of 
course  I  don't  come  right  out  and  say 
it  in  so  many  words;  I  beat  about  the 
bush  like  a  good  doctor. 

"You  don't  drink  enough  water,"  I 
suggest  for  a  starter. 

"Water?  What's  that — oh,  water, 
sure — why,  I  take  a  glass  of  water 
night  and  morning." 

"lake  ten  glasses  a  day  at  least,"  I 
order.  "Four  pints  of  water  is  abso- 
lutely essential  to  carry  off  the  impuri- 
ties from  the  body  each  twenty-four 
hours.  You  can't  expect  to  feel  well 
unless  you  drink  four  pints  daily.  It 
may  be  taken  between  meals  or  with 
meals,  just  as  you  like.  It  will  dilute 
the  gastric  juice,  of  course,  but  that 
won't  bother  the  pepsin  any.  Thirst 
at  mealtime  indicates  that  the  gastric 
juice  requires  dilution." 

"Can't  you  fix  me  up  something  for 
my  liver?"  the  patient  inquires  disin- 
terestedly. 

"Yes,  surely" — and  I  prescribe  some 
conventional  palliative.  "But  your  diet 
needs  correction.  Have  to  cut  the 
meat  down  to  three  times  a  week. 
That  may  make  all  the  difference,  or 
it  may  not.  We  can  tell  by  our  chem- 
ical analysis  when  you  call  again." 

And  how  do  I  know  the  patient  is 
consuming  too  much  meat  ?  I  make  a 
test.  I  find  the  toxic  waste  products 
of  animal  protein — left  behind  after 
the  digestive  ferments  in  the  aliment- 
ary canal  have  given  up  the  job  and 
have  been  superseded  by  that  indefati- 
gable ally  and  satellite  of  senility,  the 
colon  bacillus. 

Whether  you  like  it  or  not,  the  colon 
bacillus  has  to  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion in  every  discussion  of  the  diet  of 
civilized  man.  In  the  alimentary  canal 
meat  substance  is  the  favorite  pabulum 


of  the  ever-present  colon  bacillus, 
preferably  meat  substance  in  a  finely 
divided  state  or  broth.  It  has  been 
demonstrated  that  meat  in  not  too 
finely  masticated  shreds  digests  more 
quickly,  and  is  less  apt  to  undergo 
putrefactive  changes  by  the  colon 
bacillus  than  soups,  broths,  or  Fletcher- 
ized  meat — though  Fletcher,  being  a 
rigid  vegetarian,  does  not  advocate  the 
chewing  of  meat. 

Vegetable  protein,  or  the  "meat" 
of  beans,  peas,  rice,  wheat,  nuts,  and 
cereals  generally,  digests  as  easily  as 
animal  protein  and  resists  colon  bacil- 
lus changes  much  better  than  animal 
protein.    This  explains  why  we  doctors 


Lots  of 

Brown 

Sugar 

"Delusion 

number  on.- 
isthat  sut,';ir 
and  m 
are  harmful 
to  young 
people." 


372 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


have  so  little  to  do  with  vegetarians  as 
a  class. 

Recently  Pavlov,  the  Russian  physi- 
ologist, discovered  an  entirely  new  set 
of  facts  bearing  on  the  chemistry  of 
digestion.  He  found  that  when  a  mor- 
sel of  food  is  taken  into  the  mouth  and 
well  masticated  there  is  produced  in 
the  neighboring  vessels  a  chemical 
substance  called  "hormone",  which  is 
carried  by  the  circulation  directly  to 
the  stomach  wall,  where  it  apprises  the 
cells  of  the  character  of  the  job  to  be 
performed.  Thus  notified  by  the  chem- 
ical messenger,  the  secreting  cells  pro- 
ceed to  pour  out  a  gastric  juice  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  digestion  of  the 
particular  variety  of  food  which  is 
being  masticated.  Meat  juice  and  milk 
juice,  for  instance,  are  widely  different 
in  character ;  therefore  these  two  vari- 
eties of  food  should  not  be  taken  at 
the  same  meal.  Meat  juice  and  bread 
juice,  or  bread  juice  and  milk  juice 
seem  to  work  in  har- 
mony. Pavlov's  hor- 
mones are  intimately  con- 
cerned in  the  correlation 
of  the  various  acts  of  di- 
gestion  all  the  way 
through  the  digestive 
tube ;  certain  of  them  are 
already  isolated  and  in- 
jected hypodermically  in 
the  treatment  of  digest- 
ive diseases.  But  an  inter- 
esting point  about  this  is 
that  Horace  Fletcher  prac- 
tically reasoned  this  thing  all 
out  before  Pavlov  discovered 
the  facts  through  experimen- 
tation. 

Pavlov    has    also    proved 
that  oil  or  fat  tends  to  in- 
hibit digestion  in  the  stom- 
ach.   This  element  of  food 
is   digested   wholly   in   the 
duodenum       anyway 
However,  it  is  ob- 
vious that  olive  oil 
dressing  makes  the 
salad  stay  with  you 
longer; 
that     cod- 
liver    oil 
should 
never,  if  at 


all,  be  given  within  two  hours  of  a  meal ; 
and  finally,  that  little  Johnnie's  repug- 
nance to  castor  oil  is  founded  on  purely 
physiological  grounds — Johnnie  never 
being  more  than  four  hours  away  from 
a  meal. 

X-ray  observation  of  the  digestion 
of  a  meal  which  includes  a  dose  of 
bismuth  to  render  the  food  visible  as 
it  passes  through  the  digestive  tract, 
has  upset  most  of  our  former  cut  and 
dried  notions  about  the  comparative 
digestibility  of  different  foods.  Food 
may  leave  the  stomach  very  soon  after 
it  is  swallowed,  and  then  remain  in  the 
duodenum  for  hours.  In  fact,  the  more 
important  part  of  digestion  is  carried 
on,  not  in  the  stomach,  but  beyond. 
Symptoms  which  were  formerly  sup- 
posed to  indicate  stomach  trouble  or 
acidity  or  gas  or  ulcer  prove  to  indi- 
cate rather  some  abnormal  state  of  the 
duodenum  or  other  organ.  The  "stum- 
mick",  long-suffering  and  much-abused 
organ,  isn't  an  essential  of  life  ;  a  man 
may  live  quite  comfortably  without 
one,  but  he  can't  live  without  a 
duodenum. 
I  am  going  to  omit  all  refer- 
ence to  the  caloric  value  of 
foodstuffs  in  the  diet,  be- 
cause as  soon  as  you  try  to 
pin  a  man  down  to  scientific 
facts  and  figures  he  grows 
restive  and  begins  to  quote  ex- 
ceptions. Chemical  analyses 
of  foods,  as  printed  in  the  Bul- 
letins furnished  by  the  United 
States  Agriculture  Department, 
for  example,  are  worth  investi- 
gating if  you  wish  to  select 
foods  which  are  economical 
in  cost  and  at  the  same  time 
dependable  for  nutrition. 
The  caloric  content  of  a 
given  foodstuff,  however,  is 
not  to  be  relied  upon  as  the 
sole  guide  in  this  mat- 


A  Strenuous  Remedy 
"One  of  the  most  potent  causes 
of  'indigestion'  ...  is  dis- 
placement of  or- 
cans  due  to  our 
upright  pos- 
ture. The  log 
ical  relief  for 
distress  from 
this  cause  is 
.  .  .  standing 
on  your  head." 


EATING    FOR    EFFICIENCY 


373 


ter,  for  some  foods  low  in  calories  are 
very  completely  assimilated,  while 
others  of  high  caloric  content  cannot 
be  entirely  digested. 

A  dish  of  green  peas — not  counting 
the  copper  sulphate  coloring  or  the 
solder— or    of    well-baked    beans    sup- 


ance.  This  explains  why  animals  suc- 
cumb so  promptly  to  mineral  starva- 
tion. 

Now  it  is  as  yet  undecided  scientific- 
ally whether  civilized  man  suffers 
partial  mineral  starvation.  Our  thin, 
anaemic,  insipid  imitation  of  the  Staff 


THE  SIDE  DISH 

"A  dish  ol  gram  peas— not  counting  the  copper  sulphate  coloring  or  solder— or  of  well-baked  beans  supplies,  pound  (or 

pound,  all  the  working  energy  of  bigh-priced  beef." 


plies,  pound  for  pound,  all  the  work- 
ing energy  of  high-priced  beef  or  mut- 
ton. A  nickel's  worth  of  peanuts,  if 
you  can  digest  them,  will  give  you  as 
much  food  as  a  pound  of  porterhouse, 
and  no  liver  complaint.  The  Chinese 
coolie,  on  his  rice  diet,  performs  the 
work  of  a  pack  animal  with  no  com- 
plaint at  all.  Yet  many  an  underpaid 
American  laborer  "soldiers",  on  the 
ground  that  he  can't  work  without 
meat  once,  twice,  or  thrice  a  day. 

Mineral  food  is  something  you  can't 
estimate  in  calories.  In  the  tables  of 
analysis  of  food  you  will  find  the  word 
"Ash" — meaning  mineral  matter,  that 
is,  iron,  phosphorus,  calcium,  sodium, 
potassium,  and  other  elements.  Al- 
though ignored  by  most  dietitians, 
mineral  food  is  even  more  essential  to 
life  than  is  animal  or  vegetable  matter. 
Animals  fed  on  demineralized  food  will 
starve  to  death. 

The  role  of  mineral  food  is  partly 
that  of  a  nutrient,  but  more  especially 
it  is  a  vital  factor  in  the  process  of 
osmosis.  Osmosis  means  the  inter- 
change of  fluids  between  tissues.  Such 
important  functions  as  absorption, 
secretion,  and  elimination  are  depend- 
ent on  mineral  salts  for  their  continu- 


of  Life  is  assuredly  deficient  in  mineral 
food ;  the  modern  milling  process  robs 
the  wheat  of  the  chemistry  stored  in 
the  kernel  by  Nature.  On  the  other 
hand,  we  obtain  a  generous  supply  of 
mineral  food  from  such  articles  as 
fresh  fruit,  green  vegetables,  and  nuts. 
Brown  sugar  contains  more  than  two 
hundred  times  as  much  mineral  matter  as 
does  white  sugar.  If  little  ones  like  it, 
let  them  have  it  spread  on  their  whole- 
wheat bread  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick. 
Physicians  in  the  South  find  that  the 
pickaninnies  wax  fat  and  strong  when 
the  cane  is  ripe,  and  they  declare  that 
there  is  no  evidence  of  indigestion  or 
worms  from  the  sugar-cane  feast. 

This  being  strictly  a  common  sense 
exposition  of  the  present  status  of  die- 
tetics, we  have  carefully  refrained  from 
discussing  such  luxuries  as  butter  and 
eggs.  Margarine  at  twenty  or  twenty- 
two  cents  a  pound  makes  it  superfluous 
to  speak  of  butter  in  relation  to  dietetics, 
and  eggs  at  seven  cents  apiece  places 
hen  fruit  in  the  class  of  heirlooms.  With 
the  kindly  assistance  of  the  Agriculture 
Department  it  would  be  possible  to  be 
able  to  select  for  home  use  a  diet  which 
will  make  the  consumer  independent  of 
markets,  trusts,  and  dyspepsia  tablets. 


THE    WATERSIDE   TWINS,    THE    GREAT 
POWER  PLANT  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 
EDISON  COMPANY 
Number  Two,  where  the  smoke  laundry  is  in  oper- 
ation, is  at  the  right. 


LAUNDERED  SMOKE 


By 
C.    F.    CARTER 


EVER  since  the  New  York  Edi- 
son Company  installed  a 
smoke  laundry  at  Waterside 
Station,  Number  Two,  the 
smoke  from  that  big  power  plant 
has  been  the  cleanest  to  be  seen  on  the 
sky  line  of  the  metropolis.  Or,  to  be 
exact,  it  is  one  of  the  three  cleanest 
smoke  palls,  for  the  original  smoke 
laundry  was  such  a  brilliant  success 
that  two  others  have  already  been  in- 
stalled.   Additional  ones  will  be  built. 

The  success  of  the  smoke  laundry 
is  a  cause  for  personal  rejoicing  on  the 
part  of  every  city  dweller  in  the  world ; 
for  as  soon  as  this  wonderful  invention 
comes  into  universal  use  it  will  lift 
what  Sir  William  Richmond  calls  "the 
curse  of  civilization." 

For  years  the  cities  of  Europe  and 
America  have  enacted  ordinances  and 
appointed  inspectors  to  minimize  the 
smoke  nuisance;  near-inventors  have 
burdened  the  patent  offices  with 
"smoke-consuming"  devices  that  were 
designed  to  consume  money  but  not 
smoke;  corporations  and  individuals 
have  spent  thousands  of  dollars  and 
unlimited  time  experimenting  in  an 
endeavor  to  minimize  the  smoke  out- 
put; while  engineers,  college  profes- 
sors, and  a  great   many  others   have 

3)4 


written  about  the  smoke  problem, 
until  the  bibliography  of  the  more  im- 
portant treatises  alone,  fills  a  book  of 
one  hundred  and  sixty-four  closely 
printed  pages. 

Meanwhile  the  pall  of  city  smoke  has 
gone  right  on  shutting  out  the  sun- 
light and  contributing  its  full  share 
to  the  discomforts  and  disorders  of  the 
unfortunate  city  dwellers,  by  its  gen- 
erous deposits  of  soot  and  cinders. 
Basing  calculations  upon  a  series  of 
investigations  covering  the  entire  king- 
dom, it  has  been  estimated  that  300,000 
tons  of  soot  and  cinders  are  deposited 
from  smoke  on  the  surface  of  Great 
Britain  annually.  In  Leeds  the  rate  of 
deposit  of  soot  is  estimated  at  539  tons 
per  square  mile  per  year;  in  London, 
426  tons  and  in  Glasgow,  820  tons. 

Coming  nearer  home,  we  find  that 
the  Cleveland  Chamber  of  Commerce 
has  estimated  the  damage  due  to 
smoke  in  the  Ohio  metropolis  at 
$6,000,000  a  year,  or  $12  apiece  for 
every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the 
city.  In  Cincinnati  the  smoke  dam- 
age is  estimated  at  $8,000,000;  in  Chi- 
cago, at  $17,600,000  a  year,  which  is 
$8  per  capita.  In  Pittsburgh  the  dam- 
age to  goods  in  stores  is  estimated  at 
$1,650,000  a  year.     The  extra  cost  of 


LAUNDERED   SMOKE 


375 


dry  cleaning  due  to  smoke  in  Pitts- 
burgh over  the  average  cost  in  New 
York  is  estimated  at  $750,000;  extra 
cost  of  painting,  $300,000;  extra  cost 
of  wall  paper,  $400,000;  extra  cost  of 
metal  roofs  and  gutters,  $900,000  a 
year. 

Perhaps  these  impressive  figures 
may  be  of  some  assistance  in  apprais- 
ing at  its  true  importance  the  laundry 
for  washing  out  of  smoke  its  heavier 
components. 

The  invention  resulted  from  efforts 
to  reform  the  Waterside  Twins,  the 
great  power  plants  of  the  Edison  Com- 
pany on  the  banks  of  the  East  River, 
which  have  been  inveterate  smokers 
ever  since  the  fires  were  first  lighted 
under  their  boilers.  Not  that  the 
Waterside  Twins  have  been  any  worse 
than  any  other  power  plants  brought 
up  in  the  metropolis.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  Edison  Company  has  spared 
no  expense  to  make  them  models  and 
show  places.  But  it  is  impossible  to 
burn  from  two  thousand  to  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  tons  of  coal  every 
twenty-four  hours  without  making 
more  or  less  smudge.  Everything  that 
engineering  science  could  do  had  been 
done  to  render  combustion  complete, 
thus  preventing  unnecessary  smoke ; 
but  very  little  up  to  this  time  had  been 
accomplished  toward  lessening  the 
quantities  of  small  particles  of  uncon- 
sumed  carbon,  dust,  and  ashes,  which 
were  drawn  up  the  stacks  and  thrown 
out  into  the  atmosphere.  Although 
the  prevailing  wind  obligingly  depos- 
ited three-fourths  of  this  objectionable 
matter  in  the  East  River,  the  remain- 
der was  quite  enough  to  be  a  nuisance 
in  the  neighborhood. 

It  was  decided  to  try  the  smoke  cure 
on  Number  Two,  the  younger  of  the 
twins,  a  plant  upon  which  the  demands 
are  so  great  that  one  hundred  and  forty 
thousand  horsepower  is  often  ■  devel- 
oped. Its  boilers  are  arranged  on  two 
floors.  On  each  floor  are  eight  hori- 
zontal flues  about  fifty  feet  long,  and 
each  of  these  flues  receives  the  gases 
from  six  boilers.  There  are  four 
smokestacks,  rising  two  hundred  and 
sixty-four  feet  above  the  second  floor, 
and  out  of  these  roll  four  hundred  thou- 
sand cubic  feet  of  gases  every  day. 


Four  years  of  steady  work,  backed 
by  ample  funds  to  build  experimental 
apparatus  and  hire  expert  help,  were 
required  to  develop  the  smoke  laundry; 
but  it  was  accomplished  at  last  with 
such  complete  success  that  ninety-five 
per  cent  of  the  soot  and  cinders  were 
removed.  To  give  an  idea  of  the  thor- 
oughness of  results,  it  may  be  said  that 
forty  per  cent  of  the  material  washed 
out  of  the  smoke  would  pass  through 
a  screen  having  two  hundred  meshes  to 
the  square  inch. 

The  inventors,  started  out  with  the 
idea  of  enlarging  the  flues  to  reduce 
the  velocity  of  the  gases  so  that  the 
solid  particles  might  settle  to  the  bot- 
tom of  a  chamber.  A  reduction  of 
more  than  one-half  in  the  velocity  re- 
sulted in  settling  out  only  about  forty 
per  cent  of  the  cinders.  When  some 
baffle  plates  were  placed  in  the  flues 
they  interfered  with  the  draft,  but  only 
slightly  increased  the  quantity  of  cin- 
ders caught.  Then  a  filter  was  tried 
at  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  stacks  and 
the  screen  was  given  a  reciprocating 
motion  so  that  part  of  it  was  inside 
catching  cinders  while  the  other  part 
was  outside  being  brushed  off.  But  the 
problem  was  still  unsolved.  A  screen 
fine  enough  to  catch  cinders  interfered 
with  the  draft. 

A  number  of  experiments  with 
centrifugal  force  were  made,  the  idea 
being  to  impart  a  whirling  motion  to 
the  gases,  thus  throwing  the  cinders 
out  into  pockets.  An  experimental 
furnace  and  stack  were  built  to  try 
this  idea,  but  it  did  not  pan  out. 

Then  an  attempt  was  made  to  pre- 
cipitate the  suspended  particles  by  giv- 
ing them  an  electrical  charge  so  that 
they  would  be  driven  toward  a  series 
of  collecting  electrodes.  This  proved 
inefficient,  and  besides,  serious  diffi- 
culty with  the  high  potentials  em- 
ployed developed,  while  the  covering 
of  cinders  on  the  insulators  dissipated 
the  charge.  A  wearisome  list  might  be 
given  of  other  schemes  that  were  tried 
and  cast  aside  as  worthless.  Mean- 
while the  experimenters  were  figuring 
on  a  wet  cleaner,  to  which  the  scrub- 
bers used  in  washing  blast  furnace 
gases  for  use  in  furnaces  or  gas  en- 
gines gave  a  clue. 


376 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  Adjustable  Washboard-Damper 
The  damper  on  which  the  smoke  is  washed  by  a  stream  of  • 
movable. 

The  first  wet  cleaner  tried  consisted 
of  a  curved  baffle  plate,  placed  just  be- 
yond the  boiler  outlet  so  as  to  deflect 
the  gases  downward,  and  a  water  tank 
below  to  catch  the  cinders.  This 
simple  scheme  caught  so  many  cinders 
that  the  inventors  saw  that  they  were 
headed  in  the  right  direction.  The  next 
step  was  to  increase  the  distance  traveled 
by  the  gases  in  a  downward  direction, 
and  also  to  increase  the  velocity  mate- 
rially so  that  the  solid  particles  would  be 
driven  toward  the  water  at  greater  speed. 


This  gave  much  better  results. 
By  a  laborious  process,  each  step 
of  which  was  carefully  tested, 
the  perfected  apparatus  was 
worked  out  from  this  beginning. 
The  device  now  consists  of  a 
movable  damper,  or  perhaps  it 
should  be  called  the  washboard 
of  the  smoke  laundry,  five  feet 
wide  and  fifty  feet  long,  running 
the  entire  length  of  the  flue,  sus- 
pended over  a  trough,  i.  e.,  the 
washtub,  of  the  same  length,  and 
eight  and  a  half  feet  wide. 
Water  flows  at  intervals  of  four 
inches  from  a  pipe  running  along 
the  top  of  the  damper-washboard 
into  a  gutter  from  which  it  over- 
flows over  the  entire  surface  of 
the  washboard  in  a  solid  sheet. 
At  the  draft  maintained,  the 
gases  travel  fifty  feet  a  second, 
or  thirty-four  miles  an  hour,  a 
fair  speed  for  an  ordinary  pas- 
senger train.  As  the  smoke 
hurls  itself  against  this  big 
washboard  at  high  velocity,  the 
lighter  gases  curl  down  and 
cling  close  to  the  damper- 
washboard,  rolling  over  and 
over  in  contact  with  it  and  hurry 
on  to  the  bottom,  the  only  place 
where  they  can  escape,  while  the 
heavier  parts  are  hurled  against 
the  falling  sheet  of  water  in 
which  they  remain. 

The  damper  and  the  side  of 
the  flue  together  form  a  V- 
shaped  space  which  fans  the 
gases  out,  so  that  they  pass 
through  a  comparatively  narrow 
slot  and  thence  out  under  the 
bottom  of  the  damper.  The 
water  in  the  trough  is  kept 
to  the  bottom  of  the  damper. 
The  smoke,  which  is  scrubbed  by  roll- 
ing down  in  contact  with  the  damper- 
washboard,  is  given  a  final  rinsing  by 
passing  through  the  sheet  of  water  fall- 
ing from  the  bottom  of  the  damper,  so 
that  it  is  pretty  thoroughly  laundered 
before  it  escapes  up  the  stack. 

The  cinders  and  soot  are  caught 
either  by  coming  in  contact  with  the 
sheet  of  water  on  the  damper  and  thus 
being  carried  to  the  water  in  the 
trough,  from  whence  they  are  removed 


close 


LAUNDERED   SMOKE 


377 


once  a  day,  or  they  are  projected 
into  the  trough  by  the  high 
velocity  they  have  attained.  This 
velocity  is  due  partly  to  the  in- 
creased speed  of  the  gases  and 
partly  to  gravity.  This  is  an 
important  feature,  for  the  energy 
of  motion  of  the  solid  particles 
varies  in  proportion  to  the 
square  of  the  velocity,  and  the 
resistance  of  the  projected  par- 
ticles to  any  change  in  their 
direction  of  travel  will  be  pro- 
portional to  this  energy.  The 
damper  is  adjusted  to  meet 
varying  conditions  by  raising 
and  lowering  it  with  a  hand- 
wheel.  For  instance,  when  the 
boilers  are  working  at  a  little 
more  than  their  nominal  rating, 
the  damper  bottom  may  be  from 
three    to    six    inches    above    the 


trough :  when 
hundred  and 
cent  of  their 
as     sometimes 


water     in     the 
forced     to     two 
twenty-five    per 
rated     capacity, 

happens,  the  opening  between 
damper  and  water  would  be  in- 
creased to  fourteen  inches. 

When  the  inventors  had  pro- 
ceeded thus  far,  they  thought 
their  troubles  were  practically 
over,  but  thev  were  mistaken. 
The  laundry  proved  to  be  so 
thorough  in  its  work  that  be- 
sides washing  out  ninety-five 
per  cent  of  the  solid  matter  it 
also  washed  out  a  lot  of  the 
sulphur  dioxide  gases  which  con- 
stitute about  one-half  of  one  per 
cent  of  the  total  volume  of 
smoke.  These  sulphur  dioxide 
gases  have  a  great  affinity  for 
water  with  which  they  form  a 
certain  amount  of  sulphuric  acid.  The 
sulphuric  acid  mixed  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  produced  by  the  combina- 
tion of  the  sulphuric  acid  and  the  salt 
in  the  sea  water  used,  created  in 
turn  a  chemical  combination  which 
quickly  destroyed  the  steel  in  damper 
and  trough.  Copper  is  now  being  used 
with  better  results,  but  experiments 
with  various  acid-proof  and  heat-resist- 
ing compounds  are  being  made. 

Though   ninety-five  per  cent  of  the 
solids  are  removed,  it  is  impossible  to 


The  Adjuster 
This  handwheel.  weighted  wilh  a  heavy  ball,  adjusts  the  washboard- 
damper:  the  big  pipe  supplies  it  with  water.    Note  the  streams  of 
water  from  the  pipe  running  down  the  inner  side  of  the  damper. 


wash  ont  the  exceedingly  small  par- 
ticles which  give  smoke  its  color. 
These  particles  are  so  tiny  that  a  single 
average  puflf  of  cigarette  smoke  con- 
tains about  four  billions  of  them.  But 
these  are  readily  dissipated  in  the  at- 
mosphere. Laundered  smoke  contains 
not  more  than  two-tenths  of  a  grain  of 
solids  per  cubic  foot  and  does  infi- 
nitely less  harm  in  the  neighborhood 
than  a  lighter  colored  smoke  which  is 
probably  freighted  with  soot  and  cin- 
ders which  drop  near  the  stack. 


THE  VANGUARD 

Two  men  on  this  motorcycle  are  always  the  first  arrivals  at  fires  in  Sandwich,  England.    The  crew  attempts  to  hold 

back  the  fire  until  more  apparatus  arrives. 


WHO'S  "BIG  SIX"? 

A  BASEBALL  fan  in  Chicago 
**  clipped  a  numeral  "6"  from  a  wall 
calendar  and  pasted  it  on  a  sealed  and 
stamped  envelope,  thinking  that  he  had 
"stumped"  the  postoffice. 


BIG  SIX  GETS  A  LETTER 

The  big  numeral,  standing  for  a  famous  pitcher's  nickname,  served  as  a  success 

ful  address.    The  letter  traveled  over  two  thousand  miles. 

373 


The  Chicago  clerk  had  heard  of 
Christy  Mathewson,  however,  and  also 
knew  the  nickname  of  the  famous 
pitcher.  He  had  heard  that  the  idol  of 
all  fans  was  out  West  somewhere ;  so 
very  sensibly  he  wrote  on  the  envelope : 
"Try  Los  Angeles." 

The  Los  Angeles  clerk 
was  equally  well  in- 
formed on  baseball 
topics.  He  passed  the 
letter  over  to  the  carrier 
who  delivered  in 
"Matty's"  neighborhood, 
without  writing  any  fur- 
ther directions  on  the 
envelope. 

Usually  the  clerks  take 
no  delight  in  the  un- 
pleasant task  of  inter- 
preting cryptic  ad- 
dresses, but  this  one  was 
easy  for  a  baseball  "fan". 


y$§> 


BARE  MAINE'S  SLOPES 


CULTIVATING  THE  REINDEER 


""THE  sawing  season  of  the  lumber  mills 
■*■  of  Bangor  and  the  adjacent  country 
is  about  to  begin.  Last  year,  about  ninety- 
five  million  feet  of  spruce,  pine,  and  other 
lumber  was  sawed.  It  is  said  that  one 
large  paper  company  has  a  sufficient  sup- 
ply of  logs  on  hand  to  keep  its  mills 
running  continuously  for  three  years,  if 
not  another  tree  should  be  cut.  On  the 
slopes  of  Mount  Katahdin,  every  tree 
from  four  inches  in  diameter  upward  is 
being  cut,  leaving  a  desolate  wilderness. 
The  logs  which  go  to  the  mills  are  floated 
down  the  stream.  The  loggers  live  a 
primitive  life  while  in  the  woods,  but 
learn  to  become  very  resourceful. 


PLASTERED  WITH  METAL 

""THIN  metal  plates  which  weigh 
*■    but  four  pounds  to  the  square 
yard  are  being  used  in  France  in- 
stead of  plaster  and  wall  paper.    A 
great  many  advantages  are  claimed, 
as  the  material  can  be  bought  and 
placed  in  position  at  less  cost  than 
the  old  materials  used ;  the  interior 
of  the  room  can  be  kept  at  a  more 
equable  temperature  and  the  degree  of 
humidity  will  be  less  variable  during 
all  seasons.    Workmen  have  very  little 
trouble  in  learning  to  put  up  the  new 
material. 

The  plates  are  mounted  on  the  laths 
and  then  the  joints  made  tight  after  the 
whole  room  is  done.  They  are  made 
of  thin  sheet  iron  and  come  in  various 
standard  sizes  stamped  with  decorative 
designs  and,  after  setting,  they  can  be 
painted  in  any  way  desired.  There  is 
also  the  hygienic  advantage  that  a 
room  which  has  been  so  fitted  can  be 
kept  very  free  from  microbes  and 
vermin.  Because  the  joints  are  sealed, 
the  room  is  virtually  air-tight  except 
for  the  windows. 

»«TI    IT   UMOIHWOCO   k    VMMIWMD 

Instead  of  a  Life  Net 
Someone  has  finally  applied 
the  life-ropr-k'un  idea  to  tire 
fighting.  It  has  been  used 
(or  years  in  setting  a  breeches 
buoy  for  ship  wrecks.  The 
gun  sends  a  tight  line  into  a 
window  and  the  person  to  be 
rescued  draws  up  a  heavier 
one  to  use  in  sliding  down. 


DEINDEER  herds  which  were  estab- 
*■  *  lished  about  five  years  ago  in  Alaska, 
Newfoundland,  and  Labrador  have  in- 
creased remarkably  so  that  the  original 
quota  of  three  hundred  has  now  reached 
twelve  hundred.  Dogs  and  horses  of 
those  northern  countries  are  very  scarce 
and  the  Lapland  reindeer  is  a  very  good 
substitute.  A  team  of  them  will  travel 
about  thirty  miles  a  day,  hauling  from 
five  hundred  to  seven  hun- 
dred pounds  on  a  sled. 
As  pack  animals,  they  can 
carry  a  two-hundred-pound 
load,  and  the  cows  supply  a 
considerable  quantity  of  milk 
in  the  country  where  the  Jer- 
sey cow  is  a  stranger.  The 
herds  of  Labrador  will  be 
distributed  next  year  to  the 
missions  of  that  country 
and  will  probably  be  loaned 
out  to  the  natives,  as  is  now 
done  in  Alaska.  The 
United  States  Bureau  of 
Education  made  the 
pioneer  experiments  in 
Alaska. 


THE  COLOR  OF 
CITIES 

'THE  scientists  of  the 
*  weather  bureau  have 
asserted  that  the  heat  radi- 
ated constantly  in  the  atmo- 
sphere by  the  combustion  of 
carbon  modifies  little  by  little 
the  climate  of  cities  and  sur- 
rounding districts.  It  is  calcu- 
lated that  nineteen  million 
tons  of  carbon,  most  of  it  in 
the  form  of  coal,  is  the  aver- 
age yearly  amount  burned  in 
large  cities.  Confirmation  of 
these  facts  is 
offered  in  histor- 
ical descriptions  of 
cities,  Paris  being 
referred  to  as  a 
"city  of  red,"  while 
certain  Italian 
cities  are  described 
as  "violet." 

319 


TRIUMPH  FOR  THE  WAGON 

This  wagon  has  the  privilege  of  carrying  an  automobile  around.     But  that  is  just  because  it  is  a  circus  auto. 


TRANSPORTS  CIRCUS  AUTO 

THE  active  executive  head  of  Amer- 
A  ica's  biggest  circus  makes  use  of  an 
automobile  for  business  as  well  as 
pleasure  and  it  would  be  difficult  to 
imagine  a  business  man  who  has 
greater  need  for  a  horseless  vehicle 
than  the  general  manager  of  a  great 
traveling  show  whose  duties  would  re- 
quire him  to  be  several  places  at  once, 
if  such  a  thing  were  possible.  How  to 
carry  the  touring  car  when  the  circus 
was  "on  the  rails"  proved  something 
of  a  problem.  Sometimes,  to  be  sure, 
the  manager  motors  from  stand 
to  stand,  but  in  other  instances 
the  auto  must  be  loaded  on  the 
circus  train  and  subjected  to  all 


the  jars  and  rough  handling  which  is 
inevitable  in  the  case  of  circus  equipment. 
To  minimize  wear  and  tear  during 
transfers  from  town  to  town,  and  be- 
tween the  circus  lot  and  the  show  train, 
an  auto  transport  wagon  was  devised 
which  is  about  the  size  of  a  regulation 
circus  van,  and  into  which  the  motor 
car  fits  snugly.  So  well  protected  is  the 
motor  in  the  wagon,  that  last  season's 
repair  bill  was  but  one  dollar  and  sev- 
enty-five cents. 


COUSIN  TO  THE  CYCLECAR 
This  is  a  development  of  the  motorcycle.    It  is  nevertheless  more  of  an  automobile  in  spite  of  its  three  wheels  and 

its  exposed  engine. 


■■zi       *i        M        =        t,  4     U  ^': 


THE  ELECTRIC  COLLIER 
The  new  Jupiter  has  been  ordered  around  Cape  Horn  as  a  test  of  its  ability.     Its  turbines  drive  dynamos  which  produce 

the  current  for  motors. 


ELECTRIC  DRIVE  FOR 
COLLIER 

"THE  United  States  collier,  Jupiter, 
*  is  the  first  electrically  driven  sea- 
going vessel  to  be  completed.  Her  two 
screws  are  operated  directly  by  electric 
motors.  A  steam  turbine  connected  to 
dynamos  produces  the  power  for  the 
motors. 

One    of    the    advantages    of    this 
electric   drive    is    that   it   is   so   ar- 
ranged that  little  more  power  is 
produced     than     is     actually 
needed     at     the     time.     The 
speed   of   the    screws    is    re- 
duced  by   reducing   that   of 
the    dynamos.     The    steam 
turbine  has  a  governor  so 
that  it  can  automatically  be 
given  a  speed  of  from  five 
to  fourteen  knots  an  hour, 
the  maximum  capacity  of  the 
boat.     In    her    trials    off    the 
Pacific  Coast,  the  Jupiter  ful- 
filled   all    requirements    and 
attained   a   speed   of   almost 
fifteen  knots  an  hour.     Her 
two    sister    ships    were    built 
carrying    the    latest    types    of 
reciprocating  steam  engines 
and     steam     turbines.     Conse- 
quently the  Navy  Department 
will    have    plenty    of    oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  three  types 
of  power  developers. 

The  Jupiter  has  recently 
been  ordered  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Hampton  Roads  by 
way  of  Cape  Horn,  as  a  test 
of  her  ability  on  a  strenuous 
sea  trip. 


Irish  Through  and 

Through 

He  speaks  Gaelic  and  he 

will  wear  the   Irish    dress 

when  he  enters  Parliament 

as  Baron  Ashbourne. 


STICKS  TO  BELIEFS 

WILLIAM  GIBSON,  the  second 
"  Baron  of  Ashbourne,  has  taken 
his  seat  in  the  English  House  of  Lords. 
His  father,  the  late  Baron  Ashbourne, 
was  a  noted  Unionist  leader,  but  his 
son,  who  takes  his  title,  is  a  National- 
ist of  very  strong  principles.  Because 
of  this  difference,  his  fattier  disin- 
herited him  and  gave  his  brother 
a  fortune  of  nearly  half  a  million 
dollars.  The  new  baron  speaks 
|£  the  Irish  language  and  wears 
the  ancient  Irish  dress. 


ALBATROSS  BONES 
DISPLACE  AMBER 

"•THERE  has  lately  been 
*  a  boom  in  the  produc- 
tion of  albatross  wing  bones 
owing  to  increased  explora- 
tion in  the  south  polar 
region.  These  bones  are 
used  in  place  of  amber  in 
pipes  and  cigarette  holders 
and  as  such  are  valued  very 
highly.  They  are  dressed  and 
polished  and  then  mounted 
with  silver,  often  for  connection 
between  the  stem  or  bit  and  the 
wood  of  the  pipe.  It  is  rare, 
however,  that  pieces  large 
enough  for  whole  stems  or 
holders  are  brought  into  the 
market  and  the  preference  of 
all  smokers  seems  to  be  toward 
small  bone  mouthpieces  of  the 
precious  bone. 


3S1 


IT  PAID  A 
REBATE 


Although  it  looks  just  like  an  or- 
dinary laundry  it  means  more 
to  the  wives  of  Minnesota 
farmers  than  any  other 
"modern  improve- 


BLUE  MONDAY  CLEARS  FOR 
FARM  WIVES 


By 
G.    F.    MORETON 


ALONG  step  toward  making  life 
easier  for  the  farmer's  wife 
has  been  taken.  A  rural  laun- 
dry at  Chatfield,  Minnesota, 
L  has  knocked  out  washing  and 
ironing  day  on  a  hundred  farms  and 
now  the  wives  of  the  countryside  are 
really  living.  The  laundry  is  run  in 
connection  with  the  co-operative 
creamery,  which  was  established  some 
twenty-five  years  ago  and  has  since 
paid  out  over  one  million  dollars  to 
farmer  patrons. 

Believing  that  practically  the  same 
plant  with  its  machinery,  that  was  al- 
ready being  used  to  churn  butter,  could 
be  utilized  to  launder  clothes,  the 
Chatfield  butter  makers  set  about  to 
try  the  experiment  a  year  ago.  The 
additional  machinery  required  was  se- 
cured for  two  thousand  six  hundred 
dollars  and  an  experienced  laundry- 
man  was  brought  from  St.  Paul  to  the 


little  town  of  Chatfield.  A  charge  of 
five  cents  a  pound  for  washing  and 
ironing  was  established,  making  the 
average  family  washing  and  ironing 
cost  about  fifty  or  sixty  cents  a  week. 
The  plan  adopted  is  simple.  The 
farmer  patron  of  the  creamery  brings 
the  basket  of  soiled  clothes  with  his 
cream  one  day,  and  takes  back  the 
clean  clothes,  all  nicely  laundered, 
when  he  comes  the  next  day  with  an- 
other load  of  cream.  No  extra  trips 
are  necessary ;  the  farmer's  wife  puts  the 
basket  of  soiled  linen  in  the  wagon  on 
Monday  morning,  and  Tuesday  noon, 
when  the  farmer  returns  from  his 
daily  cream  trip,  he  brings  back  the 
clean  linen,  laundered  at  a  cost  very 
little  in  excess  of  the  home  expense  for 
materials.  "Blue  Monday"  on  the 
farm,  with  its  back-breaking  hours  of 
rubbing  and  wringing,  has  become  in  this 
locality  a  thing  of  the  past. 


RAIN   FROM   BELOW   FOR   KANSAS 


383 


The  creamery-laundry  was  a  success 
from  the  start.  The  receipts  the  first 
year  were  five  thousand  four  hundred 
and  three  dollars.  About  seventy  per 
cent  of  this  was  paid  out  in  wages.  Ten 
per  cent  went  to  patrons  of  the  plant  as  a 
dividend  or  rebate  and  the  balance  was 
used  to  pay  rent,  buy  soap,  and  declare 
a  six  per  cent  dividend  for  the  stock- 
holders. 

The  ten  per  cent  dividend  to  the 
patrons  was  a  great  surprise  and  made 
the  laundry  still  more  popular.  If  a 
farmer's  laundry  bill  had  been  fifty 
dollars  for  the  year,  he  received  a 
check  for  five  dollars  as  a  dividend- 
rebate.     If  he  happened  to  be  a  stock- 


holder  he  received   an   additional   six 
per  cent  dividend  on  his  stock. 

So  successful  was  the  Chatfield  ex- 
periment that  the  men  who  conducted 
it  were  called  to  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
last  January  to  address  the  hundreds 
of  farmers  assembled  for  the  annual 
Country  Life  Conference.  A  score  or 
more  of  similarly  conducted  laundries 
will  probably  be  started  in  Wisconsin 
during  the  year.  Interest  has  been 
quickened  by  the  offer  of  three  hun- 
dred dollars  in  cash,  by  former  Dean 
W.  A.  Henry,  of  the  State  College  of 
Agriculture  of  Wisconsin,  to  the  most 
successful  rural  co-operative  laundry 
in  the  State. 


RAIN  FROM  BELOW  FOR 
KANSAS 


By 
L.    E.    WALLACE 


THE  State  of  Kansas  has  gone 
into  the  rain-making  busi- 
ness. The  last  legislature 
appropriated  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars  for  experimental  irrigation 
work,  the  tests  to  continue  for  a  period 
of  four  years.  The  first  of  the  experi- 
mental  plants  was  recently  placed   in 


operation     near     Leoti,     in     Wichita 
County,  Western  Kansas. 

The  State  proposes  to  find  out  for 
the  farmers  the  cheapest  means  of  pro- 
ducing artificial  rain — that  is  to  say, 
the  most  economical  method  of  bring- 
ing the  sheet  water  which  under- 
lies all  of  Western  Kansas,  to  the  sur- 
face, so  that  it  may  be  spread  upon  the 


A  KANSAS  RAIN  MAKER 
This  system  of  windmills  in  combination  with  a  reservoir  will  irrigate  almost  automatically.    The  State  is  making 

extensive  irrigation  experiments. 


384 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


fields  where  the  rain  does  not  fall 
sometimes  for  weeks  and  months  even. 
When  the  State  is  through  with  its  ex- 
periments, it  expects  to  be  able  to  tell 
the  farmer  what  power  is  cheapest, 
what  pumps  are  most  practicable,  and 
what  are  the  cheapest  methods  of  con- 
structing reservoirs.  A  chain  of  plants 
is  to  be  built  across  Western  Kansas, 
each  one  with  different  equipment. 
That  which  does  the  best  work  will  be 
regarded  as  the  standard  for  future 
use. 

The  plant  just  finished   is  operated 
by  windmill  power.     Six  mills  of  the 


Dirt  Keservoir 

The  windmills  pump  the  water  into  a  tank  whose  walls  are  b 

whole  system  is  very  cheap,  thanks  to  Kansas 

latest  type  lift  the  water  from  a  depth 
of  seventy-four  feet  to  a  big  reservoir 
which  has  a  depth  of  six  feet.  In  a 
good  breeze,  such  as  prevails  in  West- 
ern Kansas  most  of  the  time,  each  of 
the  pumps  will  deliver  from  twenty  to 
thirty-five  gallons  of  water  a  minute. 
The  reservoir  is  of  dirt.  To  build  it, 
the  soil  to  a  depth  of  four  inches  was 
removed  from  the  top  of  the  ground, 
and  banks  were  constructed  of  earth 
taken  from  adjacent  land.  The  bottom 
of  the  reservoir  was  thoroughly  pud- 
dled by  covering  it  with  water  and 
running  a  drag  over  it.  Horses  then 
tramped  the   earth   into   a   hard,   firm 


floor,  through  which  the  water  would 
not  seep.  Water  will  be  pumped  into 
this  reservoir  until  it  is  filled ;  then  the 
floodgates  will  be  opened  and  the 
water  allowed  to  rush  out  over  the 
adjacent  fields.  This  process  will  be 
kept  up  throughout  the  year,  even  in 
winter,  for  the  experts  say  that  winter 
irrigation  is  as  beneficial  as  that  of 
summer. 

All  crops  produced  on  the  one-hun- 
dred-and-sixty-acre  farm  where  this 
experiment  is  being  made  will  be  sold 
and  the  proceeds  will  go  to  the  State. 
Account  will  be  kept  of  all  details, 
such  as  the  cost  of  put- 
ting the  water  on  the 
land,  producing  and  sell- 
ing the  crops,  and  all  in- 
cidentals. These  facts 
will  be  put  into  a  report 
to  be  made  to  the  next 
Kansas  Legislature  by 
the  State  Board  of  Irri- 
gation. 

Two  additional  wind- 
mill plants  are  being 
completed  by  the  irriga- 
tion board  where  differ- 
ent types  of  windmills, 
and  other  kinds  of 
pumps,  will  be  given  a 
trial. 

By  the  time  this  article 
appears,  the  State  will 
have  begun  its  spring 
farming  and  the  state- 
owned  lands  will  have  been  sown  to  vari- 
ous crops.  The  board  purposes  to  make 
a  demonstration  with  one  mill  and  a  small 
garden,  and  to  experiment  with  various 
types  of  fruit  and  shade  trees.  It  will  be 
demonstrated  what  can  be  done  to- 
wards supplying  the  family  table  with 
vegetables  during  the  year,  for  it  is  the 
theory  of  the  Kansas  officials  that 
every  farmer  in  the  State  should  have 
at  least  one  mill  and  a  reservoir  for 
gardening  purposes.  They  believe  that 
the  amount  of  vegetables  that  may  be 
raised  in  this  way  for  home  consump- 
tion can  be  increased  immeasurably  at 
small  cost. 


ut  earthworks 
winds. 


The 


□  c 


n  a 


MAKING  FRIENDS 
of  the  FLOODS 

By  Charles  M.  Niles 


WITH  its  source  in  the  vir- 
gin wilderness  of  the 
Adirondacks,  the  Mo- 
hawk River  flows  south- 
easterly for  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  through  a  rich  and 
populous  district.  Emerging  from  a 
picturesque  region  of  forest  and  foot- 
hills, it  alternately  traverses  broad, 
fertile  valleys  and  narrow,  rock-walled 
gorges  till  it  joins  the  Hudson  near 
Troy.  It  is  the  best  of  friends — the 
bitterest  of  enemies,  to  the  dwellers 
along  its  banks.  The  rich  river  bot- 
toms produce  the  finest  crops  in  the 
State;  the  tumbling  cascades  furnish 
abundant  power  for  manufacturing; 
the  deeper,  straighter  channels  are  ex- 
cellent for  navigation.  But  when  the 
flood-fiend  breaks  loose,  the  farmers' 
fields  are  devastated,  buildings  and 
bridges  are  undermined  or  destroyed, 
and  even  human  life  is  sacrificed  to  the 
river's  fury.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
times  of  drought,  the  mill  wheels  stand 
idle  and  navigation  is  impossible. 

Ten  years  ago,  the  state  engineers 
decided  that  the  safety  and  commercial 
prosperity  of  a  large  section  depended 
upon  the  absolute  control  of  the  Mo- 
hawk River.  The  fight  has  been  long 
and  bitter,  but  the  engineers  are  win- 
ning out,  and  when  finished,  this  river 
will  be  controlled  by  the  most  com- 
plete system  of  river  works  ih  the 
world. 

The  problem  that  confronted  the 
engineers  was  three-fold :  to  prevent 
extremes  of  high  and  low  water;  to 
make  the  river  navigable ;  and  to 
utilize  the  wasted  energy  of  falls  and 
rapids.  The  solution  has  involved  the 
construction  of  four  immense  reser- 
voirs and  a  wonderful  series  of  mov- 


able dams,  together  with  many  minor 
structures.  A  great  storage  reservoir 
on  the  upper  Mohawk  and  another  on 
the  West  Canada  Creek  will  impound 
the  flood  waters  and  release  them 
gradually  during  the  dry  seasons. 
Eight  movable  dams,  ingenious  struc- 
tures of  steel  and  concrete,  will  form  a 
chain  of  deep,  navigable  pools  fifty 
miles  in  length.  Two  solid  concrete 
dams  of  unique  design  will  span  the 
lower  Mohawk,  serving  the  double 
office  of  navigation  and  power  develop- 
ment. 

The  stored-up  flood  waters  will  be 
used  to  foster  the  commerce  of  the 
State  and  to  produce  wealth  from 
hitherto  wasted  water  power.  The 
State  expects  to  build  up  a  great  river 
traffic  like  that  of  the  Rhine  in  Ger- 
many, and  to  increase  its  revenues  by 
the  sale  of  hydroelectric  power.  So  the 
floods  will  be  made  to  repay,  at  least 
in  part,  the  cost  of  controlling  them. 

This  great  system  of  river  works, 
built  in  connection  with  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  state  canals,  is  costing  in 
the  neighborhood  of  thirty  million 
dollars.  The  titanic  task  is  being  ac- 
complished by  the  State  of  New  York 
alone,  without  any  federal  aid  or  en- 
couragement. The  work  has  been  en- 
trusted to  the  State's  own  officials,  and 
its  successful  execution  has  justified 
the  people's  confidence.  It  has  taken 
an  army  of  men  to  conquer  the  mighty 
Mohawk — an  army  with  engineers  for 
generals,  with  contractors  for  captains, 
and  with  mechanics  and  laborers  for 
the  rank  and  file. 

To  control  the  flood  water  of  the 
upper  Mohawk,  the  engineers  have 
constructed  an  immense  storage  dam 
at   Delta,   five   miles   north   of   Rome. 

3SS 


386 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  Delta  dam  is  located  in  a  narrow, 
rock-walled  gorge,  while  immediately 
above  it  the  valley  expands  into  a  great 
natural  basin  some  three  thousand 
acres  in  area.  The  huge  dam  has  a 
three-hundred-foot  spillway  in  the  cen- 
ter, the  crest  of  which  rises  one  hun- 
dred and  eight  feet  above  the  rock 
foundation,  making  it  one  of  the  high- 
est overflow  dams  in  the  country. 

Even  larger  than 
the  Delta  reservoir  is 
the  one  now  under 
construction 
at  Hinckley,  on  the 
West  Canada  Creek, 
the  most  important 
tributary  of  the  upper 
Mohawk.  The  Hinck- 
ley dam  will  be  nearly 
three-quarters  of  a 
mile  long,  built  of 
earth,  to  back  the 
water  up  for  ten 
miles,  to  an  average 
depth  of  thirty-six 
feet. 

The  main  dam  will 
be  a  huge  earth  em- 
bankment, three  hun- 
dred feet  thick  at  the 
base,  tapering  to 
twenty  feet  at  the  top. 
Through  its  center, 
from  end  to  end,  is  to 
run  a  thin  core  wall 
of  concrete,  founded 
on  rock  and  designed 
to  prevent  seepage 
through  the  dam. 

The  movable  dams 
along  the  middle 
reaches  of  the  Mo- 
hawk are  the  most 
conspicuous  features 
of  the  whole  project. 
Eight  of  these  struc- 
tures will  form  a 
chain  of  navigable 
pools  fifty  miles  in 
length,  between  Sche- 
nectady and  Little 
Falls.  They  are  the  first  dams  of  this 
kind  to  be  constructed  in  America. 

Obviously,  the  floods  on  the  lower 
Mohawk,  augmented  by  a  score  of 
tributary  streams,  are  too  great  to  be 


D.  A.  Bensel  Was 
Chief  Surveyor 


wholly  controlled  by  storage  reser- 
voirs. So  the  next  best  thing  is  to  get 
rid  of  the  flood  water  as  quickly  as 
possible,  by  passing  it  on  to  the  larger 
streams  and  the  ocean.  Fixed  dams 
might  serve  the  purpose  of  navigation, 
but  they  would  back  up  the  flood 
water,  inundate  the  surrounding  low 
land,  and  do  much  damage.  On  the 
contrary,  the  movable  dams  leave  the 
river  channel  entirely 
free  from  obstruction 
in  flood  time,  permit- 
ting the  rapid  passage 
of  ice,  water,  and 
debris  down  the 
stream.  The  founda- 
tion of  the  movable 
dam  at  Scotia  has  re- 
quired some  skillful 
engineering.  Work 
was  begun  by  the 
usual  cofferdam 
methods,  but  the  na- 
ture of  the  underlying 
material  was  such  that 
it  was  found  impos- 
sible to  pump  out  the 
water.  It  fairly 
boiled  up  through  the 
gravel  of  the  river 
bottom,  like  a  multi- 
tude of  infant  geysers. 
The  contractors  tried 
to  seal  the  river  bot- 
tom with  concrete ; 
they  added  more 
pumps,  they  built 
stronger  cofferdams 
— all  to  no  avail. 
Finally  they  quit  the 
job  in  disgust. 

The  state  engineers 
then  took  a  hand. 
They  redesigned  the 
whole  structure,  using 
pneumatic  caissons 
for  the  foundations. 
The  contract  was  then 
let  to  a  company 
which  makes  a  spe- 
cialty of  difficult  foun- 
dation work.  The  job  is  now  progress- 
ing satisfactorily,  although  the  vagaries 
of  the  Mohawk  have  given  the  contractors 
some  hair-raising  experiences.  For  in- 
stance, the  river  rose  unexpectedly  one 


the  Engineer  and 
of  the  Project 


'TEN  THOUSAND  HORSE" 
Tbe  Crescent  dam  at  the  foot  of  navigation  of  the  Mohawk  will  develop  power  for  New  York  towns.    A  crosscut  channel 

to  the  Hudson  begins  here. 


night  and  took  out  three  hundred  feet 
of  trestle,  undermined  a  new  caisson, 
and  carried  two  derricks  a  mile  down- 
stream. 

On  the  lower  Mohawk,  two  immense 
concrete  dams  are  in 
course  of  construction, 
at  Crescent  and  Vischer's 
Ferry — less  than  ten 
miles  apart.  These  dams 
will  transform  eighteen 
miles  of  prosaic  river 
channel  into  twin  lakes 
of  surpassing  beauty. 
Primarily,     these     dams 


The  dam  at  Vischer's  Ferry  zigzags 
across  the  river  in  a  most  peculiar 
manner.  There  are  two  main  river 
sections,  buttressed  against  a  great 
mass  of  rock  in  midstream.     A  small 


Blocking  the  River 
Massive  concrete  structures  were  built  in  the  river  bed  at  Vischer*s  Ferry 
is  a  lock  dam  and  power  house. 


were  constructed  to  facilitate  navigation, 
but  they  will  also  create  valuable  water 
power.  The  State  expects  to  derive  a 
handsome  profit  from  its  sale. 


Boats  Pass  Under  the  Arch 

When  the  work  is  completed  traffic 

will  go  through  the  mammoth  lock 

at  Little  Falls. 


dam  across  this  rocky 
island  connects  the 
larger  sections,  all  three 
sections  being  set  at  dif- 
ferent angles. 

The  Crescent  dam, 
which  sweeps  across  the 
entire  Mohawk  Valley 
from  bluff  to  bluff  in  a 
long,  graceful  curve,  is 
divided  into  two  sections 
by  a  high,  rocky  island. 
Thus  the  engineers, 
like  soldiers  of  civilization,  have  con- 
quered the  turbulent  Mohawk — they  have 
proved  that  flood  control  is  not  only 
possible,  but  profitable. 

JS7 


This 


388 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


SUBMARINE  WATER  HEATER 

AN  efficient  portable  water  heater, 
**  unique  in  the  fact  that  it  is  par- 
tially submerged  in  the  water  it  is  to 
heat,  has  been  perfected  and  placed  on 
the  market  by  a  Chicago  heating  con- 
cern. It  heats  water  by  means  of  a 
coil  and  the  water  jacket  which  the 
shell  of  the  heater  in  contact  with  the 
water  forms. 

According  to  the  established  heating 
rating,  it  has  a  capacity  of  one  gallon 
a  minute,  with  a  consumption  of  from 
thirty-five  to  forty  gallons  of  gas  per 
hour.  The  claim  is  made  by  the  manu- 
facturers that  it  has  an  increase  in  effi- 
ciency of  sixty-five  per  cent  over  the 
ordinary  stationary    hot- 

water  heat-  ^m^  ing  plant.  A  gaso- 
line burner  fl  A  attachment  is  being 
perfected  f  **  I  which  will  enable  it 
to  be  used  |   by    farmers    and 

others  who  lack  gas 

facilities. 


i-V 


Working  in  the  Bathtub 
The  submarine  heater  can  be  carried  around  and  used 
wherever  there  is  gas,  even  without  hot  water  piping. 


The  Underwater  Stove 

The  base  of  the  stove  must  be  entirely  covered 

with  water  before  the  device  will  work. 


The  burner  and  the  heating  coil  are  located  in 
the  base  of  the  contrivance,  which  is  twenty-two 
inches  in  height  and  weighs  about  twenty  pounds. 
Through  a  central  flue  the  burner  is  supplied  with  air, 
the  products  of  combustion  passing  up  through  the  space 
between  the  inner  flue  and  the  outer  shell  and  heating 
the  room. 

The  copper  coil  is  arranged  above  the  burner  in  the 
base.  The  water  enters  the  coil  through  an  opening  in 
the  bottom  of  the  base  of  the  heater,  circulates,  and  then 
issues  from  the  coil  through  the  opening  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  base.  It  is  like  the  ordinary  instantaneous 
heater  in  this  respect. 

This  heater  may  be  used  to  heat  the  water  for  the 
bath  or  may  be  plunged  into  the  wash  tub  to  heat  water 
for  washing;  in  fact,  the  device  will  heat  water  in  any 
receptacle  large  enough  to  receive  it,  provided  there  is 
enough  water  to  circulate  freely. 


FIRE-SHEDDING  SHINGLES 

DOBERT  E.  PRINCE  of  the  United  States 
*■  *  Forestry  Products  Laboratory  at  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  has  been  trying  for  the  past  few- 
months  to  burn  a  shingle,  and  every  time  he  tries 
and  fails,  he  grows  more  satisfied.  He  is  gradu- 
ally perfecting  a  scheme  to  make  all  wooden 
shingles  fireproof.  His  experiments  have  to  do 
not  only  with  the  problem  of  making  the  shingles 
non-combustible,  but  also  with  the  problem  of 
reducing  the  cost  of  treatment  to  a  minimum. 


In  conducting  these 
experiments,  chemical 
salts  already  known  to 
be  effective  in  the  re- 
tarding of  fire  have 
been  used.  In  the  burn- 
ing of  wood  there  is, 
first,  the  giving  off  of 
gases  by  heat,  and  the 
burning  of  these  into 
flame ;  and,  secondly,  the 
combustion  of  solid  por- 
tions which  causes  the 
glow  and  the  production 
of  carbon  monoxide,  a 
burnable  gas.  The  first 
part  of  burning  is  the 
most  dangerous,  and  the 
chief  problem  is  to  make 
these  gases  non-inflam- 
mable. 

The  most  successful 
results  have  been  de- 
rived by  impregnating 
the  wood  with  ammoni- 
um salts,  but  the  cost  of 
this  chemical  is  rather 
high.  Borax  is  good 
and  offers  a  chance  for 
lowering  the  cost,  but  is 
not  so  effective  as  the 
ammonium  salts  in  mak- 
ing a  shingle  that  would 
repel  hot  sparks  drop- 
ping from  a  smokestack. 


DnmuMi 

A  shingle  can  be  treated  so  that  it  will  not  burn  even  after  five  min- 
utes in  a  gas  burner.    Fireproof  pine  shingles  may  be  produced  for 
commercial  use. 


In  the  Shadow  of  the  House  of  Parliament 

Like  a  duck  taking  to  water,  the  inventor  of  the  new  life-saving  suit  flopped  into 

the  Thames  and  paddled  around. 


SUIT  KEEPS  FOREVER 
AFLOAT 

"THE  inventor  of  this  life-sav- 
*  ing  suit  recently  put  it  on 
and  jumped  overboard  from  a 
tug  into  the  Thames  River.  A 
representative  group  of  men 
from  the  shipping  and  passenger 
lines  of  London  watched  his  ex- 
ploit as  he  demonstrated  the 
value  of  the  suit.  It  is  made  of 
specially  prepared  material, 
which  is  corded  to  a  belt  around 
the  waist.  A  cap  which  protects 
the  head  and  keeps  the  ears 
warm  is  worn  and  a  paddle  is 
placed  in  a  pocket  in  the  suit. 

389 


390 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Champion  of  the  World 


THE  WORLD'S  CHAMPION 

HEN 

HTHE  Oregon  Agricultural  College 
*  hen  that  broke  the  former  world's 
egg-laying  record  a  short  time  ago  by 
laying  two  hundred  and  ninety-one 
eggs,  has  just  fin- 
ished her  full  year 
with  three  hundred 
and  three  eggs  to 
her  credit.  This  rec- 
ord is  all  the  more  re- 
markable in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  hen 
was  only  five  and 
one-half  months  old 
and  it  was  her  first 
twelve  months  of  lay- 
ing. She  is  still  in  ex- 
cellent condition,  and 
shows  no  signs  of  ending  her 
wonderful  career. 

The  Oregon  hen  was  not  pam- 
pered or  petted  during  the  time 
she  was  making  her  record.  She 
was  fed  and  housed  in  a  way  that  would 
be  entirely  practicable  in  commercial 
poultry  raising. 

The  average  annual  egg  yield  per 
hen  in  the  United  States  is  seventy. 
The  previous  high  record  of  two  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two  eggs  was  made 
by  a  hen  at  the  Ontario  Agricultural 
College  in  1911.  Last  year  the  Mis- 
souri poultry  station  produced  a  hen 
that  laid  two  hundred  and  eighty-one 
eggs.  Reports  from  other  stations  in- 
dicate that  the  record  made  by  the 
Oregon  hen  will  not  be  approached 
this   year.     The   time   of  the   egg-a-day 


hen  seems  still  to  be  far  away — a  prod- 
uct of  the  agriculturist's  dreams. 


THE  ONLY  BRIDGE  OF  ITS 
KIND 


TPHE    most    peculiar 
*    bridge   in   the 
world  is  to  be  built 
at  Madison  Street, 
Chicago,  as  a  tem- 
porary  structure 
for  foot  passengers 
while  the  old  center- 
swinging  pier  bridge  is 
being  wrecked  and  a  new 
bascule     bridge     installed. 
Instead     of     swinging     or 
rising  like  a  jack-knife,  this 
bridge  simply  rolls  back  on  a 
short   section   of   railroad   track 
when    it   is   desired    to   open   the 
channel. 

There  are  several  advantages  to 
this  form  of  temporary  bridge,  the 
chief  of  which  is  its  cheapness,  as  it  is 
nothing  but  a  simple  single-span  canti- 
lever, mounted  on  ordinary  railroad 
trucks,  such  as  could  be  obtained  any- 
where. An  electric  motor  is  mounted  on 
the  forward  double  truck  and,  when  it  is 
desired  to  open  the  bridge,  the  attendant 
turns  on  the  current  just  as  a  motorman 
on  a  trolley  car  might  do.  The  arrows  A 
and  B  point  to  the  track  upon  which  the 
bridge  moves.  The  dark  portion  marked 
C  is  the  counterweight,  and  the  opening 
in  the  space  marked  D  is  the  gate  through 
which  the  foot  passengers  enter  upon  the 
structure. 


GROWTH  OF  THE  OLD  LOG 


Rall^aLj     on    which 
Dredge   "P-avtfls. 


The  pioneers  felled  a  log  across  the  stream  and  then  walked  it.    One  of  the  busiest  streets  in  the  world  is  to  have  a 

sliding  footbridge  on  this  plan. 


EMPLOYES  SUPERVISE  ARCHITECT 

When  the  Great  Northern  railroad  built  a  great  station  at  Minneapolis  it  called  in  its  employes  to  give  suggestions. 

The  architect  listened  to  what  the  baggagemen  offered. 


WHERE  THE  EMPLOYES  SPORE 

■"THE  exterior  of  the  two-million-dollar 
*  Great  Northern  station  at  Min- 
neapolis, Minnesota,  was  designed  by 
an  architect,  but  the  interior  was 
planned  by  the  employes  of  the  road. 
The  architect  consulted  freely  with  the 
employes,  and  acted  on  their  sugges- 
tions. 

Although  in  several  of  the  newer 
railroad  stations  throughout  the  coun- 
try the  architects  have 
consulted  with  the  heads 
of  the  respective  de- 
partments in  regard  to 
their  needs,  this  is  the 
first  instance  of  the  ad- 
vice of  all  practical  em- 
ployes being  heeded  and 
their  suggestions  even 
being  sought  in  design 
and  construction. 

The  baggage  room 
and  the  system  for  han- 
dling luggage  was 
worked  out  by  an  enthu- 
siastic group  of  the  bag- 
gagemen who  had  been 
longest  in  the  service — 
many  of  whom  had  al- 
ready worked  out  their 
own  devices  for  prompt 
and  efficient  handling 
and  were  eager  for  an 
opportunity  to  incorpo- 
rate these  devices  in  a 
larger  system.  Experi- 
enced trainmen  designed 
the  vast  train  concourse 
and  the  train  sheds. 
Other  suggestions  were 
also  accepted. 


EXERCISE  THAT  IS  PLAY 

A  BICYCLE,  held  in  position  by  a 
**  ten-foot  arm  fastened  to  a  pivot, 
is  being  used  to  develop  the  weak 
chests  and  arms  of  anaemic  children 
in  the  kindergarten  class  of  a  Cincin- 
nati public  school.  The  youngsters 
travel  around  the  twenty-foot  circle 
by  means  of  the  power  supplied  by  the 
arm,  chest,  and  back  muscles,  and  find 
great  fun  in  taking  turns  at  it. 


Exercise  in  the  Kindergarten 
The  bicycle  is  attached  to  a  center  pole  and  the  youngsters  fly  around  a  twenty- 
loot  circle.    This  cycle  is  a  great  developer  of  the  muscles  of  the  arms  and  back. 

m 


A  TWENTY-THOUSAND- 
DOLLAR  PIPEFUL 

By 
ARTHUR    L.    DAHL 

TEN  thousand  packages  of  morphia,  opium,  and  cocaine  and  several  hun- 
dred pipes,  centuries  old,  beautifully  carved,  and  ornamented  with  gold 
and  jewels  were  made  into  a    funeral  pyre  at  San  Francisco  recently, 
and,    in   the   presence    of   thousands    of    spectators,    including     Mayor 
Rolph  and  other  officials,  were  destroyed  by  the  State  Board  of  Pharmacy. 
The  spectacular  burning  of  so  much  contraband  material,  valued  at  over  twenty 
thousand  dollars,  was  staged  by  the  Pharmacy  Board  as  a  warning  to  the  Chinese 
and  others  engaged  in  the  smuggling  of  opium  and  morphine  into  this  country. 
All  of  the  condemned  articles  were  piled  upon  the  stone  ruins  of  the  old  City  Hall, 
within  view  of  the  great  crowd.    With  the  tins  of  drugs  were 
mixed   excelsior  and   other   highly   inflammable   material, 
while  the  pipes  were  hung  side  by  side  on  scaffolding 
erected  for  the  purpose. 

Just  before  the  torch  was  applied,  the  Mayor  sug- 
gested that  it  would  be  well  to  save  the  oldest 
and  most  elaborately   decorated  pipes  and  pre- 
sent them  to  the  Golden  Gate  Museum.     His 
suggestion  was  acted  upon,  and  several  pipes, 
known  to  be  more  than  two  hundred  years  old, 
were  rescued. 
The  spectacle  represented  eighteen  months  work 
on  the  part  of  the  State  Board  of  Pharmacy. 

During   this    time    fif- 
teen  hundred   cases 

"Dope"  and  beautifully 
carved  pipes  for  smok- 
ing it  were  burned  in 
San  Francisco  when 
the  Board  of  Phar- 
macy started  on 
a  campaign  to 
wipe    out    the 
opium  evil. 


Aw 


Just  Before  the  Torch 
The  value  of  all  the  confiscated 
woods  burned  was  about  twenty 
thousand  dollars.  There  were 
scales  and  hypodermic  syringes, 
bowls  and  kettles,  mostly  from 
Chinese  "hop"  joints. 


of  persons  dealing  ille- 
gally in  the  drugs  were 
prosecuted,  and  twelve 
hundred  convictions 
were  secured.  The  re- 
sults show  that  the  cam- 
paign waged  must  have 
been  carried  on  with 
tremendous  vigor. 

Within  recent  years 
the  restrictions  against 
the  importation  of  opium 
and  other  forms  of 
"dope"  have  grown  more 
and  more  rigid,  with  the 
result  that  the  hapless 
drug  fiend,  in  his  desperate  desire  to 
secure  what  he  craves,  will  pay  higher 
and  higher  prices  for  it,  making  the  suc- 
cessful smuggling  of  the  contraband 
articles  into  the  United  States  exceed- 
ingly profitable.  Through  the  co-oper- 
ation  of   federal   and   state   authorities, 


v\      '    Sties' 


I?  v 


The  Bonfire 
Within  the  four  walls  of  pipes  was  a  mass  of  heterogeneous  materia]  for  use  in 
connection  with  the  illicit  consumption  of  sleep-producing  drugs,  besides  a  quan- 
tity of  cocaine,  morphine,  and  opium. 


however,  the  utmost  vigilance  is  main- 
tained at  all  the  ports  along  the  Pacific 
Coast,  where  ships  from  the  Orient 
dock. 

All  signs  indicate  that  the  illicit  traffic 
will  ultimately  be  stamped  out  in  the 
West. 

393 


THE  "KIDS"  RACE 

By 
HARVEY    EDMONDS 


NINE  RAHS  FOR  VAN  VRANKIN  , 

The  officials  of  the  race,  all  of  them  famous  racing  drivers,  congratulate  the  winner  of  the  cup. 


F^ORTY  youngsters  dare-deviled 
.  around  a  ten-mile  course  at 
Venice,  California,  some  little 
time  ago  in  the  Junior  Van- 
derbilt  Cup  Race.  They  all 
had  homemade  one-  or  two-cylinder 
cars  and  they  were  all  after  one  of  the 
six  silver  cups  and  a  share  in  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  dollars  of  prize  money. 

Albert  Van  Vrankin,  Jr.,  sailed 
home  with  first  prize  in  a  little  over 
thirty-seven  minutes,  although  in  the 
middle  of  the  race  he  ran  into  a  ditch, 
turned  turtle,  and  had  to  extricate  him- 
self and  his  car. 

Most  of  the  machines  were  ingenious 
adaptations  of  motorcycle  engines  to 
four-wheel  crafts.  Many  of  these  cars, 
some  of  which  are  easily  controlled,  are 
capable  of  amazing  speed. 

At  the  race,  the  ten  thousand  spec- 
tators, including  Barney  Oldfield,  Earl 
Cooper,  and  Teddy  Tetzlaff,  who 
judged  the  finish,  cheered  wildly  as 
the  contestants  whirled  around  the 
track. 

Regular  road  racing  rules  governed 

394 


the  contest  and  the  fourteen-year-olds 
traveled  the  course  with  splendid  judg- 
ment and  the  daring  of  older  heads. 

Besides  the  Junior  Vanderbilt,  there 
were  races  for  pushmobiles,  which 
furnished  a  great  deal  of  amusement 
for  the  crowd.  A  broad  incline  was 
used  to  give  the  pushcars  a  good  start 
and  most  of  the  boys  had  trouble  in 
getting  to  the  bottom  right  side  up. 
Some  of  the  spills  looked  dangerous  to 
the  crowd  but  none  of  the  drivers 
were  injured. 

The  difficulties  of  the  boys  in  con- 
structing cars  for  the  Vanderbilt  are 
told  only  by  the  perfection  of  the  ma- 
chines, because  the  adaptation  of  a  mo- 
torcycle engine  to  an  automobile  is  a 
very  difficult  mechanical  job.  The  doz- 
ens of  cycle  car  manufacturers  that  have 
sprung  up  within  the  last  few  months 
have  given  testimony  freely  that  the 
thing  can't  be  done.  A  special  motor  for 
the  little  car  of  the  "common  people"  has 
been  built  by  most  of  the  manufacturers, 
and  many  different  schemes  of  transmis- 
sion and  differential  have  been  used. 


SLOWING  DOWN  FOR  A  TURN 
The  little  "cars"  made  good  time  on  the  straightaway  but  were  not  very  fast  on  the  sharp  turns  because  some  of  the 

cars  were  not  well  balanced. 


AT  THE  STARTING  LINE 


A  two-cylinder  "car"  about  to  be  given  the 
signal  in  the  Junior  Vanderbilt  at 
Venice,  California. 


S9S 


HAY  AT  JACKSON'S  HOLE 
Elk  have  been  starving  by  thousandsin  Wyoming  because  their  running  ground  has  been  fenced  in  by  the  homesteader. 

The  Government  is  to  take  care  of  them. 

NATION  TAKES  UP  ELK 
FARMING 


SALVATION  is  in  sight  for  the 
elk. 
For  more  than  ten  years 
these  animals  have  been  per- 
ishing in  great  numbers  in 
Wyoming  every  winter.  Fifty  thou- 
sand of  them  seek  refuge  with  the 
coming  cold  weather  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  the  State,  just  south  of  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park,  in  what  is 
known  as  "Jackson's  Hole".  From 
there,  from  time  to  time,  they  forage 
over  the  adjacent  territory.  This 
pasturage  was  ample  before  the  home- 
steader came  to  fence  in  the  lands. 
The  elk  would  feed  on  the  rich  grass 
of  the  valleys  in  the  autumn,  work  up 
to  the  sheltered  hillsides  in  the  winter, 
and  when  necessity  urged,  descend  to 
the  creeks  and  browse  among  the 
young  willows  until  spring. 

The  homesteader's  fence  has  made 
this    impossible    now,    and    each    year 

396 


lessens  the  amount  of  open  range.  The 
result  is  that  despite  the  large  amount 
of  fodder  that  has  been  furnished  them 
by  the  State  of  Wyoming,  and  by 
ranchers  of  the  Jackson  Hole  country, 
each  winter  has  seen  an  enormous 
death  loss.  It  is  estimated  that  fully 
five  thousand  elk  have  died  of  starva- 
tion every  year  since  the  district  has 
become  more  settled. 

A  permanent  winter  refuge  of  two 
thousand  acres  on  the  east  side  of 
Jackson's  Hole  has  been  set  apart  by 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  it  is 
expected  that  enough  hay  can  be  raised 
there  to  feed  the  entire  herd  during  the 
whole  of  any  winter. 

The  Government's  present  work  of 
elk  preservation  is  unique.  Had  similar 
measures  been  undertaken  in  behalf  of 
the  buffalo,  the  nation  would  not  now 
be  mourning  the  disappearance  of  that 
animal. 


DENVER  UNDERMINES  THE 
CONTINENTAL  DIVIDE 


B  y 
ARTHUR    CHAPMAN 


A  city  is  about  to  undertake  a  task  that  not  one  of  the  great  transcontinental 
lines  has  dared  attempt.  The  bold  municipality  in  question  is  Denver.  Impatient 
at  last  of  having  her  development  retarded  by  the  great  chain  of  mountains  to 
her  west,  she  is  going  to  lure  transcontinental  traffic  by  driving  a  bore  through 
the  Rockies.  To  accomplish  her  purpose  she  is  literally  about  to  undermine  the 
Continental  Divide. — The  Editors. 


A  GENERATION  ago  the  West- 
t\     erner    would    have    told    you 

/  \  that  the  time  was  coming 
/""%  when  Denver  was  to  be  one 
.X  \~  of  the  great  cities  of  the 
world.  Her  position  is  strategic.  She 
is  the  gate  to  a  wonderful  mining  dis- 
trict, but  as  her  mountains  spelled 
"gold",  and  since  have  spelled  "coal", 
they  have  also  spelled  "halted  develop- 
ment". West  of  her  on  the  way  to 
Salt  Lake  City  is  the  Continental 
Divide,  an  almost  impassable  barrier 
which  frowningly  bids  all  railroads 
turn  to  the  North  or  the  South. 

So   Denver   today   is  an  out-of-the- 


way  terminal.  The  crack  transconti- 
nental trains  of  the  Santa  Fe  and  the 
Union  Pacific  pass  her  by.  The  tourist 
on  his  way  from  the  East  to  the  Coast 
gets  no  glimpse  of  Denver.  Her  coal 
fields,  where  recently  a  thirteen-foot 
lode  of  anthracite  was  discovered  at 
the  surface,  are  valueless  because  of 
the  impossibility  of  transportation. 
The  key  to  the  situation  is  the  tunnel 
under  the  Continental  Divide,  which 
no  railroad  as  yet  has  dared  to  under- 
take. 

But  Denver,  a  municipality  of 
scarcely  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand    people,     has     conceived     a     bold 


DENVER'S  JOB 
The  dotted  line  indicates  the  Continental  Divide. 


397 


JAMES'  PEAK— DENVER'S  FORBIDDING  BARRIER 

This  is  the  great  obstacle  which  the  city  of  Denver  hopes  to  tunnel  and  thereby  place  herself  on  the  transcontinental  map 

of  the  United  States.    The  bore  will  be  on  the  route  of  the  famous  Moffat  road  but  open  to  any  railway. 


plan  to  win  baek  her  place  as  one  of 
the  important  cities  of  the  nation.  She 
is  going  to  draw  the  trains  of  the 
transcontinental  systems  into  her  lim- 
its, as  a  fan  sucks  in  pure  air  to  venti- 
late a  skyscraper.  She  is  issuing 
three  million  dollars'  worth  of  bonds 
to  build  her  tunnel  through  the  Con- 
tinental Divide.  She  is  going  to  open 
up  the  only  anthracite  beds  outside  of 
Pennsylvania;  she  is  going  to  irrigate 

m 


a  vast  country;  she  is  going  to  force 
the  commerce  of  a  vast  area  to  pass 
through  her  yards  ;  she  is  to  be  in  truth 
a  "gateway  to  the  West." 

Some  years  ago  Denver  business  was 
almost  hysterically  excited  over  the  Mof- 
fat Road.  The  colossal  attempt  of  that 
daring  financier,  David  H.  Moffat,  was 
to  lift  the  load  and  open  the  way  for 
passengers  and  freight  across  the  crest 
of  the  Rockies,     There  was  just  one 


DENVER   UNDERMINES   THE   CONTINENTAL  DIVIDE 


399 


route — through  Rollins  Pass — an  ele- 
vation of  eleven  thousand  six  hundred 
feet.  Fifty  miles  out  of  Denver  the 
Moffat  road  trains  were  forced  to 
cross  the  Divide  six  thousand  feet 
above  their  starting  point.     The  road 


Costly  to  Operate 

The  battle  with  snow  in  winter  on 

the  Moffat  Road. 


demanded  a  tunnel  under 
James'  Peak.  Anticipat- 
ing its  construction,  a 
series  of  daring  loops 
clinging  to  the  shoulders 
of  the  mountains  were 
built  over  the  crest  as  a 
makeshift. 

The  history  of  Moffat 
and  his  failure  is  well 
known  to  all  Western- 
ers, but  his  road  still  ex- 
ists, winding  its  way 
through  magnificent 
Colorado  scenery.  It 
taps  coal  fields  which 
might  make  their  own- 
ers wealthy  for  all  time ; 
but  the  road  cannot 
carry  the  coal;  the 
grades  are  too  steep. 

The  Moffat  tracks  are 
to  be  utilized  in  the  new 
system.  The  recent  elec- 
tion in  Denver  made  that 


certain  by  a  huge  majority  and  now  the 
plans  of  the  city,  in  which  the  story  of 
possible  water  rights  and  coal  strikes  is 
barely  distinguishable  between  the  lines, 
should,  when  carried  out,  put  Denver 
on  the  upgrade  and  eventually  give  her 
back  her  former  dignity.  The  time  will 
come  when  she  will  be  proud  of 
census  report. 
The  Tunnel  Commission  insisted 
from  the  first  that  the  great  tunnel 
was  to  be  built  for  the  use  of  any 
railroad  line  which  cared  to  send 
its  trains  under  the  mountain. 
For  thirty  miles  on  either  side  of 
the  approaches,  the  land  is  to  be 
left  clear,  so  that  should  the 
Burlington  or  the  Rock  Island 
care  to  build  to  the  coast,  it  will 
have  the  opportunity;  or  should 
the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  care 


One  of  the  Moffat  Road  Tunnels 

There  are  thirty-two  of  these  little  tunnels  on  this  road,  almost  all  of  which 

will  be  eliminated  by  the  bore  which  Denver  is  to  put  through. 


400 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


to  save  one  hundred  and  seventy-five 
miles  between  Colorado  and  the  coast,  or 
should  the  Santa  Fe  feel  the  need  of  a 
short  step  to  San  Francisco,  or  should 
the  Union  Pacific  care  for  an  air-line 
route,  all  of  them  are  provided  with  an 
inducement. 

Last  year  it  cost  the  Moffat  road 
two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  thou- 
sand dollars  to  operate  trains  over  the 
series  of  loops  which  climb  the  Divide. 
It  was  merely  a  scenic  route,  a  picture 
gallery  for  the  "See-America-Firsts." 
This  sum  of  money  would  maintain 
the  sinking  fund  for  the  retirement 
and  pay  the  interest  on  the  bonds 
which  the  city  of  Denver  is  issuing  to 
build  the  six-mile  tunnel. 

They  are  not  saying  much  about 
water  and  mineral  rights  accruing 
from  the  bore.  Denver  gets  them  all. 
Because  the  Rockies  are  poorly  watered 
on  the  eastern  slope,  the  engineers 
say  that  water  brought  through  the 
tunnel  will  supply  the  needs  of  the 
city  and  leave  plenty  to  sell  for  irriga- 
tion purposes.  Streams  headed  for  the 
Pacific  are  to  be  turned  toward  the 
Atlantic  and  on  their  way  they  will 
water  the  semi-arid  ranches  which  are 
perched  among  the  foothills. 

If  the  tunnel  drivers  strike  gold, 
there  will  be  no  gold  rush,  for  the  city 
will  have  all  the  claims  staked.  No 
great  mines  have  been  discovered  in 
the  James'  Peak  district,  but  the  region 
is  heavily  mineralized,  and  under  the 
adage  that  "gold  is  where  you  find  it," 
Denver  may  become  the  richest  city  of 


the  world.  But  that  is  a  side  issue. 
The  main  calculations  are  on  a  rail- 
road-engineering basis. 

The  bore  is  to  be  ultra-modern.  The 
trains  will  go  through  under  electric 
power  so  that  the  porter  will  not  need 
to  come  around  and  shut  the  windows 
to  keep  out  smoke  and  gas  when  the 
trains  go  through.  Just  as  in  the 
famous  Cascade  Tunnel  of  the  Great 
Northern,  hydroelectric  stations  will 
supply  the  power  to  the  electric  loco- 
motives. The  entrance  will  be  thirty- 
five  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Denver, 
at  an  elevation  of  nine  thousand  one 
hundred  and  ninety  feet.  The  Pacific 
portal  will  overlook  a  fertile,  wooded 
district  in  the  heart  of  the  Rockies. 
From  there  the  trains  will  plunge 
through  canyons  and  wind  across  the 
rolling  uplands  of  northwestern  Colo- 
rado, where  the  homesteader  is  driving 
out  the  cattle  rancher.  Under  these 
homesteads,  or  at  least  in  this  part  of 
Colorado,  lie  the  undeveloped  coal  de- 
posits which  have,  as  yet,  defied  man. 

It  is  a  climb  of  only  a  little  more  than 
half  a  mile  of  steps  that  this  municipal 
tunnel  is  going  to  remove,  but  they  are 
steps  which  block  the  passageway  to  Den- 
ver's prosperity.  They  are  barriers 
whose  removal  means  the  change  of 
the  transcontinental  map  of  the  United 
States.  Denver  is  resolved  to  realize 
the  dream  of  the  pioneer — to  become  a 
city  which,  from  every  point  of  view, 
can  keep  step  with  the  cities  which 
have  of  late  left  it  far  behind  in  the 
race  for  supremacy. 


Whether  a  certain  railroad  engine  crossing  the  Kansas- 
Indian  Territory  line  on  June  6,  1870,  bore  on  its  pilot  a  futile 
half  century  of  litigation,  or  a  prize  worth  the  ransom  of  a 
dozen  kings,  is  at  present  being  determined  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  The  story  of  the  origin  of  this 
suit  involves  one  of  the  most  thrilling  races  in  railroad  con- 
struction ever  recorded,  of  armed  war  between  rival  con- 
struction gangs,  of  the  honor  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment itself.  The  story  of  the  "Katy  Land  Grant  Case"  will  be 
an  exceptionally  striking  article.  Read  it  in  June  Technical 
World. 


TELEPHONE  POLE  BURNS 

A  SHORT  circuit  in  a  large  control 
**  box  on  top  of  a  telephone  pole  in 
Philadelphia  recently  started  a  peculiar 
fire.  The  insulation  material  of  the 
wires  burned  rapidly  and  the  cross 
arms  and  the  post  itself  were  soon 
ablaze.  The  fire  department  finally 
extinguished  the  conflagration  with 
chemicals. 


A  CITY  UNDERGROUND 

""THE  Vesta,  Number  Four,  coal  mine 
*  of  California,  Pennsylvania,  has 
vast  underworkings  which  without 
guide  posts  would  prove  a  veritable 
labyrinth.  The  mine  has  been  in  oper- 
ation for  over  ten  years  and  has  now 
enough  streets  and  alleys  for  a  city 
with  from  twenty  to  thirty  thousand 
inhabitants.  Opening  from  each  one 
of  the  thoroughfares  are  little  rooms 
where  excavations  have  been  made. 
During  the  decade  of  its  operation 
almost  fourteen  million  tons  of  coal  have 
been  taken  from  this  one  mine. 

The  workings  are  electric  lighted,  the 
wires  being  carefully  placed  to  prevent 
accidents  to  workmen.  Within  the  mine 
are  buildings  constructed  of  concrete 
and  stone,  making  it,  in  reality,  a  com- 
plete little  underground  city. 

The  tipple  at  this  mine  is  said  to  be  by 
far  the  longest  in  the  world.  It  is  like  a 
great  viaduct. 


A  Job  That  Is  'Up  to"  the  Hook-and  Ladder 

Standing  all  alone  in  the  street  a  Philadelphia  telephone 

pole  indulged  in  a  little  fire  all  its  own. 


PART  OF  THE  TIPPLE 
The  Vesta  Number  Four  is  reputed  to  be  the  lamest  coal  mine  in  the  world. 

the  sun  never  shines. 


It  is  a  little  city  all  by  itself  where 


401 


402 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


BERKELEY'S  CHIMES 

TTHE    highest   bell   tower   in    Amer 
*    is  the  Jane  K.  Sather  Cam 
panile  now  being  erected 
the   campus    of    the    Uni 
versity  of  California,  at 
Berkeley,   at  a  cost   of 
two  hundred  and 
twenty-five   thousand 
dollars. 

The  tower  rests  on 
a  base  only  thirty-four 
feet  square  but  rises  to 
a  height  of  three  hun- 
dred and  six  feet. 
From  the  arched 
loggia  near  the  top, 
which  can  be  reached 
both  by  elevator  and 
stairs,  the  whole  San 
Francisco  bay  region 
is  visible.  Just  below 
the  loggia  will  be 
placed  the  four  six- 
teen-foot clock  dials 
and  a  thirty-thousand- 
dollar  set  of  chimes. 
The  highest  point  will 
be  surmounted  by  a 
bronze  lantern. 

A   novel   banquet   high 
up  on  the  tower  was  given 
by    the    contractors    to    the 


ica 


The  Campanile 


structural  iron  workers  on  the  day 
that  the  last  girder  was  put  in  place. 
Hampers  of  food  were  hoisted  up  to 
the  two-hundred-and-fifty-foot 
level  by  means  of  derricks. 
Here  some  loose  planks 
were  laid  across  the 
beams  and  the  meal 
served  and  eaten  in  the 
face  of  a  thirty-mile 
gale.  Those  in  charge 
of  the  banquet  had 
trouble  in  securing  a 
caterer  until  a  daring 
young  lady,  Miss 
Vivian  Bowers,  vol- 
unteered to  climb  the 
shaky  ladders  and 
serve  the  lofty  meal. 
The  campanile,  which 
will  be  finished  in 
a  short  time,  is  the 
gift  of  Mrs.  Jane  K. 
Sather. 


SHOEING  GEESE 

""THE  frozen  roads  of 
*■     Illinois     are     very 
hard  on  the  fowls  which 
are   being  raised   in   that 
part  of  the  country  for  ship- 
ment   to    New    York     for 


SHOOED  AND  SHOED 
They  shoo  them  over  a  bed  of  tar  and  then  over  one  of  gravel  and  then  they  are  shoed  so  that  they  can  walk  on  frozen 

roads  without  hurting  their  feet. 


celebrating  the  great  Jewish  feasts  and 
holidays. 

Formerly  the  geese  and  ducks 
fered  from  sore  and  tender  feet. 


suf- 
One 


feeder    devised 
a    leather    shoe 
to  overcome 
the  trouble,  but 
a    local    genius 
improved 
upon  this 
The 
e    are 
through 
warm 


plan, 
gees 
driven 
t 


a  r, 

enough  to  be 
soft,  and  then 
compelled  to 
walk  over 
loose  sand. 
Thus  they  auto- 
matically pro- 
vide themselves 
enable   them    to 


in  other  methods  of  cooking.     Packing 
houses,  hotels,  and  others  who  cook  on 
a  large  scale  have  been  wrestling  per- 
sistently   for    many    years    with    this 
problem   of  conserving  meats  in 
the  cooking 
process. 

The  oven  is 
governed  by 
automatic  and 
time  control, 
and  the  food 
requires  no  at- 
tention from 
the  time  it  is 
put  in  until  it  is 
taken  out  to 
serve.  Two  hours  of  electric  cur- 
rent   will    furnish    sufficient    heat 

Ready  to  Cook  '  d     pressure     fo       te       hours     of 

By  increasing  the  air  pressure  in  an  oven  .*  .  . 

the  juices  are  retained  and  the  food  coolcs       COOking.        I  he    IOOd    IS    placed    in 

an  air-tight  chamber. 


faster. 


with  "shoes"  that 
walk  in  comfort 
over  rough  frozen  roads. 

These  fowls  are  bought  in  large 
numbers  in  the  Southern  States 
every  fall  and  are  then  shipped  to 
the  corn  belt  for  fattening.  One 
farmer,  last  fall,  had  over  ten  thou- 
sand at  one  time. 

The  feed  consists  mostly  of 
shelled  corn,  though  some  feeders 
add  cooked  cereals  and  oil  meal. 
Special  barns  are  erected  for  their 
housing.  The  geese  wearing  their 
novel  shoes  are  driven  to  and  from 
the  trains  in  large  flocks. 

Ji 

ADDING  PRESSURE  TO 
HEAT  IN  COOKING 

AN  electric  air-pressure  cooker, 
**■  which  retains  the  most  valuable 
food  flavors  and  greatly  lessens  the 
shrinkage  of  meats  in  cooking,  has 
recently  been  perfected.  Rigid  tests 
indicate  that  this  invention  is 
capable  of  solving  the  problem  of 
preventing  the  large  loss  of  sub- 
stance and  flavor  of  food  dur- 
ing the  process  of  cooking.  By  this 
method,  for  instance,  a  whole  ham  is 
cooked  with  a  loss  of  only  eight  per 
cent  of  the  substance,  as  against  a 
loss  of  from  fifteen  to  fifty  per  cent 


How  It  Works 

The  model  oven  showing  the  motor  which  operates  the  air  pump. 

The  coil  at  the  top  is  an  automatic  cutoff  to  prevent  the  heat 

from  becoming  too  great. 

403 


404 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ROSE-BLOOMING  BLACK- 
BERRY 

A  N  interesting  experiment  has  been 
**  made  b}r  a  resident  of  Tropico, 
California,  in  the  budding  of  a  rose  to 
a  blackberry  bush.  Fol- 
lowing the  budding 
process,  the  bush 
grew  rapidly  and 
last  summer  it 
bloomed  profusely.  As 
a  result  of  the  experiment 
a  new  flower  has 
been  evolved, 
whose  blossom 
is  white,  with 
irregular  leaves 
shooting  out 
from  the  cen- 
ter,  like  the 
carnation.  The 
foliage  and 
stems  of  the 
plant  retain  the  appearance  of  the  black- 
berry bush.  It  is  odd  to  note  that  in 
spite  of  many  crosses  successfully  made 
by  botanists,  but  relatively  few  new  fruits 
have  been  created  for  consumption. 

Jl 

ONE  MAN  TO  LOWER  LIFE- 
BOAT 

DY  means  of  a  device  invented  by  a 
*-*  Swedish  sea  captain,  G.  C.  Schmidt, 
the  largest  lifeboat,  filled  with  passen- 


Blackberry  Rose 

A  beautiful  new  flower  was  created  when  the  rose  was  budded  to 

a  blackberry  bush. 


gers,  can  be  lowered  by  one  man  in 
less  than  two  minutes.  Working  auto- 
matically from  the  moment  the  boat  is 
released  from  the  clamps  by  the  pull 
of  a  lever,  the  davit  allows  even  the 
one  who  has  started  the  operation  to 
go  down  in  the  lifeboat  and  at 
the  same  time  control  its 
speed.  The  old  .and 
dangerous  block 
and  tackle  ar- 
rangement, 
where  twisting 
kinks,  wet, 
frozen,  or 
swelled  ropes 
have  so  often 
been  respon- 
sible for  acci- 
dents, is  done 
away  with.  The 
boat  descends 
on  even  keel  all 
the  time,  elim- 
inating thereby  the  danger  of  capsizing. 
The  davit  consists  chiefly  of  the  two 
steel  frames,  bolted  to  the  deck,  in 
which  two  quadrant  arms  move.  At 
the  upper  end  of  these  arms  steel 
prongs  project,  in  which  the  boat 
hangs.  The  boat  is  hoisted  and  low- 
ered by  steel  cables,  running  through 
pulleys  at  the  end  of  the  posts  down 
to  the  deck,  where  the  cable  is  wound 
around  a  revolving  steel  drum.  As 
soon  as  the  boat  has  been  hoisted,  it  is 
securely  fastened  to  its  support  in  an 


instant,  by  pulling  a 
lever.  By  releasing  this 
lever,  the  boat  is  freed, 
and  then  hangs  in  the 
prongs  at  the  end  of  the 
quadrant  arms,  which  at 
the  same  time  automatic- 
ally begin  to  fall  out- 
ward, swinging  the  boat 
down  over  the  side  of 
the  ship. 

This  boat  has  already 
been  installed  on  a  num- 
ber of  steamships 
abroad,  particularly 
those  owned  by  German 
and  Swedish  interests. 
Ice  that  has  formed  on  the  steel  cables 
will  chip  off  very  easily  when  the  lifeboat 
is  lowered. 


YELLOWSTONE  REPRODUCED 

YELLOWSTONE  Park  is  to  be 
*  faithfully  reproduced  at  the  Pan- 
ama-Pacific Exposition — reproduced  with 
the  art  of  the  professional  showman 
to  get  the  effect  of  the  high  peaks  and 
ensemble  of  the  magnificent  original. 
The  scale  of  the  park  is  to  be  but  four 
inches  to  the  mile  but  Old  Faithful  Inn 
will  be  actual  size.  Proportions  will 
be  arranged  so  that  the  hostelry  will  be 
in  harmony  in  spite  of  the  difference 
in  size  between  it  and  the  mountain 
peaks. 


COrillOHT IUHI«    I1M1»»»0N    MV-OIS 

Old  Faithfl'l  Inn 

This  is  a  model  of  the  >  xhibit  which  one  of  the  railroads  will  make  at  the  Panama 

Pacific  Exposition.    It  is  to  be  a  miniature  Yellowstone  Park. 


The  Modelers,  in  Making  This  Replica  of  a  Geyser,  Have  Endeavored 
to  Get  an  Impression  of  Great  Size  by  Use  of  Various  Devices 


In  front  of  the  Inn  will  be  a  minia- 
ture replica  of  the  famous  geyser,  after 
which  the  Inn  is  named,  and  off  in  the 
distance,  up  Madison  Canyon,  the 
models  of  other  geysers  will  be  in 
operation.  The  Inn  will  also  be  an 
exact  likeness,  the  dining  room  being 
planned  to  seat  more  than  a  thousand 
people  with  room  for  five  hundred 
more  in  the  special  banquet  halls. 
From  the  balcony,  the  cascades  will 
show  in  the  distance,  and  searchlights 
will  play  on  the  scene  at  night. 


BATHROOM  SHOCKS 

A  FRENCH  investigator  has  recently 
**  studied  a  large  number  of  cases  of 
fatalities  occurring  from  electric  shocks 
while  in  the  bathtub.  The  body  is 
a  very  much  better  con- 
ductor of  electricity 
when  the  surface  is  wet 
so  that  anyone  who 
touches  a  current-carry- 
ing wire  while  bathing  is 
in  much  greater  danger 
than  under  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances. It  was  found 
that  forty-six  volts 
might  prove  sufficient  to 
cause  death  in  some 
cases  when  the  person 
was  standing  or  sitting 
in  a  tub  full  of  water. 
The  ordinary  lighting 
circuit  of  about  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  volts  is  a 
source  of  great  danger 
to  the  bather. 


405 


HOW  TO   GET 
TO  THE  FARM 


By  E  G.  MaDrhead 


WHAT  chance  has  the  city 
man  on  the  farm?  The 
average  city  man,  I  mean ; 
the  one  who  doesn't 
know  whether  it's  Shrop- 
shire hogs  or  Berkshire  sheep ;  who 
thinks  that  Duroc-Jersey  is  a  breed  of 
cows.  Supposing  that  he  takes  the 
advice  of  the  political  economists,  rolls 
down  the  top  of  his  desk  or  locks  up 
his  tools  and  quits  the  city  pavement 
for  the  country  lane — will  it  be  forever, 
or  only  so  long  as  it  may  take  him  to 
get  back  to  town,  a  sadder  and  a  wiser 
man? 

I  put  the  question  to  a  half  dozen 
men — men  in  a  position  to  know  and 
to  answer  with  authority.  It  is  notable 
that  no  two  of  them  answered  alike. 

First,  I  entered  the  office  of  the 
editor  of  three  well-known  farm 
papers,  a  man  who,  born  on  a  farm, 
graduated  from  an  agricultural  college 
first  in  a  class  of  seventy-five  and, 
starting  with  nothing,  now  owns  five 
hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  as  fine  land 
as  can  be  found  anywhere  in  the  Mid- 
dle West. 


"What  chance  has  the  city  man,  who 
knows  nothing  of  farming?"  he  re- 
peated. "One  chance  in  about  a  mil- 
lion," he  answered,  "unless  he  devotes 
the  first  year,  or  better  still,  two  years, 
to  hiring  out  as  a  farm  hand  to  some 
experienced  farmer.  The  trouble  is 
just  this:  Farming  is  a  profession 
the  same  as  doctoring  or  teaching  or 
practicing  law,  and  the  sooner  all  men 
learn  this  the  fewer  heartbreaking  ex- 
periences there  will  be.  Even  if  your 
city  man  who  yearns  for  the  farm  is 
earning  five  thousand  dollars  a  year 
and  has  ten  thousand  dollars  saved  up. 
let  him  hire  out  for  a  year  or  two.  He'll 
be  lucky  to  get  fifteen  or  twenty  dol- 
lars a  month  and  his  keep ;  but  he'll 
learn  the  rudiments  of  farming,  and 
without  these  he  will  be  a  veritable 
babe  in  the  wood.  Hire  out,  rent,  and 
then  buy;  that's  my  advice." 

I  put  the  same  question  to  a  man 
who  is  high  in  the  counsels  of  the 
Southern  Rice  Growers'  Association — 
a  young  man  who  had  farming  literally 
and  forcibly  thrust  upon  him  by  in- 
heriting a  big  tract  of  land,   when  he 


HOW  TO   GET  TO  THE   FARM 


407 


was  in  college ;  who  got  experience, 
first  hand,  in  big  chunks,  and  who 
made  good. 

"Travel  and  read,"  he  answered. 
"When  I  decided  to  abandon  my  an- 
ticipated career  as  an  architect  and  go 
into  the  farming  game  I  devoted  two 
years  to  traveling  and  reading.  I 
visited  farms  all  over  the  country ; 
demonstration  farms,  where  every- 
thing was  model ;  individual  farms, 
where  men  were  just  barely  making 
both  ends  meet.  Between  trips  I 
bought  standard  textbooks :  Henry's 
"Feeds  and  Feeding,"  Craig's  "Sheep 
Farming,"  Davenport's  "Principles  of 
Breeding,"  Shaw's  "Management 
and  Feeding  of  Cattle,"  Coburn's 
"Swine  in  America,"  and  "Book 
of  Alfalfa,"  and  so  on.  I  read 
them,  too — every  word.  Then  I 
subscribed  for  some  good  farm 
papers  and  read  them.  It  was 
not  until  I  had  put  in  two 
solid  years  cramming  on  farm- 
ing, just  as  I  used  to  cram  on 
Greek  and  trigonometry  in  the 
state  university,  that  I  actually  went 
to  work.  With  two  years'  home 
study  and  travel,  keeping  my 
eyes  and  ears  open  all  the  time, 
I  started  farming.  The  first 
year  I  lost  money,  but  last 
year  (my  fifth)  I  netted 
fourteen  per  cent,  which  J 
is  pretty  good  for  a 
greenhorn." 

I   traveled  to  an- 
other   State,    once 
more    asking    my 
question  of  every 
farmer    I    met. 
Said   one:     "Tell 
your  troubles  to 
the  state  col- 


I 


lege  of  agriculture;  that's  what  it's  for. 
If  you  can't  take  the  full  four-years' 
course  in  agriculture,  there  is  usually  a 
two-years'  course.  Always  there  is  a  two- 
weeks'  short  course,  crammed  full  of 
practical  instruction.  Attend  that  short 
course ;  write  often  to  the  college,  sending 
samples  of  whatever  weeds  may  bother 
you  or  asking  whatever  you  need  to 
know.  The  teachers  there  will  help 
you  and  gradually,  with  their  help,  and 
almost  without  knowing  it,  you  will 
become  an  experienced,  practical,  suc- 
cessful farmer." 

Still  I  was  not  satisfied.     I  asked  a 
hard-headed  farmer  of  sixty-five,  who 
had  lived  in  the  city  until  he  was  fifty- 
six  and  then,  because  of  undue  com- 
petition,   quit    his    job 
of  harness  making, 
invested  his  sav- 
ings in  a  little 


Hire  Out.  Rent. 
And  Then  Buy" 
Success  can  and 
will  come  to  the 
man  who  goes  in- 
to farming  as  he 
would  go  into  the 
law  or  medicine  or 
plumbing    or    any- 
thing   else    and 
study  it   from    the 
very  beginning. 


408 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


thirty-five-acre  farm,  and  started  life  all 
over  again. 

"I  quickly  learned  that  I  could  farm 
by  reading  good  farm  papers  and  bul- 
letins and  by  going  to  men  whom  I 
saw  were  good  farmers,"  he  answered. 

"I  did  not  spend  a  lot  of  money  on 
textbooks  that  sell  for  several  dollars 


Still  I  searched  for  the  final  word  of 
truth  and  found  it,  not  in  the  edi- 
torial office  nor  in  the  homes  of  the 
farmers  who  had  made  good  on  a  big 
scale,  but  in  the  humble  homes  of  a 
couple  of  men,  typical  farmers  of  the 
small-farm  type,  who  knew  whereof 
they  spoke  by  bitter  experience. 


BEING  A  HAND 

Men  who  know  say  that  unless  a  man  hires  out  to  an  experienced  farmer  for  a  couple  of  years  before  he  makes  his 

attempt  he  has  but  a  chance  in  a  million  of  success. 


each.  I  simply  sent  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  my  name  and  address 
and  was  put  upon  their  free  mailing 
list  for  all  bulletins.  I  read  these  bul- 
letins and  spent  about  three  dollars  a 
year  for  reliable  farm  papers.  The  rest 
was  learned  by  going  to  my  neighbors ; 
not  going  a  great  distance  to  see  some 
millionaire's  place,  but  going  across 
the  road  to  ask  my  neighbor  who  was 
having  the  same  experiences  I  was 
having.  The  slipshod,  poor  farmers 
give  advice  without  asking,  but  you 
soon  learn  to  spot  the  real  men  to  ask, 
by  looking  at  their  houses  and  barns, 
their  crops  and  herds.  I  was  never  on 
a  farm  a  day  in  my  life  until  I  was 
fifty-six.  Today  I  am  sixty-five,  as 
hearty  as  a  buck,  have  a  hundred  acres 
in  cultivation,  and  can  plow  as  much 
as  any  man,  young  or  old.  I  took  first 
premium  on  baled  hay  at  two  fairs  last 
fall  and  got  forty-four  bales  of  alfalfa 
to  the  acre  the  first  cutting  last  year." 


"Just  before  I  was  eighteen  I  crossed 
the  Ohio  River  from  my  home  in  Gray- 
son County,  Kentucky,"  said  the  man 
from  Indiana.  "I  had  a  watch,  a  re- 
volver, a  dime,  an  extra  pair  of  pants, 
and  two  work  shirts.  The  next  day  I 
went  to  work  for  a  farmer  at  ten  dol- 
lars a  month.  I  worked  as  a  farm  la- 
borer for  eight  years,  then  followed 
line  work  for  four  years. 

"I  saved  my  wages,  always  with  the 
object  of  owning  a  farm  of  my  own. 
If  I  couldn't  get  the  wages  I  wanted, 
I  took  the  other  fellow's  figures.  I 
never  let  a  job  go  by  that  I  could  do. 
I  have  worked  for  twenty-five  cents  a 
day  and  I  have  worked  for  five  dollars 
a  day — on  two  occasions.  I  lost  a 
job  paying  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
a  day  once  because  I  wouldn't  give  the 
boss  a  dime  to  buy  whiskey. 

"After  twelve  years  of  wage  earning, 
I  bought  a  forty-acre  farm  in  Gibson 
County,  Indiana.    After  paying  for  it,  I 


HOW  TO   GET  TO  THE   FARM 


409 


had  five  hundred  dollars  left.  Since 
then  I  have  added  fifteen  acres  more, 
and  now  I  have  a  well-kept  farm  of  fifty- 
five  acres. 

"To  the  young  man  who  wants  to 
make  good,  my  advice  is  to  stay  with 
your  job  until  you  get  a  better  one,  save 
your  wages,  and  don't  drink  or  gam- 
ble." 

And  here  was  the  wisdom  which 
came  to  me  from  a  man  in  Nebraska,  a 
prosperous  farmer  who  took  my  editor 
friend's  advice  and  began  as  a  hired 
hand,  working  a  whole  year  for  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars,  of 
which  he  saved  one  hundred  dollars. 

"No  matter  how  small  the  pay,"  he 
said,  "I  always  made  it  a  rule  to  save 
part  of  my  wages.  When  times  were 
hard  and  wages  low,  I  worked  for 
small  wages  rather  than  remain  idle.  I 
did  not  draw  my  wages  every  week  or 
month.  Quite  often  I  would  loan  my 
wages,  and  more  besides,  to  my  em- 
ployer, making  my  money  earn  more 
money. 

"I  have  worked  in  many  different 
places,  in  stores,  in  livery  barns,  and  on 
the  railroad,  but  I  found  the  best  place 
to  save  my  money  was  on  the  farm. 
At  twenty-three  I  bought  eighty  acres 
of  land  for  three  hundred  dollars  from 
my  savings.  The  land,  of  course,  was 
not  the  best,  but  the  soil  was  good 
and  I  am  living  on  the  land  today. 

"I  traded  my  driving  horse  for  a 
team  of  old  mares  so  I  could  farm  my 
land.     One  of  the  mares  raised  a  colt. 


I  paid  a  dollar  each  for  a  plow, 
harrow,  and  cultivator;  not  the  best 
implements  in  the  world,  but  good 
enough  to  farm  with  and  better  than 
going  into  debt  for  tools  to  work  with. 

"On  account  of  hail  my  first  crop 
was  almost  a  failure.  So  I  was  a 
'hired  man'  again  for  six  months.  But 
I  was  not  in  debt  and  not  discouraged, 
and  I  went  back  to  farming  with  more 
determination  than  ever. 

"Here  is  some  advice  to  men  contem- 
plating farming:  Get  married,  the 
sooner  the  better.  Never  in  the  world 
start  farming  without  a  wife;  better 
be  without  a  horse,  cow,  or  plow.  I 
married,  at  this  time,  the  best  girl  in 
the  world. 

"When  I  had  been  married  two 
years,  I  bought  forty  acres  more  for 
two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  which 
gave  me  one  hundred  and  twenty 
acres,  enough  for  one  man.  I  raise 
horses,  mules,  and  cattle  to  sell.  I  sell 
what  corn  I  do  not  need  for  feed,  but 
I  generally  keep  it  until  the  next  sum- 
mer, when  corn  is  high.  My  wife  sells 
poultry  and  eggs,  sometimes  more 
than  one  hundred  dollars'  worth  dur- 
ing the  year.  We  make  a  living  for 
eight,  are  out  of  debt,  and  have  a 
bank  account  of  two  thousand  dollars." 

With  this  last  interview  I  stopped, 
for  I  believed  my  question  had  been 
answered :  hard  work,  thrift,  experi- 
ence little  by  little,  a  modest  begin- 
ning, observation,  reading,  and  above 
all — a     good     wife.       I     had     learned 


AFTER  THE  FIRST  CROP 
The  home  can  be  built  with  the  first  crop  money  but— "Never  in  the  world  start  farming  without  a  wife."  say  the  experts. 


410 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


enough  to  convince  me  that  the  way 
was  rough  and  rocky ;  that  the  city 
man  who  goes  back  to  the  land  has  no 
sinecure;  that  bitter  experiences  lurk 
for  him  behind  every  tree,  around 
every  turn  of  the  winding  road.  I  had 
become  convinced  that  much  of  the 
story  of  success  for  the  man  who 
knows  no  more  of  farming  than  he 
does  of  Martian  manners  and  customs 
was  fantasy,  a  sort  of  "Peter  Pan"  of 
eternal  hope.  But  I  had  learned,  more- 
over, that  success  could  and  would 
come  to  the  man  who  went  into  farm- 
ing as  he  would  go  into  the  law  or 
medicine  or  plumbing  or  anything  else, 
and  study  it  from  the  very  beginning. 

For  the  last  word,  a  little  bit  of  de- 
tail, I  went  back  to  my  farm  editor 
friend. 

"Let  Mr.  Cityman  start  with  eighty 
acres,"  he  advised.  "Eighty  acres  of 
good  land  here  in  the  grain  belt  can  be 
bought  for  one  hundred  dollars  an 
acre,  and  for  less  in  newer  sections. 
He  can  buy  this  eight  thousand  dollars' 
worth  of  land  by  paying  half  down 
and  giving  a  six  per  cent  mortgage  for 
the  balance,  with  the  option  of  paying 
it  all  off  after  the  second  year;  or  he 
can  pay  three  thousand  dollars  down, 
give  a  six  per  cent  four-thousand-dol- 
lar first  mortgage  and  a  seven  per  cent 
one-thousand-dollar  second  mortgage. 
Then  he  should  invest  fifteen  hundred 
dollars   in   stock  and  machinery :    six 


hundred  dollars  for  three  good  horses; 
five  hundred  dollars  for  cattle,  hogs,  and 
poultry  (four  good  dairy  cows,  six 
good  brood  sows,  a  flock  of  one  hun- 
dred hens)  ;  four  hundred  dollars  for 
implements,  part  of  which  he  can  get 
on  three  to  six  months'  time. 

"With  this  investment  of,  say,  ten 
thousand  dollars  (about  one-half  of 
which  will  have  to  be  cash  down)  he 
is  ready  to  start.  Let  him  plant  thirty- 
five  of  his  eighty  acres  to  corn,  ten 
acres  to  oats,  and  leave  the  remainder 
for  meadow,  pasture,  and  feed  lots.  If 
he  is  fortunate,  he  will  make  a  bare 
living  the  first  year  or  two;  finally  he 
will  earn  six  per  cent  on  his  invest- 
ment and,  at  last,  as  experience  comes, 
he  will  prosper,  for  his  land  will  be 
growing  more  productive;  his  herds 
will  be  increasing  and  the  value  of  his 
land  will  be  rising  with  production  and 
improvements.  He  will  succeed,  if  he 
has  the  right  stuff  in  him;  he  will  fail, 
if  he  is  weak  or  easily  beaten.  But, 
after  all,  that's  the  case  in  every  pro- 
fession." 

Thereupon  my  editor  friend  rolled 
down  the  top  of  his  mahogany  desk, 
stepped  into  his  self-starting,  six-cyl- 
inder automobile  and  drove  out  to  see 
how  many  thousands  of  dollars  his 
five  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  farm 
land  had  earned  for  him  since  he  had  last 
inspected  them.  He  disappeared  in  a 
cloud  of  dust. 


Three  huge  plane  mirrors,  each  of  them  one  hundred  feet 
in  diameter,  set  up  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  a  triangle,  would 
accomplish  the  greatest  dream  of  imaginative  scientists  of  all 
time.  Such,  at  least,  is  the  claim  made  for  the  arrangement. 
We  believe  it  would  be  unfair  to  you  to  satisfy  your  curiosity 
but  partly  by  giving  here  only  a  few  meager  details.  There- 
fore, for  a  full  account  of  the  purpose  of  this  idea,  we  refer 
you  to  the  June  number  of  Technical  World  Magazine. 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  COPY  HALTS 
THE  FORGER 


By 
CHARLES    W.    PERSON 


BECAUSE  there  are  certain 
people  who  cannot  see  any- 
thing dishonest  in  "cheating 
the  government",  forging  birth 
and  death  certificates  has 
grown  to  be  very  common  in  New 
York  City,  and  as  a  result,  the  city 
records  are  badly  confused.  Owing 
to  the  great  volume  of  business  trans- 
acted by  the  office  of  records,  only 
a  small  number  of  such  offenders 
have  been  caught.  Every  circumstance, 
in  fact,  seems  to  have  favored  the 
forgers.  For  instance,  of  the  two 
hundred    and    sixty    thousand 

certificates     of     various  ., 

kinds  filed,  almost  two- 
thirds  of  them  had  to  be 
copied  at  the  request  of 
some    interested    person. 
Inaccuracies  unavoidably 
crept    in ;    handwriting    was 
illegible ;  forg- 
ery    was    of 
course  easy. 

The  remedy 
for    this    unfor 
tunate    state    of    af- 

The  Machine  That  Halts  the  Forger 

It  is  leased  out  under  a  fifty-year  contract  for 

three  hundred  dollars.    New  York  uses  three 

of  these  machines. 


fairs  is  the  camera.  The  pencil-pushers 
are  losing  their  jobs  and  dishonest  law- 
yers and  insurance  beneficiaries  are 
meekly  accepting  copy  that  cannot  be 
altered  in  the  slightest  way.  A  photo- 
graph of  a  birth  certificate  can  never  be 
altered  successfully,  no  matter  how 
skillful  the  engraver  or  printer  hired  to 
do  the  job. 

The  machine  which  is  being  used  in 
New  York  handles  the  copying  work 
and  at  the  same  time  does  away  with 
dark  rooms,  sensitive  plates,  and  other 
paraphernalia  too  cumbersome  and 
complicated  for  the  purpose. 
It  is  really  an  automatic  pho- 
tographic machine  which 
can  reproduce  with 
equal  facility  mortgages, 
deeds,  letters,  insurance 
papers,  mechanical 
drawings,  blue  prints, 
sketches,  or  maps. 

Until  recently  a  large 
staff  of  clerks  made  pen 
transcripts.  The  original 
certificates  had  been 
written  by  doctors,  un- 
dertakers, and  health  de- 
partment officers,  and  in 
some  cases  the  writing 
was  absolutely  indeciph- 

4tl 


412 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


A  Copy  of  the  Original 
A  document  that  cannot  be  tampered  with.    Typewriter 
in  duplicates.    All  that  is  necessary  to  obtain  complete 
original  document  be  correct. 


erable.  The  clerks  did  their  best,  work- 
ing over  time  in  order  to  meet  the  in- 
creasing demand  for  transcripts,  but  it 
has  been  obvious  for  years  that  their 
work  was  full  of  errors.  Consequently, 
the  board  of  health  could  not  conscien- 
tiously guarantee  that  a  transcript  made 
from  a  certificate  by  a  clerk  was  correct. 
The  result  was  that  hundreds  of 
transcripts  turned  out  by  the  bureau 
were  inaccurate  and  illegible.  More- 
over it  was  discovered  that  after  true 
transcripts  had  left  the  office,  they 
were  often  doctored  up  or  changed  to 


suit  the  whims  of  the 
owner.  This  was  a  seri- 
ous offense,  but  the  bu- 
reau was  helpless.  The 
question  before  it  was : 
How  can  copies  that  are 
absolutely  correct,  and  at 
the  same  time  proof 
against  forgery  or  muti- 
1  a t  i o n,  be  reproduced 
from  two  hundred  and 
sixty  thousand  certifi- 
cates ? 

The  camera  solved  the 
problem,  and  it  not  only 
reproduced  facsimile 
copies  of  the  original 
certificates  that  stopped 
forgery,  but  it  saved 
money.  During  the  first 
four  months  of  camera 
substitution,  one  thou- 
sand dollars  in  salaries 
was  saved.  Two  men 
working  at  two  of  the 
new  machines  can  now 
turn  out  copies  to  meet 
the  demand,  in  one-half 
the  time  it  took  before, 
and  also  have  time  left 
to  help  out  in  other 
ways,  such  as  copying 
confidential  letters,  and 
statistics. 

The  long  line  of 
fathers  and  mothers  who 
formerly  stood  for  hours 
patiently  awaiting  birth 
transcripts  of  their  chil- 
dren can  now  receive  a 
copy  in  three  minutes. 
In  Continental  Europe, 
marriage  licenses  will 
not  be  issued  unless  birth  transcripts  are 
shown.  Heretofore  the  bureau  had  more 
than  it  could  do  attending  to  local  needs, 
without  bothering  with  demands  from 
abroad.  Today  the  bureau  can  do  both. 
For  each  copy  of  a  death  certificate  sent 
to  the  insurance  companies,  fifty  cents  is 
charged.  This  amounts  to  thirty-one 
thousand  dollars  in  New  York  for  a 
single  year. 

The  machine  which  does  this  work 
consists  of  a  copyholder,  a  camera,  and 
a  cabinet,  in  which  is  enclosed  the 
paper  cutting  and  developing  mechan- 


errors  cannot  occur 
accuracy  is  that  the 


PHOTOGRAPHIC  COPY  HALTS  THE  FORGER 


413 


ism.  In  the  upper  part 
of  this  cabinet  is  also 
contained  a  magazine 
for  holding  the  roll  of 
sensitized  paper  upon 
which  the  reproductions 
are  made;  at  the  rear, 
supported  on  brackets,  is 
the  tray  or  tank  contain- 
ing the  soda  solution 
which  fixes  or  desensi- 
tizes the  prints  after  they 
have  been  acted  upon  by 
trie  developing  fluid. 

The  book  or  document 
which  is  to  be  repro- 
duced is  placed  in  the 
copyholder  where  it  is 
securely  clamped  in 
position.  The  developing 
cabinet  is  then  detached 
from  the  camera,  and  a 
ground  glass  is  affixed 
to  the  rear  of  the  bellows 
upon  which  the  correct 
size    and    focus   are   ob- 


Copy  of  A  Medallion 
Made  in  a  few  minutes  by  the  photographic  'machine. 

tained  as  in   the  ordinary  plate  camera 
used  by  the  professional  photographer. 

The  lens  is  provided  with  a  shutter, 
actuated  by  a  bulb  and  tube  similar  to 
that  used  on  an  ordinary  camera.  A 
pressure  of  this  bulb  opens  the  shutter 
and  allows  an  image  of  the  record  to 
fall  upon  the  sensitized  surface  of  the 
paper.  As  the  lens  necessarily  reverses 


Work  of  the  Camera  Copyist 
Our  reduction  makes  it  hard  to  read  but  it  is  still  legible 
and  impossible  to  force.    The  typist  docs  no  more  copying. 

the  image,  this  feature  is  corrected  by 
a  prism  placed  directly  back  of  it.  A 
second  pressure  of  tne  bulb  closes  the 
shutter,  thereby  completing  the  ex- 
posure. 

Another  movement  severs  the  print 
from  the  roll,  places  it  in  the  developing 
solution  and  at  the  same  time  draws  a 
fresh  sheet  into  position  in  the  expos- 
ing chamber.  While  developing  pro- 
ceeds, copy  is  changed  and  a  second 
exposure  made.  The  next  turn  of  the 
crank  delivers  the  first  print  to  the  tray 
of  fixing  solution,  where  it  is  immersed 
by  an  automatic  submerging  device, 
places  the  second  sheet  in  the  devel- 
oping tank  and  draws  a  third  into  the 
exposing  chamber,  and  so  on  repeatedly. 


TO  STOP  THE  CAVE  IN 
The  Santa  Fe  officials  at  Los  Angeles  threw  several  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  freight  cars  into  a  stream  to  save  their 

tracks  and  land. 


THEY  FLOATED  AWAY 

P\URING  the  recent  heavy  rains  in 
*~*  Southern  California,  the  Los  An- 
geles River,  which  is  called  the 
Arroyo  Seco  or  "dry  river,"  over- 
flowed its  banks,  carrying  away  more 
than  a  dozen  bridges,  several  houses, 
the  famous  Los  Angeles  pigeon  farm, 
and  many  acres  of  land. 

In  an  effort  to  divert  the  flooded 
stream,  which  was  rapidly  undermin- 
ing the  banks  occupied  by  the  Santa 
Fe  tracks,  ten  freight  cars  were  thrown 
into  the  river.  Instead  of  protecting 
the  banks,  however,  the  freight  cars 
were  picked  up  and  carried  away  in 
the  flood. 


TUNNELS  MECHANICALLY 

A  N  automatic  tunneling  machine  which 
**  bores  its  way  through  solid  hard  rock 
has  been  put  to  use  in  New  York.  It  is  the 
latest  development  of  the  compressed 
air  drill,  being  a  machine  which,  using 
fifteen  twenty-five-pound  hammers,  bores 
like  an  auger. 

Machines  of  various  types  have  been 
invented  which  have  done  good  work 
for  a  short  time  but  which  cost  a  great 
deal  to  operate  because  of  the  repairs 
required.  Because  of  the  terrific  strain 
and  vibration  to  which  they  were  sub- 
jected, they  lasted  but  a  short  time.  The 
new  machine  allows  but  one  hammer  in 
the  set  to  work  at  a  time,  and,  instead 


■ 

..,:? 

N    1 

r  "^^HB 

■  • 

f ' "  -*►>'. 

mmk 

mt^mf  - 

-^-— 

- 

w^^     ■  * 

■ 

DOWNSTREAM 
The  river  is  usually  dry  but  it  was  deep  enough  to  carry  the  box  cars  away  as  fast  as  they  could  be  dumped  into  it. 


Bridges  were  swept  away  and  many  acres  of  land  inundated. 


414 


of  trying  to  cut  the  hard  rock, 
it  chips  it.  The  result  is  that 
the  machine  does  not  tear  itself 
to  pieces,  but  works  its  way 
with  comparative  ease. 

The  set  of  hammers  operate 
on  a  disk  revolving  at  a  speed 
of  from  two  revolutions  a  min- 
ute to  one  every  three  or  four 
minutes,  depending  upon  the 
hardness  of  the  rock.  The 
muck  drops  into  a  scoop  which 
then  delivers  it  to  an  endless 
belt,  making  the  operation  of 
tunneling  a  continuous  one. 
The  drill  travels  on  a  track,  but 
must  be  reset  every  three  and 
a  half  feet.  Through  that  dis- 
tance the  operation  is  auto- 
matic and  the  drill  requires  but 
one  man  to  handle  it.  One  of 
these  machines  is  now  being 
used  at  Marble  Hill,  New 
York,  to  bore  an  open  tunnel. 

The  builders  of  the  new  drill 
have  invited  engineers  from  all 
over  the  country  to  watch  the 
machine  in  operation.  Several 
exhibitions  have  been  made  be- 
fore them  and  great  interest 
has  been  manifested. 


r**la   It  iNotdttes  *  * 


Striking  in  Rapid  Staccato 


^^ 


SLANTED  TO  THE  JOB 
It  is  better  than  other  tunneling  machines  because  it  rests  as  the  heart  does  between  beats.    It  doesn't  tear  itself  to 

pieces  in  useless  work. 


415 


THREE  MILLIONS 

a  MILE 


By  Charles  Frederick  Carter 


A  T  the  close  of  a  recent  conven- 
/%     tion  of  the  American  Society 
/  %  of  Civil  Engineers,  the  society 
/^™\      adjourned  to  look  at  a  half- 
X        A.    completed  job  on  the  Lack- 
awanna  Railroad   in   order   to   see   why 
that    company    had    made   up    its    mind 
to     spend     twelve    million     dollars     on 
a  piece   of   engineering   work   that   was 
to    cut    off    but    three    and    six-tenths 
miles  between  two  little  towns  on  its 
route.    They  advanced,  a  force  of  four 
hundred,  on  a  naked  viaduct  stretching 
out  over  a  valley  at  a  tremendous  height, 
and  soon  they  saw. 

4/6 


The  Lackawanna  was  not  attempt- 
ing to  shorten  the  time  between  two 
big  cities  when  it  undertook  this  mon- 
ster work;  the  three  and  six-tenths 
miles  of  cut-off  were  a  minor  consid- 
eration. The  grades  through  this  par- 
ticular district  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, one  hundred  and  fifty-two  miles 
west  of  New  York,  are  steep  and  long; 
the  curves  are  sharp  and  frequent,  and 
the  saving  in  power  which  is  to  accrue 
by  reason  of  the  removal  of  these  two 
handicaps  will  be  tremendous.  Figures 
show  that  the  expenditure  of  the  twelve 
million  dollars  is  thoroughly  justified. 


THREE   MILLIONS   A   MILE 


417 


The  Lackawanna  Railroad  was  orig- 
inally a  one-horse  affair,  intended 
solely  as  a  means  of  getting  hard  coal 
to  market.  The  engineers  who  built  it 
did  the  best  they  could  with  the 
meager  means  at  their  disposal ;  and 
their  best  must  have  been  wondrous 
good,  when  it  is  remembered  that  this 
railroad  joke  of  sixty  years  ago  has 
developed  into  a  great  trunk  line 
whose  average  earnings  per  mile  are 
exceeded  by  only  one  other  American 
railroad. 

At  last  the  time  came  when  the 
traffic  could  no  longer  be  handled  sat- 
isfactorily, although  the  two  tracks 
were  crowded  all  the  time  with  trains 
hauled  by  two,  three,  four,  and  some- 
times even  five  locomotives.  A  third 
track  through  the  mountains  west  of 
Scranton,  the  principal  collecting  point 
for  coal*  traffic,  had  to  be  provided. 
Also,  there  were  some  twenty-seven 
highway  crossings  at  grade  to  be  abol- 
ished. Extra  tracks  and  the  abolition 
of  grade  crossings  cost  money.  The 
first  proposition  then,  was  for  the  engi- 
neers to  see  if  they  could  not  make  the 
investment  in  these  improvements 
earn  more  by  adding  to  it. 

In  other  words,  would  it  not  pay  to 
relocate  the  line  through  the  moun- 
tains? 

Part  of  it  could  not  be  changed  be- 
cause Scranton,  an  important  point, 
lies  down  in  a  valley,  and  the  railroad 
simply  had  to  climb  down  into  that 
valley  and  out  again.  But  west  of  the 
Summit,  where  the  country  is  rough 
and  broken  like  a  choppy  sea.  with  no 
natural,  easy  grades,  was  the  place 
where  improvement  might  be  made. 
From  the  Summit  to  Hallstead,  half 
the  line  was  on  curves,  many  of  which 
were  from  four  degrees  to  more  than 
six  degrees — rather  sharp  for  heavy 
traffic :  while  the  grades  ranged  from 
thirty  to  sixty-five  feet  per  mile,  call- 
ing for  a  good  deal  of  pusher  service. 

The  problem  was  to  eliminate  all 
pusher  grades  west  bound  from  Clark's 
Summit  and  reduce  the  grades  east 
bound,  so  that  a  locomotive  of  any  size 
could  handle,  with  the  aid  of  one 
pusher,  as  big  a  train  as  it  could  haul 
into  Hallstead  from  the  west.  This 
had  to  be  done  at  a  cost  which  would 


be  less  than  the  saving  in  expense  of 
operation  and  maintenance,  capitalized 
at  five  per  cent. 

To  ascertain  what  this  saving  would 
be,  required  some  elaborate  computa- 
tions covering  a  period  of  ten  years, 
and  it  was  found  that  to  insure  a  profit 
would  require  some  clever  work.  The 
engineers  laid  aside  their  pencils  and 
took  up  their  surveying  instruments 
to  see  what  they  could  find  in  the  way 
of  a  route.  No  Geological  Survey 
maps  being  available,  they  had  to  go 
out  to  the  hills  and  do  real  locating 
work. 

Three  years  were  required  for  the 
task,  for  the  country  was  so  rough  that 
any  line  following  a  fair  grade  with  a 
minimum  of  cutting  would  be  impos- 
sible on  account  of  the  curves,  while 
a  decently  straight  line  demanded 
mammoth  earthwork,  with  very  long 
tunnels.  Ultimately  the  choice  sim- 
mered down  to  four  possibilities.  One 
of  these  would  have  saved  twenty-one 
miles  in  distance,  but  the  cost  of  con- 
struction would  have  been  heavy  and 
the  new  line  would  have  missed  Bing- 
hamton  and  Owego,  with  the  Syracuse, 
LTtica.  and  Ithaca  connections.  The 
latter  consideration  eliminated  this 
possibility.  Another  route  gave  much 
more  satisfactory  grades  and  align- 
ment, but  would  require  a  tunnel  seven 
thousand  feet  long  through  bed  rock. 

The  route  finally  selected  runs  par- 
allel to  the  old  line  for  a  mile  west  of 
Clark's  Summit;  then  it  strikes  across 
country  through  a  succession  of  heavy 
cuts  and  fills  for  ten  miles,  returns  to 
the  old  route  and  follows  it,  within  a 
few  hundred  feet,  all  the  way  to  Hall- 
stead, but  at  a  higher  level.  All  the 
saving  in  distance  and  all  the  spectacu- 
lar engineering  is  done  in  the  first  ten 
miles. 

With  field  notes  complete,  the  engi- 
neers returned  to  the  office  for  another 
session  with  lead  pencils.  The  new 
line  reduced  the  maximum  curve  from 
six  degrees  twenty-two  minutes  to 
three  degrees,  reduced  the  total  rise 
and  fall  by  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  feet,  and  the  total  curvature  by 
twenty-four  hundred  degrees.  The  net 
result  was  the  doubling  of  the  haul- 
ing capacity  of  all  locomotives.    This 


418 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


achievement,  it  was  found,  would 
justify  the  expenditure  of  twelve  million 
dollars. 

After  all  the  computations  had  been 
verified  by  outside  engineers,  working 
independently,  the  work  was  author- 
ized. The  whole  line  was  placed  under 
contract  in  August,  1912,  and  by 
February,  1914,  the  work  was  half 
finished. 

The  feature  which  won  the  especial 
admiration  of  the  party  from  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
was  the  Tunkhannock  viaduct  at 
Nicholson,  twenty-two  miles  west  of 
Scranton.  The  viaduct,  which  is  in 
plain  sight  of  passing  trains  on  the  old 
tracks,  is  two  thousand  three  hundred 
and  seventy-five  feet  long,  two  hundred 
and  forty  feet  high,  and  consists  of  ten 
arches.  It  is  of  reinforced  concrete,  and 
is  the  largest  concrete  structure  in  the 
world.  When  the  concrete  is  set,  this 
great  viaduct  will  be  as  solid  as  if  carved 


out  of  a  single  piece  of  rock.  It  will  be 
stronger  than  a  steel  bridge  and  less  ex- 
pensive to  maintain. 

Methods  of  construction  are  on  a 
scale  commensurate  with  the  magni- 
tude of  the  work.  Big  clamshell  buck- 
ets operated  by  a  steam  engine  dig  the 
holes  down  to  bedrock,  sixty  feet  be- 
low the  surface,  for  the  pier  founda- 
tions. Cement  and  sand  are  delivered 
in  carload  lots  on  a  special  side  track 
to  a  warehouse,  and  hoisted  by  steam 
to  huge  mixers  operated  by  steam. 
After  mixing,  the  concrete  runs  by 
gravity  into  buckets  holding  six  tons 
each,  set  on  narrow  gage  cars.  A 
small  locomotive  runs  a  train  of  these 
cars  out  under  a  double  cable  way  the 
whole  length  of  the  viaduct  and  twenty 
feet  above  its  top  and  from  these  cars 
the  buckets  are  hoisted  and  conveyed 
to  the  place  where  their  contents  are 
needed.  The  great  arches  ate  molded 
in  forms  of  heavy  steel  framework  with 


THE  CIVIL  ENGINEERS  LOOK 
The  biggest  concrete  bridge  in  the  world  was  to  them  one  of  the  greatest  pieces  ot  work  of  this  concrete  age.    There 
are  ten  arches  like  these  three.    The  railroad  steps  across  the  valley  as  a  giant  would  over  a  ditch,  as  the  trains 

thunder  on  over  their  new  short  cut. 


Railroads  are  ace 


Filling  from  a  Swaying  Si? 

pension 

The  tricantic  rills  men  made  with 

the  aid  of  temporary  br. 

some  places  instead  of  with  the 

customary  wooden  trestle. 


sides  of  plank  faced  with 
galvanized  iron,  built  in 
sections  so  that  they  can 
be  taken  down  and  used 
over  again. 

The  weight  of  the 
little  mountain  which 
makes  the  biggest  fill 
will  be  so  enormous  that  the  foundations 
for  the  double-barreled  culvert,  each  bar- 
rel of  which  is  twenty-four  feet  in  diame- 
ter, will  have  to  be  carried  down  to  bed 
rock.  And  as  bed  rock  in  the  bottom 
of  the  valley  lies  deep,  the  engineers 
have  moved  the  creek  to  a  new  loca- 
tion up  on  the  side  hill  where  the  rock 
lies  near  the  surface. 

Practically  everything  is  done  by 
machinery,  all  of  which  is  of  gigantic 
proportions.  In  boring  holes  for  blast- 
ing, large  well  drills  are  chiefly  used 
instead  of  ordinary  steam  drills.  From 
thirty  to  forty  steam  shovels  are  busy 
the  year  round  loading  rock  as  well  as 
earth  into  cars  which  are  drawn  by 
locomotives  to  places  where  they  are 
needed.  Several  of  the  big  fills  are  made 
from  movable  suspension  bridges ;  the 
smaller  fills  are  made  in  the  ordinary 
way  from  trestles. 

If  all  goes  well  trains  will  be  run- 
ning over  the  new  line  by  June,  1915. 
But  this  depends  more  on  the  courts 
than  on  the  engineers,  and  courts  were 
never  known  to  hurry.    As  soon  as  the 


Fixing  a  Grade  Crossing 
ustomed  to  eliminating  them  in  the  big  cities  but  out  in  the 
country  it  is  usually  a  different  story. 


new  line  was  located,  the  land  at  once 
became  immensely  valuable.  The  real 
estate  department  of  the  railroad, 
being  experienced  in  such  matters,  had 
counted  on  this  swift  rise  in  values, 
and  had  consequently  estimated  that 
an  average  of  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  dollars  an  acre,  or  two  hundred 
and  eighty  thousand  dollars  for  the  one 
thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres 
needed,  would  suffice  to  swing  the 
deal.  This  merely  shows  how  much 
mistaken  even  a  seasoned  railroad  real 
estate  man  can  sometimes  be,  for  the 
estimate  was  far  off. 

Whenever  such  a  settlement  is 
thrown  into  the  courts,  the  owner  of 
the  land  usually  receives  a  higher 
price.  For  instance,  where  an  enterpris- 
ing citizen,  seeing  a  chance  for  a  specu- 
lation, bought  a  plot  of  four  acres  of 
this  land  for  four  thousand  dollars, 
as  soon  as  the  line  had  been  located 
through  it.  Then  he  took  a  spade  and 
devoted  half  a  day  to  opening  a  "gravel 
pit".  Although  the  gravel  was  forty 
miles  from  the  nearest  market  for  such 


419 


420 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


stuff  and  therefore  valueless,  since  an 
abundance  of  such  material  was  ob- 
tainable much  nearer,  he  demanded, 
and  was  awarded,  eight  thousand  dol- 
lars for  the  sand  and  gravel  of  which 
the  railroad  deprived  him.  When  the 
contractors  wanted  to  use  this  gravel 
for  making  concrete,  the  experts  who 
tested  it  found  it  worthless  for  the  pur- 
pose and  forbade  its  use. 

This  exploit  is  only  equaled  by  that 
of  a  native  who  in  an  earlier  day 
scooped  out  a  hole,  lined  it  with  clay, 
let  it  fill  with  rain  water  and  then  sold 
it  for  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars 
cash  to  the  Erie  Railroad  as  a  "spring". 
The  Erie  spent  another  two  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars  piping  the 
"spring"  to  a  water  tank.  By  the  time 
the  hole  ran  dry  the  railroad  discov- 
ered that  the  land  was  mortgaged. 


Other  enterprising  citizens  did  fairly 
well  by  laying  out  "town  lots"  on  the 
right  of  way,  after  the  line  had  been 
located,  although  there  has  never  been 
anything  more  than  the  usual  dismal 
way  station  every  few  miles  and  no 
reason  exists  why  there  ever  should  be 
anything  else. 

Still  others  have  resorted  to  the 
primitive  methods  of  the  New  York 
gun  man  to  get  their  share  of  the  rail- 
road's money.  One  particularly  obstreper- 
ous farmer,  threw  the  steam  drills  and 
other  movable  apparatus  over  a  cliff 
at  night;  then  on  a  later  occasion  filled 
up  the  drill  holes  and  finally  assaulted 
a  superintendent  and  an  engineer  with 
a  shovel.  However,  in  spite  of  all  these 
obstacles  the  great  project  is  going 
through  successfully  and  the  Lacka- 
wanna will  have  its  cut-off. 


SNAP-SHOTS  AT  NIGHT 


By 
A.    J.    MANSON 


E 


^VEN  in  the  daytime  it  is  very 
difficult  to  obtain  a  clean-cut 
photograph  of  a  golf  ball  just 
after  it  has  left  the  driver  of 
a  professional  golfer,  and  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  get  such  a  photo- 
graph by  flash  light  at  night. 

Yet  this  feat  was  recently  accom- 
plished with  a  high-speed  flash-light 
outfit.  The  photograph,  showing  the 
golf  ball  just  over  the  "hazard",  was 
taken  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening, 
with  an  exposure  of  only  one-two- 
thousandths  of  a  second.  Three  flash 
lights,  located  at  different  points  so  as 
to  give  the  proper  light  diffusion  and 
intensity,  were  fired  simultaneously. 

In  photographing  moving  objects  by 
daylight,  it  is  only  necessary  to  have 
the  shutter  speed  of  the  camera  such 
that  a  clear-cut  image  will  be  obtained, 
for  the  daylight  is  of  constant  intensity 
during  the  period  of  exposure.  It  is, 
however,  an  entirely  different  problem, 
when    photographing    at    night    with 


flash-light  powder.  It  is  not  only  neces- 
sary to  adjust  the  shutter,  but  it  is 
also  necessary  to  time  the  shutter  with 
the  flash  light :  otherwise  sufficient 
illumination  will  not  be  obtained  for 
the  photograph.  The  flash-light  powder 
is  a  variable  quantity.  The  length  of 
duration  of  the  flash  varies  between 
one-tenth  and  one-fifteenth  of  a  second, 
and,  moreover,  varies  greatly  in  in- 
tensity, so  that  some  reliable  means 
must  be  obtained  to  operate  the  shut- 
ter of  the  camera  at  the  maximum 
intensity  of  the  flash. 

We  are  all  familiar  with  the  every- 
day method  of  flash-light  photography 
where  the  object  is  at  rest,  and  the 
plate  or  film  is  exposed  during  the 
whole  period  of  the  flash ;  but  this 
method  is  limited  in  rapidity  to  one- 
fifteenth  of  a  second  and  can  not  be 
used  for  moving  objects. 

To  catch  moving  objects  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  the  shutter  of  the  camera 
set  for  high  speed,  open  at  or  just  prior 


OVER  THE  BUNKER  AT  NIGHT 

The  golf  ball  was  caught  by  a  fast  shutter  during  a  flash  light.    The  job  was  done  by  a  new  device  which  has  just  been 

perfected. 


to  the  maximum  illumination  of  the 
flash.  Flash-light  powders  of  different 
makes  ignite  at  different  rates :  in  fact, 
the  same  make  of  powder  will  vary,  if 
subjected  to  dampness,  and  a  means 
must  be  provided  so  that  the  shutter 
will  operate  with  the  powder.  This  is 
accomplished  with  the  Xesbit  outfit, 
for  by  its  use  the  energy  from  the 
exploding  powder  operates  the  shutter 
and  thus,  whether  the  powder  is  slow 
or  fast,  the  exposure  always  takes 
place  at  the  proper  time. 

The  flash  powder  is  placed  in  a  small 
receptacle,  the  cover  of  which  has  a 
vertical  movement  of  about  half  an 
inch.  Carried  on  an  extension  moving 
with  the  cover,  is  the  air  release  device, 
which  takes  the  place  of  the  bulb  ordi- 
narily used.     A  rubber  tube  connects 


to  the  shutter  mechanism.  The  powder 
in  exploding  raises  the  cover  and  com- 
presses the  air  release,  with  the  result 
that  the  shutter  opens  just  an  instant 
in  advance  of  the  maximum  illumina- 
tion. Instead  of  the  air  release,  elec- 
trical contacts  can  be  mounted  and  the 
shutter  operated  by  a  magnet.     . 

All  that  the  photographer  has  to  do 
is  to  set  off  the  powder  at  the  right 
moment.  The  powder  in  the  receptacle 
can  be  fired  by  a  cartridge  which  is 
exploded  by  a  hammer  as  in  a  gun,  or 
by  an  electric  squib,  touched  off  by  a 
dry  battery. 

The  fact  that  a  clear  photograph 
of  as  difficult  a  subject  as  a  flying  golf 
ball  could  be  obtained  at  night,  proves 
that  the  device  is  not  limited  in  its  field 
of  operation. 

431 


MARE  THEM  STAY  TIED 


MOST  USED  AND  ABUSED— THE  SQUARE  KNOT  TIED  RIGHT 
When  you  tie  the  strings  on  a  package  you  usually  use  a  square  knot — if  you  don't  tie  the  wrong  kind. 
When  two  ends  of  a  rope  or  a  string  are  to  be  fastened  together  around   a  post  or  a  bundle  so  that  they 
will  stay  put,  this  is  what  you  should  use. 


WHEN  THE  SAILOR  LAUGHS 

You  have  tied  a  granny— not  a  square.    Tucking  the  wrong  end  is  the  only  difference,  and  then  you  have  the  de- 
spised and  unreliable  knot  that  should  have  been  a  sturdy  square  one. 


PHOTO*  BY  rPWyND  vw  "t"R 


422 


ONE  YOU   ARE   PROUD   TO   KNOW 
The  bowline  has  saved  the  lives  of  sailors  and  structural  iron  workers  because  it  never  slips.     It  can't 
slip  because  it  is  fundamentally  correct.    It  makes  a  rope  loop  that  can  be  easily  untied  no  matter  how  terrific  a 
strain  it  has  been  subjected  to. 


TIED  WRONG:    A  KILLER 
Just  because  a  bowline,  when  it  is  tied  wrong,  slowly  unweaves  and  lets  go,  it  has  killed  men  who  have  to  let 
their  lives  hang  by  a  rope.     When  you  know  how,  it  is  much  easier  to  tie  right  than   wrong,   as  with  any 
good  reliable  knot. 


USED  ON  DOBBIN'S  HALTER 
They  accuse  women  of  misusing  a  clove  hitch  and  starting  more  horse  runaways  than  did  the  automobile  when 
it  first  came  out.    It  is  a  quickly  tied  knot  and  therefore  best  to  use  when  you  want  to  tie  to  something,  or  when  you 
are  going  to  haul  up  on  a  round  object,  provided  you  tie  it  this  way. 


■  ■■■ 


TIED  BACKWARDS 
The  clove  hitch  slipped  on  the  post  with  the  wrong  flirt  of  the  wrist  makes  a  deceptive  thing  about  as 
reliable  as  a  case  of  dynamite.     Summer  vacation  sailors  tie  up  the  boats  with  it  and  then  pay  the  owner 
for  the  loss  because  the  boat  gets  away  and  is  sometimes  smashed  on  the  rocks. 


424 


JUST  A  FISHING  KNOT-RIGHT 
Do  you  remember  that  big  bass  that  took  away  the  Book  last  summer?     Maybe  he  didn't  bite  the  line 
in  two.     Was  this  the  way  you  tied  that  knot?     Perhaps  you  used  it  in  the  obviously  wrong  way  instead  of 
as  in  this  picture. 


NUT   RIGHT 
Though   this  is  an  attempt  at  a   fisherman's  knot   it   is  worthless.     Correctly  done   it   is  also   used    for 
adding  extra  lengths  to  block  and  tackle  systems. 


TWO  HALF  HITCHES 

The  more  weight  you  put  on  them  the  tighter  they  grip.  For  hoisting  and  pulling,  they  should  be  used  when 
most  of  us  would  tie  a  square  knot,  or  even  a  granny.  The  half  hitch  is  a  knot  that  can  be  put  around  a  hook  or  a 
sack  of  grain.    It  is  always  easy  to  untie  and  is  there  to  stay. 


THIS  IS  NO  PAIR  OF  HALF  HITCHES 

This  would  slip  at  the  slightest  strain,  so  that  if  a  man  was  depending  on  it  a  hundred  feet  above  the 
pavement  a  tragedy  would  be  almost  inevitable. 


426 


THE   SIMPLEST   OF  ALL 
The  Blackwall  hitch  is  just  a  loop  which  is  used  on  a  hook— the  hand,  merely  for  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
idea,  here  takes  the  place  of  the  hook— but  if  you  put  the  load  on  the  wrong  lead  line  you  are  certain  to  come  to 

grief  at  once.    This  is  the  safe  way. 

MISUSING  A  GOOD  HITCH 
The  load  must  be  placed  on  the  line 
which  goes  over  and  not  on  the  line 
which  goes  under,  because  in  the  latter 
case,  as  in  this  picture,  it  will  slip 
around  so  fast  you  won't  get  anything 
hut  the  sensation  of  falling  as  you 
plunge  to  earth. 


HOUSES  from 
a  CITY'S  WASTE 

By  George  W  N.  Hallock 


NOT  LIKE  A  DISPOSAL  STATION 
The  Borough  is  proud  of  the  plant  which  gives  no  offence  to  nearby  property  owners  and  which  handles  all  the 

refuse  very  cheaply. 


THE  Borough  of  Richmond, 
New  York  City,  is  turning  its 
garbage  into  building  blocks. 
It  has  a  plant  about  which 
there  is  no  odor  except  that 
from  the  waste  material  as  it  is  hauled 
into  it.  Property  values  in  the  near 
vicinity  have  not  been  lowered  because 
of  its  presence.  In  fact,  the  plant  has 
been  so  successful  that  it  is  actually  in  a 
fair  way  to  make  money,  and  Richmond 
is  prepared  to  sell  material  manufactured 
from  the  city's  waste  for  the  building 
of  houses.  When  certain  legal  complica- 
tions, that  at  present  prohibit  the  city 
from  selling  its  products,  are  removed, 
Richmond  will  be  able  to  place  brick 
upon  the  open  market. 

Sanitary   engineers   have   long   recog- 
nized the  fact  that  a  wealth  of  unesti- 

42S 


mated  value  has  been  thrown  away  an- 
nually in  the  garbage  and  ash  barrels 
of  every  large  city,  and  so  almost  every 
city  in  the  world  has  been  endeavoring 
to  retain,  to  some  extent  at  least,  part  of 
this  value.  There  have  been  plants 
which,  through  elaborate  and  costly  proc- 
esses of  cooking,  changed  garbage  into 
valuable  fertilizer,  after  removing  the 
grease ;  there  have  been  plants  which  re- 
turned the  waste  to  the  soil  directly  in 
liquid  form,  but  most  of  these  have 
been,  in  a  way,  failures.  Owing  to  the 
disagreeable  odors,  they  have  lowered 
the  value  of  surrounding  property;  they 
have  become  inadequate  as  the  cities 
grew  and  in  some  cases  they  have  even 
become  sources  of  contamination.  The 
worst  handicap  has  been  that  apparatus 
which  worked  well  in  cold  weather  did 


HOUSES  FROM   A  CITY'S  WASTE 


429 


not  work  well  in 
and  vice  versa. 
But  the  Bor- 
mond  seems  to 
the  problem  with 
burns  the  mate- 
summer,  and 
product  which  is 
valuable  build- 
The  West  New 
cine  r  ator  has 
about  five  years 
district,  and  yet 
no  more  offen- 
modern  factory. 
i  mprovement 
plant  has  made 
itself,  a  device 
result  of  three 
periments  and 
plete  study  of 
American  prac- 
improvement  on 
which  had  previ- 

The 

More  are    to  be  built 

one,  although  the  first 
proved  so  successful. 


warm  weather, 

ough  of  Rich- 
have  solved 
a  plant  which 
rial  winter  and 
turns  out  a 
made  into 
i  n  g  material. 
Brighton  in- 
been  in  use  for 
in  a  populous 
it  has  proved 
sive  than  a 
The  greatest 
which  this 
is  in  the  burner 
which  is  the 
years  of  ex- 
tests,  a  corn- 
European  and 
tices,  and  an 
a  furnace 
ously  been 


would  supply  enough  heat  to  boil  a  pound 
of  water,  providing  it  was  efficiently 
burned.  Blowers  drive  air,  which  is 
heated  to  five  hundred  degrees,  through 
the  firebox,  and  the  steam  which  is 
created  in  the  boiler  runs  all  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  plant,  including  an  elec- 
tric-lighting system. 

It  is  with  the  clinker,  which  the  gang 
has  dropped  into  the  cooling  pit,  that 
the  building  contractors  have  to  do.  It 
has  always  been  used  as  a  foundation 
for  concrete  sidewalks  and  is  one  of  the 
ingredients  in  concrete  construction,  but 
a  late  modification  of  ordinary  brick- 
making  has  furnished  a  means  for  utiliz- 
ing this  material.  Bricks  made  of  clinker 
are  lighter  and  stronger  and  present  a 
better  appearance  than  ordinary  clay 
bricks.  They  are  made  by  mixing  cement 
with  clinker  which  has  been  ground  fine, 
the  whole  then  being  run  through  a  brick- 
making  machine  in  the  usual  manner. 

There  is  one  other  product  from 
Richmond's  gar- 
bage, but  as 
yet  legal 
complica- 
tions   have 


used  in  a  small  way  in  England. 
The  furnace  does  not  require 
any  fuel,  because  of  the  care- 
fully planned  system  of  drafts 
which  enables  it  to  utilize  all    .  I 
the  heat  dormant  in  the  waste 
itself.    A  gang  of  men  is  used 
to  feed  the  furnace,  and  another 
gang  hauls  out  the  clinkers  and 
drops  them  into  the  cooling  pit 
below.  Tests  proved  that  the  com- 
bustion   of    each    pound    of    refuse 


Handling  Clinkers 

The  hot  material  is  dragged  out  by  a  gang  and  dropped 

into  a  cooling  pit. 


WHAT  CAN  BE  DONE  WITH  REFUSE 
An  exhibit  by  the  Borough  of  Richmond,  New  York  City,  showing  the  building  material  manufactured  from  the  products 

of  its  incinerator. 


prevented  its  utilization.  A  magnetic 
separator  has  been  used  to  extract  the 
scrap  iron  from  the  waste  before  the 
material  is  shoveled  into  the  furnaces. 
When  baled,  this  iron  is  of  considerable 
value  and  there  is  no  reason  why  other 
cities,  not  tied  down  by  laws,  cannot  use 
the  idea. 

The  Borough  of  Richmond  has  thus 
made  a  real  contribution  to  the  science 


Inside  the  Furnace 

An  arrangement  of  forced  hot  air  drafts  makes  it  possible 

winter  and  summer,  without  using  extra 


of  waste  conservation.  It  has  reduced 
its  cost  below  the  figures  achieved  by  any 
other  method  and  has  produced  enough 
building  blocks  to  construct  several  build- 
ings. It  is  about  to  establish  a  new  and 
very  much  larger  plant  at  a  nearby  site, 
and  it  will  be  even  a  more  efficient  affair 
than  the  one  at  West  New  Brighton. 

These  two  plants  will  have  more  of 
the  appearance  of  industrial  factories 
than  of  garbage  incin- 
erators. In  fact  they  are 
of  such  pleasing  archi- 
tecture that  the  neigh- 
borhpod  is  glad  to  have 
them. 

The  only  feature  that 
discloses  the  character 
of  the  plant  is  the  in- 
clined roadway  at  the 
rear  of  the  building. 
Here  trains  of  wagons 
carrying  garbage,  ashes, 
or  street  sweepings  are 
driven  up  to  the  tipping 
room  and  dumped  into  a 
huge  hopper  or  bin. 
When  the  laws  are  modi- 
fied, the  borough  will  be 
selling  brick  and  scrap 
iron,  but  meanwhile,  at 
least,  it  is  manufacturing 
brick  for  many  of  its 
own  building  operations 
and  for  paving  its  own 

^handle  all  garbage.        driveways_ 


430 


CAMERA  SHOWS  WIND 
PRESSURE 


By 
FRANCIS    MANN 


TWO  Frenchmen,  M.  Eiffel  and 
the  Duke  of  Guise,  have  been 
carrying  on  experiments  to 
calculate  the  wind  pressure  on 
the  planes  of  flying  machines 
in  accurate  figures.  They  have  used  op- 
posite principles  in  making  their  experi- 
ments and,  unfortunately,  have  obtained 
very  different  results.  Eiffel  uses  sta- 
tionary planes  and  moving  air ;  while  the 
Duke  of  Guise  uses  moving  planes  and 
stationary  air.  Both  men  have  acquired 
a  good  deal  of  skill  in  making  their  ex- 
periments so  that  it  remains  to  find  out 
which  method  is  the  reliable  one.  That 
of  the  Duke  of  Guise  seems  to  be  more 
practical  because  the  pressure  on  planes 
in  actual  use  is  produced  by  their  motion 
in  stationary  air,  at  least,  under  ideal  con- 
ditions. 

The  principle  of  the  experiments  with 


the  moving  planes  is  very  simple.  Planes 
of  various  sizes  are  mounted  on  a  fast 
automobile  and  the  pressure  on  them 
I  measured  at  differ- 
l  L  J  ent   speeds   on   days 

when  the  air  itself  is 
perfectly  calm.  The 
vibration  of  the  ma- 
chine is  reduced  to  a 


Thh  Photo 
graphic  Box 


The  rubber  tubes  lead  to 
glass  measuring  tubes,  and 
the  camera,  with  the  aid  of 
electric  lights,  takes  pict- 
ures of  the  position  of  the 
water  in  the  gages. 


Finding  Out  About  Currents 

The  Duke  of  Guise  experimented  with  a  small  weather  vane  first  to  find  out  the  influence  of  the  car  on  wind  currents. 

When  these  were  completed,  he  began  bis  experiments  witb  planes. 

431 


432 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  Upper  Side 

This  shows  how  the  rubber  tubes  are  attached 

to  the  plane  at  the  holes.    They  lead  to  water 

gages. 

r 


minimum  by  skillful  mounting  and  the 
apparatus  for  taking  the  readings  is 
almost  completely  mechanical.  The  Duke 
uses  a  thin,  flat  board  of  polished  ma- 
hogany in  which  at  regular  intervals  he 
has  bored  holes.  Connected  to  these 
holes  are  rubber  tubes  which  run  to 
glass  tubes  of  U  shape,  partly  filled  with 
water.  The  pressure  on  a  particular 
point  of  the  plane  will  thus  be  measured 
by  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  U  tube. 
Instead  of  depending  upon  the  naked 
eye  for  readings,  a  camera  is  mounted 
to  take  pictures  of  them.  To  get  the 
pressure  along  the  whole  plane,  ten  or 
twenty  holes  are  bored  and  the  same 
number  of  tubes  and  U  gages  are  con- 
nected. The  automobile  is  started  and 
pictures  are  taken  of  the  height  of  the 
water  level  at  different  speeds. 

M.  Eiffel  has  used  very  much  the  same 
apparatus  except  that  he  has  employed 
a  current  of  air  on  the  stationary  plane. 
In   aeronautical   circles,   a 
discussion  has  been  rife 
as  to  why  the  two 
men  do  not  get 
the   same   re- 
sults, but  the 
general  opin- 
ion is  that  con- 
ditions are  not 
the    same 
when     the 


The  Apparatus 
The  rubber  tubes  can  be  seen  coming  down  from  the  plane  at  the  left.    They  enter  the  photographic  box  in  back  of  the 

driver.    The  plane  can  be  set  at  various  angles. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


433 


How  to  Be  Well  and  Strong 

Without  Diet,  Drugs 

or  Appliances 

We  have  known  for  years  what  it  is  that  has  control  of  every  function  of  the 
body  but  undue  consideration  of  individual  weaknesses  and  diseases  has  so 
blinded  us  that  we  have  totally  neglected  that  which  is  greater  than  all  else — 
that  upon  which  the  health  of  every  organ  and  consequently  our  health  depends. 

By  Homer  Davies 


HAVE  you  ever  stopped  to 
consider  just  what  it  is  that 
keeps  that  most  wonderfully 
delicate  and  intricate  piece  of 
mechanism — your  body — working  in 
harmony  ?  If  you  have  not,  you 
should  become  acquainted  without 
delay  with  the  fact  that  it  is  your 
nerves. 

Your  nerves  regulate  and  govern 
absolutely  every  process  that  goes  on 
within  you.  Sever  the  nerves  leading 
to  the  eye  and  not  only  would  you  be 
unable  to  move  the  eye  but  your  sight 
would  be  gone  forever.  Your  nerves 
regulate  the  beating  of  your  heart, 
one  set  making  it  beat  and  another 
keeping  it  from  racing  too  fast.  You 
breathe  unconsciously,  your  digestion 
proceeds  without  your  having  to 
think  of  it  at  all.  The  glands  create 
and  distribute  their  secretions,  all  at 
the  bidding  of  your  nerves. 

It  has  been  definitely  established 
that  more  than  99#  of  all  humanity, 
past  their  majority,  are  deficient  from 


a  standpoint  of  nerve  strength  and, 
therefore,   are   deficient 


in  nervous 


energy. 

Nearly  all  functional  weaknesses 
and  disorders  can  be  directly  traced 
to  weak  nerves  and  depleted  vitality. 

You  have  never  seen  a  man  of 
achievements  in  athletics,  in  business 
or  any  profession  who  did  not  have  a 
highly  developed  and  powerful  nerv- 
ous system.  Did  he  not  possess  this 
he  could  not  be  healthy,  nor  would 
he  have  the  vitality  to  push  his  work 
through  to  success. 

Macfadden,  who  is  probably  the 
foremost  general  physical  culture 
authority  in  the  world,  says  of 
Energy:  "The  longer  and  more 
thoroughly  we  study  the  structure 
and  functions  of  the  human  body,  the 
more  clear  and  absolute  becomes  the 
conviction  that  the  secret  of  human 
strength  and  energy  lies  in  the  nerv- 
ous system." 

Napoleon  said:     "No  man  can  win 


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434 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


in  the  battle  of  life  who  has  not 
Courage  and  Persistency.  These 
are  impossible  where  Energy  is 
lacking,  hence  Energy  is  the  indis- 
pensable quality  of  great  Success." 

No  greater  truth  than  this  was  ever 
uttered.  Were  it  possible  to  chronicle 
all  the  failures,  not  due  to  a  lack  of 
brains  but  to  a  lack  of  physical  vital- 
ity, which  is  now  recognized  as  an 
illness  in  itself,  there  would  be  a  list 
so  long  as  to  appal  the  world. 

Every  great  man  of  history — every 
highly  successful  man  of  the  day — is 
possessed  of  more  than  an  average 
amount  of  energy.  Some  have  been 
gifted  with  this  wonderful  quality  as 
were  Lincoln,  Napoleon,  Rocke- 
feller, Morgan  and  others;  and  some 
developed  it  as  did  Gladstone  and 
Roosevelt. 

Not  one  of  these  men,  as  they  admit 
themselves,  could  ever  have  attained 
the  position  they  occupy  were  it  not 
for  this  factor. 

Big  muscles  unless  accompanied  by 
powerful  nerves  are  as  useless  as  a 
trolley  car  without  electricity.  If 
your  nerves  are  weak  your  every 
organ  will  be  weak  in  exact  propor- 
tion. If  you  are  troubled  with  in- 
digestion, constipation,  a  weak  heart, 
weak  kidneys,  a  torpid  liver  or  any 
of  the  functional  ills  that  flesh  is  heir 
to  you  should  look  immediately  to 
your  nerves.  For  unless  your  vital 
organs  are  receiving  their  due  share 
of  nervous  energy  they  cannot  pos- 
sibly do  their  work.  Advanced 
thinkers  in  the  medical  world  as  well 
as  those  who  do  not  use  drugs  have 
sought  in  vain  for  some  direct  method 
for  the  strengthening  of  the  nerves. 

Exercise,  Osteopathy,  Deep  Breath- 
ing,   Chiropractice, '  Hydrotherapy, 


Electricity  and  other  methods  with- 
out end  have  been  advanced  at  one 
time  or  another,  as  offering  an  ideal 
means  for  the  building  of  vitality,  or 
rather  nervous  energy,  which  is  what 
vitality  really  means. 

Many  of  these  have  much  to  com- 
mend them  but  not  one  can  benefit 
the  nerves  except  in  a  most  round- 
about and  uncertain  way. 

It  has  remained  for  one  Robert 
Duncan  to  discover  a  method  for 
direct  nerve  stimulation.  By  his 
methods  he  can  build  and  create  a 
degree  of  energy  that  you  can  actually 
feel  course  through  your  body  within 
a  few  minutes  unless  you  are  horribly 
run  down  and  even  then  it  can  be 
developed  within  a  very  short  time. 

By  this  method  he  is  enabling 
people  to  absolutely  overcome  func- 
tional weaknesses  and  disorders  with- 
out resorting  to  tortuous  exercise, 
drugs,  repulsive  diets  and  in  addition 
build  for  themselves  a  degree  of  en- 
ergy that  will  be  the  determining 
factor  in  their  success  in  life. 

He  tells  all  about  this  discovery 
in  his  book  "Building  Energy."  He 
has  agreed  to  send  a  copy  to  any 
reader  of  Technical  World  who 
will  write  Robert  Duncan,  Suite 
905 W  Metropolitan  Bldg.,  N.  Y. 
City,  enclosing  25c.  for  the  book  in 
stamps  or  coin. 

Every  man  and  woman  in  America 
should  read  this  work  and  every 
man,  woman  and  child  should  follow 
its  precepts. 

This  country  is  coming  to  be 
known  as  a  country  of  neurasthenics. 
You  should  not  be  one  of  those  who 
is  a  slave  to  his  nerves.  Develop 
them  so  that  you  may  enjoy  the  health 
and  the  worldly  success  that  is  your 

birthright.  Advertisement 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Johnson's  Wood  Dye  is  equally 
adapted  for  use  on  old  and 
new  furniture  - 


■   I 


Beautiful  results 
on  any  wood  are 
easily  obtained  j 
with  Johnson's/ 
Wood  Dye  -/. 


for  the  artistic  color- 
ing of  hard  and  soft  wood 
— floors,  woodwork  and  fur» 
niture.    With  it  inexpensive 
woods  may  be  finished  so 
they    are   as    beautiful    and 
artistic  as  hard  wood.  Made  in 
17  standard    shades,    including 
Mission,    Early   English,    Golden 
Oak,  Weathered,  Eumed,  etc. 

Johnson's  Wood  Dye  is  a  combination  spirit- 
oil  preparation,  embodying  all  the  good  qualities  of  both 
a  spirit  and  an  oil  stain,  with  the  disadvantages  of  neither. 
It   is   unsurpassed    for    staining    reed   baskets    and   manual 
training    models— also  for  burlap    and   other  wall    coverings. 

Johnson's  Prepared  Wax 

A  complete  finish  and  polish  for  all  wood  —  floors,  woodwork, 
furniture,   automobile  bodies,    etc.     Apply  with  a   cloth  and 
polish  with  a  dry  cloth.      Gives  perfect  results  over  any 
finish  —  varnish,  shellac  or  oil. 


Johnson's      \  : 
Prepared  Wax\ 
is  a  lasting      \ 
artistic  finish   ^ 
for  floors-  new 
or  old  - 


L^ 


For  Polishing  Automobile  Bodies  it  has  no  equal  for 
holding  the  luster  in  the  paint  indefinitely.    Sheds 
water  and  is  the  one  preparation  that   elim- 
inates the  objectionable  dust-collecting  fea- 
ture, leaving  a  hard,  perfect,  smooth  finish. 
Johnson's  Prepared  Wax  is  unsurpassed 
as  a  polish  for  the  finest  mahogany  and 
missionfurniture.includingpianos. 

Ask  your  paint,  hardware  or  drug  deal- 
er for  a  free  copy  of  our  25c  book 
"The     Proper     Treatment     for 
Floors.  Woodwork  and  Furni- 
ture."    If  he  hasn  1  a  copy, 
write  us. 

S.  C.  Johnson 
&  Son 

"WoodFinithing 
Authorities" 
Dtpt  T-W-5 

Racine. 
Wis. 


There  is  nothing  equal  to 
Johnson's  Prepared  Wax 
for  polishing  Automobile  bodies 


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436 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


plane  is  stationary  and  when  it  is  moved 
along  in  calm  air.  Using  planes  of  ex- 
actly the  same  size  and  using  the  same 
air  movement,  the  results  are  quite  dif- 
ferent. 

In  his  latest  experiments,  the  Duke 
makes  use  of  as  large  a  plane  as  possible, 
so  as  to  eliminate,  to  a  certain  degree, 
the  influence  of  the  borders,  for  these 
parts  give  rise  to  a  good  deal  of  dis- 
turbance. He  uses  a  standard  length  of 
six  feet  and  widths  of  from  one  and  one- 
third  feet  to  six  feet.  The  planes  can,  of 
course,  be  adjusted  to  almost  any  angle 
to  the  wind.  In  each  case  it  is  necessary 
to  make  careful  experiments  to  show  the 
influence  of  the  vibration  of  the  auto- 
mobile due  to  irregularities  of  the  road, 
but  it  has  been  found  that  this  is  so 
slight  that  it  usually  makes  no  appre- 
ciable difference ;  but  to  make  this  vibra- 
tion negligible  the  photographic  appa- 
ratus has  been  changed  in  position  from 
across  the  axis  of  the  car  to  a  position 


parallel  to  the  axis,  where  the  vibration 
is  less. 

The  camera  makes  a  record  of  the 
pressure  at  twenty  points  on  each  ex- 
posure and,  as  there  are  no  photographic 
plates  of  the  necessary  length,  an  in- 
genious double  camera  is  used.  Two 
separate  lenses  are  used  for  one  camera 
and  plate.  Each  one  takes  a  picture  of 
a  set  of  tubes,  the  image  made  by  one 
lens  being  thrown  on  the  plate  above 
that  thrown  by  the  other.  The  shutters 
operate  simultaneously  as  in  a  stereo- 
scopic camera.  Behind  each  gage  is  a 
transparent  scale  and  back  of  the  scale 
is  placed  a  small  incandescent  lamp  to 
add  to  the  light  for  the  exposure. 

The  results  of  the  series  of  experi- 
ments are  embodied  in  a  large  number 
of  figures  and  curves  which  show  the 
pressure  on  a  plane  at  various  speeds. 
The  Duke  has  not  completed  his  data,  but 
he  has  gone  far  in  aiding  the  development 
of  the  new  science  of  aerial  navigation. 


SHOT  UP  A  MOUNTAIN 

By 
BLAND    EDWARDS 


WAY  back  among  the 
White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Washing- 
ton, is  a  small  shed. 
Within  this  little  house,  not  more  than 
twenty  feet  square,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  high-pressure  pumping 
plants  in  the  country,  if  not  in  the 
world.  A  single  engineer,  who  acts  as 
fireman,  caretaker,  and  oiler,  operates 
the  plant.  It  squeezes  water  to  a 
height  of  three  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  twenty-five  feet — against  a  pressure 
of  two  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds  to  the  square  inch — from  the  base 
of  the  mountain  to  "Tip  Top  House" — 
the  summer  hotel  on  Mount  Washing- 
ton's highest  peak. 

It  is  impossible  to  comprehend  such 
a  pressure  without  a  medium  of  com- 
parison. The  high-pressure  system  of 
New  York's  fire  department,  with 
three   hundred   pounds   to   the  square 


inch,  which  will  throw  water  over  even 
the  new  seven-hundred-foot  Wool- 
worth  Building,  is  insignificant  beside 
it.  The  pressure  of  a  harnessed  Niag- 
ara Falls,  or  any  of  the  numerous  irri- 
gation and  power-plant  projects  of  the 
West,  has  about  the  same  ratio  to  the 
weight  of  that  column  of  water  from 
the  top  to  the  base  of  Mount  Wash- 
ington, as  the  force  within  a  seltzer 
bottle  has  to  your  local  water  supply. 
If  the  Mount  Washington  pumps  were 
deprived  of  their  duties  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain,  and  connected  instead 
to  a  turbine  intake  pipe  at  Niagara  or 
to  New  York's  high-pressure  fire  lines, 
they  would  pump  twenty-five  gallons 
a  minute  into  the  pipes  against  the 
three  or  four  hundred  pounds  pressure 
encountered.  And  they  would  perform 
this  work  about  as  easily  as  you  or  I 
would  absorb  soda  water  through  a 
straw. 

The  strange  thing  about  it  all  is  that 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE  437 


Waterman  PORTO  Motor 

Makes  a  Motorboat  of  Any  Boat  in  Five  Minutes 

1914  Model  the  Result  of  9  Years  Experience 

THIS  illustration  shows  something  of  the  beauty  of  the  "Waterman" 
— but  don't  you  buy  any  motor  by  the  looks  alone.  The  all-important 
thing  to  get  is  certainty  that  the  motor  will  give  lasting  satisfaction, 
and  the  only  way  to  be  sure  of  this  is  to  bank  on  the  experience  of  others, 
and  the  reputation  and  standing  of  the  factory  behind  the  motor.  Let  "the 
other  fellow"  experiment  with  the  untried  imitations.  Keep  your  money 
until  you  know  what  you  are  buying. 

weiihFssnb..      I The  Waterman  "Porto"  is  the  original 

Mo.t  p.wer        ^-S       5^^^^     outboard   motor.      It  is  guaranteed  for  life. 

for  the  rnce  ^^^r  XT'  p     i  ^\  r    t\r\r\      i     i  •     1  l 

Mo* Power     ^wkbt -^0  V     Nine  years  successful  use — 25,000  delighted 

for  the  Weight  *.  i  i  \X7     *.  >»  J 

Waterman  owners  and  every  one  a 
"Waterman"  booster.  The  "Waterman" 
fits  any  shaped  stern  (attached  or  removed  in 
a  jiffy)  and  drives  a  rowboat,  dinghy,  tender 
or  other  small  boat  eight  to  ten  miles  an 
hour,  thirty  miles  on  a  gallon  of  fuel. 

Buy  Direct  from  Factory 

Freight  Prepaid  Anywhere  in  the 
United  States 

Don't  buy  an  outboard  motor- of  any  make  until  you  get  our  free 
engine  book  and  learn  the  "Waterman"  terms  and  price,  and  find  out 
about  the  superior  features  of  the  "Waterman."  You  will  be  sorry  if  you 
fail  to  insist  upon  these  features  in  the  motor  you  buy: 

Carburetor,  not  "mixing  valve;"  3  Piston  Rings  instead  of  1;  Removable  Bronze  Bearings; 
10}o  inch  x  16  inch  Propeller;  Independent  Rudder;  25  feet  of  tiller  line,  steers  from  any  part  of 
the  boat;  Noiseless  Under- Water  Exhaust;  Bronze  Gear  Pump,  forming  Valveless  Water  Circulation 
System;  Spun  Copper  Water  Jacket,  highly  polished;  Ignition:  Bosch,  or  any  other  strictly  high 
grade  high  tension  magneto;  or  by  battery.  DEMAND  THESE  FEATURES  IN  ANY  OUTBOARD 
MOTOR  YOU  BUY— OR  YOU  ARE  NOT  GETTING  THE  WORTH  OF  YOUR  MONEY. 

Immediate  delivery  assured,  either  direct  from  Factory  or  from  nearest 
distributor's  stock.     Keep  the  Agent's  Profit. 

Postal  brings  free  engine  book  and  full  information. 

WATERMAN  MARINE  MOTOR  CO. 

240  Mt.  Elliott  Ave.  DETROIT,  MICH. 

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438 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


An  Inch  and  a  Half  Thick 
The  iron  pipe  that  carries  the  water  is  fas- 
tened to  the  roadbed  up  the  mountain. 


For  Weather  Changes 
The  pipe  has  many  brass  joints  to  take  care 
of  contraction   and   expansion  due  to  cli- 
matic changes. 


the  Mount  Washington  pumps, 
which  work  against  pressure  about 
equal  to  that  in  a  shotgun  at  the 
moment  of  discharge,  operate  with  a 
steam  pressure  of  only  one  hundred 
pounds  to  the  square  inch,  which  is  the 
leverage  necessary  to  push  the  water  up 
the  mountain  against  the  terrific  resist- 
ance. This  pressure  is  secured  by  mak- 
ing the  steam  cylinder  sixteen  inches 
in  diameter  and  the  water  cylinder 
only  three  inches.  Thus  the  steam 
works  against  a  much  larger  piston 
area  than  the  water,  and  according  to 
the  law  of  the  hydraulic  press,  does 
the  work. 

As  the  water  leaves  the  pumps  at 
the  base,  it  flows  up  the  mountain 
through  a  two-inch  pipe  line  of  special 
construction.  The  pipe  line  follows 
the  track  of  the  Mount  Washington 
railroad,  which  is  three  miles  long, 
with  grades  of  thirty-six  per  cent. 
The    locomotives    engage    the 


toothed  rails  with 
account  of  these 
grades,  only  a 
small  quantity  of 
water  is  carried  in 
the  tender,  seven 
tanks  placed  at  fre- 
quent intervals  fur- 
nishing it  as  the 
ascent  is  made.  It 
is  for  filling  these 
tanks  and  for  fur- 
nishing water  to 
the  hotel  on  the 
summit  that  the 
new  pumping  plant 
was  installed  at  the 
base. 


cog's.    On 


The  Little  Power  Plant 

It  develops  pressure  in  the  pipe  that  shoots  the  water  up 

the  mountain.    The  force  used  would  send  it  against  the 

high  pressure  of  New  York's  fire  protection  system. 


The  pumps  were  especially  designed 
to  handle  the  great  pressure  they  so 
easily  combat,  and  the  pistons  and  valves 
and  other  working  parts  are  made  of 
forged  steel.  Two  pumps  are  installed, 
each  being  a  duplicate  of  the  other. 
Only  one  pump  is  operated  at  a  time, 
the  other  being  held  in  reserve  and 
used  alternately,  thus  allowing  for 
emergencies  and  repairs.  Operated 
together  or  separately,  the  output  is 
thirty  gallons  a  minute,  the  size  of  the 
delivery  pipe  and  pipe  friction  limiting 
it  to  this  amount  against  the  enormous 
pressure.  An  ordinary  upright  boiler 
furnishes  steam  to  run  the  plant  its 
usual  ten  hours  a  day,  during  the  busy 
season  in  the  summer. 

The  commonest  application  of  this 
principle  of  the  hydraulic  press  is  in 
baling  cotton,  and  in  steel  punching 
The  holes  for  the  rivets 
on  the  iron  work 
of  the  •  big  sky- 
scrapers are  usually 
punched  by  a  ma- 
chine which  puts 
the  same  sort  of 
force  behind  a 
punc  h  that  this 
Mount  Washington 
system  puts  behind 
a  stream  of  water. 
But  of  course  it  is 
not  used  in  ordi- 
nary waterworks 
systems  as  so  great 
a  pressure  is  not 
needed. 


and  die  work. 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


439 


He  Mops  In  Misery  Without  B.V.D. 

Atypical  summer  day — a  typical  office  scene — a  round  of 
smiles  at  the  mingled  discomfort  and  discomfiture  of  the 
k.  man  who  hasn't  found  out  that  B.V.D.  is  "the  first 
aid**  to  coolness.  You,  of  course,  have  B.V.D.  on  or  ready 
to  put  on.    If  not,  march  to  the  nearest  store  and  get  it. 


For  your  own  welfare,  fix  this  label  firmly 
in  your  mind  and  make  the  salesman 
shonu  it  to  you.  If  he  can't  or  won't, 
ivalk  out!  On  every  B.V.  D.  Under- 
garment is  sewed 

This  Red  Wtnien  Label 


MADE  FOR  THE 


B.V  D 


,  JJF£LfiETAJLJRA9E_. 


(trad.  Marl   R,,.  U.  S.  Pat.  Of. 
and  rirtifn  Ountrits) 

B.V.P.  Coat  Cat  Undenbirta  and  Knee 
Length  Draw  era.  50c..  75c.  S1.00  and 
$  I .  $0  the  Garment. 

R  V.D.  Union  Snita  (Pat  U.  S.  A.  4-10-07) 
SI. 00.  SI. SO.  S2.00.  Si.00  and  S5.00  tbe Suit. 

T/ieB.V.  D.  Company, 

NEW  YORK. 

London  Selling  Acrncy:       66,  Alderminbury,  E.  C 


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-    MADE    Y 
by  OUR  READERS 


Each  month  the  best  and  most  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  will  receive  the  first  prize  of  a  twenty-dollar  gold  piece; 
the  second  best  a  ten-dollar  gold  piece;  the  third  best  a  five-dollar  gold  piece;  and 
the  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prizes  will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  tltat  we  ordinarily  pay  for 
such  material.  Good  clear  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value 
of  your  item  and  will  increase  its  chances  for  a  first  prize.  But  it  is  the  intrinsic 
value  of  the  material,  not  the  literary  expression,  that  will  count  ztnth  us.  Items 
not  ivinning  prizes  but  considered  worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our 
regular  space  rates.  There  is  only  one  restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete  for  these 
prizes:  Professional  writers  and  those  who  are  on  the  staff  of  our  regular  con- 
tributors are  not  eligible.  You  need  not  be  a  subscriber  to  Technical  World  to 
compete. 

Be-  sure  to  enclose  sufficient  return  postage  if  you  desire  to  have  your  contribu- 
tions returned  to  you. 

Address  all  communications  to  Technical  World  Magazine,  "Made  by  Our 
Readers"  Department,  Chicago. 


ADAPTABLE  TOOL 

YOUNG    inventor    of    the    Middle 
West  has  devised  what  seems  to  be 


combination  hand  tool  in  many  places 
and  although  it  may  be  a  hammer  and  a 
saw  combined,  in  theory,  it  might  be  im- 
possible to  use  it  for  either  one.  But 
this  tool  is  as  handy  as  any  well  made 
pliers. 

Contributed  by  J.  H.  Baldwin,  Springfield.  Missouri. 


As  an  Alligator  Wrench 

Most  combination  tools  are  cumbersome  but  this  is    as 

clean  cut  as  an  ordinary  one. 

an  ordinary  plier  and  wire  cutter,  but  it 
is  really  an  alligator  and  pipe  wrench 
also ;  so  he  has  a  single  tool  with  a  wide 
range  of  adaptability. 

It  is  impossible  to  use  the  ordinary 

440 


Combination 

As  a  plain  pair  of  pood  strong  pliers.    They  can  be  made 

to  have  narrow  or  wide  grip. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


441 


A  Record  Growth 

181 


From  small  beginnings  in  1810 
the  Hartford  Fire  Insurance  Com- 
pany has,  in  1914,  reached  its 
present  preeminent  position  in  the 
fire  insurance  field.  Its  steady 
growth  in  strength  has  been  unre- 
tarded  by  the  enormous  losses  it 
has  paid  to  its  policyholders  both 
in  the  great  conflagrations  of 
American  History  and  in  those 


small  but  persistent  losses  which 
occur  somewhere  every  minute  of 
every  day  and  night. 

Willingness  to  adjust  losses 
fairly,  ability  to  pay  fully  and 
readiness  to  pay  promptly  are  the 
three  great  fire  insurance  virtues 
and  they  are  the  explanation  of 
the  "Hartford's"  growth  and 
prosperity. 


When  you  need  Fire  Insurance 

Insist  on  the  "Hartford" 


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THE  CHIEF  CARRIES  THE  NEW  APPARATUS 

Usually  the  first  thins;  a  fire  company  docs  at  a  fire  is  to  cut  out  the  gas  and  electric  light.    This  automobile  furnishes 

searchlights  and  electric  current  for  the  firemen. 


LIGHT  FOR  FIRE  FIGHTERS 

VV/HEN  Salt  Lake  City  installed  auto- 
**  mobile  apparatus  in  the  headquar- 
ters fire  station,  the  little  car  formerly 
driven  by  Chief  W.  H.  Bywater  was 
listed  as  extra  equipment.  But  the  chief 
had  an  idea  of  his  own  and  got  permis- 
sion from  the  city  commissioners  to  try 
it  out. 

At  almost  every  fire  of  consequence  it 
is  generally  necessary,  first  of  all,  to  cut 
out  gas  and  electric  light.  If  the  fire  is 
at  night,  the  firemen  must,  therefore,  de- 
pend upon  ordinary  lanterns  to  explore 
the  darkness.  This  was  what  Chief  By- 
water's  idea  had  reference  to. 

A  dynamo  was  installed  on  the  rear  of 
the  machine  and  operated  by  the  automo- 
bile engine  when  "cut  in".  The  third 
lever  shown  in  the  photograph  connects 
the  power  with  the  dynamo.  The  dy- 
namo operates  the  two  large  searchlights, 
five  small  hand  lights,  each  attached  to 
one  thousand  feet  of  heavily  insulated 
wire,  and  a  pocket  telephone  outfit  at- 
tached to  the  sixth  reel  on  the  rear  of 
the  car.  The  hand  lights  may  be  carried 
by  the  firemen  or  dropped  through  small 
openings  into  dark  or  smoky  rooms  and 
the  searchlights  may  be  played  on  the 
doorways  or  any  part  of  the  building's 

M2 


exterior.  The  telephone  line  may  be 
connected  with  any  of  the  city  telephone 
circuits  and  immediate  communication 
established  with  any  station  desired. 

During  recent  fires  the  little  machine 
has  proved  invaluable.  So  far  as  is 
known,  it  is  the  only  portable  electric 
apparatus  connected  with  a  fire  station 
in  the  world. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  by  Chief 
Bywater  to  patent  the  contrivance  and 
he  declares  that  all  the  recompense  he 
wants  or  expects  is  that  it  may  be  of  use 
to  fire  fighters  throughout  the  country. 

Contributed  by  R.  E.  Golden,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 


TO  CONSERVE  HEAT 

'"THE  most  useful  device  in  my  kitchen 
*■  is  a  sheet-iron  cylinder — five  inches 
high  and  ten  and  a  half  inches  in  diame- 
ter— with  a  common  tin  kettle  lid  to 
cover  it.  I  place  this  over  my  irons  on 
the  stove  and  they  heat  in  half  the  usual 
time  and  keep  an  even  temperature.  I 
use  the  cylinder,  without  the  lid,  around 
kettles  of  boiling  vegetables.  I  also  use 
it  as  a  warming  oven  over  a  radiator  or 
register,  to  keep  food  warm.  It  will 
work  equally  well  on  all  kinds  of  stoves. 

Contributed  by  Mrs.  J.  F.  Shipman,  Emerson.  Iowa. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE  443 


Ships  Carry  Anchors 
in  Fair  Weather 

And  Thoughtful  Men  Carry  Accident 

Insurance  Because  Accidents  Happen 

When  Least  Expected 

OUT  of  thirty  men  who  lost  their  lives  in  a 
recent  fire  in  a  western  city,  five  or  one- 
sixth  of  the  total  number  carried  accident 
insurance  in  The  Travelers,  under  which  the 
Company  will  pay  the  beneficiaries  forty-eight 
thousand  dollars.  The  cost  of  these  five  policies 
was  $95.00. 

This  protection  is  furnished  at  an  annual  ex- 
pense per  thousand  of  less  than  two  cents  per 
day  by  a  company  which  has  been  writing  ac- 
cident insurance  for  over  fifty  years  and  has  paid 
accident  benefits  to  over  632,000  policyholders. 

If  you  are  not  carrying  an  accident  policy,  ap- 
ply for  one  today  in  the  largest  accident  insur- 
ance company  in  the  world. 

It  will  be  too  late  when  the  need  strikes 
•    home. 

JJ  I       Travelers  accident  policies  are  famous  for 
£ew  their  broad  coverage,  fair  spirit   of  adjust- 
W\  ment  and  prompt  payment. 

J\]L Moral:  Insure  in  The  Travelers 


The  TRAVELERS  INSURANCE  CO.,  Hartford,  Conn.  x„h.w.rid  «.  tear  OFF 

Please  send  me  particulars  regarding  your  accident  policies 
My  name,  address,  occupation  and  date  of  birth  are  written  below  t 

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444 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


UMll/4'A  AWi-.tf.v  i  .  ■... 


:'■?•:  -L! 

':■■■•  ••:- 


FOOTING  FOR  WALLS 
The  frozen  ground  in  Alaska  makes  a  foundation  that  will  last  forever.    The  beams  were  packed  with  sawdust  to  pi  event 

any  melting  of  the  ground. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

CLIMATIC  FOUNDATIONS 

IN  northern  Alaska  the  ground  remains 
*  frozen  the  year  around,  thawing  to  a 
depth  of  only  a  few  inches  even  in  mid- 
summer. This  would  appear  to  be  a 
great  discouragement  to  building  in 
Alaska,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
excavating.  However,  it  has  been  dem- 
onstrated that  this  seeming  drawback  has 
its  advantages. 

One  of  the  trading  companies  wishing 
to  build  a  large  warehouse  but  not  want- 
ing to  go  to  the  expense  of  digging  the 
foundations  through  the  frozen  ground, 
worked  out  the  following  plan  with  com- 
plete success :  A  ditch  about  four  feet 
wide  was  dug  to  a  depth  of  five  or  six 
inches  around  the  space  to  be  occupied 
by  the  building;  heavy  timbers  were  laid 
in  the  ditch,  and  upon  these  the  building 
was  constructed.  The  remaining  space 
in  the  ditch  around  the  timbers  was  filled, 
up  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  with 
sawdust,  thus  preventing  any  thawing 
of  the  ground  even  in  the  warmest  days. 

Contributed  by  Hamilton  A.  Hooper, 

Baltimore,  Maryland. 

MAKING  A  THIRST  QUENCHER 

IT  is  possible  to  make  a  sanitary  and  in- 
*■  expensive  drinking  fountain  by  your- 


expensive 
self  for  about  fifteen  cents 


y; 


Abolishing  the  Tin  Cup 
A  sanitary  drinking  fountain  can  be  made  in  a  few  minutes 
with  a  couple  of  tools.    Don't  turn  the  water  on  too  bard. 


Take  a  piece  of  nickeled  tubing  about 
twelve  inches  long  and  bend  it  in  the 
shape  of  the  letter  J.  Next  put  the  short 
end  of  the  tube  in  the  mouth  of  the 
faucet.  After  this  has  been  done,  solder 
it  in  place,  and  your  fountain  is  ready 
for  use.  The  ice  man  will  particularly 
appreciate  it. 

Contributed  by  Wm.  F.  Langefeld,  Dayton.  Ohio. 


H 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

EGG  COLLECTOR 

ENS  need  a  dark  place  to  lay  in;  so 
it    is   convenient   to   build    a    small 


The  Eggs  Roll  Down 

The  hen  cannot  break  the  eggs  by  walking  around  in  the 

nest  and  they  are  easy  to  collect. 


house  for  them  within  a  barn  or  shed. 
But  it  is  always  difficult  to  get  the  eggs 
out  of  such  a  laying  coop,  if  it  is  built 
economically.  To  overcome  this  obstacle 
I  have  arranged  a  series  of  shoots,  all 
leading  to  the  same  padded  pan.  Each 
nest  is  connected  to  the  main  shoot  and 
each  has  a  hole  in  the  bottom  of  it  and 
when  an  egg  is  laid  it  rolls  down  to  the 
"egg  room"  of  my  laying  coop.  A  small 
door  into  the  "tgg  room"  can  be  opened 
and  the  eggs  taken  out  without  trouble. 
If  the  shoots  are  carefully  made  there 
need  be  no  danger  of  the  eggs  breaking 
en  route. 

Contributed  by  Arthur  Seaman,  Douglas,  Arizona. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


445 


9     I    f 


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446 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


From  the  Rat-Proof  Room 

The  corn  slides  down  a  shoot  from  the  second  floor  into 

the  sheller. 

FEEDING  THE  SHELLER 

FOLLOWING  the  advice  of  all  agri- 
*■  cultural  experts,  we  keep  our  seed 
corn  in  a  rat-proof  room  on  the  second 
floor  of  our  house,  where  the  humidity  is 
comparatively  low.  The  problem  then 
was  to  get  it  down  expeditiously.  In- 
stead of  carrying  the  corn  down  the 
stairs  and  feeding  it  to  the  sheller  by 
hand,  I  rigged  up  a  trough  so  that  when 
the  ears  are  to  be  shelled,  we  simply  put 
them  into  the  trough  and  let  them  slide 


into  the  sheller  by  their  own  weight. 
The  shelled  corn  is  then  ready  for  the 
planting  machine  and  the  boy  of  the 
house  is  not  tired  out. 

Contributed  by  Wayne  B.  Humphreys,  Zearing.  Iowa. 


PAPER  KINDLING 

A  GRAND  JUNCTION,  Colorado,  in- 
**■  ventor  has  applied  for  a  patent  on  a 
substitute  for  kindling  wood,  and  is  now 
manufacturing 
and  selling  it. 
The  new  mate- 
rial is  made  of 
old  newspapers. 
The  papers  are 
put  up  into  rolls, 
each  about  one 
and  on e-h a  1  f 
inches  in  diame- 
ter ;  these  rolls 
are  then  made 
into  bundles 
with  wrappers 
of  heavy  brown 
paper.  The 
bundles  are  then  sawed  into  two  and  one- 
half  inch  lengths.  This  paper  kindling 
is  at  present  being  sold  and  delivered  in 
packages  of  fifty  or  more,  at  one  cent  per 
package.  There  is  not  much  profit  at 
this  price,  however. 

Contributed  by  D.  S.  Bennett,  Grand  Junction,  Colorado. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

SHIPPING  THE  STATION 

YV7HEN  a  new  railway  station  was 
**  completed  at  Pawnee,  Illinois,  the 
old  one  was  still  in  such  good  condition 
that  the  officials  decided  to  remove  it 
bodily  to  Taylorville,  twenty  miles  dis- 


Patf.nt  Kindling 

It  is  made  out  of  rolls  of  news 

paper. 


Going  Traveling 
The  railway  station  crossing  a  viaduct. 


It  Moved  up  the  Track  About  Twenty  Miles  and 
Then  Reposed  Peacefully 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


447 


Pumping 
Plenty  of  It  Too 


ABSOLUTE  reliability,  low 
.  first  cost,  and  no  need  of 
attention  and  repairs  are  the  requisites 
of  a  perfect  water  system.  Engines  are 
often  a  source  of  annoyance,  windmills 
depend  entirely  upon  the  wind,  and  hand 
pumping  is  enough  to  drive  anyone  off 
the  farm.  Be  absolutely  free  from  all 
water  supply  troubles — install  a 

RIFE   RAM 

Any  stream  in  your  neighborhood  having  a  fall  of 
three  feet  or  more  and  a  supply  of  three  gallons  or 
more  per  minute,  will  operate  it.  The  Rife  Rams 
vary  In  size  from  a  machine  for  one  family's  use  to  a 
city  water  system.  Thus  you  can  co-operate  with 
your  neighbor  if  'here  is  no  stream  on  your  farm. 
REMEMBER:  —Low  First  Cost  —  No  Repairs 
for  Y«*r»— No  Freezing  — No  Fuel— No  Labor 
are  the  high  qualities  of  the  Rife  Ram. 
No  skilled  labor  required  to  In- 
stall it.  Over  11,000  in  daily 
use.  Satisfaction  guaranteed. 
Write  today  for  catalog  and 
Tell  Us  Your  Water 

Supply  Conditions 

and  w«  will  send  free  estimate  on 
>ur  require- 
ments. 

IFE  ENGINE 
COMPANY 
N. w  York  City 


A  bolt 

you'll 

swear 


by 

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Salesmanship 
Electrical  Engineer 
Electric  Lighting  Supt. 
Telephone  Expert 
Architect 

Building  Contractor 
Arch  tie  ctural  Draftsman 
Structural  Engineer 
Concrete  Construction 
Mechanical  Engineer 
Mechanical  Draftaman 
Civil  Engineer 
Mine  Superintendent 
Stationary  Engineer 
Plumbing  h  Steam  Kilting 
Gaa  Engines 


Civil  Service 
Bookkeeping 
Stenography  ^Typewriting 
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Show-Card  Writing 
Lettering  k  Sign  Piloting 
Advertising 
Commercial  Illustrating 
Industrial  Designing 
Commercial  Law 
Automobile  Running 
English  Branches 
Poultry  Farming 
Teacher  Spanish 

Agriculture  French 

Chemist  German 


Name 

Present  Employer _ 

St.  and  No. 

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_State„ 


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448 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


tant,  and  to  use  it  as  a  warehouse.  The 
depot  was  raised  and  the  whole  wooden 
structure  was  rolled  onto  the  two  flat 
cars.  The  photographs  show  the  depot 
on  the  train  riding  over  a  trestle  on  the 
way  to  its  new  location. 

Contributed  by  Earl  Cranston  Ewert, 

Bloomington,  Illinois. 

J* 

(Firrt  Priie.  Twenty  Dollars 

UMBRELLA  TO  THE  RESCUE 

AN  electric  sign  one  hundred  feet  long, 
the  letters  of  which  measure  about 
four  feet,  was  suc- 
cessfully hung  from 
the  top  of  a  concrete 
smokestack  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet 
high,  after  many 
futile  attempts.  How 
to  attach  a  tackle  at 
the  top  of  this  con- 
crete sentinel  to  pull 
up  the  sign  was  a 
riddle.  Finally  the 
very  ingenious 
method  was  hit  upon 
of  making  use  of  an 
umbrella  for  a  para- 
chute to  carry  the 
initial  light  line  up 
the  stack  and  over 
the  top  edge. 

An  ordinary-sized 
umbrella  was  used ; 
this  was  elevated 
into  the  chimney  far 
enough  for  the  hot 
gases  from  the  boil- 
ers to  send  it  flying 
out  of  the  top  and 
down  upon  a  neigh- 
boring roof.  Several 
umbrellas  were  de- 
molished in  the  at- 
tempt, but  finally  the 
light  line  was  put 
into  position.  With 
this  line,  heavier 
cord  was  pulled 
through,  until  a  strand  of  iron 
placed  in  position.  By 
heavier    cord    a 


umbrella-parachute  was  that  most  of  the 
lines  attached  to  it  at  first  were  too 
heavy,  and  it,  of  course,  refused  to 
ascend  the  chimney.  Too  light  a  line 
parted  when  an  attempt  was  made  to 
pull  it  over  the  rough  edges  of  the  stack. 
But  finally  a  cord  that  was  exactly  right 
was  found. 

Ordinarily  the  fastening  of  tackle  to 
the  top  of  a  tall  stack  is  done  by  a  pro- 
fessional steeplejack  who  charges  a  very 
high  rate  for  his  tirrfe.  A  good  man  can 
climb  a  stack  of  the  height  of  this  one 
in  a  few  hours  with  the 
aid  of  rope  loops  and  the 
lightning  rod.  But  the 
great  hazard  of  his  work 
brings  his  wages  up  to  a 
sum  much  higher  than  the 
cost  of  the  umbrellas  de- 
stroyed in  this  trick. 


Coming  Down 
The  umbrella  floated  down  with  the  Hunt  line 
and  after  that  a  heavier  one  was  pulled  up. 


wire  was 

means   of  this 

messenger    cable    was 

pulled  over  the  top ;  and  block  and  tackle 

were  sent  to  the  summit  of  the  chimney 

safely. 

The  chief  difficulty  found  in  using  the 


No  one  was 
obliged  to 
risk  his  life 
in  performing 
the  operation. 

Contributed  by 
K.  H.  Hamilton. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Finished 

They  got  the  sign  up  with  tackle; 

the  tackle  up  with  the  umbrella. 

Hot  gases  carried  the  umbrella  and 

a  light  line. 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


449 


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Address 

As  I  have  had  no  prerlous  dealings  with  you,  I  refer  you  to 


Handles  That  Won't 
Loosen 

They  grip  the 
blade  through  a 
"Yankee"  de- 
vice that  holds 
them  tightly  in 
place,  in  spite 
of  the  hardest 
usage  and  even 
abuse.  Practi- 
cal 1  y  a  one 
piece  tool  of 
handle  and 
blade. 

Designed  and 
made    with 
"Yankee"  care, 
— in  the  shape  of 
handle,  corrugated 
to  afford  a  firm  grip, 
— in  the  special  steel, 
particularly    tem- 
pered so  that  it  won't 
chip,  bend,  twist,  break 
or  turn  edges, — in   the 
balance, — in    the    ac- 
curate   centering    of 
blade    in    handle. 
They're   friends  of  the 
good  workman,  are  all — 

"YANKEE" 
TOOLS 

faaA2i@efi&i,77Zecfamioi 
"YANKEE" 

Plain  Screw  Drivers 

No.  90.  Standard  Style— 
14  sizes,  2  in.  to 
30  in.  blades. 

No.  95.  Cabinet  Style  — 
11  sizes,  2%  in.  to 
15%  in.  blades. 

Your  dealer  can 
supply  you 

Write  for  "'Yankee'  Tool  Book"  free  for 
mechanics  and  householders,  or  "  'Yankee' 
Tools  in  the  Garage"  for  motorists. 

^ NORTH  BROS.  MFG.  CO.,  PHILADELPHIA 


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450 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Before  the  Storm 
Stray  currents  of  electricity  are  moving  over  the  city. 


Most  of  the  lights  in 
the  photograph  are,  of 
course,  the  typical  night 
lights  from  street  cars 
and  automobiles,  shown 
as  streaks  along  the 
streets.  The  first  picture 
was  a  twenty  -  minute 
exposure ;  and  the  other, 
a  fifteen-minute  expos- 
ure, was  taken  directly 
afterwards,  just  as  the 
storm  struck  the  city. 

These  miscellaneous 
currents  are  well  known 
to  physicists,  but  it  is 
very  rarely  that  pictures 
are  obtained  of  them. 

Contributed  by  B.  W.  Junk. 

Toledo,  Ohio. 


(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

HOLDING  THE 
HORSES 


The  Storm  About  to  Break 
The  number  of  currents  increased  as  they  moved  regularly  from  certain  places, 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

THE  COMING  STORM 


""THE  atmosphere  is  full  of  electrical 
*■  disturbances  when  a  thunder  storm 
is  approaching,  but  most  of  these  are  not 
visible  to  the  naked  eye.  A  camera  set 
for  taking  pictures  of  lightning,  caught 
in  this  case  a  number  of  currents  which 
were  moving  about  the  city.  The  elec- 
trical storm  was  still  some  distance  away 
and  the  lightning  itself  was  not  yet 
visible.  Regular  currents,  however,  were 
moving  from  certain  places.  There  were 
two  currents  radiating  from  steel  smoke 
stacks  and  another  radiating  from  the 
weather  vane  on  top  of  a  high  building 
where  the  Weather  Bureau  has  its  head- 
quarters 


I  HAD  occasion  to  haul 
*■  some  blocks  of  gran- 
ite weighing  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  tons,  over  a 
country  road  recently. 
There  were  occasional 
stretches  where  there 
were  no  trees  to  fasten 
the  block  and  tackle 
which  was  necessary  to 
pull  the  stone  along.  It 
would  be  too  much 
trouble  to  set  up  posts 
in  such  places,  so  I  put  into  use  a  little 
practical  engineering  with  the  simple 
device  of  three  crowbars  and  some  ropes. 
I  drove  the  first  bar  into  the  ground 
and  fastened  the  line  to  the  blocks  at  its 


Enormous  Advantage 

This  set  of  crowbars  will  help  a  man  out  of  a  tight  place 

when  he  hasn't  enough  power  otherwise. 

base.  Then  I  drove  the  second  bar  into 
the  ground  at  some  distance  away  from 
the  first.  I  fastened  a  line  from  the  top 
of  the  first  to  the  bottom  of  the  second. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


451 


PRACTICE  DEEP  BREATHING 

Breathing  is  the  Vital  Force  of  Life.  All  weak- 
nesses and  ailments  attributed  to  lack  of  ex- 
ercise are  usually  due  to  shallow  and  incor- 
rect breathing.  The  main  value  of  physical 
exercise  lies  in  the  activity  it  gives  the  Lungs. 
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breathe  out  the  Poison  that  now  clogs  your 
System. 

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Accepted  by  the  National  Medical  Library  at 
Washington.  D.  C.  Book  sent  on  receipt 
of  ten  cents,  coin  or  stumps. 

PAUL  VON  BOECKMANN,  US. 

276S  Tower  Building     110  W.  40th  Si..     New  York 


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If  ^i 


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IH 


stamped  on  a  bit 
means  Quality. 
Otherwise  used 
it  may  mean  only 
pattern. 

Not  every  bit  made 
after  the  Irwin 
pattern  is  a  genuine 
Irwin  Bit. 

Make  sure  of  getting 
the  benefit  of  both 
the  Irwin  pattern 
and  the  genuine 
Irwin  Quality. 

Look  for  the  registered 
trademark  "IRWIN" 
on  the  shank  of  every  bit 

Only  when  so  stamped 
is  the  bit  made  by 

The  Irwin  Anger  Bit  Co. 
of  Wilmington,  Ohio, 

Originaton 


: 


ThelRWIN  Bit 


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452 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


A  line  from  the  top  of  the  second  was 
fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  third  and 
I  held  the  top  of  the  latter  in  my  hand. 
Four  horses  walking  at  the  rate  of  two 
and  one-half  miles  per  hour  did  the 
pulling  against  my  set  of  crowbars,  the 
last  one  of  which  I  held  myself.  I  had, 
for  example,  only  to  exert  a  pull  of  34 
pounds  to  balance  the  horses,  which 
would  pull  approximately  2375  pounds. 
This  is,  of  course,  because  of  the  advan- 
tage of  my  device  and  because  a  small 
pull  on  the  last  bar  gives  a  very  high 
pull  on  the  bottom  of  the  first  bar.  I 
have  since  had  occasion  to  use  the  idea 
for  a  number  of  things  and  it  has  been 
almost  like  creating  power. 

Contributed  by  Charles  Johnson, 
St.  George.  New  Brunswick,  Canada. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

DOORSTEP  DUSTPAN 

A  TIN  box  placed  under  the  threshold 
•*  of  two  or  three  doors  in  my  house 
has  eliminated  the  dustpan  which  we 
have  always  considered  a  necessary  evil. 
A  board  or  two  can  be  taken  up  from  the 


The  second  and 
third  story  dwellers 
will  appreciate  this 
new  way  of  getting 
the  baby  carriage 
up. 


more.  We  have  given  our  dustpan 
away,  even  though  we  do  not  own  a 
vacuum  cleaner. 

Contributed  by  Charles  J.  Barrows,  Doniphan.  Nebraska. 


Dustpan  Under  Threshold 
It  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  tin  box,  and  it  rests  in  a  com- 
partment which  is  always  handy. 


floor  and  a  little  compartment  made  for  a 
dust  box,  which  is  removable.  A  cover, 
with  hinges  on  one  side  keeps  it  out  of 
sight.  In  the  course  of  a  morning's 
sweeping  the  housewife  may  lift  the 
cover  and  send  the  sweepings  into  the 
dust  box  with  one  motion  of  the  broom. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  remove  the  ac- 
cumulation  at   intervals   of   a   week   or 


(Third  Prize,  Five  Dollars 

HOIST  THE  CARRIAGE 

TT  was  a  big  nuisance  to  carry  the  baby 
*  carriage  up  and  down  two  flights  of 
winding  stairs  whenever  the  child  was 
to  be  taken  outdoors,  but  the  hoist  has 
solved  the  problem.  I  put  up  a  post  on 
the  back  porch,  bought  a  couple  of 
pulleys  and  some  rope  and  attached  them 
to  a  piece  of  heavy  wire  bent  to  form  a 
swinging  bracket.  When  the  carriage 
is  let  down,  the  rope  may  be  left  hanging 
down,  so  that  when  needed  for  hoisting 
it  is  there  to  be  fastened  to  the  buggy 
again.  One  person  can  operate  the  pulley 
without  any  difficulty  at  all  and  since  I 
put  it  up  I  have  found  a  large  number 
of  uses  for  it.  Coal,  wood,  ashes,  and 
garbage  can  be  managed  as  easily  as  the 
carriage,  so  that  even  if  we  did  not  haul 
the  carriage  up,  the  device  would  be 
indispensable  to  us.  Its  cost  was  trivial 
because  we  had  most  of  the  material  on 
hand. 

Contributed  by  L.  A.  Baldwin,  New  Britain,  Connecticut 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


453 


8 


SIZES  IN 
ONE  TOOL 


No.  104 >a  is  the  only 
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Oster  Pipe-Threading 

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Technical  World   Munuzine,  Chicago 


in 


Off 


We  Go  for  a  Picnic 
With  Our  Cattle 

Far  across  the  lake — too  far  to  row — 
we  know  of  an  ideal  spot  for  an  outing. 
We  have  often  longed  to  picnic  at  this 
place,  but  the  thoughts  of  the  long, 
tiresome  row  always  discouraged  us. 
But  now  it's  different,  Dad  has  a 

QineJbrtableBoQt Motor 

Rowing  is   no    longer  a  bug- 
,  bear.     Distance  makes  no  dif- 
ference.   We  can  picnic  or 
'  fish  or  moon-light  ride  to 
our  heart's  content.     All 
i  we  have  to  do  is  steer. 
i  Dad  even  lets  us  boys  run 
]  the  motor,  it's  so  simple. 

Turning  Two  Thumb 
f      Screws  Attaches  It 
to  Any  Row  Boat 

immediately  changing  it  into  a  relia- 
ble little  launch.  It  develops  2  H.P.  and 
steers  with  a  rudder  like  a  launch — not 
by  the  propeller.  Rudder  is  of  our  folding,  stone 
dodging  type  (Pat.  applied  for).  Weedless  propel- 
ler is  protected  by  a  substantial  fin.  Motor  is 
adjustable  to  any  angle  or  depth  of  stern.  Starts 
with  half  a  turn  of  the  fly  wheel.  Weighs  but  55 
lbs.  Drives  row  boats  7  to  9  miles  an  hour  or  slow 
enough  to  troll.  Can  be  run  in  salt  or  fresh  water. 
Furnished  with  battery  ignition  or  reversible 
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Dealers  Wanted. 


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i*r. 


BIOWIN 


FF  STEAM 


Too  True  in  Many  Cases 

At  the  wedding  reception  the  young  man 
remarked :  "Wasn't  it  annoying  the  way  that 
baby  cried  during  the  whole  ceremony?" 


"It  was   simply  dreadful,"   replied  the  prim 

little  maid  of  honor;  "and  when  I  get  married 

I'm  going  to  have  engraved  right  in  the  corner 

of    the    invitations :      'No    babies    expected'." 

— Current  Opinion. 


The  Same  Method 

Gus  Miller,  a  traveling  man,  paused  to 
watch  a  small  colored  youth  who  stood  on  one 
foot,  inclined  his  woolly  head  far  to  one  side, 
and  pounded  vigorously  on  his  skull  with  the 
palm  of  his  right  hand. 

"Hello,  kid !"  grinned  the  drummer,  whose 
memory  was  carried  back  to  his  own  boyhood 
days  by  the  familiar  action.  "What  are  you 
doing?" 

"Got  watah  in  mah  ear,"  announced  the  boy. 

"Oh-ho,"  laughed  the  drummer,  "I  know 
just  how  that  is.  I  often  have  felt  like  that 
after  being  in  swimming." 

"Swimmin'  nuffin' !"  the  youth  exclaimed, 
disdainfully.    "Ah  been  eatin'  watahmilyun." 


& 


Does  She  Drink? 

She — "Is  there  any  alcohol  in  cider?" 
The  Boob  (looking  around  wildly) — "Inside 
who  ?" — Pelican. 

454 


m 


The  Mind  That  Ruled 

There  was  a  youth  whose  tendency  to  sleep 
late  of  a  morning  cost  him  his  job.  The  man 
in  question,  a  Swede,  was  working  for  a 
farmer,  who  demanded  punctuality  above 
everything  else. 

The  farmer  told  him  that  he  must  be  at 
work  every  morning  at  four  o'clock  sharp. 
The  "hand"  failed  to  get  up  in  time,  and  the 
farmer  threatened  to  discharge  him.  Then  the 
"hand"  bought  an  alarm  clock,  and  for  some 
time  everything  went  along  smoothly.  But  one 
morning  he  got  to  the  field  fifteen  minutes 
late.  The  farmer  immediately  discharged  him, 
in  spite  of  his  protestations  that  his  alarm 
clock  was  to  blame. 

Sadly  returning  to  his  room,  the  discharged 
employe  determined  to  find  out  the  cause  of  his 
downfall.  He  took  the  alarm  clock  to  pieces, 
and  discovered  a  dead  cockroach  among  the 
works. 

"Well,"   he    soliloquized,    "Ay   tank    it   bane 
no  wonder  the  clock  wouldn't  run — the  engi- 
neer bane  daid." — Youth's  Companion. 
Jl 

Needed  Ice 

She — "I'll  never  go  anywhere  again  with 
you  as  long  as  I  live." 

He— "Wh-why?" 

She — "You  asked  Mrs.  Smith  how  her  hus- 
band was  standing  the  heat,  and  he's  been 
dead  two  months." — Pathfinder. 

On  the  Bean 

Inquisitive  visitor  of  the  feminine  gender 
being  shown  through  an  insane  asylum — "What 
is  that  thing  the  attendants  hit  the  poor  in- 
mates with  ?" 

Asylum  Guard — "That,  Miss,  is  a  nut- 
cracker."— Froth. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


455 


MOTORGO 

Row  Boat  Engine 


Let  us  send  #4fc^H  ^kAr 
^■H  you  proof  that  ■  **WM  ■  MM *J 
—  ■■   the  Motorgo  is   ■  ^11  wJbbbbb^*** 

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■works       right, 
IS    right.     The 
price  speaks  foi 
itself-      Investigate 
— save  $20. 00  or  more. 

The  Motorgo  attaches  quickly  to 
any  row  boat  by  tightening  two 
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Address 

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456 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


He  Hurried 

A  shy  young  man  had  been  calling  on  the 
sweetest  girl  in  the  world  for  many  moons, 
but,  being  bashful,  his  suit  progressed  slowly. 
Finally  she  decided  it  was  up  to  her  to  start 
something,  so  the  next  time  he  called  she 
pointed  to  the  rose  in  his  buttonhole  and  said : 
"I'll  give  you  a  kiss  for  that  rose."  A  crimson 
flush  overspread  his  countenance,  but  the  ex- 
change was  made.  Then  he  grabbed  his  hat 
and  started  to  leave  the  room.  "Why,  where 
are  you  going?"  she  asked,  in  surprise.  "To 
the — er — florist  for  more  roses,"  he  called  from 
the  front  door. — Argonaut. 


Acrobatic 

The  street  car  conductor  was  very  impatient. 
He  was  waiting  for  an  elderly  and  very  stout 
lady  to  board  his  car,  when  she  suddenly  ex- 
claimed: "Conductor,  conductor,  will  I  get  a 
shock  if  I  step  on  that  rail?" 

He  quietly  answered,  "No,  lady,  not  unless 
you  put  your  other  foot  on  the  trolley  wire." 

— Judge. 

Show  of  What? 

Two  employes  were  discussing  what  they 
would  buy  the  boss,  whose  birthday  was  ap- 
proaching. Said  Mr.  Biggins  with  enthusiasm : 
"Wiggins,  old  boy,  we  have  raised  $50,  and  we 


want  something  that  will  make  a  show  for  the 
money.  Something  that  will  look  big,  you 
know.     Can't  you  suggest  something?" 

"Sure,"    replied    Mr.    Wiggins;    "buy    $50 
worth  of  rice  and  boil  it." — Argonaut. 


Helping  Father 

Algy — "Mother,  I  may  as  well  tell  you  the 
truth.     I've  married  a  chorus  girl." 

Mother— "Oh  !     Oh!     How  could  you?" 
Algy — "I    did    it   to    save   father.     He   was 
desperately  in  love  with  her." — Life. 


It  Isn't  Done 

"Have  you  any  experience  with   children?" 
"No,  ma'am,   I   always  worked  in   the   best 
families." — Philadelphia  Public  Ledger. 


Fido  Was  Undecided 

"Oh,  Mr.  Smith,"  cried  the  young  lady,  as 
she  greeted  her  caller,  "so  you  have  been  mak- 
ing friends  with  Fido!  And  do  you  think  he 
likes  you?" 


"-■■-■ 


"Well,"  said  Mr.  Smith  grimly,  "I  don't  be- 
lieve he's  quite  decided  yet — he's  only  had  one 
bite  of   me,  and  he   seems   to  want  another." 

— Martins. 


The  Lunatic's  Delusion 

While  a  Denver  physician  was  inspecting 
the  insane  hospital  at  Pueblo  an  inmate  ap- 
proached him  and  asked : 

"I  beg  your  pardon,  sir,  but  have  you  a 
piece  of  toast?" 

"No," 'replied  the  doctor  in  surprise,  "but  I 
can  get  you  a  piece  if  you  want  it  badly." 

"Oh,  I  wish  you  would.  I'm  a  poached  egg 
and  I  want  to  sit  down." — Tradesman. 


Sweet  One! 

"Oh,  my!"  she  exclaimed  impatiently;  "we'll 
be  sure  to  miss  the  first  act.  We've  been  wait- 
ing a  good  many  minutes  for  that  mother  of 
mine." 

"Hours,  I  should  say,"  he  replied  rather 
tartly. 

"Ours?"  she  cried  joyfully.  "Oh,  George, 
this  is  so  sudden!" — Ladies'  Home  Journal. 


Lend  Me  a  Saw 

Minister  (calling  on  inmate  of  prison)  — 
"Remember,  Mr.  Kenney,  that  stone  walls  do 
not  a  prison  make,  nor  iron  bars  a  cage." 

Kenney — "Well,  they've  got  me  hypnotized, 
then  ;  that's  all." — Dallas  News. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


457 


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SAND  IN  HIS  EYES 


IT  was  very,  very  windy,  blowing 
what  sailors  would  call  half  a  gale. 
Down  near  the  lake  there  stood  a 
huge  hill  of  sand  that  in  the  course 
of  time  had  been  churned  up  from 
the  waters'  depths.  Now  it  was  being 
carted  away  to  be  mixed  with  Portland 
cement  and  made  into  structures  for  the 
use  of  men. 

As  my  train  went  slowly  by,  what 
most  attracted  me  was  the  figure  of  a 
man  on  the  lee  side  of  this  hill  laboriously 
loading  a  wagon  with  the  sand.  Shovel- 
ful by  shovelful  the  work  progressed,  and 
all  of  the  time  he  was  immersed  in  a 
swirl  of  flying  sand  which  the  high  wind 
carried  over  the  top  of  the  hill  and 
brought  down  upon  him  in  stinging 
clouds.  It  whirled  down  his  neck  and 
sifted  into  his  boots,  but  worst  of  all  the 
tiny,  irritating  grains  were  continually 
getting  into  his  eyes  and  making  them 
smart  cruelly.  The  sight  made  ine  posi- 
tively uncomfortable ;  I  felt  as  if  some  of 
the  sand  were  blowing  into  my  own  eyes. 
And  then  my  thought  was  about  this, 
"Well,  when  he  gets  home,  he  will  bathe 
his  eyes  in  a  weak  solution  of  boracic 
acid,  go  to  bed  with  the  smart  taken  out, 
and  be  quite  comfortable  by  morning." 
Of  course  I  thought  this  because  that 
was  the  very  thing  I  would  do  under  the 
circumstances.  I  could  see  my  bathroom 
shelf  with  its  assortment  of  bottles,  the 
eye  cup,  and  the  clean  graduated  glass 
in  which  I  would  mix  the  solution.  And 
then  like  a  flash  it  occurred  to  me  that 

458 


this  man  did  not  have  such  a  home  even 
as  my  simple  one.  No,  he  earned  per- 
haps two  dollars  a  day  and  had  a  wife 
and  children  to  support,  and  almost  cer- 
tainly he  had  never  heard  that  five  cents 
worth  of  boracic  acid  would  make  a  bar- 
relful  of  soothing  eye  wash.  I  had  won- 
dered a  moment  before  why  he  did  not 
wear  goggles.  And  now  I  realized  that 
he  did  not  wear  them  because  he  had 
never  heard  of  them  and  that  he  would 
not  ease  the  smart  of  his  eyes  when  he 
went  home  because  he  didn't  know  how. 

On  sped  the  train  from  which  I  had 
seen  this  poor  fellow  and  on  went  my 
train  of  thought.  Through  ignorance 
this  man  was  made  uncomfortable, 
through  ignorance  he  must  continue  to 
suffer.  Nearly  all  of  his  discomforts  and 
hardships  are  the  result  of  ignorance. 
Even  his  poverty  is  at  least  partly  due 
to  that  cause.  What  a  simple  thing  it  is 
to  put  a  pinch  of  cheap  powder  into  a 
glass  of  water  and  make  a  solution  that 
will  soothe  smarting  eyes.  Very  simple 
when  you  know  it — like  making  the  egg 
stand  on  end — but  much  like  magic  to 
the  ignorant.  And  most  of  the  miseries 
that  afflict  all  mankind  are  at  least  partly 
the  result  of  ignorance  and  not  due  to 
democratic  or  republican  administrations, 
to  currency  bills  or  tariff  regulations.  It 
is  not  at  all  a  new  idea  about  ignorance 
being  the  underlying  cause  of  most 
human  misery,  but  it  is  an  idea  that  needs 
to  be  continually  repeated,  lest  we  forget. 

And  then  the  last  stage  of  my  thought 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


459 


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460 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


journey  brought  me  into  a  sort  of  zone 
of  comfortable  satisfaction — not  because 
1  was  more  fortunate  than  the  sand 
shoveler  but  because  I  had  a  part  in 
helping  to  make  a  magazine  whose  sole 
purpose  is  to  tell  people  things ;  to  do  its 
little  share  in  dispelling  the  dark  clouds 
of  ignorance  that  have  made  this  world 
such  a  sad,  sad  place  for  so  many  ages. 
It  gave  me  a  glow  of  pride  to  feel  that,  in 
spreading  the  knowledge  of  new  things, 
the  men  who  did  the  work  on  Technical 
World  were  really  helping  humanity. 
Any  one  would  have  liked  to  get  off  the 
train  and  tell  that  teamster  how  he  could 
ease  the  smarting  of  his  eyes.  But  if  we 
can  tell  the  same  thing  to  ten  thousand 
suffering  sand  teamsters,  it  must  be  just 
ten  thousand  times  more  satisfactory. 

So  when  the  load  tugs  we  shall  always 
be  cheered  by  the  thought  that  we  are 
performing  a  service  to  mankind  that  in 
many  cases  is  much  more  important  than 
merely  taking  the  sand  from  its  poor  in- 
flamed eyes.  We  know  that  every  bit  of 
information  that  we  put  into  the  maga- 
zine is  of  service  to  many  human  beings 
— how  many  we  can  never  tell. 

Professor  Lucke,  of  the  Engineering  De- 
partment of  the  Columbia  University,  has 
just  devised  a  new  system  for  burning 
gas  that  is  cheaper  and  gives  off  fewer 
noxious  fumes  than  old  systems.  This 
sounds  interesting  and  important,  doesn't 
it?  Perhaps  not  so  important  as  a  pair 
of  goggles  to  the  smarting  eyes  of  a  sand 
teamster,  but  still  the  fumes  of  gas  stoves 
and  gas  lights  are  often  very  noxious 
and  unhealthy. 

Perhaps  at  first  thought  you  would  not 
consider  that  a  new  scheme  to  communi- 
cate with  other  planets  was  of  great 
service  to  human  beings.  True,  it  won't 
lessen  the  pangs  of  hunger,  or  ease  pain, 
or  rest  the  weary,  but  it  is  a  step  toward 
the  solution  of  the  great  problems  of  the 
universe  that  man  has  ever  hungered  to 
understand.  The  newest  plan  necessi- 
tates the  use  of  three  huge  plane  mirrors 
set  up  in  a  peculiar  way.  Some  day  or 
other  we  are  going  to  communicate  with 
another  planet,  if  there  are  sentient 
beings  on  other  planets.  Perhaps  this 
scheme  will  be  the  one  that  does  it. 

Up  in  Alaska  surveyors  are  running 


the  boundary  between  Canadian  and 
American  territory.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
tremendous  and  difficult  jobs  of  survey- 
ing that  has  ever  been  undertaken. 
These  hardy  and  courageous  pioneers 
have  had  to  carry  tape  and  transit  up  the 
sides  of  terrific  cliffs,  through  unbroken 
forests,  across  ice  and  snow,  during  cold 
and  blizzard  that  would  cause  the  aver- 
age man  to  perish.  If  you  want  a  story 
with  the  thrill  of  achievement  in  it,  get 
the  June  issue  and  read  this. 

Saving  a  man's  life  is  probably  more 
important  than  keeping  sand  out  of  his 
eyes,  and  that  is  what  a  new  design  of 
lifeboat  now  being  installed  on  trans- 
atlantic steamers  will  accomplish. 

Sometimes  a  man  finds  that  the  sand 
that  has  been  blown  into  his  eyes  is  really 
gold  dust  or  something  of  equal  value. 
Out  in  the  Northwest  a  raiser  of  sheep 
has  discovered  that  a  certain  despised 
weed  had  a  tremendous  nutritive  value, 
when  fed  to  his  live  stock.  Now  in  the 
June  issue  he  tells  other  raisers  of  sheep 
about  this  wonderful  discovery,  that  may 
mean  millions  of  dollars  to  the  West. 

There  are  a  number  of  other  bits  of 
information  contained  in  the  June  issue 
that  are  of  importance  and  interest.  For 
example,  there  is  a  story  about  a  new 
development  in  the  use  of  liquid  fuel  on 
ships ;  about  a  melon  that  grows  on  trees 
and  is  now  being  imported  into  the 
United  States ;  about  new  and  interest- 
ing uses  for  concrete ;  and,  above  all,  a 
new  cotton  gin  that  is  much  more  ef- 
ficient than  the  original  invention  of  Eli 
Whitney. 

But  the  point  of  it  all  is  that  this  maga- 
zine by  seeking  out  these  bits  of  informa- 
tion and  disseminating  them  is  perform- 
ing a  big  service.  For  untold  ages  all  hu- 
manity has  been  suffering  from  sand  in 
its  eyes.  Those  who  tell  it  of  the  right 
preventive  or  the  best  remedy  are  doing 
men's  work.  It  is  that  thought  which  en- 
courages us  to  go  ahead :  it  is  that 
thought  which  should  encourage  you  to 
look  for  the  magazine  on  the  news  stand 
regularly  every  month.  By  doing  so  you 
are  not  only  helping  and  informing  your- 
self, but  you  are  helping  your  fellow 
man.  Technical  World  for  June  will 
be  rich  in  aid  and  interest. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


461 


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462 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


mf  /     Tho  material    and    workmanship 

mm /      of  this  chair— Genuine,  Select, Quar- 

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Jf  /     tory.   Yet  that  Is  the  price  you  would 

^ff  /    pay  for  it  at  a  store. 

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other  unnecessary  expenst-s— dialer's  p: 
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you  are  not  satisfied  at  any  time  within  a 
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Select  Quartered  WHITE  Oak.  Built  with  the 
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_.re  making  big  money.  Johnson, 
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, Your- 
]  self 
B  Where 


THE  MELON  SPOILS 

( Continued  from  page  343) 

bridge  but  he  hadn't  paid,  so  the  roads 
announced — for  being  taken  across.  So 
he — the  passenger — could  either  get 
out  into  the  cold,  black,  rainy  night 
and  plod  across,  or  else  pay  an  assess- 
ment of  ten  cents  and  ride  across-  Of 
course,  no  traveler  was  ever  caught 
walking  over,  so  the  dividends  started 
again. 

In  Arkansas,  the  legal  mileage  rate- 
is  two  cents  a  mile.  In  Tennessee,  it 
is  two  and  one-half  cents.  But  be- 
tween Bridge  Junction  and  Memphis, 
Mr.  Public  paid  to  the  tune  of  ten 
cents  per  mile. 

This  extra  dime  proved  to  be  the 
proverbial  last  straw.  It  is  looked 
upon  as  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the 
sudden  smashing  of  the  monopoly. 
Public  opinion  broke  out  in  a  storm 
of  protest.  The  Business  Men's  Club 
of  Memphis  had  for  years  contended 
that  a  new  bridge  was  absolutely  nec- 
essary in  order  to  hold  rates  down  and 
care  for  the  increased  traffic.  Out  of 
the  turmoil  which  arose,  there  came 
the  organization  of  the  new  corpora- 
tion. J.  T.  Harahan,  former  president 
of  the  Illinois  Central,  was  elected 
president  of  the  company. 

Things  were  going  along  swim- 
mingly, when  Mr.  Harahan  and  Major 
E.  E.  Wright,  chief  counsel  for  the  com- 
pany, were  killed  in  a  railroad  wreck. 

These  two  deaths,  however,  did  not 
stop  the  project — enthusiasm  had  been 
aroused.  The  company  was  reorganized. 
Three  piers  of  the  big  span  are  now 
under  construction.  The  J.  T.  Hara- 
han Bridge — for  so  it  will  be  named — 
will  be  completed  in  1916 — a  five  million 
dollar  monument  to  the  man. 

The  mayor  of  Memphis  and  the 
business  men's  organization  bargained 
with  the  new  corporation  until  they 
secured  a  perpetual  free  wagon  way. 
space  for  a  double-track  interurban 
route,  and  a  pedestrian's  walk  which 
will  prove,  it  is  thought,  an  immense 
factor  in  developing  the  fertile  and 
promising  territory  within  a  few  miles 
of  Memphis. 

The  new  bridge  will  be  used  on  a 
lease,  or  pro  rata  system,  by  the  Rock 
Island,  the  Cotton  Belt,  and  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


463 


Make  $200  a  Month 

Be  Your  Own  Boss 

If  you  are  making  less  than  $50  a 
week  write  us  today.  We  can  he.p  you 
to  wealth  and  independence  by  our  plan, 
you  can  work  when  you 
please,  where  you  please, 
always  have  money  and 
the  means  of  making 
barrels  more  of  it. 

Just  listen  to  this. 
Mr.  Lloyd  started  from 
San  Francisco  and  trav- 
eled to  New  York.  He  stayed 
at  the  best  Hotels,  lived  like  a 
Lord  wherever  he  went  and 
cleaned  up  more  than  $10.00 
every  day  he  was  out.  Another  man  worked  the  fairs  and 
summer  resorts,  and  when  there  was  nothing  special  to  do, 
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and  pulled  in  $8  a  day  for  month  after  month.  This  interests 
you,  doesn't  it? 

U  V  DDnPfiCITIMI  is  ■  Wonderful  New  Camera  with  which 
Ifl  I  rnUiUOl  I  lUn  ,,,  can  take  and  instantaneously  develop 
pictureson  Paper  Foal  Oardt  ami  Tintype*.  Every  picture  is  de- 
veloped without  nlms  or  negatives  and  is  ready  to  deliver  to  your 
ier  in  a  minute  after  making  the  exposure.  This  remarka- 
ble Invention  takes  100  pictures  an  hour  and  pays  you  a  profit  of 
from  fjOOto  1.500  per  cent.    Everybody  wants  pictures  and  e.u-h  aale 

on  make  advertise*  your  business  and  makes  more  sales  for  you. 

Simple  instructions*  accompany  ee*-h  outfit  and  you  can  begin  to 
make  money  in  a  short  time  after  the  outfit  reaches  yon. 


g 


ULfC  TDIICT  Yflll  S°  *""<•*»  confidence  have  we  In  onr  Drop- 
If  L  I  nUol  IUU  aaUioa  that  we  trust  you  for  part  of  the 
cost  of  the  outfit.  The  regular  selling  price  of  the  Camera  and 
complete  working  outfit  is  reasonable.  The  profits  are  so  big,  so 
quick,  so  sure  that  you  could  afford  to  pay  the  full  price  if  we  asked 
foo  to  do  »o.  But  we  are  so  absolutely  certain  that  you  can  make 
big  money  from  the  start  that  we  trust  you  for  a  substantial  sum 
which  you  need  not  pay  unless  you  clean  up  1200  the  first  month. 
Fair  enough.  Isn't  It? 

Do  not  delay  a  minute,  but  write  u»  today 
for  our  free  catalog  and  full  particulars 

L  LASCELLE,  627  W.  43d  St.,  5tt  New  York 


For  the  Handy  Man's  Tools 


T  F  you  are  lucky 
enough  to  enjoy 
using  tools  at  home, 
you're  the  sort  of 
man  to  enjoy  sharp 
edges.  Expert  me- 
chanics, big  machine 
shops  and  leading 
manual  training 
schools  now  insist  on 


PIKE  INDIA  OILSTONES 


Recent   laboratory  tests  pm#'  that  they"  sharpen 
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•"•properly  oiled,  they  won't  glaze  and  even  dropping 
won't  break  them. 

The  handiest  style  for  all  around  use  is  the  Pike  India  Combina- 
tion—one side  coarse,  the  other  fine—  $1.00. 

Ask  your  dealer  to  show  you  one.     Ask  also  to  see  Pike  Peerless 
-iiulrrs  (the  favorite  ol  manual  training  teachers)  :  the  famous 
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Stone,  lor  pocket  knives,  etc.  Also  our  book  "Hotc  to  Sharpen." 
You  will  be  pleased.     Write  today. 

PIKE  MFG.  CO.,  63  Main  St.,  Pike,  N.  H. 


MECHANICAL 
ENGINEERING 


raw  vsm>  wxm  Mwpv  ioopedu  mmm  vman 
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Famous  $35.00  Set— Now  $19.80 

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Mechanical  Engineering,  Gas  Engine  Operation,  Mod- 
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Everything  you  want  to  know  on  the  subjects  mentioned 
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teachers  and  writers.  The  full,  complete  $35.00  edition, 
for  a  short  time  at  $19.80— $2.00  a  month. 

CUipppn   FRPF       Here's  our  offer:    We'll  ship  the 
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Said,  merely  at  your  request  on  coupon  below  for  seven 
ays  free  examination.  If  you  like  the  books,  pay  only 
S19.H0—  at  $2.00  a  month.  Otherwise  we'll  take  them  back 
without  charging  you  one  cent. 

—  Subjects  Thoroughly  Covered  — 


Machine  Shop  Work  — Vertical  Milling  Machine  —  Motor-Driven 
Shops— Shop  Lighting — Forging — Klertrle  Welding — Tool  Making 
— Metallurgy— Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel  —  High-Speed  Sleel 
— Miwi  in  i'aatlngt— Eleetrie  Lifting  Magnets — Magnetic  Clutches 
—  Making  a  Machinist  — The  Ideal  Foreman  —  Pattern  Making- 
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Aeeesaorlea  —  Steam  Pumps— Air  Compressor*—  The  Steam  Engine 
— The  Steam  Torblne — Indicators — Valve  Gears— Refrigeration— 
(iaa  Producers  —  t»as  Engine*  —  Automobiles  —  Elevators  —  Sheet 
Metal  Work — Practical  Problems  In  Mensuration  —  Mechanical 
Drawing— Drafting  Room  Organisation — Machine  Design,  ete. 


8,093  pages,  7x10  Inchest  2,82?  i It ust rations,  full  page  plates, 
diagrams,  etct  hundreds  of  valuable  tables  and  formulas;  carefully 
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FREE!!    $12.00  Consulting  Membership 

Every  man  who  takes  advantage  of  this  offer  now  gets  absolutely 
free  our  complete  consulting  membership,  under  which  our  entire 
staff  ol  engineers  answers  all  ques- 
tions and  solves  all  your  engineer-       .■»  ■  ■  ■*•  ■  ■  ■  ■■■■ 
Ing  problems  a  whole  year  abso-        »  —  sm  —  —     AnilDflU 
lutelyfre*.   One  question  answer-       W    f  |(££     COUr  UN 


ed  may  be  worth  more  than  the 

whole  pi  ice  ofthe  books.    Usual      f      Ul.rlh  CIC  9Atn  You 

price  fl2.00-now  free  with  the      /      Worth  915.ZO  tO   TOU 

books.    Fill  out  and  mail  us     *>     American  Technical  Society: 

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vou  You  take  no  *  Ing  for  seven  days'  free  examination. 
^;«  You  are  not  ♦  If  I  decidetobuy.  willsendJ2.00inseven 
wi^t  If  the  books  /daysandbalancef2.00amonthuntil$19.80 
,  „ll 'hSfselves  #  hasbeenpaid.whenf35.OObooksandfl2.00 
t^.ou^tt-ictlf  on  /  consulting  membership  will  be  mine  free. 
'  I  VTlm  /  Otherwise  will  notify  you  and  holdbookssub- 
them  Bu?6rstin.P  /  Kg  to  your  order.  Title  not  to  pass  until  fully 
spect'them.  Mail  /«•»«.  T.W.  5-14 
the  coupon  today.  » 
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464 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


" I'li'iiimmimr 


^-~ «7 


Get  Your  Canadian  Home        k 
From    the    Canadian    Pacific 


W-> 


will  make  you  a  long  time  loan 
-you  can  move  on  the  land  at 
once  —  your  Canadian  farm  will 
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We  Give  You  20 

Years  to  Pay- 
Rich  Canadian  land,  $11  to  $30  per  acre 
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We  Lend  You  $2000 

For  Farm  Improvements  Only 

No  other  security  than  the  land.  You  are  given 
twenty  years  to  pay  with  interest  at  6*.  In  case  of 
approved  land  purchaser,  we  advance  live  stock  to 
the  value  of  $1,000  on  a  loan  basis. 

Or  if  you  want  a  place  already  established,  vou  will 
find  one  on  our  Keady-Made-Farm.  All  planned  by  our 
experts,  and  our  service  and  advice  is  yours  free. 

This  Great  Offer  Is  Based  On  Good  Land 

Finest  on  earth  for  general  mixed  farming— irrigated 
and  non-irrigated  lands.  Located  on  or  near  railway 
The  famous  Canadian  West  has  magnificent  soil,  good 
climate,  churches,  public  schools,  good  markets,  good 
hotels,  unexcelled  transportation— and  20  years  to  pay 
Time  is  precious.    "Write  today. 

H.  E.  THORNTON,  Colonization  Agent 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway 

Colonization  Department 

112W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  III. 

)R  SALE— Town  lols  in  all  growing  towns.    Ask  for  informa- 
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by  mail  in  eight  weeks  and  our  Free  Employment  Bureau 
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who  are  now  earning;  $100  to  $500  a  month.   Address  nearest  office. 

Dept.A-18   National  Salesmen's  Training  Ass'n. 

Chicago        New  York        Kansas  City        San  Francisco 


STANDARDIZING  THE  CHILD 

(Continued from  page  352) 

with  a  proper  plumbing  system  in  their 
homes  in  inks  of  different  color,  we  shall 
have  a  direct  comparison  of  the  health 
and  mental  condition  of  the  two  classes ; 
city  and  country  children  may  be  bal- 
anced against  each  other,  in  the  same 
way;  and  whites  and  negroes  may  be 
contrasted. 

One  of  the  by-products  of  the  investi- 
gation will  be  the  standardization  of  the 
tests  used  for  immigrants.  If  an  aver- 
age school  child  of  ten  can  perform  an 
experiment  in  the  same  time  that  it  takes 
an  illiterate  immigrant  child  of  twelve 
years,  it  will  be  shown  that  the  school 
child  of  twelve  years  is  mentally  two 
years  ahead  of  the  immigrant  child  of  the 
same  age.  And  these  are  but  a  few  of 
the  interesting  deductions  we  may  an- 
ticipate. 

From  these  experiments  all  present 
indications  are  that  the  conclusions  will 
be:  First,  some  of  the  South's  children 
will  be  shown  to  equal  any  Northern 
children  found ;  second,  backwardness  in 
many  cases  will  be  shown  to  be  from  the 
same  causes  that  retard  the  physical  and 
the  mental  development  of  Northern 
children ;  third,  the  backwardness  of 
some  of  the  South's  other  children  will 
be  definitely  proved  as  due  to  causes 
quite  distinct  from  those  operating  in  the 
North,  but  to  causes  that,  it  is  hoped, 
are  easily  remediable,  in  particular,  the 
hookworm. 

Five  years  after  the  present  investiga- 
tion is  finished,  the  work  will  be  exactly 
repeated  in  Wilmington.  The  investi- 
gators will  compare  the  average  child  of 
that  period  with  the  average  child  of  the 
present.  It  then  will  be  seen  what  has 
been  accomplished  for  those  children 
whose  parents  have  taken  an  interest  in 
the  prevention  and  cure  of  ground  itch 
and  hookworm.  And  we  shall  look  with 
genuine  interest  to  see  what  effect  im- 
proved sanitation  has  had  upon  the  gen- 
eral average  of  health  and  mentality. 

The  results  obtained  here  will  doubt- 
less have  a  bearing  on  future  educational 
processes  in  the  South.  In  any  event, 
Doctor  Stiles  and  his  staff  will  endeavor 
to  give  to  the  South  a  standardization 
of  its  children,  from  the  physical  and 
mental  points  of  view,  and  a  basis  for 
comparison  in  future  educational  work. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


465 


WE  INVITE 

EVERY    THIN     MAIM     AND    WOMAN 


This  is  an  invitation  that  no  thin  man 
or  woman  can  afford  to  ignore.  We  in- 
vite you  to  try  a  new  treatment  called 
"Sargol"  that  helps  digest  the  food 
you  eat — that  puts  good,  solid  flesh  on 
people  that  are  thin  and  under  weight. 

How  can  "Sargol"  do  this?  We 
will  tell  you.  This  new  treatment  is  a 
scientific,  assimilative  agent  for  increas- 
ing cell  growth,  the  very  substance  of 
which  our  bodies  are  made.  It  puts  red 
corpuscles  in  the  blood  which  every 
thin  person  so  sadly  needs,  strengthens 
the  nerves  and  puts  the  digestive  tract 
in  such  shaDe  that  every  ounce  of  food 
may  give  out  its  full  amount  of  nour- 
ishment to  the  b!ood  instead  of  passing 
through  the  system  undigested  and 
unassimilated. 

Women  who  never  appeared  stylish 
in  anything  they  wore  because  of  their 
thinness,  men  under  weight  or  lacking 
in  nerve  force  or  energy  tell  how  they 
have  been  made  to  enjoy  the  pleasures 
of  life — been  fitted  to  fight  life's  bat- 
tles, as  never  for  years,  through  the 
use  of  "Sargol." 

If  you  want  a  beautiful  and  well- 
rounded  figure  of  which  you  can  be  just- 
ly proud — a  body  full  of  throbbing  life 
and  energy,  write  the  Sargol  Company, 
120-T  Herald  Bldg.,  Binghamton,  N. 
Y. ,  today,  for  a  50c.  box  '  Sargol,"  ab- 
solutely free,  and  use  with  every  meal. 

But  you  say  you  want  proof !  Well, 
here  you  are.     Here  is  the  statement 


of  those  who  have  tried  —  been  con- 
vinced— and  will  swear  to  the  virtues 
of  this  preparation: 

REV.  GEORGE  W.  DAVIS  »«y.: 

"I  have  made  a  faithful  trial  of  the  Sargol  treatment  and  must  say  it 
has  brought  to  me  new  life  and  vigor.  1  have  gained  twenty  pounds 
and  now  weigh  170  pounds,  and,  what  is  better,  I  have  gained  the  days 
of  my  boyhood.     It  has  been  the  turning  point  of  my  life." 

MRS.  A.  I.  RODENHEISER  writes: 

"I  have  Brained  immensely  since  I  took  Sargol,  ior  I  only  weighed 
about  106  pounds  when  I  began  using  it  and  now  I  weigh  130  pounds, 
so  really  this  makes  twenty-lour  pounds.  1  feel  stronger  and  am  look- 
ing better  than  ever  before,  and  now  I  carry  rosy  cheeks,  which  is 
something  I  could  never  say  before." 

CLAY  JOHNSON  uyt: 

"Please  send  me  another  ten -day  treatment.  I  am  well  pleased  with 
Sargol.  It  has  been  the  light  of  my  life.  I  am  getting  back  to  my  proper 
weight  again.  When  1  began  to  take  Sargol  I  only  weighed  138  pounds, 
and  now,  4  weeks  later.  I  am  weighing  153  pounds  and  feeling  fine." 

F.  GAGNON  write*: 

"Here  is  my  report  since  taking  the  Sargol  treatment.  I  am  a  man  67 
years  of  age  and  was  all  run  down  to  the  very  bottom.  I  had  to  quit 
work,  I  was  so  weak.  Now,  thanks  to  Sargol,  I  look  like  a  new  man. 
I  gained  22  lbs.  with  23  days*  treatment.  I  cannot  tell  you  how  happy 
I  feel." 

MRS.  VERNIE  ROUSE  «y«: 

"Sargol  is  certainly  the  greatest  treatment  I  ever  used.  I  took  only 
two  boxes  of  Sargol.  My  weight  was  120  pounds  and  now  I  weigh  140 
and  feel  better  than  I  have  for  five  years.  I  am  now  as  fleshy  as  I 
want  to  be,  and  shall  certainly  recommend  Sargol,  for  ft  does  just 
exactly  what  you  say  it  will  do." 

Full  address  of  any  of  these  people  if 
you  wish. 

Probably  you  are  now  thinking 
whether  all  this  can  be  true.  Stop  it! 
"Sargol"  does  make  thin  people  add 
flesh,  but  we  don't  ask  you  to  take  our 
word  for  it.  Write  us  today  and  we 
will  send  you  absolutely  free  a  50c. 
package  for  trial. 

Cut  off  coupon  below  and  pin  to  your  letter 


THIS  COUPON  GOOD  FOR  SOc. 
PACKAGE  "SARGOL" 

This  coupon  entitles  any  thin  person  to  one 
50c.  package  "Sargol"  (provided  you  have 
never  tried  it).  The  Sargol  Company,  120-T 
Herald  Bldg.,  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 


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Oppprtunit^;G>lumns 


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WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  MANOR 
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friends.  No  money  required.  U.  Ward 
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GOODS.  Oarleton  made  $8.00  one  after- 
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Co.,  401  N.  Clark,  Chicago.  U.  S.  A. 

WOULD    YOU   TAKE  A   STEADY    JOB 

clearing  $30  weekly  with  opportunity  of  be- 
ing district  manager?  Experience  unneces- 
sary. Great  crew  manager's  proposition.  My 
plan  always  wins.  E.  M.  Davis,  Pres.,  R  161. 
Davis  Bldg.,  Chicago. 

WANTED  —  Responsible  party  to  take 
charge  of  our  business  in  each  county  hand- 
ling sale  of  Automatic  Combination  Tool,  a 
combined  wire  fence  stretcher,  post  puller, 
liftingjack,  etc.  Liftsor pulls 3 tons,  weighB 
24  pounds.  Sells  readily  to  farmers,  shops, 
contractors,  etc.  No  experience  necessary. 
Descriptive  catalogue,  prices  and  terms  free 
upon  request.  HarrahMfg.  Co.,  Drawer  B., 
Bloomfield,  Indiana. 


AGENTS  AND  SIDE  LINE  MEN  ARE 
getting  the  money  with  our  patented  clip. 
Does  away  with  back  collar  button.  Permits 
tie  to  slide  easily.  Sample  10c.  Comfort 
Collar  Clip  Co..  306  W.  Van  Buren,  Chicago. 

AUTOMOBILES 


USE  AN  AIR-FRICTION  1914  MODEL 
"C."  Increases  power  and  economy  of 
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choke  or  load.  Uses  distillate,  gasoline  or 
half  kerosene  with  finest  results.  StartB 
easy  in  coldest  weather.  We  fit  all  motors, 
guaranteeing  definite  results  or  refund 
money.  Exclusive  county  rights.  Liberal 
exchange  on  other  carburetors.  The  Air- 
Friction  Carburetor  Co.,  Dayton.  Ohio. 

FOR  SALE  —  Vulcanizing  Plant,  equip- 
ment for  all  casings  and  tubes,  cost  seventy- 
five,  good  as  new,  cash  price  twenty  dollars. 
A.  M.  Baugh,  Omaha,  Neb. 

CVCLECAR— all  parts.  Motors,  Frames, 
Steering  Gear,  Hubs.  Spokes,  Rims,  Tires, 
Parts.  Catalogue  free.  Palmer  Bros., 
Ooscob,  Conn. 

BANKRUPT  sale  50  new  automobiles  $75 
up.  FAIRBANKS-MORSE  32  horse  station- 
ary gasolene  engine  almost  new.  cheap. 
Wills  Automobile  Works,  Canal  Dover,  Ohio 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 


WOULD  you  like  to  own  a  good  paying 
mail  order  business?  We  have  a  line  that 
gets  repeat  orders  all  the  time;  you  can 
start  in  spare  time;  invest  a  dollar  or  two  a 
week  and  soon  own  a  nice  business  of  your 
own:  write  for  particulars.  Nadico,  1655 
Beimon.t  Ave.,  Chicago. 

WRITE  US  before  you  buy  or  sell  prop- 
ertv.  Bargains  every  where— inquiries  daily. 
"NrSOO"-XCF-Oincinnati. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITJES-Continued 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  WOMAN  $250.00 
for  distributing  2000  FREE  packages  Per- 
fumed Soap  Powder  in  your  town.  No  mon- 
ey required.  U.  Ward  &  Co.,  218  Institute 
Place,  Chicago. 

I  MADE  A  FORTUNE  IN  MAIL-ORDER 

business.  From  small  beginning  my  sales 
now  total  close  to  One  Million  Five  Hundred 
Thousand  Dollarsannually.  Whycan'tyou 
do  as  well?  Get  my  free  booklet—  "Horn  To 
Make  Money  In  1  he  Mail  Order  Business." 
Randolph  Rose,  231  Roe  Bldg.,  Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 


COINS   AND   STAMPS 


$4.25  EACH  paid  for  U.  8.  Flying  Eagle 
Cents  dated  1856.  Keep  all  money  dated  be- 
fore 1895,  and  send  10c  at  once  for  New  Il- 
lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  may 
mean  |vour  fortune.  Clarke  A  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers,  Box  142.  Le  Roy.  N.  Y. 

10  VARIETIES   FOREIGN  COINS,  15c; 

20,  25c.  200  Different  stamps.  Album,  Mounts 
and  Millimetre  Scale  20c.  Burgess  Co.,  522 
Beacon,  Toledo,  Ohio. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


GRANDFATHERS  CLOCK  WORKS, 
$5.00.  Slightly  shopworn,  quantity  limited, 
others  with  chimes,  all  prices;  also  several 
nice  grandfather's  clock  cases,  exceptional 
bargains.  Clock  Company,  1690  Cayuga  St., 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


HELP  WANTED 


LOCAL  REPRESENTATIVE  WANTED 

—Splendid  income  assured  right  man  to  act 
as  our  representative  after  learning  our 
business  thoroughly  by  mail.  Former  ex- 
perience unnecessary.  All  we  require  is 
honesty,  ability,  ambition  and  willingness 
to  learn  a  lucrative  business.  No  soliciting 
or  traveling.  All  or  spare  time  only.  This 
is  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  a  man  in 
your  section  to  get  into  a  big  paying  busi- 
ness without  capital  and  become  independ- 
ent for  life.  Write  at  once  for  full  par- 
ticulars. National  Co-Operative  Realty 
Company,  L-136,  Marden  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

FREE  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK  tells  of 
about  300.000  protected  positions  in  U.  8. 
service.  Thousands  of  vacancies  every  year. 
There  is  a  big  chance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pay,  lifetime  employment.  Just 
ask  for  booklet  8-2.  No  obligation.  Earl 
Hopkins,  Washington.  D.  C. 

MEN  OF  IDEAS  and  inventive  ability 
should  write  for  new  '"Lists  of  Needed  In- 
ventions," "Patent  Buyers"  and  "How  to 
Get  Your  Patent  and  Your  Money."  Advice 
FREE.  Randolph  &  Co.,  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept.  36,  Washington.  D.  C. 

I  WILL  START  YOU  earning  $4  daily  at 
home  in  spare  time,  silvering  mirrors;  no 
capital;  send  for  free  instructive  booklet, 
giving  plans  of  operation.  G.  F.  Redmond, 
Dept.  B-P,  Boston,  Mass. 

$65.00  TO  $150.00  MONTH  PAID  MEN 
and  women  in  U.  8.  Government  Positions. 
Life  jobs.  Thousands  of  appointments 
coming  during  1914.  Common  education 
sufficient.  "Pull"  unnecessary.  Write  to- 
day for  free  list  of  positions  now  available. 
Franklin  Institute,  Dept.  F29,  Rochester, 
N.  Y. 

POETS  AND  SONG  WRITERS- We  will 
compose  music  to  your  verses,  publish,  ad- 
vertise, copyright  in  your  name  and  pay  you 
60  per  cent  of  profits  if  successful.  We  pay 
hundreds  of  dollars  a  year  to  amateur 
writers.  Send  us  your  poems  or  melodies 
today.  Acceptance  guaranteed  if  available. 
Examination  and  advice  Free.  Dugdale 
Co  ,  252  Dugdale  Building,  Washington, 
D.  C. 


HELP  WANTED-Continuad 


REPORT  INFORMATION.  NEWS, 
NAMES,  etc.,  to  us.  No  canvassing  — spare 
time.  We  have  established  markets.  Par- 
ticulars for  stamp.  "NISCO"  —  HCF  — 
Cincinnati. 


MACHINERY 


INYKNTOKS.  We  manufacture  metal 
articlei  of  all  kinds,  to  order.  Also,  special 
machinery,  tools  and  dies,  punehiDgs.  lathe 
and  screw  machine  work,  metal  spinnings, 
castings,  plating,  wood  and  metal  patterns, 
etc.  Send  sample  for  estimate  and  expert 
advice,  free.  THE  EAGLE  MFG.  CO., 
Dept.  E,  Cincinnati,  O. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


I  MADE  $50,000  IN  FIVE  YEARS  WITH 
a  small  mail  order  business;  began  with  $5. 
Write  for  particulars.  Heacock,  64*.  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y. 

SAVE  40%  ON  PHOTO  PAPER -FROM 
factory.  INS'l  ANTO  prints  quicker,  han- 
dled easier,  shows  better  detail.  Send  25c 
for  three  doz.  postals  4x6.  Money  back 
guarantee.  The  Photo  Products  Co.  (Mfrs.), 
6117  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

"HEAVEN  AND  HELL."  Swedenhorg's 
400  page  work.    15  cents,  postpaid.    Pastor 

Landenberger,  Windsor  Place,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

RENEW    'BURNED    OUT"   ELECTRIC 

Light  globes!  Utility  of  globe  doubled  and 
trebled.  Satisfaction  guaranteed  or  money 
refunded.  Complete  instructions  20c.  Suc- 
cess Supply  Co.,  T.  W.  2,  Hannibal.  Mo. 


MOTION  PICTURE  PLAYS 


WRITE  MOVING  PICTURE  PLAYS:  $50 
each;  all  or  spare  time;     correspondence 

course  unnecessary.      Details    free.      Atlas 
Publishing  Co..  329,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


MOTORCYCLES 


MOTORCYCLES.  Everybody  rides  them. 
Why  don't  you?  You're  next.  We  guarantee 
to  save  you  $25  to  $50.  Kultures,  Yales, 
Readings.  Indians,  Excelsiors,  Thors.  Hart- 
leys, Hendersons,  Pierces,  Curtiss,  Single 
and  Twins.  $25  to  $100.00.  Tires  $4.00.  Belts 
$5.00.  Send  for  catalog.  Deninger  Cycle 
Co..  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 


fiFFIPIAI  I>KAWING8  FREE.  Patents 
UrriblHL  procured  or  fee  returned.  Ex- 
pert services.  Bend  sketch  for  Free  search. 
The  Patent  Exchange,  Jordon  Bldg.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

PATENT  WHAT  YOU  INVENT.  It  may 
be  valuable.  Write  me.  No  attorney's  fee 
until  patent  is  allowed.  Bstab.  1SS,  "In- 
ventor's Guide"  FREE.  Franklin  H.  Hough. 
521  Loan  &  Trust  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  0. 

PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  Send 
sketch  for  free  expert  search  and  report  as 
to  patentability.  Books  on  inventions  and 
patents,  and  book  of  references  from  con- 
gressmen, manufacturers,  bankers  and  in- 
ventors sent  free.  John  8.  Dulfie  &  Co., 
606  F.  St..  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  O. 

BUSINESS  GOES  WHERE  INVITED 
and  stays  where  well  treated.  My  27  yean 
of  personal  attention  has  procured  patents 
forsuceessful  inventorsand  manufacturers. 
Grasp  this  opportunity  to  get  the  same  ser- 
vice. Write  and  send  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges,  630  Barrister  Bldg.,  Wash..  D.  O. 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


467 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS— Continued 


PATENTS  AND   PATENT   ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 

PATENTS -HERBERT  JENNER,  pat- 
ent attorney  and  mechanical  export,  606  F 
St..  Washington.  D.  0.,  established  1883.  I 
make  a  free  examination,  and  report  if  a 
patent  can  be  had  and  exactly  what  it  will 
cost.     Send  for  circular. 

PATENTS  THAT  PROTEfT.  Advice  and 
books  free.  Highest  references.  Bestresults. 
Send  sketch  or  model  for  free  search. 
Watson  E.  Ooleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  624  F 
Street,  Washington.  D.  0. 

PATENTS  SECIRED.  Take  advantagp 
of  my  personal  experience,  send  sketch  or 
model.  Get  my  free  book  containing  200 
mechanical  movements,  W.  N.  Roach,  Jr., 
952  McGill  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

PROTECTIVE  PATENTS  PROCIKKD 
promptly.  Patent  books  free.  Trademarks 
registered.  Robb  A  Robb,  2U4-206  Southern 
Building,  Washington,  1).  C. 

0.  L.  PARKER,  Patent  Attorney.  944 
Ci  St  reft.  \\  ■Jihlnginn,  D.  C.  Inventor's 
handbook.  "Protecting.  Exploiting  and 
Selling  Inventions,"  sent  free  upon  request. 


PATENTS  without  advance  attorney's 
fees.  Send  sketch  for  free  report.  BookB 
free.     Fuller  A  Fuller,  Washington,  D.  0. 


WRITE  for  my  "Words  of  Value  to  In- 
ventor-." ,J<fhn  R.  Wood  worth.  Registered 
Attorney,  Wardir  Uldg.,  Washington,  D.  0. 


PATENTS   AND   PATENT   ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 


"PATENTS  AND  PATENT  POS8IBII  - 
ities,"  a  72-page  treatise  sent  free  upon  re- 
quest:  tells  what  to  invent  and  where  to  sell 
it.  Write  today.  H.  8.  Hill,  907  McLachlen 
Building,  Washington,  D.  0. 


PATENT  YOUE  INVENTION.  $10,000 
offered  for  inventions  wanted.  Booklet  and 
opinion  free.  Milo  B.  Stevens  A  Co.  Es- 
tablished 1864.  612  F  St.,  Washington;  336 
Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 


INVENTORS-WRITE  FOR  OUR  8PE- 
cial  offer  for  securing  patents.  Win.  N. 
Moore  6  Co.,  734  L.  A  T.  Bldg.,  Washington, 
D.  C. 


TECHNICAL  BOOKS 


FOR  SALE— 10  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Architec- 
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an'1  Insurance.  Latest  books  on  these  sub- 
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ing Reference  Library,  8  Vol.  Cyclopedia 
Agriculture,  6  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Advertising. 
These  books  are  in  first  class  condition- 
never  used.  Special  low  prices  for  quick 
sale.  Engineering  hand  books  covering 
every  subject.  Let  me  know  your  wants. 
Can  make  prompt  shipment.  Address  C. 
EL  W.,  care  of  Technical  World  Magazine, 
Chicago,  111. 


STOCKS    AND    BONDS 


A  BARGAIN.-7%  PREFERRED  STOCK, 
Scientific  American  Compiling  Company, 
publishers  Encyclopedia  Americana.  Stock 
has  paid  1%  for  the  last  ten  years.  Now  held 
25%  above  par.  Will  sacrifice  one  hundred 
$10.00  Preferred  Shares  at  98  and  give  bonus 
of  twenty  shares  Common  Stock.  Recom- 
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G.  A.  Kates,  610  E.  62nd  St.,  Chicago.  111. 


TYPEWRITERS 


LARGEST  STOCK  OF  TYPEWRITERS 
in  America.  All  makes.  Underwoods,  L. 
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prices  (many  less>-RENTED  ANYWHERE 
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alog 12b.  Typewriter  Emporium  ,Estab. 
1H92).  34-36  W.  Lake  St..  Chicago. 

SAVE  $25  to  $50  ON  MANUFACTURERS' 
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catalog  of  standard  makes.  American  Writ- 
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TYPEWRITER  for  $5.00,  Standard  make, 
other  bargains  if  taken  quickly.  Write  for 
further  particulars.  Rebuilt  machines 
guaranteed.  Supplies  at  lowest  rates. 
Standard  Typewriter  Exchange,  31  Park 
Row,  N.  Y. 


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Our  extensive  national  advertising  yields  thousands  of  inquiries « 
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A  scientific  treatment  which  has  cured  half  a  million 
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full  particulars  write 

To  the  Following  Keeley  Institutes: 


Htrmlnrham,  Ala. 
Hot  Sprinie*.  Ark. 
I.oaAnrelea,  Calif.,  M»r«h-Htr..n|r  Hide. 
Han  franeiMo,  Calif.,  l>uu*la»  Bldg. 
tlanU.  t.a. 


Marlon,  lad.  Oklahoma  City.  Okla.,  918  *.  Htllee  81. 

PlaiiiUHd.  lad.  Philadelphia,  Pa,  H\  >  N.  Broad  St. 

Oah  orrhard.  Ej.  Pitt-burr,  P»-  424«  Firth  Ave. 

Portland,  Maine.  Columbia,  8.  C. 

(Jreennboro.  N.  ('.  Dallas,  Texas 

tohmhut,  Ohio  Halt  Lake  City,  Utah 


Seattle,  Wash. 
Wankexha,  Wis. 
Winnipeg,  Man. 
liuatemala  City,  (Guatemala 
Pnebla,  Mexico 
London*  England 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


A  Happy  Marriage 

Depends  largely  on  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  whole  truth  about 
self  and  sex  and  their  relation 
to  life  and  health.  This  knowl- 
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SEXOLOGY 

{Illustrated) 

by  William  H.  Walling,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  imparts  in  a  clear, 
wholesome  way,  in  one  volume: 

Knowledge  a  Young  Man  Should  Have. 

Knowledge  a  Young  Husband  Should  Have* 

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Medical  Knowledge  a  Husband  Should  Have. 
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Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Impart  to  Her  Daughter. 
Medical  Knowledge  a  Wife  Should  Have. 
All  in  one    volume.  Illustrated,   $2.  postpaid. 

Write  for  '  'Other  People's  Opinions' '  and  Table  of  Contents. 

PURITAN  PUB.  CO..  770  Perry  Bldg..  PHILA.  PA. 


Manufacturers 
are  constantly  writing  me  for 
new  ideas  protected  by  OWEN  PATENTS.  Send  for  my  free 
literature  and  read  their  wants. 

P  R  F  F  I  £hree  finest  patent  books  published !  72- page  guide 
lIlLt  !  "Successful  Patents;"  "Stepping  Stones"  (contain- 
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about  prizes,  reward  offers,  etc.)  and  "Patent  Promotion" 
(tells  how  to  sell  your  rights;  chief  causes  of  failure,  etc.) 
All  sent  free  upon  request. 

Very  highest  references.  I  help  my  clients  sell  their  pat- 
ents or  dispose  of  their  applications.  Advice  free.  No  ob- 
ligation incurred  by  writing  me.  Free  manufacturing  fa- 
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as  to  patentability,  practicability,  etc. 

RICHARD  B.  OWEN,  19  Owen  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


PATENTS 


C.   L.    PARKER 

Formerly  Member  Examining 

Corps,  U.  S.  Patent  Office 
PATENT    LAWYER 

44  McGill  Bldg. 

Washington,  D.  C. 


Patents,  Trade  Marks,  Copyrights,  Patent  Litigation 

Handbook  for  Inventors,  "Protecting.  Exploiting 
and  Selling  Inventions"  sent  free  upon  request. 


PATENTS 

THAT  PROTECT  AND  PAY 

Books,  Advice  and  Searches  FREE 

Send  sketch  or  model  for  search.      Highest  References. 
Best  Results.    Promptness  Assured. 

WATSON  E.  COLEMAN,  Patent  Lawyer 

624  F.  Street,  N.  W.  Washington,  D.  C. 


PA 


trade  MARKS. COPYRIGHT 


Difficult  and  Rejected  Cases  Solicited 

Experienced  Service — 29  years'  active  practice.    Liberal  terms — Book  Free 

E.  G.  SIGGERS 

Box  12,  N.  U.  Building  Washington,  D.  C. 


For    Interesting    and    Valuable    Inforjnation    about 

PATENTSWANT£D 

and  bought  by  Manufacturers,  send  6  cents  postage  for 
large  Illustrated  paper  Visible  Results  and  Terms  Book. 
E.S.4A.  B.  L&cey,  Dept.O,  Washington,  D.  0.       Ertab.  1369. 


PATENTS 

I  TRADEMARKS    AND   COPYRIGHTS 

SECURED  OR   FEE  RETURNED 

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free  search  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office  records. 

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books:  the  finest  publications  ever  issued  for  free  distribution, 

HOW  TO  OBTAIN  A  PATENT 

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book  of  reference  for  inventors  and  contains  100  mechanical 
movements  illustrated  and  described. 

FORTUNES  IN  PATENTS 

Tells  How  to  Invent  for  Profit  and  gives  history  of  suc- 
cessful inventions. 

WHAT  TO  INVENT 

Contains  a  valuable  list  of  Inventions  Wanted  and  sug- 
gestions concerning  profitable  fields  of  invention.  Also  in- 
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which  is  a 


PRIZE  OF  $100,000 


offered  for  one  invention  and  $10,000  for  others. 
PATENTS  THAT  PAY 

Contains  fac-similes  of  unsolicited  letters  from  our  clients 
who  have  built  up  profitable  enterprises  founded  upon  patents 
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Victor  J.  Evans  &  Co. 


Main  Office,,  724-726  Ninth  St..  N.  W. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


ROCKWOQ 

Paper 
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Important  to 
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point,  provides  unlimited  flexibility  of 
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Our  booklet.  "Friction  Transmission,  "gives 
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The  Rockwood  Mfg.  Co. 

1903  Engliah  Avenue 
Indianapolis.  Ind..  U.  S.  A. 


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DIET 


VERSUS 


DRUGS 


Indigestible,  irritating  foods  and  the  retention  of  their  waste  matter  are  the  cause  of  homeliness 
(double  chin,  dull  eyes,  bad  skin,  fagged  face,  etc.)  dullness  and  disease.  The  foods  which  cause 
expectoration,  catarrh,  cough,  constipation,  tumors,  etc.,  are  specified  in  the  booklet.  Wrongly 
combined  foods  ferment,  cause  gas,  poison,  or  kill  ;  e.  g.,  gastritis,  appendicitis,  apoplexy,  etc. 

Drugs  never  have  cured  disease,  never  can  and  never  will  cure.  No  Foods  Sold. 

Body  rebuilt  and  purified  by  a  suitable  diet,  free  from  irritating  and  indigestible  materials. 


MUSCLE 


SOLVENTS 


STRIKING  EFFECTS  OF  DIFFERENT  COMBINATIONS  OF  FOOD 

Au  excess  of  starchy  and  fatty  combinations  of  foods  make  you  sluggish ;  it 
will  give  you  dull,  splitting  headaches,  lack  of  memory  and  concentration,  drowsiness 
and  inertia.  A  complete  change  to  "digestible"  brainy  foods  (suitable  meat,  game,  fish 
and  dairy  foods,  combined  with  suitable  vegetables  and  fruits  according  to  the  new 
brainy  diet  plan)   will  produce  the  most  marked  improvements  in  a  few  weeks. 

One  dropsical  consultant  lost  18  pounds  of  over-weight 
in  I  he  first  week,  and  returned  to  business. 

Another,  a  thin  man,  after  being  out  of  work  nearly  a 
year  through  weakness,  was  restored  in  three  weeks  to  hard 
work  as  a  carpenter  at  full  pay.  In  such  cases  the  change 
from  a  clojging,  death-producing  diet  to  energizing  foods 
caused  a  literal  transformation. 

Another  patient,  deaf  in  the  right  ear.  owing  to  a  dis- 
charge caused  by  an  excess  of  mucus-making  foods  •(cream, 
butter,  cheese,  etc.),  was  completely  cured  of  deafness  and 
catarrh  by  taking  correct  combinations  of  suitable  foods. 

A  case  of  kidney  and  bladder  trouble  of  ten  years'  stand- 
ing was  saved  from  a  surgical  operation,  and  the  objectiona- 
ble discharge  cured  within  ten  days,  because  the  loss  of  con- 
trol was  due  entirely  to  the  constant  irritation  from  certain 
irritating  foods  and  drinks. 

A  chronic  sufferer,  weighing  415  pounds,  reduced  over 
150  pounds  (In  public  life,  under  many  witnesses),  gaining 
strength  and  firmer  flesh,  and  losing  rheumatism. 

IMPORTANT — Long  Personal  Experience,  Individualized 
Advice — During  fifteen  years  of  personal  experiments,  I  have 
learned  to  produce  in  myself  the  symptoms  of  various  dis- 
eas  es,  each  by  eating  certain  wrong  foods  for  a  few  days  or  weeks.  They  are :  Rheu- 
matism, catarrh,  sore  thoat,  constipation,  double  chin,  swollen  glands,  kidney  trou- 
bles, shortness  of  breath,  rough  scalv  skin,  dandruff,  sores,  bolls,  pimples,  rash. 
AND  I  CAN  RESTORE  NORMAL  HEALTH  IN  A  FEW  DAYS  BY  CORRECT  FOODS. 
"THE  NEW  BRAINY  DIET  SYSTEM"  SENT  FOR  TEN  CENTS 
Send  Addresses  of  Your  Sick  Friends  to 

Q.  H.  BRINKLER,    Food  Expert,    Dept.  17-E  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


BLOOD  PURIFIERS 
OfL^JLAXATIVES 

It 


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470 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


TECHwe: 

WQRLD 

MAGAZINE 


Over  150,000 

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is  a  publication  devoted  to  the  in- 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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472 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


473 


Diamonds  W  matches. 

on  Credit 


SEND    FOR 

Free  Jewelry  I 
C  A  T ALOG 

This  handsome    lOO-page    Illustrated 

Catalog  may  truly  be  called  the  "Book  of 
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Send  It  to  You  on  Approval 
If  satisfactory,  send  us  one-fifth  of  pur- 
chase pri  ;e  as  first  payment,  balance  divid- 
ed into  eitrht  equal  amounts,  payable  monthly. 
We  pay  all  delivery  charges.  Send  for  Catalog, 


THIS    IS 
THE  RING 
*SHE  WANTS  I 
The  Loftls  "Perfection"  Diamond  Ring  fs 

our  great  special.  It  stands  alone  as  themost 

Serf  ect  Diamond  Ring  ever  produced.  Only  the 
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"Perfection"  14k  solid  gold  6-prongring,  which 
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Credit  Terms:  $5  a  Month 

The  Loftis  Credit  System  is  a  great  con-    m 
venience  at  alt  times,  hig  bargains  in  ladies*  and   flanL 
men's  watches.    We  Rive  better  val 
ier  terma  than  any  house  in  America.  Write  today.! 


LOFTIS  BROS.  &  CO..  Diamonds.  Watches,  etc. 

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i are  as hard 
to  please  as  I  am, 

in  this  matter  of  ci- 
gars, I  believe  my 
private  "J.  R.  W." 
Havana  brand  will 
delight  you. 

For  many  years  I 
have  had  these  cigars 
made  to  order  in  a  full  5-inch  panetela,  with 
my  own  monogram  band.  The  leaf  comes 
from  a  mountainous  district  in  Cuba.  It  is 
especially  selected  for  me  by  a  man  whore- 
sides  there — a  connoisseur  in  tobaccos. 

See  If  You  Agree 

I  am  glad  to  share  my  discovery  with  men  who 
want  something  exceptional — a  ran  .  sweet  smoke — 
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My  ofler  makes  it  easy.    Write  me  today  as  below. 

Five  Cigars  Free 

If  you  will  send  me  10  cents — towards  forwarding 
expenses  —  I  will  mail  you  trial  cigars.  Smoke  five 
with  me  —  convince  yourself.  The  price  is  $5  per 
hundred.$2.60for50 — all  charges  prepaid.  U»e  your 
letter-head,  please — stating  your  position — or  your 
business  card,  and  write  now  for  these  cigars.    (41) 

J.  ROGERS  WARNER 

827  Lockwood  Building.  BUFFALO.  N.  Y. 


Like  a  clean  china  dish 


Superb  Porcelain  Lined — the  delijjht  of  every  woman's 
heart— the  pride  of  every  housekeeper.  Here's  that 
famous  Refrigerator  with  the  seamless,  scratchless  dish* 
like  lining,  the  genuine 

Leonard  Cleanable 

Don't  confuse  this  wonderful  sanitary  lining  with  paint 
or  enamel.  I  will  mail  you — free — a  sample  of  Leonard 
Porcelain  that  will  quickly  show  you  the  difference. 
You  can't  scratch  it  even  with  a  knife.  It's  everlasting — easily 
kept  beautifully  sweet  and  clean.  You'll  never  be  satisfied 
with  anything  else.  Can  be  arranged  for  outside  icing 
and  water  cooler.  Style  shown  is  No.  4.  in  <C*2C  (\f\ 
polished  oak  case.    Size,  35x21  x4S     .    .    M>*>**.VV 

50  Stylet— $15  up— Freight  Paid 

To  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers.  I  take  the  risk  :  send  for  catalog 
today.  Money  returned  if  you  are  not  perfectly  satisfied.  Ask  for 
sample  of  porcelain  and  I'll  mail  my  booklet  "Care  of  Refrigerators." 
Every  woman  should  have  a  copy  of  this  valuable  book. 

C.  H.  LEONARD,  President,  Grand  Rapids  Refrigerator  Co. 
139  Clyde  Park  Ave.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.        (1) 


ROTARY    POSITIVE      BLOWERS     and 

VADIUM     DllklDC     loz. to  lO  lbs. pressure 
iHUUUlTi     rUIYIrO     1  to  20  In.  vacuum 

Take  up  own  wear 

They  make  the 
most  POWER- 
FUL VACUUM 
CLEANERS, 
also  used  for 

high  heats  with  gas 

and  oil  burning  appliances,  au- 
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We  also  make  machinery  for  cutting  and  polishing-  quartz  specimens 

^n^SX^'SSB^&S^S:  LEIMAH  BR0S.,62JohnSt.,NEWY0RK_ 


umjticft  view 


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474 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Double  Your 
EarningPower 

The  great  secret  of  business 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


477 


"Sacrifice!  It's  women  who  sacri- 
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pelled    to    ac- 
knowledge the  truth 
of  it     Hadn't   she 
been  fighting  against 
the  very  thing  for  the  last 
two  years  ?  Didn't  she  know 
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478 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZINE 


How  an  artist,  a  magician  and  a 
circus  man  all  became  millionaires 


il^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii  ■  "r 

"f  ^  ...    s  ■■■■1 

■          ,       i|pi 

■"^PS 

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r  *<        ^^^^H 

^H 

One  of  the  fascinatingly  American  phases  of  the  motion  picture  business  lies  in  the  for- 
tunes that  have  been  made  by  those  who  got  in  on  the  "ground  floor."  Nothing  shows 
this  better  than  the  story  of  J.  Stuart  Blackton,  "the  Belasco  of  the  picture  plays," 
who  formerly  was  a  crayon  artist  on  a  lyceum  circuit,  and  his  two  partners,  a  former 
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talents  and  formed  one  of  the  biggest  of  the  present  day  picture  play  concerns  is  only  one 
of  the  clever  and  interesting  stories  in  The  June  Blue  Book  Magazine' s  up-to-the-minute 
Motion  Picture  Department. 

Here  are  some  of  the  other  interesting  features: 


The  story  of  a  man  who  leaps  from  bridges 
and  cliffs  just  as  a  part  of  the  day's  work. 
A  vivid  descriptive  article  about  the  big 
picture-play  plants"  around  Los  Angeles. 
An  article  introducing  to  you  the  highest  paid 
and  most  pictured  man  in  the  game." 
How  actual  historical  scenes  are  reproduced 
for  staging  a  big  picture  play. 


The  story  of  a  woman  who  thinks  nothing 
of  swimming  a  torrent  for  a  photoplay. 
A  line"  on  the  salaries  the  various  players  and 
'  supes' '  get  for  their  work  before  the  camera . 
How  the  bible  is  being  drawn  upon  to  satisfy 
the  constant  cry  for  novelty  in  the  pictures. 
A  successful  actress*  view  of  picture  play- 
ing as  a  means  of  livelihood. 


There  are  pictures  in  profusion  and  all  the  intimate  details 
you  want  to  know  about  the  picture  play  people 

— and  all  this  in  addition  to  the  Blue  Book  Magazine's 

192  pages  of  virile,  snappily  written  fiction  by  such  writers  as 


Cyde  C.  Westover 
Max  Rittenberg 
Frank  X.  Finnegan 


John  Barnett 
Edwin  Bliss 
Fred  Jackson 
and  others  equally  famous 


Clarence  Herbert   New 
Van  Zandt  Wheeler 
Harold  Bindloss 


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June  issue  on  sale  everywhere  May  1st  —  Price  15  cents 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


479 


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phone service  is  interrupted  at  9  o'clock  p.  m.  Five 
minutes  after  9  o'clock  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  a 
telephone  connection." 


Herr  Haherland,  Deputy,  in  the  Reichstag 

"The  average  time  required  to  get  a  connectionwith 
Berlin  is  now  I  %  hours.  Our  business  life  and  trade 
suffer  considerably  on  account  of  this  lack  of  tele- 
phone facilities,  which  exists  not  only  between  Dus- 
seldorf  and  Berlin  and  between  Berlin  and  the  West, 
but  also  between  other  towns,  such  as  Strassburg, 
Antwerp,  etc. " 

Dr.  R.  Luther,  in  the  Dresdner  Anzeiger 

"In  the  year  1913,  36  years  after  the  discovery  of 
the  electro-magnetic  telephone,  in  the  age  of  the 
beginning  of  wireless  telegraphy,  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  Germany,  Dresden,  with  half  a  million  in- 
habitants, is  without  adequate  telephone  facilities." 


United  STATES 

SWITZERLAND 

NETHERLANDS 

NORWAY 

SWEDEN 

RUSSIA 

DENMARK 

GREAT  BRITAIN 

GERMAN  EMPIRE 

rRANCE 

ITALY 

HUNGARY 

AUSTRIA 

BULGARIA 

BELGIUM 

SPAIN 

PORTUGAL 


Real  Average  Cost  of  Telephone  Service 

per  year  to  a  subscriber  in  the  United 

States    and   European    countries 

(based  on  official  reports). 


Note: 


la  translating  European  costs  into 
American  dollars,  consideration  hai 
been  given  to  the  relative  purchasing 

Cwer  of  money  in  Europe  and  the 
nited    States  as  shown   by  oper- 
ators' wages. 


These  are  the  reasons  why  there  are  twelve  times  as  many  tele- 
phones for  each  hundred  persons  in  the  United  States  as  in  Europe. 

American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company 

And  Associated   Companies 
One  Policy  One  System  Universal  Service 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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Technical  World  Magazine 

Contents  for  June,  1914 


Cover  Design Fred  Stearns 

Saving  Millions  of  Lives George  H.  Cushing 

Certain  insurance  companies  have  evolved  a  remarkable  but  simple 
scheme  to  stop  the  life  leak.  They  are  to  do  it  without  cost  to  the 
man  who  carries  insurance.  They  will  try  to  hold  off  death  a 
few  more  years  for  each  policy  holder 488 

Whispering  Across  the  Atlantic Robert  G.  Skerrett 

Dr.  Giuseppe  Musso  has  worked  out  a  means  whereby  we  may 
soon  hold  telephone  communication  with  Europe  as  easily  as  we 
now  telephone  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia.  His  is  the  story 
of  a  man  who  faced  conditions  of  today  and  submerged  his  own 
ambitions 495 

Saving  the  City's  Shade      .     .  ' K.  H.  Hamilton 

' 500 

A  Race  for  Sixty  Millions CM.  Morrison 

Did  the  Katy ' '  engine  which  led  the  way  into  Indian  Territory 
over  forty  years  ago  win  a  prize  which  would  ransom  a  dozen 
kings  or  did  it  lead  the  way  to  futile  litigation?  The  Supreme 
Court  is  about  to  judge 502 

Canada  Takes  a  Flier  in  Wheat F.  G.  Moorhead 

Stretching  across  the  northern   Canadian  provinces  is  a  string  of 

grain  elevators  built  with  the  aid  of  the  Dominion  Government 508 

The  Caves  of  Saitama Eloise  Roorbach 

Perhaps  sometime  many  centuries  ago  a  tribe  of  Japanese  lived  in 

these  little  square-mouthed  holes  in  a  hillside 510 

The  Average  Man Judson  D.  Stuart 

There  are  three  types,  first  evolved  by  the  ancients  of  the  Old 
World.  American  men  closely  approach  these  three  ideals  and 
have  reason  to  be  proud  of  their  physical  development 518 

The  Navy  Adopts  Crude  Oil  .......      Lindsay  Campbell 

The  Navy  Department  has  decided  to  equip  all  of  its  battleships  of 

the  future  to  burn  oil  instead  of  coal 526 

Triumph  of  the  Goat Robert  Franklin 

The  United  States  is  becoming  one  of  the  greatest  producers  in  the 

world  of  materials  which  his  maligned  Highness  furnishes 530 

Double  Power  for  Star  Gazers W.  M.  Gladish 

A  new  telescope  will  help  astronomers 534 

New  York  Terminal  for  Business  Houses    .     .     .      Harper  Clinton 

Western  manufacturers  and  shippers  who  use  this  new  system  are 

given  a  chance  to  compete  for  the  trade  of  ten  million  people 535 

For  Five  Years  of  Safety Arthur  Miller 

The  Harriman  medals  were  given  to  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
for  its  great  record  of  five  years  without  the  death  of  a  passenger 538 


Driftwood  from  Two  Worlds Charles  B.  Beery 

The  Pacific  Coast  is  a  vortex  for  the  drift  from  two  worlds 543 

Concrete  in  New  Uses Fred  Telford 

The  fanner  builds  devices  with  cement  and  a  board  form 544 

Life  Boat  Safer  Than  Ocean  Liner Edwin  Levick 

It  will  turn  turtle  and  right  itself  without  wetting  the  passengers 546 

Despised  Weed  Fattens  Stock Richard  Morrison 

An  Oregon  farmer  is  fattening  his  sheep  on  Australian  salt  bush 552 

Pulled  with  a  Diesel F.  C.  Coleman 

The  first  crude  oil  locomotive  is  in  practical  operation 554 

Melons  That  Grow  on  Trees Rene  Bache 

The  delicious  papaya  contains  almost  a  whole  drug  store 555 

School  Rooms  as  Farm  Laboratories H.  R.  Merrick 

School  children  are  to  test  seeds  for  farmers 556 

Society  Pays  a  Dairy  Farm  Deficit       Hanby  Carver 

The  smoking  rooms  of  the  Gedney  Farm  Hotel  were  once  the  silos 

of  a  model  farm 562 

Pigeon  City  Wiped  Out Howard  C.  Kegley 

The  greatest  pigeon  farm  in  the  world  was  destroyed  by  floods 564 

Burning  Gas  Without  Flame Francis  Buzzell 

The  new  gas  stove  glows  with  great  cooking  efficiency 565 

Interurbans  and  Land  Values Charles  Alma  Byers 

572 

The  Washington  Monument  in  Danger  .  .  .  Richard  Benton 
.     .  '.  575 

Our  Twelve  Great  Scientists Donald  Wilhelm 

The  second  article  in  the  series  on  the  men  chosen  by  the  greatest  scien- 
tists of  the  United  States  as  their  leaders  is  a  fascinating  story  about 
the  achievements  of  Dr.  Alexis  Carrel.  He  is  the  man  who  rebuilds 
wornout  animal  organisms  as  a  carpenter  repairs  a  broken  chair 578 

On  the  Telephone  Frontier Arthur  Chapman 

The  United  States  Government  is  running  telephone  lines  through 

virgin  forests  and  up  beyond  the  timber  line  to  thwart  the  fire  demon 583 

Trees  and  Lake  Weed  Fall  Before  Mowers      .       Aubrey  Fullerton 

588 

Greatest  of  Steel  Arches C.  F.  Carter 

The  new  Hell  Gate  Bridge  will  be  the  greatest  of  its  kind 596 

Made  by  Our  Readers ' 

Our  readers  receive  forty-five  dollars  in  prizes 599 

Blowing  off  Steam 

The  best  humor  found  in  our  contemporaries 606 

Technical  World  Magazine  should  be  on  the  news-stands  on  the  17th  of  the  month  preceding  the  date  of  issue.  Patrons  unable  to 
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Copyright.  1914.  by  Technical  World  Magazine 


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484 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


485 


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TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 

VOL.XXI    •   JUNE    •    1914    *    NO.4 


T  '  T~fE  believe  this  to  be  the  most 
1/1/  varied  and  best  balanced 
number  of  the  magazine  that 
we  have  ever  issued.  When  you  have 
read  it,  won  V  you  let  us  have  your 
opinion  by  letter?  We  would  value 
it  highly.  Our  readers'  letters  aid 
us  greatly  in  carrying  out  our  policy. 

—  The  Editors. 


SAVING  MILL- 

By  George 


BECAUSE  a  certain  rich  man  fell 
ill  a  little  while  ago — a  big  idea 
was  born  of  his  suffering — an 
idea  that  was  the  starting  point 
of  a  movement  which  may  add 
years  to  your  life  and  mine — if  we  carry 
insurance  policies.  But  the  system  for 
fostering  longevity  need  not  necessarily 
be  monopolized  by  the  insured.  They  get 
the  first  benefits,  it  is  true,  but  these  they 
can  pass  on  to  their  families  and  out  into 
the  neighborhood.  By  planting  health 
ideas  in  the  heads  of  a  big  percentage  of 
the  population,  that  movement  must  end 
in  prolonging  the  average  life. 

On  his  sick  bed,  this  certain  rich  man, 
Harold  Ley,  a  very  successful  general 
contractor,  thirty-nine  years  of  age,  of 
Springfield,      Massachusetts,      reasoned 


In  concrete  form,  tersely  put,  his  pro- 
gram was  this:  The  life  insurance  com- 
panies must  take  the  same  attitude  to- 
ward their  policy  holders  that  Chinese 
doctors  are  said  to  take  toward  their  pa- 
tients ;  they  must  keep  the  people  well  in 
order  to  make  money.  To  keep  their 
policy  holders  well,  they  must  periodi- 
cally submit  them  to  searching  physical 
examinations.  They  must,  as  the  out- 
come of  these  examinations,  warn  of  dis- 
ease and  decay  in  their  earlier  stages. 
They  must,  before  it  is  too  late,  say  to 
their  policy  holders :  "Go  to  your  doctor 
and  get  straightened  out — unless  you 
want  your  heirs  to  cash  in  your  policy." 

Seeing  how  great  is  the  army  of  the 
insured,  this  was  a  tremendous  under- 
taking.     Only    a    man    of    large    affairs 


T^HK  life  insurance  companies  are  being  brought  to  take  the 

same   attitude   toward  their  policy   holders   that   Chinese 

doctors   are   said  to   take   toward  their  patients;     that  is, 

they  must  keep  the  people  well  in  order  to  make  money. 


somewhat  after  this  fashion:  "I  am 
paying  the  life  insurance  companies  eight 
thousand  dollars  a  year.  That,  for  them, 
is  a  nice  piece  of  business.  They  are  as 
much  interested  in  keeping  it  as  anyone. 
Yet,  one  of  two  things,  only,  can  happen. 
I  will  continue  to  pay  and  they  will  con- 
tinue to  collect  that  eight  thousand  dol- 
lars a  year,  or,  I  will  stop  paying  and 
they  will  have  to  pay  my  heirs,  instantly, 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

"It  would  be  good  business — mighty 
good  business — for  those  companies  to 
get  me  well  and  to  keep  me  well." 

Mr.  Ley  had  put  his  finger  on  a  big 
leak  in  life  insurance  companies ;  and 
then  in  his  convalescent  moments,  he 
proceeded  to  figure  out  a  constructive 
plan  for  saving  both  life  and  money  in 
big  lots. 


would  consider  such  a  scheme  practical. 
Only  a  man  who  can  do  things  on  a  big 
scale  could  carry  it  out. 

He  went  to  the  heads  of  two  of  the 
great  New  York  insurance  companies. 
They  jumped  at  his  plan  because  it  gave 
their  agents  a  "strong  talking  point." 
They  could  say  to  a  man  :  "For  the  price 
of  one  policy,  we  not  only  guarantee  to 
insure  you,  but  we  guarantee  to  prolong 
your  life." 

However,  Mr.  Ley  is  a  shrewd  Yankee 
business  man.  He  could  not  appeal  to 
New  York  financiers  on  mere  talk  and 
wild  fancies.  He  got  the  facts  before 
he  even  so  much  as  tried  to  persuade 
them  to  see  things  his  way.  He  found 
that  the  child  that  used  to  die  at  five,  now 
lives  to  be  ten.  Because  the  child  is 
part  of  the  sum  total  of  humanity,  to 


IONS  of  LIVES 


H.  Cushing 


keep  it  alive  is  to  lengthen  the  average 
life  of  the  race.  But,  from  the  stand- 
point of  insurance  companies,  this  is  of 
no  value ;  children  ordinarily  do  not  pay 
life  insurance  premiums.  To  save  chil- 
dren did  not  save  money  for  these  big 
concerns.  Mr.  Ley  also  proved  by  the 
statistics  of  the  life  insurance  companies 
that  while  modern  civilization  was  adding 
life  at  the  bottom,  it  was  taking  it  off  at 
the  top ;  while  the  average  life  of  the  race 
was  lengthened,  the  average  life  of  that 
part  which  pays  premiums  was  short- 
ened. This  was  not  saving  money,  but 
losing  it,  for  the  insurance  companies. 

The  rapidity  with  which  the  life  of 
adults  is  being  shortened  is  shown  by 
statistics  collected  by  the  life  insurance 
companies  and  reaffirmed  by  the  Govern- 


a  man  of  the  same  age  in  1880.  At 
forty-five,  a  man  of  today  has  a  whole 
year  less  "expectancy  of  life"  than  had 
a  man  of  equal  age  in  1880.  At  fifty, 
the  man  of  today  can  "expect"  to  live  a 
year  and  a  half  shorter  time  than  could 
the  man  of  equal  age  in  1880.  Clearly 
the  modern  tendency  has  been  to  limit  the 
chances  of  the  middle-aged. 

In  this  showing,  the  insurance  com- 
panies were  interested,  for  the  man  past 
forty  pays  premiums.  It  is  the  man  past 
forty,  in  fact,  off  whom  the  life  insurance 
companies  make  money  rapidly.  That 
is,  around  about  forty,  a  man  reaches, 
physically,  the  top  of  the  hill.  At  that 
point,  the  long  slow  decline  begins.  Dur- 
ing this  period,  a  man  is  more  likely  to 
succumb  to  disease  than  the  man  under 


J3ECAUSE  the  child  is  part  of  the  sum  total  of  humanity, 
to  keep  it  alive  is  to  lengthen  the  average  life  of  the  race. 
But  from   the   standpoint  of  insurance   companies   this   is   of 
no  value.     Children   ordinarily  do  not  carry   life   insurance. 


ment,  by  some  States,  and  some  cities. 
The  figures  which  were  used  compare 
1880  with  1913.  Here  is  what  they  show : 
A  man,  aged  twenty,  has  a  certain  "ex- 
pectancy of  life" ;  that  is,  he  may  expect 
to  live  a  certain  length  of  time.  In  1913, 
improved  conditions  gave  him  an  ex- 
pectancy of  two  and  a  half  years  longer 
than  he  had  in  1880.  A  man  of  thirty 
had,  in  1913,  an  expectancy  of  life  nine- 
tenths  of  a  year  greater  than  had  the 
man  of  the  same  age  in  1880.  A  man  of 
thirty-five,  had,  in  1913,  an  expectancy 
of  life  greater  by  two-tenths  of  a  year 
than  had  a  man  of  equal  age  in  1880. 

But,  in  1913,  the  chances  of  remaining 
alive  began  to  run  heavily  against  the 
man  past  forty.  Today,  a  man  of  forty 
years  of  age  has  not  by  several  months 
as  great  an  "expectancy  of  life"  as  had 


forty.  The  life  insurance  companies 
consider  him  an  increasingly  bad  risk. 
What  he  pays  comes,  after  a  while,  to  be 
almost  pure  "velvet".  Such  men  become 
to  the  insurance  companies  what  the 
"strap-hangers"  are  to  the  street-car  com- 
panies. Charles  T.  Yerkes  said  of  them : 
"The  strap-hangers  pay  the  profits."  If 
the  men  past  forty  or  forty-five  or  fifty 
could  be  kept  on  their  feet  and  could  be 
kept  paying  premiums,  it  would  mean 
very  good  business. 

Mr.  Ley's  business  plan  for  the  insur- 
ance companies  was  to  do  just  that  for 
the  men  past  forty.  He  found  some  big 
facts  which  added  weight  and  forceful- 
ness  to  his  point.  Comparing  the  death 
rate  of  adult  males  for  the  years  of  1900 
and  1911,  he  found  that  four  hundred 
thousand  men  died  in  1911,  who  should 

489 


490 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


still  be  alive,  if  conditions  had  remained 
as  they  were  in  1900.  The  doctors 
who  read  the  statistics  said  that  this  big 
army  was  sacrificed  needlessly.  That  is, 
they  died  of  disorders  which  need  not 
have  proved  fatal  if  detected  and  treated 
in  their  early  stages. 

Also,  last  year,  or  in  1913,  one  hundred 
thousand  men  died  in  the  United  States 
of  some  form  of  kidney  disease.  Sixty 
thousand  of  these  could  have  been  kept 
alive  and  even  cured  completely  if  the 
disease  had  been  caught  in  its  early 
stages.  As  these  things  proved,  our  sac- 
rifice of  adults  is  a  needless  waste  of 
good  men.  The  nation  is  losing  annually 
a  great  army  of  trained  and  valuable 
men  who  should  be  entering  upon  the 
period  of  their  greatest  usefulness.  Also, 
the  insurance  companies  are  losing  an 
army  of  dividend  payers. 

All  of  these  facts,  Mr.  Ley  gathered 
together.  In  a  statement,  it  made  a  con- 
vincing document.  It  was  this  document 
that  he  carried  to  the  insurance  com- 
panies whom  he  wanted  to  interest  in 
his  plan.     He  used  as  a  sort  of  "golden 


is  his  plan  which,  incidentally,  they  have 
adopted,  and  which  is  about  to  be  put 
into  actual  practice.  After  arguing  and 
preaching  and  persuading  all  over  the 
East,  Mr.  Ley  with  the  help  of  the  big 
men  in  the  insurance  companies  started 
the  Life  Extension  Institute.  This  Insti- 
tute is  now  making  and  has  made  con- 
tracts with  the  big  insurance  companies. 
On  the  one  side,  the  companies  agree  to 
pay  over  to  the  Institute  certain  sums — 
enormous  sums — of  money  each  year. 
The  Institute,  on  the  other  hand,  agrees 
to  prolong  the  lives  of  policy  holders. 
This  is  an  astounding  obligation  for  it  to 
take.  Yet  that  is  what  it  has  guaranteed 
to  do.  As  a  matter  of  detail,  these  con- 
tracts stipulate  that  at  stated  periods — at 
present  once  in  three  years— skilled  phy- 
sicians will  make  a  thorough  physical 
examination  of  every  policy  holder  of 
each  insurance  company  signing  a  con- 
tract with  the  Institute.  If  the  examin- 
ing physician  sees  indications  of  any 
minor  danger  to  the  health  of  the  in- 
sured, he  will  give  a  quiet  but  firm  hint 
to  the  man  that  he  would  do  well  to  cor- 


TT  is  the  man  past  forty  off  whom  life  insurance  companies 

stand  an  excelle?tt  chance  to  make  money  rapidly.     If  the 

men  past  forty,  forty-five,    or  fifty,    could  be  kept  paying 

premiums,  it   would  mean  a  very   satisfactory   situation. 


text",  a  statement  which  a  physician  for 
one  of  the  insurance  companies  had  made 
before  a  recent  meeting  of  insurance 
men.  This  doctor  had  declared— it  was 
the  crystallization  of  his  experience — that 
while  doctors  do  not  agree  upon  what  is 
the  proper  treatment  for  the  cure  of  dis- 
ease, the  majority  of  them  are  of  one 
mind  as  to  what  should  be  done  to  pre- 
vent disease.  Mr.  Ley  adopted  this  doc- 
tor's crisp  epigram : 

"If  you  wish  to  cure  disease,  you  must 
educate  the  doctors ;  if  you  wish  to  pre- 
vent disease,  you  must  educate  the  peo- 
ple." 

It  was  a  plan  for  educating  the  people 
that  Mr.  Ley  figured  out  while  he  was 
sick  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  and 
which  he  asked  the  life  insurance  com- 
panies to  adopt  and  put  into  practice.    It 


rect  certain  tendencies.  If  the  examining 
physician  sees  any  well-defined  danger 
immediately  ahead  of  the  insured,  he  will 
emphatically  insist: 

"See  your  doctor  at  once." 

The  Institute  will  "follow  up"  the  lat- 
ter cases  and  see  that  the  danger  is  re- 
moved. 

The  Institute  is  going  to  work — and 
this  is  curious — upon  the  theory  that  dan- 
gerous diseases  and  disorders  gain  more 
headway  because  of  ignorance  and  neg- 
lect of  proper  methods  of  living  than  be- 
cause of  any  known  combination  of 
other  causes,  not  even  excepting  both 
contagion  and  infection.  A  good  many 
men  know  what  to  do  to  keep  healthy, 
but  do  not  do  it.  Others  do  not  know 
what  to  do  and  do  not  care.  Many  a  man 
starts  on  the  road  to  sickness  and  does 


SAVING  MILLIONS  OF  LIVES 


491 


not  know  it;  or  he  overlooks,  through 
heedlessness,  an  obvious  warning  of  Na- 
ture. The  little  ailment  grows  into  a  big 
one.  The  big  disease  becomes  a  death 
center  in  the  human  body.  Then  the  man 
"passes  out,"  and  the  insurance  company 
has  to  pay  his  widow.  This  is  hard  on 
both  the  insurance  company  and  the  wid- 
ow. The  plan  which  Mr.  Ley  has  caused 
to  be  adopted  provides  that  the  Life  Ex- 
tension Institute  shall,  through  its  doc- 
tors, inspect  each  policy  holder  and  check 
these  diseases  before  they  have  become 
dangerous.  It  is  expected  that  a  big  part 
of  the  life-saving  work  will  be  done  by 
detecting  kidney  trouble  in  its  early 
stages.  That  is  where  most  of  the  adult 
male's  trouble  starts  and  ends  today.  As 
has  been  stated,  diseases  of  the  kidneys, 
alone,  killed  last  year,  sixty  thousand  men 
who  should  have  remained  alive  had  the 
trouble  been  heeded  in  time. 

One  insurance  company,  upon  getting 
its  first  conception  of  the  Ley  plan,  con- 
ducted an  investigation  to  see  whether 
his  information  was  correct  and  what  the 
results  would  likely  be  if  his  plan  was 


years,  for  the  benefit  of  mankind.  Among 
those  who  are  connected  prominently 
with  the  movement  are  Ex-President 
Taft ;  Dr.  briggs  of  the  health  depart- 
ment of  New  York  City ;  Colonel  Gorgas, 
who  cleaned  up  the  Panama  Canal  Zone 
and  made  it  habitable ;  and — Harold  Ley 
is  the  treasurer. 

This  Institute  will,  as  has  been  said, 
get  its  money  from  the  life  insurance 
companies.  But  the  Institute  is  not  a 
money-making  venture  and  never  will  be. 
Two-thirds  of  the  profit  above  five  per 
cent  on  the  original  capital  invested  will 
be  spent  on  campaigns  of  instruction  to 
the  people.  The  remaining  one-third  will 
be  held  in  reserve  as  an  emergency  fund. 
Literature  will  be  sent  out  telling  the 
policy  holders  and  their  families  how  to 
live  and  what  to  d6  to  keep  well.  This 
Institute  does  not  "hope"  to  prolong  the 
lives  of  policy  holders.  It  has  signed  a 
legal  and  binding  contract  with  insurance 
companies,  according  to  which  it  guar- 
antees, in  consideration  of  certain- money 
payments,  to  prolong  life. 

It  knows  what  it  is  about  when  it  takes 


yd  CERTAIN  rich  man  when  he  fell  ill,  finding  the  ex- 
perience unpleasant,  thought  out  a  plan  to  keep  men  alive. 
Big  insurance  companies  have  eagerly  taken  up  his  plan.     It 
will  mea?i  health  for  you.     Read  about  it  in  this  article. 


carried  out.  It  selected  a  list  of  twenty- 
three  hundred  of  its  policy  holders,  all  of 
whom  had,  within  three  years,  been  ac- 
cepted as  good  risks.  It  asked  them  to 
undergo  a  new  physical  examination  by 
its  physicians,  explaining  why  it  wanted 
a  new  report.  Of  that  number,  forty  per 
cent  were  found  to  be  in  impaired  health. 
Of  those  in  impaired  health,  only  fifty 
per  cent  had  the  slightest  idea  there  was 
anything  the  matter  with  them.  • 

This  Life  Extension  Institute  has — be- 
cause Mr.  Ley  saw  to  that  detail,  person- 
ally— connected  with  it  some  illustrious 
names.  A  few  of  those  names  may  be  on 
its  letter  head  and  in  the  prospectus,  for 
"window  dressing,"  but  the  great  ma- 
jority of  them  are  in  dead  earnest  about 
this  proposal,  as  they  think  it  the  greatest 
thing  that  has  been  proposed  in  recent 


that  contract.  Of  our  population  of  one 
hundred  millions,  about  one-fifth  is  sick 
and  does  not  know  it.  This  hidden  sick- 
ness shortens  the  life  of  each  of  these 
twenty  million  Americans  by  one  year  at 
least.  If  that  year  can  be  added  to  the 
life  of  those  twenty  million  people  by  the 
work  of  Mr.  Ley's  organization,  then  this 
Institute  will,  in  one  generation,  add 
twenty  million  years  to  the  sum  total  of 
human  energy.  But  prolonged  lives 
really  mean,  in  many  instances,  "saved 
lives,"  that  is  with  a  malady  cured  or 
even  checked  an  individual  may  continue 
for  many  years,  a  productive  and  happy 
existence. 

And  all  this  big  gain  in  life,  health, 
and  energy  is  to  be  made  because  a  rich 
man  fell  sick  and  got  well  again.  It  was, 
for  the  race,  a  fortunate  spell  of  sickness. 


BOYS  IN  BUSINESS 

FOUR  AMBITIOUS  SIXTEEN-YEAR-OLDS  AT  WORK 


Practical  Elec- 
trician 
Roy  Sanford  goes  to 
the  Polytechnic  High 
School  of  Los  Ange- 
les, but  out  of  hours 
he  manages  to  get  in 
enough  work  to  pay 
all  his  living  ex- 
penses. He  has 
perfected  an  electrical 
train  stop  to  prevent 
collisions  which  has 
been  entered  in  the 
New  Haven  Railroad 
prize  contest  for 
safety  devices. 


'Young  Importer 
Kennosuke  Sato  has 
embarked  in  a  business 
in  Los  Angeles,  that 
brings  him  sixty  dol- 
lars a  month,  although 
he  is  able  to  give  it 
only  the  time  he  has 
outsideof  school  hours. 
He  handles  goods  sent 
from  Japan,  his  native 
country,  on  his  order. 


Frames  Pictures  Artistically 
W.  E.  Elderkin  attends  Los  Angeles'  man- 
ual training  high  school  and  then  puts  his 
training  to  work  after  hours  on  picture 
frames.  He  is  building  up  a  business  that 
will  make  a  real  foundation  for  a  large  one 
when  he  has  finished  his  school  course. 


Publisher 
Harold  Spurr  is  a  classmate  of  San- 
ford's,  but  after  school  hours  he  at- 
tends to  a  printing  business  that  brings 
him  enough  to  buy  his  clothes  and 
some  other  necessaries.  He  is  de- 
lighted with  the  job  for  he  says  it  is 
giving  him  a  liberal  education  in  busi- 
ness life. 


492 


NO  PASSENGER  CAN  DROWN 


493 


"LEARNING  BY  DOING" 

Students  of  the  school  for  the  deaf  at  Colorado  Springs  are  taught  by  actual  practice.    Here  they  are  being  shown  what 
it  takes  to  pull  a  plow,  and  they  are  helping  to  do  it. 


DEAF  HAVE  FARM  SCHOOL 

""THE  new  idea  of  "learning  by  doing-' 
A  in  industrial  education  for  the  deaf 
is  being  used  in  the  Colorado  School  for 
the  Deaf  and  Blind,  located  at  Colorado 
Springs,  with  great  success. 

This  Colorado  institution  has  some 
three  hundred  acres  of  state  land  that  is 
used  in  the  farming  branch  of  the  indus- 
trial educational  department.  The  deaf 
mutes  are  divided  into  six  groups  and 
each  group  has  its  farm  and  poultry  sta- 
tion. The  rivalry  that  exists  between  the 
various  groups  is  a  remarkable  incentive 
to  better  work  and  each  little  farm  and 
poultry  yard  is  a  model  in  itself.  Prizes 
are  awarded  for  the  best  products,  both 
from  the  farm  and  the  poultry  stations. 

The  farming  and  poultry  departments 
have  recently  assumed  even  greater  im- 
portance because  of  competition  with  the 
Utah  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind 
which  is  operating  on  somewhat  similar 
lines.  Both  schools  publish  the 
the  results  obtained  at  their 
poultry  and  farming 
stations.     At  pres 


ent    the    Colorado    school    is   leading   in 
points. 

Besides  farming,  the  mechanical  arts 
are  being  taught.  The  school  has  its 
printing  plant,  where  all  the  work  is  done 
by  students  under  a  competent  instructor. 
A  blacksmith  shop,  a  carpentry  shop, 
workshops  for  stone  and  brick  masons, 
and  mechanical  repair  shops  are  also 
maintained. 

Jl 

LIVES  OFF  VACANT  LOT 

JV/IERCHANTS  of  San  Francisco  are 
iVA  being  supplied  with  serviceable 
willow  baskets  by  a  former  member  of 
that  city's  "army  of  the  unemployed". 
He  has  established  himself  on  a  lot  left 
vacant  by  the  fire  of  1906  and  is  now 
plying  the  trade  that  he  learned  at  the 
home  of  his  father  in  England.  The 
willows  which  grow  on  the  plot 
furnish  the  raw  material  for 
his  baskets.  The  man  was 
formerly  a  sailor. 


His  Father's  Trade 
A   member  of  San 
k    Francisco's    unem- 
y       ployed  has  locat- 
d  on  a  vacant 
ot  to  make 
willow    bas- 
kets as  his 
father  did 
5,-,-k       in  Ens- 
land. 


494 


WHISPERING  across 
the  ATLANTIC 

By  Robert  G.  Skerrett 

Had  not  Dr.  Giuseppe  Musso  the  wit  to  understand  that  a  great  problem  need 
not  be  attacked  directly,  and  if  he  were  not  a  man  of  marvelous  patience,  we  should 
not  notv  have  in  prospect  the  extraordinary  experience  of  talking  across  the 
Atlantic.  For  a  dozen  years  Dr.  Musso  has  been  working  out  his  great  scheme 
and  at  last  he  seems  to  be  on  the  threshold  of  success.  This  article  is  a  story 
of  real  achievement — the  sort  of  thing  Technical  World  Magazine  readers  like 
to  read  about. — The  Editors. 


G° 

we     shall     ha 
speaking,  thn 


^O  into  the  booth  in  the 
corner,"  said  Doctor  Giu- 
seppe Musso,  "and  pick  up 
the  receiver.  When  I 
throw  the  switch, 
have,  practically 
three  thousand 
miles  of  water  between 
us,  or  t  w  e  n  t  y-t  w  o 
thousand  miles  of 
ordinary  telephone 
line.  Now  listen." 
The  little,  bright- 
eye  d,  quick-mov- 
ing Italian  stepped 
briskly  into  a  booth 
at  the  other  end  of 
his  laboratory. 
Softly  he  whistled 
a  tune  into  the  re- 
ceiver of  his  telephone 
and  the  man  in  the  other 
booth  distinctly  heard 
through  the  instrument  the 
strains  of  the  Miserere. 
Under  the  same  conditions 
the  ordinary  telephone  in- 
strument would  have  been 
as  dumb  as  an  Egyptian  sphinx. 

The  little  experiment  is  one  which 
Doctor  Musso  will  perform  for  the  bene- 
fit of  anyone  scientifically  interested.  He 
has  actually  proved  that  his  inventions 


Dr.  Giuseppe  Musso 
Turning    from   his    own    ambi- 
tion, he  applied  himself  to  the  big- 
gest thing  at  hand,  and  now  he  is 
achieving  success. 


will  enable  men  to  talk  to  each  other,  to 
whistle  to  each  other,  even  though  the 
vast  reaches  of  the  turbulent  Atlantic  roll 
between  them.  A  firm  of  scientific  elec- 
tricians, whose  name  is  a  house- 
hold word  among  the  mem- 
bers of  their  profession 
throughout  the  country, 
has  made  tests,  and 
found  that  the  elec- 
t  r  i  c  a  1  resistance, 
built  up  between 
these  two  tele- 
phones in  the  little 
laboratory,  is  equal 
to  that  of  a  sub- 
marine cable  ex- 
tending from  Eng- 
land to  America.^ 
That  was  but  a  com-* 
paratively  simple  prob- 
lem in  electrical  engi- 
neering. 

The  cables  which  carry 
messages  from  the  Old 
World  to  the  New  are  able 
to  transmit  but  the  most 
feeble  indications  of  what 
the  mind  at  one  end  of  the  wire  is 
trying  to  convey  to  the  other  mind 
across  the  Atlantic.  It  takes  a  trained 
telegraph  operator  of  very  delicate  per- 
ception to  read  the  "copy"  which  his  fel- 

495 


496 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


low  across  the  sea  is  sending.  To  be 
able  then  to  whistle  or  to  whisper  across 
seemed  as  impossible  in  the  minds  of  sci- 
entists before  the  completion  of  Doctor 
Musso's  experiments  as  did  the  original 
Atlantic  cable  to  the  minds  of  the  scien- 
tists back  in  the  '50's.  But  we  have  lived 
to  see  too  many  fantastic  visions  realized 
to  be  rashly  skeptical  of  what  man's  mind 
can  yet  accomplish.  We  are  not  holding 
Doctor  Musso  up  to  ridicule  as  his  con- 
temporaries did  Cyrus  W.  Field.  We  are 
even  ready  to  believe  that  telephone  com- 
munication from  world  to  world  is  a 
possibility. 

It  was  twelve  years  ago  that  Doctor 
Musso  came  to  America  from  northern 
Italy,  carrying  with  him  an  idea  of  teleph- 
ony more  daring  than  the  genius  of  the 
world-famed  Marconi  had  conceived,  but 
the  time  for  wireless  telephony  had  not 
arrived.  In  1902  wireless  telegraphy  was 
but  barely  established  and  it  was  too  early 
yet  to  propose  the  idea  of  conversation 
without  wires  ;  so  Doctor  Musso  set  aside 
the  dream  of  his  earlier  days  and  applied 
himself  to  what  he  had  at  hand — the  ex- 
tension of  the  service  of  the  telephone 
wire.  He  set  himself  the  subsidiary  task 
of  establishing  telephone  communication 
by  way  of  the  cables  already  laid.  That 
task  now  seems  to  be  complete  from  the 
inventor's  point  of  view.  He  has  taken 
the  first  step  in  the  achievements  of  which 
he  dreamed,  even  though  he  has  been 
working  with  wires  as  electric  conductors 
instead  of  with  the  ether  as  the  conductor 
of  impulses.  He  is  meeting  the  world 
halfway,  and  in  stepping  aside  to  do  this 
task,  perhaps  he  has  accomplished  an 
even  more  valuable  thing  than  will  the 
inventor  of  perfect  wireless  telephony. 
Will  the  wireless  telephone  be  private  or 
will  all  of  us  be  able  to  cut  in  on  the  con- 
versations of  the  War  Department,  of  big 
businesses,  of  the  clerk  and  his  depart- 
ment-store sweetheart? 

To  appreciate  the  formidable  nature 
of  the  task  Musso  set  himself  in  planning 
to  telephone  across  the  Atlantic,  we 
should  consider  for  a  moment  a  great 
piece  of  construction  work  now  being  car- 
ried on.  The  Bell  Telephone  Company  has 
announced  that  it  will  open  a  transconti- 
nental line  over  three  thousand  miles  long 
— stretching  across  the  Alleghanies,  to  the 
western  valley  south  of  the  Great  Lakes, 


twisting  over  the  Mississippi  and  its  roll- 
ing plains  that  furnish  food  to  millions, 
stepping  across  the  foothills  and  over  the 
Rockies,  climbing  the  Sierra  Nevadas, 
and  then  sliding  down  to  the  Golden  Gate 
of  the  West.  At  a  prodigious  cost,  this  is 
to  be  accomplished  next  year,  in  time  for 
the  San  Francisco  Exposition.  The  cur- 
rent required  to  carry  the  electrical  dis- 
turbance which  will  make  speech  audible 
at  the  other  end  will  be  tremendous  and, 
all  along  the  way,  the  line  will  have  to  be 
fortified  with  Pupin  inductance  coils ;  for 
these  alone  make  long-distance  telephony 
possible  under  present  methods.  But 
Doctor  Musso  will  telephone  three  thou- 
sand miles  under  the  Atlantic  without  an 
inductance  coil,  straight  through  a  resist- 
ance which  would  amount  to  twenty-two 
thousand  miles  of  line  such  as  the  Bell 
Telephone  Company  is  stretching  from 
New  York  to  San  Francisco. 

To  understand  the  achievement  of  the 
Italian  engineer  it  is  necessary  to  point 
out  the  problems  which  he  faced. 

The  moment  you  insulate  either  a  tele- 
phone or  telegraph  wire  by  coating  it 
with  gutta  percha,  you  have  built  up 
great  obstacles  in  the  dispatching  of  the 
electrical  waves  ;  and  yet  you  have  to  coat 
cables  in  this  way,  to  prevent  current 
leakage,  the  moment  you  place  the  lines 
in  physical  contact  with  the  earth.  As 
the  experts  express  it,  you  have  to  war 
with  the  "capacity"  and  the  "resistance" 
of  the  conductors.  Imagine  a  dry  sponge 
stuck  in  a  piece  of  piping  through  which 
you  want  to  send  water.  The  texture  of 
the  sponge  will  represent  the  so-called 
"resistance"  of  the  cable,  while  the  pores 
of  the  sponge  will  typify  pretty  well  the 
element  of  "capacity."  Before  water 
comes  out  on  the  far  side  of  the  obstruc- 
tion the  sponge  must  be  saturated,  and 
even  then  the  flow  wall  be  impeded  by  the 
porous  material.  The  resistance  electric- 
ally can  be  reduced  by  increasing  the 
size  of  the  cable,  but  here  is  an  aug- 
mented expense,  and  Professor  Pupin's 
"inductance  coils"  help  to  overcome  the 
difficulties  of  "capacity" ;  but  these  coils 
can  not  be  applied  to  a  long  submarine 
cable,  and  Doctor  Musso  intends  that  we 
shall  be  able  to  talk  by  wires  lying  upon 
the  ocean  bed  and  spanning  distances  of 
thousands  of  miles. 

If  you  have  a  dozen  marbles  handy,  ar- 


WHISPERING  ACROSS  THE  ATLANTIC 


497 


range  them  in  single  file  with  an 
interval  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
between  them.     This  done,  snap 
your   finger   moderately    against 
the  one  nearest  to  you.    The  suc- 
ceeding   ones    will    collide    with 
their      neighbors      progressively 
until     the     originally     imparted 
energy  fails  and,  possibly,  if  you 
do   the   trick    right,   the   motion 
will   halt  before  the  last  in  the 
line  is  reached.   Professor  Pupin's 
coils  keep  the  motion  going,  as 
it    were,   by   boosting   along  the 
lagging  marbles  so  that  the  last 
one  moves.    This  is  equivalent  to 
the  way  he  helps  the  initial  elec- 
trical   impulses    to    reach    their 
destinations  and  to  influence  the 
delicate     receiving     instruments 
that  reproduce  the  conversation 


m    \ii.wnr  in  Resistance 
In  compact  form,  the  instruments  and  devices  on  this  wail  of  Musso's 
laboratory  represent  what  a  current  has  to  go  through  on  a  subma- 
rine trip  from  Europe  to  America. 


To  Whisper  Across  thk  Atlantic 

The  Musso  instrument  takes  but  little  more 

room  than  the  ordinary  one,  but  It  is  capable 

ot  sending-   speech    farther   than    man   has 

dreamed  of  by  the  wire  method. 

transmitted   through    the   depths 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  itself. 

Now,   take  your  marbles  and 
arrange  them  in  line  as  before, 
but  touching  one  another.     Snap 
the    leading   one    and    see    what 
happens.     Immediately,  and  ap- 
parently with  kindred  vigor,  the 
marble  at  the   far  end  detaches 
itself,  while  the  intervening  fel- 
lows are  seemingly  undisturbed. 
None    of    the    energy    has    been 
absorbed  by  the  capacity  of  the 
line,  there  is  no  lost  motion,  and 
only  the  resistance  to  the  exciting 
vibration  of  your  snapped  finger 
has  played  a  part.    This  latter  is 
of  course  due  to  the  nature  of 
the  material  of  the  marbles  and 
to    what    is    ordinarily    termed 
inertia.     Doctor  Musso  produces 
a  similar  effect  on  the  telephone 
line  by  feeding  continuously  into 
the  cable  a  rather  weak  current 
which    satisfies    the    hunger    or 
"capacity"     of     the     big"    wire, 


498 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


and  allows  extra  current  impulses  to  show 
themselves  instantly  without  loss  of  en- 
ergy just  as  the  continuous  line  of  mar- 
bles did.  To  put  it  in  another  way,  this 
arrangement  virtually  makes  the  cable 
the  counterpart  of  a  cup  filled  to  the 
very  brim — one  more  drop  and  exactly 
that  amount  overflows.  The  overflow, 
in  this  case,  is  the  desired  signal.  As 
you  will  probably  realize,  signal  waves 
or  impulses  must  travel  faster  when  a 
line  is  so  charged  that  it  has  no  more 
a'ppetite  to  be  satisfied  from  the  waves 
in  transit.  Accordingly,  in  this  manner. 
Doctor  Musso  is  able  to  put  an  insu- 
lated cable,  either  underground  or  sub- 
marine, in  this  condition,  and  he  does 
not  need  a  specially  large  conductor,  nor 
does  he  have  to  employ  "inductance  coils" 
to  "load"  the  line.    But  this  is  not  all. 

The  signals  used  on  a  submarine  cable 
in  dispatching  telegrams  from  continent 
to  continent  are  in  the  Morse  code.  The 
impulses  at  the  receiving  end  tell  their 
story  by  tracing  a  zigzag  line  upon  a  strip 
of  paper.  In  this  system  of  inter-conti- 
nental communication  the  dots  and 
dashes  are  merely  two  waves,  and  the 
problem  is  a  simple  one  compared  with 
the  impulses  needed  to  reproduce  speech 
electrically  by  wire. 

Speaking  in  your  ordinary  voice, 
pitched  fairly  evenly,  each  tone  has  a 
number  of  "overtones,"  and  all  of  these 
produce  separate  vibrations.  These  over- 
tones must  be  reproduced  by  the  tele- 
phone in  order  to  duplicate  intelligible 
speech  at  the  receiving  station.  This  is 
difficult  enough  on  land  where  special 
auxiliaries  are  installed  along  the  line, 
but  Doctor  Musso  tells  us  that  he  can  do 
this  by  an  under-sea  route  even  though 
we  know  the  submarine  cable  is  already 
sorely  taxed  in  carrying  the  simple  dot- 
and-dash  impulses  from  shore  to  shore. 

The  waves  will  have  to  withstand 
marring  in  transit,  and  yet  they  must  have 
the  desired  form  when  they  reach  the  end 
of  their  journey.  The  solution  is  fairly 
simple.  He  starts  his  waves  out  in  a 
manner  caricaturing  their  normal  orig- 
inals, and  as  they  travel  along  the  cable, 
their  exaggerations  are  removed  by  the 
influences  that  would  otherwise  deface 
the  usual  wave ;  and,  at  the  receiving  sta- 
tion, these  initial  caricatures  arrive  either 
as  excellent  likenesses  or  actual  images  of 


the  true  waves  of  the  sender's  voice. 
With  a  single  submarine  telephone  cir- 
cuit from  here  to  Europe,  conversation 
could  be  maintained  with  the  two  wires 
while  telegraphic  dots  and  dashes  could 
be  sent  independently  by  either  of  the 
single  wires — the  two  services  of  the 
voice  and  the  double  telegraph  keys 
working  without  interference.  No 
changes  need  be  made  in  existing  cables 
or  along  telephone  systems  now  installed, 
and  Doctor  Musso  declares  that  the  em- 
ployment of  two  simple  and  inexpensive 
auxiliaries  are  the  only  additions  de- 
manded. But  even  beyond  this,  land 
lines  and  submarine  lines,  or  under- 
ground cables  and  overhead  wires  can  be 
joined  together  indifferently  in  the  Musso 
circuit  for  carrying  telephone  messages 
afar.  This  is  impossible  with  any  of  the 
existing  commercial  installations. 

So  though  this  son  of  Tuscany  gave 
up  his  dream  when  he  landed  in  New 
York  City  some  twelve  years  ago,  he 
has  achieved  a  success  which  is  one 
of  the  great  steps  in  linking  the  Old  and 
the  New  worlds  closer  together  than 
were  New  York  and  Boston  in  the  days 
before  the  telephone.  With  the  unswerv- 
ing patience  which  is  one  of  the  great  at- 
tributes essential  to  the  creative  mind,  he 
has  singled  out  his  job,  attacked  it,  and 
completed  it.  He  is  not  the  kind  of  Ital- 
ian that  you  see  digging  in  the  streets  of 
a  great  city  with  a  noisy  boss  to  give  him 
commands  in  "wop"  dialect.  Neither  is 
he  of  the  reckless,  care-free  Neapolitan 
or  Sicilian  breed.  The  blood  of  the  Teu- 
tonic conquerors  of  the  northern  prov- 
inces flows  through  his  veins.  Looking 
at  him  and  studying  his  breadth  of  fore- 
head, the  distance  between  his  eyes,  the 
features  finely  yet  firmly  molded,  we  see 
an  entirely  different  type  of  Italian.  We 
see  a  man  who  laid  aside  a  great  ambition 
because  the  world  was  not  yet  ready  for 
it,  and  attacked  a  problem  which,  to  him, 
was  but  a  side  issue. 

Giuseppe  Musso  was  ahead  of  his  time ; 
so  he  waited,  leading  the  scientists  of  his 
day  up  to  the  point  where  they  would  be 
able  to  go  hand  in  hand  with  him  toward 
something  bigger  and  more  difficult  of 
achievement.  Meanwhile,  his  country- 
man, Marconi,  may  have  snatched  those 
laurels,  but  nevertheless  the  quiet,  firm- 
featured  Musso  will  never  be  forgotten. 


CIRCUS  TENTS  GO  UP  LIRE 

MAGIC 


ALL  UP  TOGETHER 
Lines  run  from  the  windlass  to  the  top  of  each  pole  so  that  the  work  of  a  large  number  of  men  is  now  done  by  a  few  in  a 

very  short  time. 


THE  SPOOL  THAT  SETS  THEM  UP 
When  the  gasoline  motor  is  started  the  windlass  begins  to  act  and  in  a  few  moments  the  line  of  poles  is  standing  ready 

to  hold  up  the  big  top. 


o 


NE  of  the  greatest  joys  of  each  pole,  has  now  given  way  to  ma- 

the  small   boy — and  of  the  chinery  which  can  raise  a  forest  of  poles 

man  who  never  grows  old —  in  a  few  moments. 

has  been  to  watch  the  circus  Formerly,    gangs    of    men    struggled 

mechanics  set  up  the   "big  with  each   separate  pole,  some  of  them 

top",  but  the  old  method,  which  required  hauling  on  the  rope  fastened  to  the  top, 

about  twenty  minutes  for  the  setting  of  others  holding  the  base,  while  a  large 

499 


500 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


force  of  "canvas  men"  was  required  to 
lift  the  top  end,  attached  to  the  canvas, 
and  force  it  up  so  that  the  rope  gang 
could  pull  it  into  position.  After  this  the 
rope  had  to  be  fastened  to  stakes.  The 
whole  operation  was  attended  -with  uncer- 
tainty, and  it  was  impossible  to  plan 
ahead  on  the  length  of  time  it  would  take. 
That  is  the  explanation  of  the  proverbial 
lateness  of  the  circus  parade. 

The  new  machine  will  bring  the  parade 
around   on   time.     By   means  of   it,   the 


whole  job  can  be  done  in  three  or  four 
minutes.  An  enlarged  windlass,  oper- 
ated by  a  gasoline  engine,  is  hitched  to 
the  poles  and  the  engine  is  started.  A 
cable  running  from  the  top  of  each  one 
is  attached  to  the  windlass  and  the  base 
of  each  pole  is  made  fast  so  that  it  will 
not  slip  during  the  operation.  The  can- 
vas top  is  put  on  after  the  poles  are  up; 
it  can  be  wound  around  a  spool  to  obviate 
the  necessity  of  carrying  it  to  the  canvas 
wagon  in  sections. 


SAVING  THE  CITY'S  SHADE 


By 
K.    H.    HAMILTON 


BECAUSE  he  believed  that  the 
shade  trees  of  his  city  were  not 
being  given  a  square  deal,  J.  C. 
Driver  of  Lynchburg,  Virginia, 
originated  a  street  for- 
estry- exhibit,  which  now  oc- 
cupies a  building  twenty  feet 
wide  by  forty  feet  long,  put  up 
at  a  cost  of  five  hundred  dollars. 
This  building  is  the  home  of  a 
permanent  forestry  exhibit,  or 
municipal  tree  school, 
where  anyone  may 
come  and  learn 
what  to  do 
when  the 
life  of 
city 
tree 


the 


is  at  stake.  Here  he  can  study  the  results, 
on  trees,  of  lack  of  care  and  improper 
treatment.  Constructive  advice  is  offered 
of  spraying  pumps,  spraying 
solutions,  and  pruning 
tools,  and  lists  of  garden 
literature  and  government 
bulletins  are  obtainable. 

The  work  of  destruction 
done  by  the  telegraph,  tele- 
phone, electric  lighting  and 
gas    companies    upon    the 
trees  is  shown  in  the 
exhibits.  Sec- 
tions of  trees 
killed  by 
■»         strangu- 
lation 
by  guy 


STRUGGLING  FOR  LIFE 

The  shade  tree  will  overcome  all  manner  of  difficulties  to  healthy  growth,  but  it  cannot  live  when  there  are  gas  leaks 

in  the  mains  about  its  roots  even  though  it  can  handle  stone  blocks. 


The  shade-tree  school,  Lynchburg, 

lri,n.',a;  put  "P  a  five-hundred-dol- 

r  building  and  gathered  an  ex- 

bit  to  show  hew  its  trees  were 

being  mistreated. 


IZ?  f"6  ?hown'.and  tJ>e  Proper  and   improper 
methods  of  securing  wires  to  trees  are   illustrated 
One  exh.b.t  proves  how  trees  have  been  killed  by  leaks 
of  illuminating  gas.     In  Lynchburg,  an  entire  row  0f 
ISceoveUread.  *"    ^    "*    ««    ™™   "hT  leT  wl 

Examples  of  improper  pruning  and  the  wrong-  wave  nf 
handling   surgical   cases   are   illustrated.       „S  to Trees 

peSe  S.t^BSJ  f°r  V*?*  P-ts  by  though!.^' 
pcopie,  are  shown      Photographs  of  trees  struggling-  for  a 
mere    existence,    through    difficulty    in    obtaining   fnou^h 
nounshment.  are  mounted  with  appropriate  captkL 

The  educa  ,onaI  advantage  of  such  an  exhibit  has 
been  worth  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  city,  and  the 
collect™  has  been  an  inspiration  toother  sections  of 
the  country  and  other  cities.     What  this  city  has 
done,  others  will   do.     New  York  is  at  present 
having  a  general  survey  made  of  its  shade  trees 
by  an  expert  from  its  state  school  of  forestry 
Recently,    a    round    value    of    five    hundred 
dollars  apiece  was  placed  upon  a  number  of 
trees  cut  down  by  a  telephone  company,  tokiii  tn 

Varied3  If'0"'  T  !h.OUSa.,K!  d°llarS  W3S    hK'd  up  ,he  *■?«?*& 
cnargecl,  in  a  verdict  handed  down  bv  a    phone   and   electric  '«•>' 

J"<lge    in    the    State    of    New    York    as  """p-'"- 

punitive  damages  to  the  owner  of  the  trees 
X  °"uC  SUCh  !r?es  a,reL  destroyed,  years  are  necessary  to  re- 
place them,  and  Lynchburg  would  prevent  their  destruction 


soi 


A  RACE 
for  SIXTY  MILLIONS 


By  C.M.Morrison 


The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  before  it  a  great  legal  question 
involving  the  fortune  of  over  sixty  million  dollars.  That  in  itself  should  hold 
plenty  of  romance  but  there  is  a  big  story — a  story  ivith  more  genuine  romance — 
behind  these  legal  proceedings.  It  is  a  story  that  has  to  do  with  the  days  when 
railroad  building  zvas  not  merely  an  engineering  feat  but  a  battle  with  men.  It  is 
a  story  also  of  one  of  the  greatest  railroad  races  in  the  history  of  this  country. 
"A  Race  for  Sixty  Millions"  is  an  article  tltat  zvill  impress  you. — The  Editors. 


WITH  the  graciousness  of  an 
oriental  potentate  who,  in 
a  fit  of  generosity,  lightly 
tosses  a  gift  of  priceless 
jewels  into  the  lap  of  some 
favorite,  Congress  flung  down  a  vast 
treasure — over  sixty  million  dollars  in 
value — and  then,  as  the  expectant  re- 
cipient stooped  to  pick  it  up,  niggardly 
snatched  it  away. 

The  treasure  was  three  million  acres 
of  Oklahoma's  most  fertile  territory. 
The  expectant  recipient  was  the  Mis- 
souri, Kansas,  and  Texas  Railroad.  The 
outcome  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  great 
prize  has  been  forty-four  years  of  litiga- 
tion carried  on  by  the  disappointed  rail- 
road against  the  Federal  Government. 
The  last  fight  is  now  being  made  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
Back  of  the  technical  pleadings  of 
"extinguishment  of  the  Indian  titles",  of 
"grants  in  futuro",  and  "grants  in  prae- 
senti",  being  considered  by  the  courts, 
lies  the  romantic  story  of  a  spectacular 
track-laying  contest,  entered  into  by 
three  railway  lines  of  the  Southwest,  and 
lasting  six  strenuous  months,  during  the 
winter  of  1869-70. 

Congress  was  at  that  time  wrestling 
with  left-over  problems  from  the  Civil 
War  and  was  lavishing  millions  of  acres 
of  land  upon  railroad  companies  to  hasten 

S02 


transcontinental  building.  It  was  a  day 
of  unexampled  generosity  in  railroad 
land  grants.  That  things  were  not  well 
with  the  Southwest,  Congress  knew.  Out 
in  Kansas  there  were  three  forts,  Leaven- 
worth, Riley,  and  Scott.  Down  in  Okla- 
homa, Fort  Gibson  had  been  standing  in 
splendid  military  isolation  since  1824. 
Across  the  Arkansas  line  was  Fort 
Smith.  Texas  lay  across  the  untamed 
unmapped  reaches  of  the  Indian  country. 
Congress  wanted  these  forts  tied  together 
and  connected  with  Texas  by  a  military 
road  of  fifty-six-pound  steel  laid  on  hard- 
wood ties. 

To  foster  quick  construction  of  such  a 
railway,  Congress  on  July  25,  1866,  laid 
down  the  terms  of  a  remarkable  race. 
The  first  of  three  Kansas  railroads  to 
reach  the  boundary  between  Kansas  and 
the  Indian  Territory  was  to  have  the 
exclusive  right  to  build  southward  across 
the  Cherokee.  Creek,  Choctaw,  and  Chick- 
asaw lands,  the  richest  part  of  the  coun- 
try, to  Preston — now  Denison — Texas. 

It  was  further  provided  that  the  win- 
ning road  should  be  given  "every  alter- 
nate section  of  land  or  parts  thereof, 
designated  by  odd  numbers,  to  the  extent 
of  ten  sections  per  mile  on  each  side  of 
said  road,"  this  to  take  effect  "whenever 
the  Indian  title  shall  be  extinguished  by 
treaty,  or  otherwise." 


A  RACE  FOR  SIXTY  MILLIONS 


503 


It  was  three  years  after  this  congres- 
sional   action    before    the    three    Kansas 
roads  woke  up  to  the  enormous  possi- 
bilities.   The    southern    branch    of    the 
Union  Pacific — later  the  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas and  Texas — was  feeling  its  way  south 
from  Junction  City  near  Fort  Riley  at 
the  junction  of  the  Smoky  and  the 
Republican  rivers.  The  Kansas 
and  Neosho  Valley — now  the 
Kansas    City,    Fort    Scott, 
and  Memphis  segment  of 
the    Frisco    Lines — was 
creeping  down  through 
the  east  Kansas  coun- 
ties.  The  Leavenworth, 
Lawrence,     and     Fort 
Gibson — now  the  Santa 
Fe — was  groping  south 
toward  Coffeyville.  Jay 
Cooke,  the  Philadelphia 
banker    whose    financial 
collapse  brou: 
panic  of  1873,  was  back- 
ing the   Kansas   and 
Neosho  Valley.     The 
Leavenworth,    Lawrence, 
and  Fort  Gibson  seemed 
strong,  financially. 
The  Union  Pa- 
c    i    f   i   c 
southern 
branch, 
or    the 
"K  a  t  y", 
however, 
was   get- 
t  i  n  g    a 
foretaste 
o  f    t    h  e 
coming 

panic.     Its  -^  jOHS  Scaum  won  the  Race 

Contractors  Whither  the  Missouri.  Kansas  and  Texas  engine 


were  unable  to  pay 

the    laborers    and 

t  h  e 

riots, 

and 

right 

folly 

The 


iflg  'he  Kansas-Indian  Territory  line  on  June  6.  1870,  bore 
on  its  pilot  a  futile,  wasteful,  and  hopeless  half  century  of 
litigation  or  a  prize  worth  the  ransom  of  a  dozen  kings 
.  .  .  .  remains  to  be  determined  by  the  highest  tribunal 
in  the  United  States." 


cials  of  this  road  were  not  going  to 
abandon  the  attempt  without  having  a 
try  at  the  rich  prize. 

To  John  Scullin,  down  in  the  Neosho 
Valley  at  the  head  of  his  steel  gang,  came 
the  officials.    Not  nationally  famed,  as  he 
is  today,  as  a  railroad  builder — he  was 
then  a  soft-voiced  young  giant,  but 
thirty-four  years  old.     He  had 
contracted    with    the    Land 
Grant  Railway  Trust  and 
Loan  Company,  the  gen- 
eral   contractors,    to    lay 
one  mile  of  steel  daily  on 
the    little    road   pushing 
down  the  Neosho  Val- 
^       ley. 

Scullin  first  heard  of 
the  race  when  the  offi- 
cials  came   down   and 
told  him  of  it.     It  was 
one     chilly     afternoon 
early     in     the     winter. 
The   whole   construction 
force   was   practically   in  3 
state   of   anarchy.    The 
time    was   most   inauspi- 
cious  for  a  railroad- 
building  mara- 
thon  and 
yet  Scul- 
lin   would 
not    say 
that   the 
job    could 
not    be 
done,  or 
that    he 
was  not 
the  man 
to    under- 
take it. 
"How  fast  can 


re    were 

mutinies, 

threatened     lynchings     along     the 
of  way.     It  seemed  the  height  of 

to    attempt    to    enter    the    race, 
country    was    desolate    and 


unin- 
habited. Money  was  scarce  and  high. 
There  was  trouble  in  every  camp  along 
the  new  raw  line  of  cuts  and  fills. 
Winter  was  coming  on  and  the  "north- 
ers" were  beginning  to  rip  down  the 
Neosho  Valley.     Nevertheless,  the  offi- 


you  lay  track  ?" 
one  of  the  officials 
asked  him  after 
they  had  explained 
the  situation. 

"How  fast  can  you  furnish  me  the 
stuff?"  Scullin  replied,  not  forgetting  the 
fact  that  he  was  in  the  middle  of  the 
Great  Plains  with  the  steel  mills  on  the 
other  side  of  the  country. 

"Well,  how  fast  can  you  lay  the  steel  ?" 
they  insisted. 

Scullin  thought  a  while.  He  was  con- 
sidering the   obstacles  before   him — the 


Halted  at  San  Antonio,  Texas 
But  those  who  built  the  winning  road  had  dreams  that  they  would  ultimately 
continue  south  into  Mexico. 


confidently  he  answered : 
"Ten  miles  a  day  !" 

That  night  the  Union 
Pacific  branch — Scullin's 
branch — was  in  the  race. 
Also  that  night  there 
was  bedlam  in  the 
camps.  Demanding  the 
wages  due  them,  the  big 
Irish  laborers  down  the 
line  were  breaking  their 
bosses'  heads  with  their 
shovels.  Back  of  Scullin 
there  was  a  panic  among 
the     headquarters'     na- 


S04 


A  RACE   FOR   SIXTY   MILLIONS 


505 


bobs.  All  along  the  line  men  were 
throwing  down  their  tools  and  heading 
back  to  Kansas  City,  smashing  the  camps 
as  they  went.  Officials,  engineers,  and 
bosses  were  barricading  themselves  in  the 
tool  cars  and  standing  off  the  wild  Irish- 
men with  revolvers. 

And  Chetopa,  the  state  line,  and  vie-, 
tory,  was  one  hundred  and  fifty-two 
miles  from  the  last  laid  piece  of  steel ! 

But  Scullin  was  a  born  leader  of  men, 
as  well  as  an  engineer.  The  first  quality 
was  even  more  requisite  than  the  second. 
With  Colonel  Bob  Stevens,  a  fellow  St. 
Louisan,  the  new  general  contractor 
tackled  the  task.  While  Stevens  was 
trying  to  scare  up  money  for  the  pay 
roll,  Scullin  was  bringing  order  in  the 
camps.  Renegades,  horse-thieves,  and 
gamblers  were  imperiling  the  success  of 
the  venture  and  they  required  attention. 
By  threat  and  his  own  indomitable  will, 
he  drove  out  this  riffraff.  For  the  first 
month  he  scarcely  slept  an  hour  at  a 
time.  When  he  was  not  ousting  a  pro- 
fessional gambler, 
quelling  an  incipient 
mutiny,  or  mollifying 
the  Irish,  he  was  over- 
seeing the  construction 
work.  He  had  to  keep 
every  member  of  his 
gang  good-tempered, 
for  he  needed  every 
man.  By  threats, 
persuasion,     firm- 


ness, some  severity,  and  the  sheer  force 
of  his  personality,  Scullin  soon  had 
things  quieted  down,  and  then  the  actual 
race  began. 

The  men  had  caught  something  of 
Scullin's  enthusiasm  and  the  spirit  of  the 
whole  affair,  and  in  spite  of  a  hundred 
obstacles  and  handicaps,  laid  steel  like 
mad. 

Scullin  had  told  the  officials  that  he 
could  lay  ten  miles  of  steel  a  day — but 
when  he  made  that  statement  the  matter 
of  bridges,  culverts,  and  grades  had  not 
perhaps  been  fully  considered  by  him ; 
for  thirteen  days  before  the  race  was 
destined  to  be  over,  the  "Katy's"  con- 
struction force  was  still  twenty-four 
miles  away  from  Chetopa,  the  object- 
ive point  of  the  three  contesting  rail- 
roads. 

A  lot  of  grading  had  to  be  done,  none 
of  the  bridges  were  up,  and  the  masonry 
work  was  not  finished ;  but  in  eleven 
days,  those  twenty-four  miles  of  steel 
were  completed.  One  day  the  gangs  laid 
four  and  one  -  half 
miles.  No  one 
thought  of  resting,  for 
the  other  fellows  were 
moving  faster.  At 
least,  so  it  seemed. 

Spies  from  the  Kan- 
sas and  Neosho  Valley 
gangs    hung    on    the 
flanks     of     Scullin's 
force ;  but  spies  also 


II      si        "K  Today  Was  Not  Then  in  Exiktkm  k 
Oik-  of  the  reaaona  that  Texas  towns  have  irrowa  as 

tluy  have  i*  that  Conjrresa  started  this  race 
h.r  sixty  million  dollars. 


Some  of  the  Land  in  Question 

Oklahomans  have  built  town 

and  homes  on  some  of 

it,  and  most  of  it  is 

now  extremely 

valuable. 


In  all  about  three  million  acres 
of  fertile  land  forms  the 
subject  of  litigation. 


back  and 
forth  between  his 
line  and  the  Kansas 
Neosho  Valley, 
which,  moving  on  an 
inner  and  shorter  line, 
was  pulling  ahead. 
That  road  was  swerv- 
ing away  to  the  east 
on  a  line  that  would 
bring  it  straight  into  the  Quapaw  coun- 
try, sixteen  miles  from  the  designated 
point  of  the  finish,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Neosho.  No  treaties,  providing 
for  the  building  of  a  line  through  the 
Quapaw  reserve,  had  been  made  by 
Congress.  The  "Katy"  outfit  suddenly 
realizing  their  incredible  good  fortune, 
marveled  at  the  blunder,  and  prayed  that 
it  might  continue. 

Scullin's  big  Irishmen  and  big  raw- 
boned  Americans,  any  of  them  worth 
four  of  the  "wop"  laborers  of  the  present 
day,  drove  their  last  spike  enabling  the 
little  old  engine  to  cross  the  line  and  give 
that  road  its  claim  to  the  value  of  over 
three  million  acres  of  Oklahoma  soil, 
before  the  Kansas  and  Neosho  Valley's 
blunder  was  discovered. 


Where  the  Sante  Fe  Quit 
"The  Leavenworth.  Lawrence,  and  Fort  Gib- 
son ....  gave  up  the  race  at  Coffeyville" 
(Kansas).  The  road,  which  later  became  the 
Sante  Fe,  was  never  extended  south  from  this 
town. 


Leavenworth, 
Lawrence,  and  Fort 
Gibson,  the  other  contestant, 
gave  up  the  race  at 
Coffeyville.  Starting 
out  from  Junction  City 
as  the  Union  Pacific 
Southern  Branch  and 
becoming  the  "Katy" 
en  route,  that  road  was 
formally  declared  the  victor  by  Governor 
James  M.  Harvey  of  Kansas,  acting  as 
official  referee. 

But  when  the  "Katy"  put  in  its  claim 
for  the  prize  the  legal  obstacles  began 
to  bristle. 

From  the  beginning  of  this  contro- 
versy, the  "Katy"  has  claimed  the  grants, 
originally  promised  by  Congress  to  the 
Santa  Fe,  to  be  given  when  that  road 
should  build  a  line  down  the  Neosho 
Valley  from  Ft.  Riley.  These  rights 
were  assigned  to  the  Union  Pacific  South- 
ern Branch  in  March,  1866,  by  the  Santa 
Fe.  Claim  was  also  made  under  the  Act 
of  Congress  of  July  25,  1866,  specifying 
the  lands  to  be  given  to  the  first  road 
reaching  the  Kansas  boundary. 

It  is  claimed  by  the  road  in  its  suit  that 


S06 


A  RACE  FOR  SIXTY  MILLIONS 


Galhwioh:  the  Winner's 

Tkrminal  at  the  Gulf 


One  Cause  op  the  Race 

The  Government  wanted  old  Fort 

Scott  connected  to  civilization  by  a 

railroad.       The   officers'    quarters 

here  shown  are  still  standing. 


the  Xeosho  Valley  line  was  built  as  sug- 
gested by  the  Government,  that  the  race 
to  the  Indian  Territory  was  won,  and 
that  under  explicit  governmental  direc- 
tion and  supervision,  a  railway  was  built 
across  the  Indian  Territory  to  Denison, 
Texas. 

The  railroad  insists  that  the  Indian 
titles  in  Oklahoma  have  been  forever  ex- 
tinguished through  the  giving  up  of 
their  tribal  rights  by  the  savages  and 
through  the  coming  of  statehood ;  that 
these  lands  have  been  owned,  absolutely, 
by  the  LTnited  States  since  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  was  made,  and  that  all  the 
tracts  were,  in  fact,  public  lands  until 
they  were  changed  to  Indian  patents  and 
given  to  individuals. 

As  the  Act  of  Congress,  granting  the 
lands  to  the  winner  of  the  road-building 
race,   provided  that  these  lands   should 


become  the  property  of 
the  railway  "whenever 
the  Indian  titles  shall  be 
extinguished,  by  treaty  or 
otherwise,"  payment  for  the 
whole  area  is  asked. 
The  Government's  defense  has 
held  that  the  two  congressional  Acts 
involved  were  nothing  more  than  prom- 
ises and  cannot  be  regarded  as  contracts 
or  covenants  and  that  neither  of  them 
carried  any  obligation  to  extinguish  the 
Indian  titles.  It  is  denied  by  the  Govern- 
ment that  the  tracts  in  question  ever  be- 
came public  lands.  It  is  claimed  that  the 
tribal  rights  became  Indian  patents,  pass- 
ing from  the  tribal  claims  directly  to  the 
patentees  and  never  becoming  a  part  of 
the  public  domain  and  hence  subject  to 
the  "Katy"  claim. 

And  whether  the  Missouri,  Kansas  and 
Texas  engine,  crossing  the  Kansas- 
Indian  Territory  line  on  June  6,  1870, 
bore  on  its  pilot  a  futile,  wasteful,  and 
hopeless  half-century  of  litigation  or  a 
prize  worth  the  ransom  of  a  dozen  kings 
and  equal  to  a  national  indemnity,  now 
remains  to  be  determined  by  the  highest 
tribunal  in  the  United  States. 


D   C 


3    Q 


BUILT  ^ 

J|  ^f  WITH  THE  AID        •      ^| 

OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 
The  white  grain  elevator  at  the  left  is  a  co-operative  one,  and  the  province  of  Saskatchewan  loaned  the  money  to  the 

builders  for  its  construction. 

CANADA  TAKES 
a  FLIER  in  WHEAT 


By  E  G.  Moorhead 


THE  governments  of  the  three 
great  prairie  provinces  of 
Canada — Manitoba,  Saskatch- 
ewan, and  Alberta — have  gone 
into  partnership  with  the 
Canadian  wheat  growers,  to  the  end  that 
the  immense  crops  may  be  marketed 
promptly  and  profitably.  From  Winni- 
peg westward  across  the  plains  to  the 
very  foot  of  the  Selkirks  runs  a  string 
of  government-built  elevators,  operated 
and  controlled  by  actual  farmers,  break- 
ing up  the  elevator  trust  and  bringing 
better  prices  for  the  grain. 

The  movement  began  a  little  over  a 
half  dozen  years  ago  in  Manitoba,  the 
prairie  province  in  which  Winnipeg  is 
located.  The  Manitoba  wheat  growers 
were  literally  in  the  clutches  of  the  ele- 
vator trust,  which  exercised  old-time 
feudal  power,  giving  only  what  it  cared 
to  give,  and  demanding  much.  The  revolt 
of  the  exasperated  wheat  growers  be- 
came so  serious  that  the  provincial  gov- 
ernment had  to  do  something.     It  did 

508 


what  it  could,  initiating  an  experiment 
in  public  ownership,  building  and  oper- 
ating government-owned  elevators,  in 
the  effort  to  bring  about  better  condi- 
tions. The  futility  of  the  plan  was  soon 
discovered,  but  the  elevators  were  not 
abandoned.  They  had  proved  their 
worth ;  it  was  only  the  system  under 
which  they  were  operated  that  was  at 
fault.  A  year  and  a  half  ago  the  Grain 
Growers'  Association  of  Western  Canada 
arranged  to  lease  one  hundred  and  four 
grain  elevators  in  Manitoba — then  oper- 
ated by  the  provincial  government — at  a 
rental  of  six  per  cent  on  the  capitaliza- 
tion. This  practice  has  now  been  in  suc- 
cessful operation  two  marketing  seasons 
and  is  resulting  in  better  prices  to  the 
wheat  growers,  freedom  from  the  ele- 
vator trust,  and  the  general  success  of 
the  rather  chimerical  plan  of  government 
assistance. 

When  the  revolution  spread  to  the 
wheat  growers  of  the  far  western  prov- 
inces— Saskatchewan  and  Alberta — they 


CANADA  TAKES  A  FLIER  IN   WHEAT 


509 


had  the  experience  of  their  Alanitoba 
brothers  to  build  upon.  It  was  decided 
not  to  ask  the  government  to  build  and 
operate  the  grain  elevators,  but  rather  to 
give  the  farmers  themselves  the  neces- 
sary financial  assistance.  Hence  was 
brought  into  existence  the  government- 
aided  co-operative  plan  of  Saskatchewan 
which  furnishes  an  object  lesson  to 
wheat  growers  all  over  the  world. 

Under  the  Saskatchewan  plan,  the 
government  makes  loans  to  local  associa- 
tions of  farmers  up  to  eighty-five  per 
cent  of  the  cost  of  the  elevators,  to  be 
repaid  in  twenty  annual  installments, 
with    interest    at    five    per   cent.      Stock 


hundred  and  forty  elevators  whose  total 
capacity  was  .  4,250,000  bushels,  fully 
13,000,000  bushels  of  grain  were  handled 
under  the  direction  of  the  company.  At 
the  end  of  that  year  the  company  had 
a  clear  profit  of  $167,926.  -After  the 
payment  of  dividends  to  shareholders,  an 
amount  representing  three  dollars  per 
share  was  applied  to  increase  the  paid-up 
capital  of  all  shareholders.  The  re- 
mainder was  thrown  into  the  reserves 
the  Saskatchewan  company  following  the 
Manitoba  experiment  of  buying  fruit, 
coal,  flour,  and  other  commodities  in  car 
load  lots  for  the  benefit  of  its  patrons. 
At  the  end  of  the  second  year,  the  bal- 


dividends  of  six  per  cent  are  provided 
for.  Although  the  Saskatchewan  Co- 
operative Elevator  Company  was  not 
started  until  1911,  the  plan  was  an  un- 
qualified success  from  the  very  start. 
Fifty  new  elevators  were  established  by 
the  company  during  the  season  of  1913, 
bringing  the  total  number  in  operation 
Up  to  two  hundred  and  ten.  At  the 
present  time  there  are  on  file  applications 
for  over  four  hundred  elevators,  in  addi- 
tion to  those  now  operating.  Owing  to 
the  high  price  of  lumber  and  its  scarcity, 
only  fifty  new  elevators  were  built  last 
year,  but  double  that  number  are  contem- 
plated for  1914. 

In    1912,  the    second    year,    with    one 


ance  sheet  showed  total  assets  of 
$1,709,000,  of  which  $1,290,000  repre- 
sented the  value  of  the  country  elevators. 
The  loan  from  the  Saskatchewan  govern- 
ment to  the  company  stood  at  $1,206,000 
on  July  1,  1913. 

It  was  inevitable  that  the  wheat  grow- 
ers still  further  west  should  wish  for  the 
same  advantages  and  privileges.  Alberta 
is  likewise  a  great  wheat  province ;  so  it 
came  about  that  the  farmers  there  waited 
upon  Premier  Sifton,  in  1913,  and  se- 
cured promises  of  government  aid. 
Alberta  had  the  benefit  of  the  experience 
of  the  two  eastern  provinces;  it,  too,  prof- 
ited by  the  Manitoba  failure  and  pat- 
terned after  the  example  nearer  home,  in 


510 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Saskatchewan.  The  Alberta  government 
proposed  the  same  loan,  eighty-five  per 
cent  of  the  cost  of  the  elevators,  to  be 
repaid  in  twenty  annual  installments  with 
interest  at  only  five  per  cent,  in  the  land 
where  eight  per  cent  is  customary. 

That  the  passage  of  the  law  was  wel- 
come is  shown  by  the  fact  that  within 
eight  months  of  its  passage,  fifty  ele- 
vators had  been  built  and  were  open  for 
business  in  time  to  handle  the  1913  crop. 
Up  to  the  first  of  the  present  year,  1914, 
the  government  loans  amounted  to  over 
three  hundred  thousand  dollars.  New 
elevators  will  be  added  this  year  and 
there  is  every  indication  that  the  experi- 
ment will  succeed  in  Alberta  as  in  its 
sister  province.  The  same  plan  of  buying 
supplies  in  car  load  lots  for  distribution 
at  greatly  reduced  prices  is  to  be  tried 
out  there  as  in  Saskatchewan. 

Within  the  last  five  years  the  area 
devoted  to  wheat  in  the  Dominion  has 
increased  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  while 


the  output  has  practically  doubled. 
Growing  almost  four  times  as  much 
wheat  as  the  mother  country,  three  times 
as  much  as  Austria,  and  as  much  as  all 
the  wheat  countries  of  South  America 
put  together,  the  broad  prairie  provinces 
of  Canada  possess  wheat  possibilities  as 
yet  hardly  touched.  But  the  solution  of 
the  crop  problem  together  with  the  fact 
that  settlers  are  pouring  into  the  country 
in  a  steady  stream  promises  to  advance 
Canada  still  higher  among  the  wheat 
countries  of  the  world. 

All  that  is  necessary  is  for  the  wheat 
growers  of  a  locality  to  band  together, 
secure  the  necessary  co-operative  charter, 
get  more  than  four-fifths  of  the  necessary 
capital  from  the  provincial  government, 
and  erect  an  elevator.  The  result  is 
already  evidenced  in  increasing  pros- 
perity for  the  farmer,  increasing  yields 
for  the  great  prairie  provinces,  and  in- 
creasing wealth  for  the  entire  Dominion 
of  Canada. 


THE  CAVES  OF  SAITAMA 

By 
ELOISE    ROORBACH 


THE  low  hills  that  girdle  the 
little  village  of  Matsuyama,  in 
the  province  of  Saitama,  but  a 
few  hours'  journey  from 
Tokyo,  are  honeycombed  with 
curious  small  caves  which  present  a  puz- 
zle to  the  archaeologists  who  have  studied 
them.  In  fact,  these  students  of  the 
caves  are  divided  into  two  camps  in  their 
conclusions  about  them.  One  side  avers 
that  they  are  the  ancient  habitations  of 
the  folk  known  as  tsuchi-gumo,  or 
"earth  spiders",  who  occupied  Japan  be- 
fore the  coming  of  the  Ainos.  The 
other  side  believes  that  they  are  sepul- 
chers,  and  they  account  for  the  presence 
of  tools  and  arrowheads,  which  have  been 
unearthed  by  the  excavators,  by  postulat- 
ing that  the  tombs  have  at  different  times 
been  the  refuge  of  beggars  or  outlaws. 

The  caves,  at  first  sight,  seen  back  of 
an  isolated  group  of  cryptomeria  trees 
and  over  a  thatched  cottage,  look  much 


like  a  swallow  bank.  The  resemblance 
is  more  noticeable  upon  nearer  approach, 
for  they  are  set  close  together  in  uneven 
rows  and  consist  of  a  horizontal  passage 
way  ending  in  a  roomy  excavation.  They 
are  on  the  south  slope  of  the  hills 
— a  warm  sunny  exposure  for  winter 
weather.  If  the  "earth  spiders"  sat  in 
their  doorways,  they  could  have  seen 
their  enemies  approaching  over  the  plain, 
while  the  latter  were  still  a  long  distance 
away.  The  position  of  the  caves  is  a 
strategic  one,  and  adds  a  point  in  favor 
of  the  habitation  theory. 

Though  the  caves  vary  in  size,  their 
formation  is  the  same.  They  have  a 
small  mole-like  entrance  five  or  six  feet 
in  depth  which  expands  into  a  chamber 
about  six  feet  square  and  five  or  six 
feet  high,  in  the  case  of  the  larger  caves. 
Along  either  side  of  the  chamber  is  a 
ledge  seven  or  eight  inches  in  height  and 
fairly  broad,  that  may  have  been  covered 


THE    CAVES    OF    SAITAMA 


511 


with  dried  leaves  or  grass  for  a 
bed.  Marks  of  the  scraping  tools 
that  dug  the  rock  out  are  still  to 
be  seen.  To  enter  the  larger 
caves,  one  must  stoop  most 
humbly,  but  to  enter  the  smaller 
ones,  it  is  necessary  to  get  down 
on  all  fours,  or  to  worm  oneself 
in,  serpentine  fashion. 

Dr.  Tsuboi,  of  the  Imperial 
University  of  Japan,  uncovered, 
during  six  months  of  excavating 
work,  over  two  hundred  caves. 
No  doubt  many  more,  and  per- 
haps many  important  secrets  are 
still  buried  under  the  grass  and 
trees  of  those  gently  sloping 
hills.  In  some  places  the  sand- 
stone has  disintegrated  so  that 
the  roofs  have  fallen  in,  but  on 
the  whole  the  caves  present 
a  remarkable  state  of  preser- 
vation. It  is  difficult  to  esti- 
mate their  age,  but  the  weapons, 
jars,  and  household  imple 
ments  found  in  them,  are 
generally  believed  to  be- 
long  to    a    race    who 


The  Caves  of  Saitama 
Students  <<f  archaeology  are 
divided  into  two  camps  over 
the  question:  For  what  were 
they  huilt? 


— but.  the  woman  with 
the  baby  strapped  to  her 
back  finds  in  one  of  them, 
today,  an  excellent  dwell- 
ing place. 


ived  there  long  before 
the  days  of  the  Ainos. 
During  the  years  1532-55  and 
1558-78,  fierce  Japanese  civil  wars 
were  waged  on  the  wide  plains 
that  are  now  waving  rice  fields. 
The  combatants  may  have  taken, 
refuge  in  the  caves  at  that  time. 
But  whether  those  wild  Japanese, 
in  terror  of  other  wild  creatures 
stronger  of  limb  and  sharper  of 
tooth  than  themselves,  burrowed 
into  the  ground  in  order  to  find 
safety  from  such  dangers,  or 
whether  it  was  their  custom  thus 
to  bury  their  dead,  they  have  left 
a  mystery  for  the  scholars. 


BECOMING  A  "CERTIFIED  CANINE  NURSE" 
English  society  people  have  established  a  school  to  train  attendants  for  their  pets.    The  course  requires  three  years. 


TRAINED  NURSES  FOR 
ANIMALS 

C"NGLISH  dogs  will  eventually  benefit 
*-J  from  the  new  Canine  Nurses'  Insti- 
tute at  Brixton,  England.  Almost  as 
long  training  is  required  of  the  proba- 
tioner at  this  school  as  at  a  hospital  for 
human  beings.  At  the  end  of  the  course 
a   student   is  given  the  title :    "Certified 


To  See  the  Canal 

The  great  passenger  barge  will  carry  almost  three  hundred  people. 

It  has  been  built  to  accommodate  the  tourists  who  v  isit  the  Canal  Zone 

by  thousands. 

512 


Canine  Nurse",  capable  of  diagnosing 
and  treating  dogs  for  all  the  ailments  to 
which  they  are  subject. 

The  institute  was  founded  by  a  num- 
ber of  English  society  women  who  felt 
that    their    blue-blooded    pets    were    not 
receiving  capable  attention. 
& 

"RUBBERNECK"  BARGE  FOR 
PANAMA 

■"FHE  greatest  "rubberneck" 
•*■  conveyance  in  public  use  will 
be  the  passenger  barge,  which 
was  built  to  carry  passengers 
through  the  Panama  Canal,  ami 
was  brought  to  the  isthmus  in 
1909.  It  will  transport  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-six  passengers 
at  one  time.  Its  foundation  is  a 
steel  dump  barge,  one  hundred 
and  fifty-four  feet  long  and  ten 
and  a  half  feet  deep.  Like  the 
familiar  sight-seeing  trucks,  the 
seats  are  arranged  in  tiers, 
gradually  descending  from  a 
height  of  over  eight  feet  in  the 
rear  to  two  feet  at  the  forward 
end,  and  there  is  standing  room 
for  passengers  on  the  roof. 


CITY  OF  HIVE  DWELLERS 


bun-dried  bricks  stacked  in  the  form  of  beehives  are  the 

homes  of  natives  of  Mesopotamia,  the  district  between 

the  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates  rivers. 

WHERE  PEOPLE  LIVE  IN  HIVES 

IX  Mesopotamia,  the  natives  use  a  quaint 
1  form  of  dwelling,  built  of  mud  bricks 
in  the  form  of  a  hive.  As  the  country  is 
destitute  of  trees  from  which  to  hew 
rafters,  and  as  it  is  also,  in  some  places, 
devoid  of  stone,  the  natives  build  their 
habitations  of  sun-dried  mud  bricks  with 
high  and  steep  domes,  similar  in  shape  to 
a  bee-hive. 

Each  home  consists  of  several  of  these 
hives,  standing  near  together  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall  of  similar  material. 
One  or  more  is  used  to  live  in,  another 
for  the  animals,  and  still  another  serves 
as  a  granary,  and  so  on,  according  to  the 
possessions  of  the  proprietor.  The 
smaller  conical  piles  in  the  photograph 
are  of  dried  manure,  which  is  used  for 
fuel.  Of  late  years  the  inhabitants  have 
used  the  land  for  pasturage,  as  the  lim- 
ited amount  of  rainfall  makes  irrigation 
necessary  for  agriculture. 


FOR  THE  FAN'S  DELIGHT 

^ITHOUT  the  "little  white  pellets" 
which  crack  sweetly  against  the  bats 
of  the  major  leaguers  there  would  be  no 
baseball.  All  the  year  around  in  one  or 
two  large  factories  numbers  of  boys  are 
working  ceaselessly  at  long  benches,  pro- 
ducing baseballs.  The  requirements  of 
the  leagues  are  very  strict,  as  each  ball 
must  weigh  exactly  five  ounces  and  its 
circumference  must  measure  nine  inches. 
The  weight  must  also  be  evenly  dis- 
tributed or  the  ball  is  worthless.  Only 
two  factories  in  the  United  States  are 
authorized  to  make  balls  for  the  National 
and  American  leagues,  but  innumerable 
other  factories  flourish  for  the  small  boys, 
the  corner  lot  squads,  and  the  "bush 
leaguers".  The  new  Federal  league  has, 
however,  commissioned  a  third  factory. 


woto  ir  unoirwmo  *  UW(» 


THEY  MAY  NEVER  SEE  A  REAL  BALL  GAME 
All  day  long,  the  year    round,  hundreds  of  boys  are  busy  making  the  -pills"  that  other  boys  may  play  at  the 

national  game. 


513 


514 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


A  Quarter 
for  a  Job 


Only  one  man  at  a  time  can  apply 
for  each  job,  and  if  he  is  not  success- 
ful in  obtaining  employment   he  yets 
his  money  back. 


SLOT  MACHINE  EMPLOYMENT 
AGENCIES 

«<P\ROP  a  quarter  and  get  a  job; 

•^  if  you  fail  to  get  it  you  receive 
your  money  back,"  reads  the  sign  on 
a  Los  Angeles  slot  machine.  The 
device  has  been  operated  with  success 
in  that  city,  and  a  large  number  of 
machines  are  to  be  installed. 

A  cabinet  contains  spaces  for  fifty- 
four  cards,  each  one  of  which  states 
the  nature  of  employment  offered, 
wages,  and  sufficient  general  informa- 
tion to  make  it  possible  for  the  job- 
hunter  to  decide  whether  or  not  he  is 
interested.  If  he  is,  he  can  drop  his 
quarter  in  the  slot  and  investigate 
further.  The  case  can  then  be  opened, 
and  the  card  removed  by  the  person 
in  search  of  work.  The  other  side  of 
the  card  gives  the  name  and  address 
of  the  firm  offering  employment,  and 


as  only  one  card  is  placed  in  each  cabi- 
net at  a  time,  there  is  no  crowd  of 
competing  job-chasers,  such  as  an  ordi- 
nary want-ad  brings  forth.  If  the  ap- 
plicant fails  to  secure  employment,  he 
returns  the  card  to  the  office  of  the 
company  operating  the  machine  and 
gets  back  his  quarter.  If  he  secures 
the  job,  the  employer  retains  the  card. 

This  system  does  away  with  fees  to 
"employment  sharks",  saves  time  and 
car  fare  and  secures  a  prompt  hearing 
for  the  man  who  needs  help.  The 
same  machine  can  be  used  in  renting 
flats  or  rooms. 


When  the  bells  'ring  the  blind  fisherman  wakes  up  and 

hauls  in  his  lines,  for  it  means  that  he  has  a  bite.    The 

small  boys  do  not  bother  him. 


FOR  CANAL  LAUNDRIES 

WOODEN  trellis  works  have  been 
built  along  the  banks  of  the  canal 
in  the  outskirts  of  Batavia  to  facilitate 
the  work  of  the  men  and  women  of  Java 
on  "Sunny  Monday".  The  work  of  the 
average  native  household  of  the  island  is 
shared  equally  by  man  and  wife. 

MONDAY  ON  THE  CANAL  BANK,  JAVA 


OIL  IN  THE  FLOOD 

P\URING  a  recent  fire  in  a  building 
*-^  adjoining  that  occupied  by  a  news- 
paper plant  in  Milwaukee,  a  considerable 
quantity  of  water  flooded  the  basement 
of   the   newspaper   building,    completely 


Man  and  wife  carry  their 
scant  packs  of  clothing  to 
the  ditch,  wash  them,  and 
hang  them  on  sets  of  trel- 
lis which  the  city  of  Ba- 
tavia has  erected  for  the 
purpose. 


*MT«   IT   UWOIIWSt 


DESTROYING  THE  WHISPER 

""THE  accidental  duplication  of  the 
■*  famous  Vatican  whispering  gallery 
has  cost  the  Southern  Pacific  railway 
thirty  thousand  dollars  in  remodeling 
bills.  After  the  new  five-hundred-thou- 
sand-dollar passenger  station  was  com- 
pleted in  Oakland,  it  was  discovered  that 
the  immense  waiting  room,  beautifully 
planned  and  decorated,  had  one  objec- 
tionable feature ;  every  whisper  could  be 
heard  in  every  other  part  of  the  room. 
To  overcome  the  peculiar  acoustic  prop- 
erties, heavy  pads  were  placed  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  room  to  break  up  the 
echoes.  It  was  necessary  also  to  change 
the  entire  plan  of  decoration  in  order  to 
obliterate  the  whisper. 


submerging  the  presses.  When  the  water 
was  pumped  out  it  was  noticed  that  a 
thick  oily  deposit  had  been  left  on  the 
parts  of  the  intricate  and  highly  polished 
machinery,  effectually  preserving  it  from 
rust  and  corrosion  during  the  two  days 
it  took  to  empty  the  basement.  The 
cause  of  this  was  found  in  two  empty 
barrels  which  had  contained  lubricating 
oil  for  the  mechanism.  The  barrels  had 
overturned  in  the  flood,  and  what 
remained  of  their  contents,  covering  the 
surface  of  the  water,  had  automatically 
formed  a  rust-proof  film  over  the  ma- 
chinery as  the  water  receded.  It  merely 
remained  for  the  pressmen  to  wipe  off 
the  film  and  shine  the  brass  before  the 
press  could  be  put  into  service. 

SIS 


The  "Rookies"  at  Savannah,  Georgia,  have  a  couple  of 

dummy  forts  which  are  completely  equipped  with   guns 

and  hoists,  but  which  would  be  helpless  against  a  foe. 

DUMMY  FORTS  FOR 
"ROOKIES" 

HTWO  dummy  forts  have  just  been 
*  completed  in  Savannah..  Georgia,  by 
the  War  Department.  The  buildings  are 
the  first  of  their  kind  ever  constructed 
and  mark  a  step  in  the  system  of  training 
the  volunteer  militia  of  the  country. 
Savannah  is  noted  for  the  fact  that  it  has 
more  military  organizations  for  its  size 
than  any  other  city  in  the  world  and  the 
War  Department  has  erected  these  two 
forts  for  the  purpose  of  training  the 
men  of  the  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards, 
a  branch  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

The  forts  are  located  on  the  military 
parade  ground  in  the  heart  of  the  city 
and  the  War  Department  has  tried  to 
make  them  as  attractive  as  possible.  Both 
buildings  are  constructed  throughout  of 
solid  reinforced  concrete  finished  on  the 


outside  in  cream-colored 
stucco,  and  are  equipped 
in  every  respect  like  the 
most  modern  forts.  The 
guns  are  made  of  hollow 
steel  and  are  not  intended 
to  be  fired,  but  the  breech 
blocks  are  the  same  as 
those  used  on  the  standard 
guns. 
The  smaller  of  the  two  forts 
contains  a  standard-size  twelve- 
inch  coast-defense  mortar  mounted 
upon  a  standard  carriage  in  the 
mortar  pit.  On  one  side  of  the  pit 
is  the  range-finding  room,  equipped 
with  a  complete  set  of  standard  range- 
finding  instruments ;  and  on  the  other 
side  is  the  plotting  room  where  the 
ranges  are  plotted  and  then  marked  upon 
a  board.  The  fort  is  equipped  with  a  sys- 
tem of  telephones  and  electric  lights  and 
also  with  the  necessary  carriages  and 
other  apparatus  for  handling  the  dummy 
ammunition.  The  larger  fort  has  an 
eight-inch  disappearing  gun,  and  an 
electric  ammunition  hoist. 

The  two  buildings  are  to  be  used  in 
drilling  the  men  in  the  methods  and  sys- 
tems used  in  the  coast  forts  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  drills  held  here  will  take  the 
place  of  the  regular  yearly  drills  of  one 
week  each,  now  held  at  one  of  the  nearby 
forts.  The  men  will  go  to  the  regular 
forts  for  actual  firing  practice  only. 

The  rookies  will  on  these  occasions  get 
much  more  benefit  from  the  practice  be- 
cause the  methods  of  procedure  will  not 
be  strange  to  them. 


.5/6 


PROFIT  IN  SKUNKS 


WRECK  OF  THE  CORN  CAR 


DAISIXG  skunks  for  profit  is  one  of 
*■  *  the  few  industries  that  is  not  over- 
crowded, for  it  takes  courage  to  raise 
skunks.  Mrs.  Val  Reynolds  has  enough 
of  that  to  carry  on  the  industry  success- 
fully. 

Mrs.  Reynolds,  her  husband,  and  a  dog 
make  up  the  labor- 
ers in  the  enter- 
prise. But  the  dog 
has  become  the 
most  important 
factor.  At  night  he 
carries  a  gas 
bicycle  lamp 
strapped  to  his 
chest.  With  his 
nose  to  the  ground 
he  can  trace  a 
skunk  to  his  lair, 
or,  if  the  skunk  is 
prowling  about, 
the  dog  finds  him, 
stops    a    few    feet 

away,  and  confuses  him  with  the  light. 
Mrs.  Reynolds  then  approaches  the  un- 
wary creature  and  captures  him.  Thus 
they  hunt  the  fields  at  night  from  Sep- 
tember to  January. 

The  Reynolds  keep  their  skunks  in  a 
basement  where,  through  the  summer 
months,  they 
b 


4^a^>v  LlKK  ^w 

V^^^^V^         Kitten  ^^r 


The  owner  of  the  skunk  farm  finds  her  little  animals  very 
pleasant  and  lovable  companions;  it  pays  to  treat  them 

well. 


A   WRECK    on     a     railroad     bridge 
*"■'    spanning  the  Sabine  River,  three 
miles    south    of    L  o  n  g  v  i  e  w, 
Texas,  recently,  resulted 
in  a  loss  of  almost  a 
quarter    of    a    million 
dollars    to    the    rail- 
road, but  the  loss  was 
not    the    interesting 
feature  of  the  wreck, 
the    farmers    in   that 
vicinity. 

While  a  freight 
train  was  crossing 
the  river,  a  box  car 
jumped  the  track, 
striking  the  frame- 
work of  the  bridge 
and  pulling  eight 
cars  loaded  with 
lumber,  corn,  ami 
fertilizer,  into  the 
river.  One  of  these 
cars,  which  was 
loaded  with  corn,  burst  open  and  spilled 
its  contents  into  the  water.  Farmers  re- 
siding near  the  scene  immediately  took 
advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  fill 
their  barns  with  the  grain  that  floated 
down  stream,  some  filling  their  boats  so 
full  that  the  crafts  were  swamped. 


sn 


The  AVERAGE  MAN 

His  Measurements  Compared  isoith  those  of 
"the  Perfect  Man  and  the  Athlete. 

By  Judson  D.  Stuart 


W 


'HAT    are    the    measurements 
of  the  average  man?" 

This  question  was  asked  of 
three    university    gymnasium 
directors,  each  regarded  as  an 
authority  on   the  measurements  of   hu- 
man  anatomy.     It  was   also  asked   of 
several    physicians,    coaches,    trainers, 
editors    of    publications    relating    to 
physical    culture,    and    directors    of 
sanitariums.  In  each  instance  prac- 
tically the  same  reply  was  made. 
This  was : 

"It  all  depends  upon  which  type 
you  have  in  mind.     There  are 
three  types  of  men,  each  one 
perfect     in     his     way.     The 
'Hercules',   or   giant    type ; 
the  'Apollo  Belvedere',  or 
medium-sized    type,    and 
the 'Mercury',  or  small- 
sized    type.    So    you 
see  there  really  are 
no  average  meas- 


«pf 


W&fJ0te&^- 


^0S ' 


PROPORTIONS  MAKE  THE  PERFECT  MAN 

Ralph  Beatty,  Columbia  University  athlete,  is  regarded  as  the  most  perfectly  formed  man.    He  is  o(  the  medium  size, 

very  close  to  the  "average  man"  of  statistics.    His  measurements  are  given  in  the  article. 

SIS 


MelvinShepherd.  grand 
old  man  of  middle  dis- 
tance running,  is  half- 
way between  the  small 
and  the  medium  types 


George  Bonhag,   long- 
^^^     distance    runner,  is  of 
'     the  Mercury  type  but 
slightly  too  heavy. 


Lacking  Only  in  Height 
Mikail  Mordkin,  Russian  dancer, 
would,    if     taller,    be    a    perfect 

Mercury  type. 


uremems   t<»  be   secured    for   all   men." 
"But  suppose  you  went  fishing",  the 
questioner  insisted,  "and  caught  one  hun- 
dred fish  of  various  kinds,  couldn't  you 


The  Mercury 

t    man 
can    h<-  "per- 
fect"   even 
hough    he    is 
[nailer 
than   the    Her 

c  n  l  es   type. 
The      god 
Mercury  has 
be,-n  a  mod- 
el   (c.r    cen- 
turies. 


Perfect    Mercury; 
Ralph  Craig  typ- 
ifies the    swift- 
winged  messen 
P  r.  as  he  is  a 
wonderful 
sprinter. 


tell  by  the  simple  art  of  mathematics  their 
average  weight  and  length  ?" 
"That  is  entirely  different,"  was  the  rejoinder 
in  almost  every  instance. 

"Suppose  then,  you   went  out  on  the  street, 
stopped  the  first  thousand  men  you  met,  and 
took  their  measurements.    Couldn't  you,  by 
averaging  these,  secure  the  measurements 
of  the  average  man?" 
This  was  admitted  rather  grudg- 
ingly. 
But,  obviously,  the  procedure  would 
not  have  been  practical,  and  so  the 

519 


520 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Apollo  Belvedere  is  the  "perfect  type" 

of  medium-sized  man,  and  is  used  as 

a  standard. 


next  best  method  was 
adopted — one  that  prob- 
ably gives  as  close  an 
approach  to  all  the  impor- 
tant measurements  of  the 
average  man  as  it  is  pos- 
sible to  secure. 

There  is  a  vast  difference 
between  the  men  who  have  had 
to  work  for  a  living  in  offices 
and    streets    from    their   boy- 
hood days  and  those  who  have 
been  able  to  go  to  high  school 
and  college  where  they  had  every 
opportunity  to  participate  in  ath- 
letic contests  and  fill  their  lungs 
with  fresh  air  while  loafing  on  the 
college  campus.     Consequently,  it 
is  not  fair  to  attempt  to  secure  the 
measurements  of  the  average  man 
from  college  men  alone  or  from 
non-university  men  alone. 

To  overcome  this  difficulty  and 


secure  the  average  man's  meas- 
urements, measurements  were 
taken  of  all  of  last  year's  students 
in  two  universities,  of  all  the  stu- 
dents in  Amherst  College  for 
nine  years,  and  of  nearly  thirty 
thousand  men  who  applied  for 
enlistment  in  the  Civil  and  Span- 
ish wars.  To  figure  on  the  meas- 
urements of  only  such  men  as 
passed  the  government  examina- 
tions and  enlisted  would  not  be 
fair,  inasmuch  as  a  certain  stand- 
ard of  height  and  health  is  de- 
manded, but  taking  the  applicants 
for  enlistment — that  is,  counting 
in  the  measurements  of  those 
who  were  thrown  out  as  well  as 
those  accepted — the  average  is  as 
nearly  perfect  as  possible.  This 
is  true  because  all  manner  of 
men  applied  for  enlistment,  short 
and  tall  men,  fat  and  thin  men, 
sick  and  well  men. 

By  securing  the  average  from 
the    various    colleges    and    the 
average  from  the  applicants  for 
enlistment,  the  measurements  of 
the  average  man  given  in  this 
article  were  secured. 
When    these    measurements 
are  compared  with  those  of 
athletes  and  men  in  various 
branches  of  sports,  the  result 
is   decidedly   comforting  to 
the    man    who    is    not    an 
athlete,  whose  occupation  is 
sedentary,  and  to  the  man 
whose    early    training   con- 
sisted of  hustling  for  a  liv- 
ing in  office,  street,  or  mart 
instead   of   exercising  on    a 
college  oval;  for  the  differ- 
ence in  measurements  is  com- 
paratively   slight.     The    man 
who    did    not   have    systematic 
athletic  training  will  be  further 
consoled    to    learn    that    large 
measurements  do  not  necessarily 
indicate  great  strength. 
The  relative  length  of  a  man's 
trunk  to  his  height  is  the  only 
measurement     which     may     be 

Nearest  to  Statistics 
This  man  tallies  almost  exactly  with  the 
"average  man":  height  five,  seven  and  six- 
tenths;   weight  one  hundred  forty  two 
pounds. 


THE    AVERAGE    MAN 


521 


regarded  as  a  fairly  accurate  index  to  his  constitutional  strength.  Perfection  of 
measurement  is,  primarily,  a  matter  of  proportion.  Strength  cannot  be  gaged  by 
measurements  in  inches  but  depends  upon  a  combination  of  the  condition  of  the 
vital  organs  and  the  speed  of  co-ordination  between  mind  and  muscle. 

The  short  stocky  man,  the  human  mountain  of  flesh,  or 
the  living  skeleton  cannot  be  judged  by  a,ny  set  stand- 
ard of  measurements,  but,  nevertheless,  a  reliable 
average  may  be  obtained  by  picking  out  a  large 
number  of  men  after  the  manner  just  described. 

The  first  question  the  average  man  asks  when 
the  subject  is  brought  up  is,  "How  do  I  compare 
with  the  physically  perfect  man  ?" 

This  question  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  answer, 
for  when  we  get  thus  far  we  find  that  the  experts 
who  were  at  first  firm  in  their  statement  that  one 
could  not  secure  the  figures  of  an  average  man, 
were  quite  right  in  the  matter  of  the  various  types 
of  men.  There  may  be  three  physically  perfect 
types  of  men.  The  Hercules  type  will  in  no  way 
compare  in  measurements  with  the  Apollo  Bel- 
vedere or  the  Mercury  types,  and  yet  each  type 
may  be  physically  perfect. 

Still  the  average  man  insists  on  knowing  how 
he  compares  physically  with  the  perfect  man,  and 
there  is  a  method  of  approaching  this  very  closely. 

Russell  Beatty,  intercollegiate  shot-put  record 
holder,  strong  man  of  Columbia  University  at 
the  present  time,  has  been  pronounced  by  many 
authorities,  including  several  sculptors,  to  be  the 
most  perfectly  formed  man  known,  in  relation  to 
proportions  and  strength. 

The  measurements  of  "the  average  man,"  as 
compared  with  those  of  1 '.catty,  whom  for  prac- 
tical purposes  we  may  call  the  "physically  perfect 
man."  are  as  follows: 


^ 


Avkragf.  Man  Physically  Pkkfkct  Man 

Height 5  feet  7.6  inches 5  feet  8.38  inches 

Weiht HI. 39  pounds 18f>.29  pounds 

Chest MM  inches 40.86  inches 

Neck 14  inches 15.50  inches 

Wai-t SO  inches 31  .69  inches 

13.50  inches 15.55  inches 

Forearms 10.50  inches 13.46  inches 

Thigh 3) .50  inches 24.05  inches 

Calf 13.79  inches 16.08  in<  hes 

Lung  Capacity 256  cubic  inches 450  cubic  inches 

But  even  this  comparison  is  rather  misleading 
because  our  average  man  is  only  5  feet,  7.6  inches 
in  height,  while  Mr.  Beatty's  height  is  5  feet,  8.38 
inches. 

Figures  do  not  tell  everything.  The  bony 
structure  of  the  body  is  an  important  factor  to  be 
considered  in  determining  whether  a  man's  meas- 
urements fall  below  or  above  the  normal.  The 
calf,  for  instance,  may  have  a  girth  of  fourteen 

inches  in  a  given  case  and  may  be  amply  large.  But  with  a  man  of  equal  height  who 
possesses  large  knee  joints  and  ankles  a  fourteen-inch  calf  would  be  half  an  inch 
or  an  inch  below  what  it  should  be.  Radical  departures  in  osseous  structure,  that  is, 
in  bone  formation,  should  modify  many  requirements. 


A     Pkrffct  Apollo" 

John  Rrennan  is  a  physical  culture  expert  and 

li is  measurements  closely  correspond  to  those 

of  a  perfect  man  of  medium  size. 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


Gotch,  Hercules  Type 

This  world's  champion  wrestler  is  one  kind  of  a  perfect 

man,  but  so  too  is  Mercury,  who  is  a  pisrny  beside  him. 

The  Hercules  type  cannot  be  compared  with  the  small  type 

of  man. 

Bear  in  mind  that  figures  showing 
what  men  of  various  heights  should 
measure  at  the  chest,  waist,  thigh,  etc., 
and  what  their  weight  should  be  in  order 
to  be  perfectly  proportioned,  are  for  the 
most  part  based  on  theory.  That  is,  in 
actual  life  few  men  will  be  found  with 
measurements  such  as  are  given  in  the 
table.  Albert  Treloar,  winner  of  the 
thousand-dollar-prize  contest  in  the  first 
Physical  Culture  Exhibition,  was  perfect 
only  in  part  of  his  measurements.  His 
measurements  tallied  with  the  rule  that 
the  neck,  calf,  and  upper  arm  contracted 


should  all  measure  the  same,  but  he 
weighed  182  pounds  instead  of  the  164.74 
pounds  required  by  the  scale  of  a  man 
of  his  height,  which  was  5  feet,  10  inches. 
His  chest  measured  43  inches,  but  his 
waist  was  two  inches  short  of  what  it 
should  have  been,  while  his  thigh  also 
measured  an  inch  less  than  the  require- 
ment. In  his  neck,  biceps,  calf,  and  chest 
measurements  he  was  perfect. 

This  goes  to  prove  that  even  the  near- 
est approach  to  the  perfect  man  in  this 
particular  prize  contest  lacked  many 
measurements  of  perfection  and  also 
that  seldom  indeed  will  a  man 
be  found  whose  measure- 
ments all  conform  to  the 
standards  set  by  experts. 
One  important  difference  be- 
tween the  aver- 
age man  and 
the  perfect 
man,  known 
technically 
£v  as  the 
S.  "ideal 
man", 
is  in 
t  h  e 


proves 

PC" 


~i 


Hackenschmidt,  Giant  WftBS 
He,  too,  approaches  the  perfect  Hercules  type  but.  '  .there 
is  no  reason  for  the  average  man  to  be  discouraged. 


THE    AVERAGE    MAN 


523 


weight.  An  ideal  man  of  5  feet,  8  inches 
in  height  should  weigh  about  151  pounds. 
Statistics  show,  however,  that  the  aver- 
age man  of  that  height  weighs  only  be- 
tween 142  and  143  pounds. 

The  most  woeful  deficiency,  however, 
in  the  average  man,  is  in  his  chest  devel- 
opment.    The   average    American   chest 
measures  34.81  inches,  whereas 
it  should  measure  39  inches 
This  means  that  the  lung 
capacity  of  the  average 
man      is      250     cubic 
inches.     It  should  be 
at    least    300    cubic 
inches.    The  girth  of 
the  average  waist  is 
29.90    inches.      The 
average    ideal    waist 
should  measure  32.5 
inches. 

But  it  is  worthy 
of  note  that  as  an 
offset  to  these  de- 
ficiencies the  average 
American  male  has 
a  leg  development 
that  is  nearly  per- 
fect. In  the  table 
comparing  the  aver- 
aye  man  with  the 
physically  perfect 
man  of  the  same 
height,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  calf  of 
the  average  man  is 
but  .21  of  an  inch 
less  in  t^irtli  than  the 
calf  of  the  physically 
perfect  man.  It  is 
the  arms  and  chest 
of  the  average  man 
that  seem  to  be  neg- 
lected, that  is,  they 
are  not  developed 
anywhere  near  up  to 

the  standard  of  the  physically  perfect  or 
ideal  man.  As  to  muscles,  those  of  the 
average  man  are  far  below  the  standard, 
but  this  is  something  that  may  be  over- 
come with  proper  exercise.  A  few 
minutes  exercise  each  day  for  a  year,  as 
outlined  by  any  expert  physical  culture 
director,  should  bring  the  muscles  of  Mr. 
Average  Man  up  to  the  standard. 

The  average  man  is  particularly  weak 
in  the  muscles  of  his  back,  being  able  to 


HhRClT.KS,  TDK    PkkFKCT    LARGE    MAN 

"The  Hercules  t  v  r » ■  will  in  no  way  compsra  with  the 

Apollo  Bel redere  <-r  the  Mercury  types,  and  yet  each 

type  may  be  physically  perfect." 


lift  only  345  pounds.  At  Yale  University 
the  students  measuring  5  feet  8  inches 
had  strength  tests  of  420  pounds.  How 
poorly  this  compares  with  the  perform- 
ance of  Herman  Sell,  a  German  strong 
man,  may  be  readily  understood  when  it 
is  stated  that  he  performed  the  deep 
knee  bend  correctly  seven  times  with  a 
bar-bell  of  440  pounds  across 
his  shoulders.  The  world's 
record  for  the  "dead  lift" 
1,897  pounds.  The 
late  Louis  Cyr,  a 
French  Canadian, 
stood  under  a  plat- 
form and  pressed  up- 
ward with  his  back, 
lifting  a  total  weight 
of  4,300  pounds. 

Another  point  of 
weakness  in  the  av- 
erage man,  and  for 
that  matter  amongst 
the  majority  of  pro- 
f  e  s  s  i  o  n  a  1  strong 
men,  is  the  hand 
grip.  But  the  most 
serious  weakness 
that  the  average  man 
possesses  is  un- 
doubtedly in  his  ab- 
dominal muscles. 
These  are  among  the 
most  important  mus- 
cles of  the  body,  and 
in  the  average  man 
they  are  soft  and 
flabby. 

But  the  average 
man  should  not  be 
discouraged  when 
told  he  is  weak  in 
the  biceps,  or  in  his 
thighs,  or  that  he 
has  practically  no 
proper  control  of  the 
muscles  he  does  possess,  for  while  this 
is  true,  the  difference  in  comparison  with 
the  athletic  man  is  by  no  means  as  great 
as  he  is  generally  led  to  believe. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  note  the  meas- 
urements of  other  races,  Indians  and 
negroes,  for  example,  as  compared  with 
the  higher  types  and  superior  nation- 
alities. The  so-called  "burly  negro"  is 
really  shorter  than  the  average  white  man, 

(Continued  on  page  622) 


A  NEW  KIND  OF  "HITCH  BEHIND" 
A  set  of  tractor  wheels  is  being  built  to  attach  to  automobiles.    The  rear  wheels  are  jacked  up,  set  on  the  new  device 

and  the  power  applied. 


CONVERTING  THE  AUTO 

HTHE  small  pleasure  car,  which  is  in 
*  use  by  the  average  farmer  today,  can 
be  put  to  heavy  farm  work  by  means  of 
a  new  tractor  designed  to  operate  with 
any  type  of  car.  The  auto-tractor  has 
two  six-foot  wheels  with  a  system  of 
gears  that  increases  the  power  tremend- 
ously. The  small  auto  is  thereby  con- 
verted into  a  slow-moving  but  very  pow- 
erful tractor,  which  will  haul  several 
loaded  trailers  over  a  country  road,  will 
run  a  threshing  machine,  or  do  the  work 
of  ten  horses  on  a  large  plow.  Very 
little  adjustment  is  required  to  fit  any 
car  for  this  purpose.  The  most  impor- 
tant is  the  attachment  of  small  pinions 
to  the  hubs  of  the  \  rear  wheels  and  the 
bolting:  of  steel  seats  to  the  rear  axle. 


After  these  preliminaries,  the  auto  is 
backed  up  to  the  tractor  and  raised  by 
its  own  power  upon  the  steel  frame. 
When  the  gears  of  the  tractor  mesh  with 
the  pinions  on  the  auto  hubs,  the  rear 
wheels  of  the  car  are  four  or  five  inches 
off  the  ground ;  in  fact,  the  tractor 
carries  nearly  all  the  weight  of  the  car, 
though  the  front  wheels  rest  on  the 
ground  for  steering.  The  whole  opera- 
tion requires  about  eight  minutes  and, 
when  attached,  the  pleasure  car  is  ready 
to  do  the  plowing. 


"SLOT  MACHINE"  POP  CORN 

THROUGH  the  production  of  an  in- 
genious   popper,    pop    corn    has    be- 
come one  of  the  commodities  that  can  be 


THE  FAMILY  MOTOR  PLOWING 
The  change  to  a  tractor  can  be  made  in  a  moment.    There  is  no  wear  on  the  rear  tires  of  the  automobile;  and  the  hard 

labor  of  the  farm  is  greatly  eased. 

524 


vended  by  a  slot  machine,  like  gum  and 
salted  peanuts.  The  essential  quality  of 
good  pop  corn  is  freshness.  This  ma- 
chine pops  only  enough  corn  at  each 
operation  for  one  customer,  and  does  not 
do  it  until  the  customer  places  a  five-cent 
piece  in  the  slot. 

After  the  coin  is  inserted  the  cus- 
tomer turns  the  handle  one  complete 
revolution,  thus  starting  the  machine  in 
automatic  operation.  It  measures  out  the  . 
exact  quantity  of  corn  required,  deposits 
it  in  the  popper,  pops  it  by  electricity,  and 
shoves  out  a  paper  bag.  which  the  cus- 
tomer holds  under  the  discharge  spout  to 
receive  the  corn.  The  filled  bag  is  then 
held  under  the  seasoning  spout,  above 
which  are  two  protruding  stops  or 
knobs.  Pressure  on  one  of  these  pro- 
vides the  required  amount  of  butter,  and 
on  the  other,  the  required  amount  of  salt. 

The  popper  itself  is  a  revolving  cylin- 
der, to  which  a  little  motor  is  connected 
direct.  This  cylinder  is  fitted  with  cells 
heated  by  electricity.  By  means  of  an 
ingenious  chute  arrangement  the  un- 
popped  kernels  are  separated  from  the 
popped  and  deposited  in  a  waste  bin. 

No  special  wiring  is  required  for  the 
machine.  It  can  be  connected  to  any 
light-fixture. 


Popphd  Whilk  You  Wait     • 
Popcorn  is  good  only  when  freshly   popped  so  this  slot 
machine  should  be  in  high  favor. 


ELEPHANT  PULLS  AUTO 

A  N  automobile  engaged  in  a  tug  of 
**  war  with  an  elephant  at  the  Los 
Angeles  Wild  Animal  Farm  recently.    A 


six-cylinder  car  pulled  one  way,  while 
the  great  pachyderm  strained  against 
it  by  a  rope  around  its  neck.  The  con- 
test was  in  two  heats,  the  first  going 
to  the  elephant,  the  second  to  the  car. 


The  Eas!  uses  ele- 
phant power  for  big 
loads,  the  West  has 
enslaved  coal  and 
raft,  The  six  cyl- 
inder   motor  was 
a  match  for  the 
pachyderm. 


S2S 


The  Jackies  Loathe  the  Coaling  Job 


THE  NAVY  ADOPTS  CRUDE  OIL 


By 
LINDSAY    CAMPBELL 


THE  Navy  Department  has 
concluded,  after  years  of 
consideration  and  experi- 
ment, that  crude  petroleum 
is  a  practical  fuel  for  sea- 
going ships.  The  final  decision  was 
hastened,  perhaps,  by  the  fact  that  the 
British  Navy,  profiting  by  our  experi- 
ments, has  designed  its  latest  and  most 
ambitious  fighting  machines  as  oil 
burners.  Both  navies — so  it  seems  to 
the  Pacific  Coast  shipowners,  to  whom 
liquid  fuel  has  been  for  years  the 
synonym  for  efficiency — have  showed 
an  inexcusable  loyalty  to  King  Coal. 
One  of  our  naval  officers,  with  a  gift 

526 


for  epigram,  expressed  the  opinion  that 
"coaling  ship"  through  a  hose  was  a 
lazy  man's  dream. 

The  dream,  however,  has  come  true. 
There  may  be  no  wholesale  conversion 
of  the  Navy's  coal  burners — although 
on  the  Pacific  they  think  that  it  would 
be  a  paying  investment — but  the  new 
dreadnaughts  will  all  burn  oil. 

The  first  concession  to  the  new  fuel 
was  made  when  the  ships  of  the  North 
Dakota  class  were  built  to  burn  coal 
and  oil.  There  was  still  a  little  distrust 
of  oil's  dependability.  It  made  good, 
however,  and  the  New  York  and  Texas 
will  burn  oil  exclusively. 


THE  NAVY  ADOPTS  CRUDE  OIL 


527 


For    the    Pacific    Coast    shipowner    is 
keenly  interested  in  the  Navy. 

Until  1890,  the  use  of  oil  as  a  sea 
fuel  had  been  confined  to  a  few  steam- . 
ers  engaged  in  trade  along  the  Pacific 
Coast.  In  that  year  the  Oceanic 
Steamship  Company  of  San  Francisco 
converted  the  liner  Mariposa  into  an 
oil  burner  and  placed  it  on  the  run  be- 
tween San  Francisco  and  Tahiti.  No 
fuel  being  obtainable  at  the  South  Sea 
port  it  was  necessary  to  equip  the  ves- 
sel with  tanks  of  sufficient  capacity  to 
carry  oil  for  the  round  trip. 

John  D.  Spreckels,  president  of  the 
Oceanic  company,  invited  the  Navy 
Department  to  participate  in  the  Mari- 
posa's trials.     Men  were  sent  out  and 


COALING  DAY  ON  A  WARSHIP 
Every  available  seaman  is  in  for  it.  a  large  number  of  men  being  necessary  to  handle  the  fuel.     When  a  big  sea  is  run- 
ning it  is  impossible  to  get  coal  aboard. 


The  high  price  of  coal  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  probably  prompted  the  shipown- 
ers of  that  region  to  extend  an  early 
welcome  to  the  new  fuel.  When  their 
books  showed  the  liquid  mineral  to  be 
a  miracle  worker — cutting  down  pay 
rolls,  reducing  operating  expenses  and 
repair  cost,  and  at  the  same  time  in- 
creasing speed  and  cargo  capacity — 
they  tried  to  interest  the  Government. 


for  the  first  two  voyages  of  the  liner, 
navy  engineers  traveled  on  the  ship 
and  studied  the  new  fuel  in  operation. 
The  reports  of  these  officers,  lengthy 
and  favorable,  impressed  the  Depart- 
ment sufficiently  to  bring  about  the 
conversion  of  the  monitor  Cheyenne 
into  an  oil  burner.  On  the  Cheyenne 
the  observations  were  continued  and 
after  more  than  a  decade  of  deliber- 


528 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ation,  oil  has  been  adopted  as  the  fuel 
for  the  ships  of  the  first  line  of  defense. 
The  results  on  the  Mariposa  led  to 
the  conversion  the  following  year  of  her 
twin  sister,  the  Alameda,  which  was 
running  between  San  Francisco  and 
Honolulu.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
the  general  use  of  oil  as  fuel  for  Pa- 
cific Coast  steamships  both  in  the  off- 
shore and  coasting  trades.  The 
Oceanic  company  later  converted  into 
oil  burners  the  ten-thousand-ton  liners 


dollars.  The  Sierra  is  still  running  in 
this  service  and  no  subsequent  trip 
has  been  as  costly  as  the  first  one. 

Of  this  saving,  about  eight  thousand 
dollars  was  in  fuel  cost,  the  balance 
representing  saving  in  time,  labor,  and 
repairs.  This  was  accompanied  by 
such  an  all-round  increase  in  efficiency 
that  the  company  converted  the  Sonoma 
and  Ventura  and  resumed  the  service 
to  Sydney.  It  is  on  this  run  that  oil 
as  a  fuel  for  large  ships  on  long  voy- 


TAKING  ON  LIQUID  FUEL 
The  lighter  slips  quietly  alongside  and  silently  pumps  the  oil  aboard.    There  is  no  sweating,  swearing  gang  battling 

with  the  food  for  the  furnaces. 


Sierra,  Sonoma,  and  Ventura  which 
had  been  operating  between  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Sydney,  New  South  Wales, 
but  which  had  been  taken  out  of  com- 
mission, the  service  not  paying. 

The  Sierra,  while  still  a  coal  burner, 
made  a  few  trips  to  Honolulu  while  the 
Alameda  was  being  converted.  The 
record  of  the  Sierra,  first  as  a  coal 
burner  and  later,  on  the  same  run,  as 
an  oil  burner,  affords  an  interesting 
comparison  between  the  old  and  new 
fuel.  As  a  coal  burner  the  operating 
expenses  for  the  round  trip  averaged 
thirty-two  thousand  dollars.  The  first 
round  trip  as  an  oil  burner  involved  an 
operating  charge  of  nineteen  thousand 


ages  is  given  its  supreme  test.  The 
round  trip  is  over  thirteen  thousand 
nautical  miles,  the  run  averaging  fif- 
teen knots  an  hour.  The  vessel  leaves 
San  Francisco  with  about  twenty-one 
thousand  barrels  of  oil,  which  suffices  for 
the  round  trip  and  all  port  consumption. 

The  Matson  Navigation  Company 
has  been  operating  for  years  a  fleet  of 
large  steamers  between  San  Francisco 
and  Honolulu  all  burning  oil,  exclu- 
sively, as  do  all  the  big  freighters  oper- 
ated on  the  Pacific  by  the  American 
Hawaiian  line. 

The  Pacific  Mail  Company  has  con- 
verted its  Panama  liners  into  oil  burn- 
ers, and  even  the  Pacific  Coast  Steam- 


THE  NAVY  ADOPTS  CRUDE  OIL 


529 


ship  Company,  owner  of  extensive  coal 
mines,  whose  ships  were  equipped  with 
grates  which  enabled  them  to  burn  the 
fine  waste  from  these  mines,  has  found 
it  economical  to  convert  its  entire  fleet 
into  oil  burners. 

In  nearly  every  case  in  recent  years, 
where  coal  burners  have  been  char- 
tered on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  extended 
terms,  the  charterer  has  found  it  econ- 
omy to  make  the  conversion  at  his 
own  expense.  The  Norwegian  steamer 
Jason  was  chartered  to  operate  be- 
tween San  Francisco  and  Mexican 
ports.  The  Jason  at  her  most  econom- 
ical speed  was  burning  daily  eighteen 
tons  of  coal,  costing  seven  dollars  a 
ton.  As  an  oil  burner,  the  Jason  does 
the  same  work  on  a  daily  consumption 
of  eighty-five  barrels  of  oil.  The  oil 
costs  sixty  cents  a  barrel.  The  saving 
in  the  cost  of  fuel  is  seventy-five  dollars 
a  day. 

In  fuel  value,  four  barrels  of  oil 
equal  one  long  ton  of  coal.  Weight 
for  weight,  on  this  basis,  one  thousand 
two  hundred  and  eighty  tons  of  oil  is 
the  fuel  equal  of  two  thousand  two 
hundred  and  forty  tons  of  coal.  The 
loading  of  oil  involves  no  stoppage  in 
the  work  of  handling  cargo.  It  takes  a 
lot  of  men  to  coal  a  ship  and  there  is 
gear  to  be  rigged  and  screens  to  be 
stretched  for  the  protection  of  living 
quarters,  and  a  big  job  of  hosing  and 
scrubbing  when  the  task  is  finished. 
One  man  can  superintend  the  fueling 
with  oil  of  the  biggest  liner,  and  oil 
raises  no  dust. 

Feeding  the  furnaces  with  oil  is 
equally  simple  and  requires  super- 
vision merely  for  purposes  of  occa- 
sional regulation.  The  conversion  of 
the  Sierra  eliminated  forty-one  men 
from  the  fireroom. 

No  costly  and  ever-wearing,  battery 
of  tools  is  needed  to  handle  liquid  fuel 


and  no  ash-hoisting  machine  is  neces- 
sary. There  is  no  wear  on  the  furnace 
doors ;  no  slowing  down  to  clean  fires. 
The  boilers  last  longer  under  the  per- 
fectly controlled  heat  and  the  steady 
steam  pressure  means  longer  life  for  the 
engines  and  greater  efficiency. 

Oil  tanks  are  additional  water-tight 
bulkheads  and  afford  a  ready  means 
of  lightening  the  ship  in  case  of  neces- 
sity. 

The  use  of  liquid  fuel  has  eliminated 
not  only  the  dirt  from  all  parts  of  the 
ship  but  also  the  excessive  heat  from  the 
fireroom,  which  on  an  oil  burner,  instead 
of  being  a  grimy,  brutalizing  inferno,  is 
a  clean  workshop  with  a  comfortable 
temperature.  Oil  installation  in  every 
case  has  raised  the  morale  of  the  fire- 
room crew. 

Oil  in  burning  throws  no  cinders 
and,  with  proper  regulation,  is  smoke- 
less. This  means  clean  decks  and,  in 
the  Navy,  it  means  the  absence  of  an 
announcing  column  of  black  smoke  or 
fiery  pillar  of  flying  cinder. 

One  of  the  objections  advanced 
against  the  adoption  of  liquid  fuel  for 
the  Xavy  was  that  whereas  coal  could 
be  procured  in  any  part  of  the  world, 
the  oil  supply  was  limited  to  a  few 
regions.  This  is  true,  but  it  is  also 
true  that  oil  can  be  transported  just  as 
easily  as  coal  and  more  economically. 

The  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  coaling  stations  involves  no  prob- 
lem that  has  not  been  solved  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  Navy's  coal  supply. 
Furthermore,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  coal 
can  be  obtained  in  nearly  every  part  of 
the  world,  practically  every  pound  of  coal 
burned  in  the  United  States  Navy,  in- 
cluding the  ships  of  the  Pacific  and 
Asiatic  fleets,  is  transported  from  Bal- 
timore. Philadelphia,  and  Newport 
News  by  the  Navy  Department — and 
mostly  in  foreign  tramps. 


If  you  are  a  rural  manufacturer,  you  now  have  the  "bulge" 
on  your  city  competitor.  It  looks  as  if,  as  a  producing  center, 
the  disintegration  of  the  city  is  at  hand.  The  amazing  facts 
upon  which  this  statement  is  founded  will  appear  in  a  re- 
markable article  in  the  July  Technical  WORLD. 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  GOAT 

By 
ROBERT    FRANKLIN 


THE  angora  goat  in  this  country 
is  at  last  coming  into  its  own. 
While  during  the  last  few 
years  there  has  been  a  big 
decrease  in  the  number  of 
sheep  and  beef  cattle  in  the  United 
States,  the  number  of  angoras  has  greatly 
increased.  Fourteen  years  ago  there 
were  only  about  five  hundred  thousand 
of  them  in  this  country ;  today  there  are 
more  than  two  million.  Pure-bred  bucks, 
at  fifty  dollars  apiece  and  upwards,  have 
been  exported  recently  to  South  Africa 
from  California.  There  have  been  other 
exportations  of  the  ani- 
mals to  Brazil  and  Ar- 
gentina ;  and  Alaska 
and  some  of  the  island 
groups  of  the  South 
Pacific  now  possess 
herds  of  angoras  orig- 
inally imported  from 
the  United  States. 

The  goat-raising  in- 
dustry, which  a  few 
years  ago  was  localized 
to  a  great  extent  in  the 
Southwest,  is  now  so 
far  extended  geograph- 
ically that  almost  every 
State  has  herds  of 
angoras.  The  North- 
west, particularly,  is  al- 
most unrivaled  for  the 
production  of  high- 
quality  mohair.  The 
animal  there  has  found 
a  goat  paradise  in  a 
humid  climate  and  vast 
areas  of  logged-off 
lands. 

If  these  lands,  were ... 
allowed  to  grow  up  in 
brush,  they  would  be- 
come a  dangerous  fire- 
trap  and  a  menace  to 
the  surrounding  coun- 
try, but  the  angora 
eliminates  this  danger 


Hand  Process 
The  old  way  of  clipping  a  goat  is  still  used 
in  most  places,  but  the  machine  clipper  is 
..coming  in. 


by  eating  the  brush,  and  thus  doubly  re- 
wards his  owner  by  "working  for  his 
board  and  paying  for  it  at  the  same 
time." 

There  is  a  steady  increase  in  the  price 
received  for  the  fleece  by  the  grower. 
In  1908  it  was  from  twenty-two  to 
twenty-five  cents  a  pound ;  in  1913  it 
averaged  thirty-four  cents  a  pound.  The 
total  production  of  mohair  in  the  United 
States  during  the  present  year  will  be 
not  less  than  five  million  pounds.  Yet 
the  fact  that  the  demand  exceeds  the 
supply  is  indicated  by  an  annual  importa- 
tion of  two  million 
pounds. 

In  brief,  the  raising 
of  angora  goats  is  com- 
ing to  be  a  great  Amer- 
ican industry.  The 
uses  to  which  their 
wool  is  put  are  aston- 
ishingly varied,  one  of 
the  most  interesting 
being  the  imitation  of 
human  hair.  For  this 
purpose,  of  course,  only 
the  very  long  fleeces 
can  be  utilized.  Such 
hair,  from  twelve  to 
twenty-four  inches  in 
length,  fetches  a  much 
higher  price  than  ordi- 
nary grades,  and  is  em- 
ployed mostly  in  the 
manufacture  of  curls 
and  "front  pieces". 

Angora  wool  has  a 
much  more  permanent 
luster  than  human  hair. 
It  retains  its  curl  far 
better,  and  readily 
takes  any  dye.  Also  it 
is  used  as  a  material 
for  hair  nets.  The  ex- 
tensive employment  of 
mohair  for  dolls'  wigs 
seems  to  have  sug- 
gested its  utilization  as 


530 


TRIUMPH    OF    THE   GOAT 


531 


a  substitute  for  human  hair  in 
wigs,  switches,  and  curls. 

Many  so-called  "furs"  are  in 
reality    angora    goat    skins,    the 
fleece  being  dyed  and  variously 
manipulated.     Most  of  the  "as- 
trakhan"   on    the    market    is    in 
reality  angora  goat.     It  has  all 
the  beauty  of  the  real  article,  is 
much   more   durable,   and   never 
changes     its    color.       Children's 
muffs  are  commonly  made  of  the 
same   material,   while   the    finest 
angora  kid  fleeces  are  used   for 
the  collars  and  bor- 
ders    of    opera 
cloaks.     Mittens  of 
angora     wool     are 
delightfully  warm ; 
and,    inasmuch    as 
mohair    repels 
water,  a  suggestion 
has    recently    been 
made  that  it  might 
be  employed  to  ad- 
vantage    for     rain 
coats. 

The  finer  grades 
of  mohair  are 
mixed  with  silk  or 
wool  in  a  great  va- 
riety of  fabrics. 
The  beautiful  ma- 
terial known  in  the 
dry  goods  trade  as 
"camel's  hair 
goods"  is  mohair ; 
much  alpaca  is  mo- 
hair :  "crepons"  are 
mohair  ;  and  so  like- 
wise are  the  "bril- 
liantines",  which 
are  popular  be- 
cause they  wear  so 
well. 

It  is  the  wearing 
quality  of  mohair  that  goes  farther  even 
than  its  beauty  to  make  it  popular.  Mo- 
hair contributes  to  silk  or  wool,  when 
mixed  with  these,  its  own  durability 
and  luster.  Stockings  made  of  mohair 
wear  remarkably  well.  In  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, where  the  angora  goat  was  domes- 
ticated for  many  centuries  before  it  was 
known  in  Europe,  wrappers  woven  of 
mohair  are  said  to  have  been  handed 
down  from  father  to  son  for  generations. 


Prizf.winning  Angoras 
Eastern  nations  have  re- 
cently prohibited  export  of 
their  hlooded  sires  to  pre- 
vent the  development  of  a 
good  strain  in  America. 
But  it  was  too  late  and  we 
are  already  shipping  chain 
pions  to  South  Africa. 


Getting  the  Product 

The    machine    method    of   shearing    requires    two   men 

hut  is  much  faster  than  the  shears  used  formerly  and  it  is 

easier  on  the  goat. 


The  first  angoras 
brought  to  the 
United  States  were 
given  by  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey  to  Doc- 
tor J.  B.  Davis, 
who  had  been  sent 
by  President  Polk 
to  teach  the  Turks 
how  to  plant  and 
grow  cotton.  There 
were  nine  does  and 
two  bucks.  Davis 
sold  one  of  the 
bucks  for  one  thou- 
sand five  hundred 
dollars,  and  for  the 
other  he  refused  to 
accept  an  offer  of 
its  weight  in  silver. 
Later  on,  however,  it  was  decided  to 
forbid  the  exportation  of  angora  goats 
from  the  Turkish  dominions.  An  edict 
to  this  effect  was  issued  by  the  Sultan  in 
1881.  Twenty  years  later,  the  British 
colonial  government  in  South  Africa 
put  up  prohibitory  duty,  and  since  then 
the  exportation  of  the  animals  has  been 
forbidden  entirely.  So  it  is  interesting 
that  California  should  now  be  sending 
angora  bucks  to  South  Africa. 


Seeing  this  a  driver  will  auto- 
matically slow  down. 


The  motorist  protects  himself 
when    he    slows    down   in  the 
nuighborhood  of  a  fire  depart- 
ment station. 


Appealing  to  Reason 

Even  a  thoughtless  autoist  will  admit  that  a 

hospital  zone  demands  quiet. 


NEW  SIGNS  FOR  MOTORISTS 

HTHE  Auto  Club  of  Southern  Cali- 
A  fornia  has  placed  warning  signs 
along  the  streets  leading  to  the  schools, 
hospitals,  and  fire  stations  of  Los  Ange- 
les. This  is  the  first  instance  where  signs 
of  this  character  have  been  erected.  It 
was  the  contention  of  the  club  that  auto- 
mobile drivers  would  not  approach  these 
points  at  a  more  rapid  pace  than  public 
safety  or  consideration  would  permit 
were  they  aware  that  they  were  nearing 
them. 

Several  hundred  of  these  signs  have 
already  been  placed  along  the  streets  of 
Los  Angeles,  and  others  are  being 
erected  every  day.  Each  series  of  signs 
is  placed  a  short  distance  from  its  par- 
ticular institution.  For  instance,  should 
the  school  be  located  on  the  corner,  one 
of  the  "School — Careful"  signs  is  placed 
about  a  block  from  the  school  on  every 

532 


street  which  passes  that  building,  the 
signs  always  being  located  at  the  right 
side  of  the  road. 

The  board  portion  of  each  sign  is  two 
feet  square  and  the  post  is  eight  feet  in 
height.  With  the  exception  of  the  letters. 
which  are  painted  blue,  the  entire  sign  is 
painted  white. 


COTTAGES  FOR  IRELAND'S 
POOR 

\JO  feature  of  the  present-day  revival 
*^  of  prosperity  in  Ireland  impresses 
more  strongly  the  visitor  to  the  Emerald 
Isle  than  the  progress  in  the  erection  in 
all  parts  of  the  country  of  the  neat  and 
comfortable  new  cottages  which  are  rap- 
idly displacing  the  huts  and  cabins  of 
other  days. 

These  new  cottages  are,  in  most  in- 
stances, of  stone  and  concrete  construe- 


Replacing  the  Huts 
A\n  Cabins 


Throughout  Ireland  substantial  cottages  arc 
being    built  of  stone  and  concrete  con 
struction  by  the  local  government. 
Fifty  thousand  have  already 
been  put  up. 


tion  and  each  is  set  down  in  its  own 
garden  plot.  To  date,  about  fifty  thou- 
sand of  them  have  been  erected  by  the 
various  local  governments  throughout 
Ireland.  The  cost  ranges  from  one  thou- 
sand dollars  to  seven  hundred  dollars 
each.  The  cottages  are  designed  for  the 
laboring  classes,  especially  the  agricul- 
tural laborers,  and  these  cozy  two-  or 
four-room  homes  are  sold  to  the  occu- 
pants on  the  installment  plan,  the  pay- 
ments ranging  from  thirty-six  to  fifty 
cents  per  week.  It  may  require  half  a 
century  to  clear  a  cottage  at  this  low  rate 
of  payment  but  in  the  meantime  the  oc- 
cupants have  the  ambition  and  content 
which  is  encouraged  by  ownership  of 
one's  home  and  which    is    so    great    a 


factor  in  the  twentieth  century  regener- 
ation of  Ireland. 

AMERICA'S  FIRST  SPHINX 

THE  sphinx  of  Rameses  II,  brought 
*  from  Egypt  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  officials,  has  found  a 
resting  place  in  front  of  the  archae- 
ological building  of  the  university. 
This  is  the  first  sphinx  ever  brought  to 
this  country.  It  was  found  in  the  ruins 
of  Memphis,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Egypt,  and,  though  battered  about  the 
face,  is  still,  as  a  whole,  in  a  good  state 
of  preservation.  The  sphinx  is  of  red 
granite,  eleven  feet,  five  inches  in  length, 
and  over  seven  feet  in  height. 


Resting 

ON  A 

Green  Lawn 


After 

centuries 

on  the  sands 

of  a  desert  this 

sphinx   has    been 

brought   to  America. 


DOUBLE  POWER  FOR  STAR 

GAZERS 


By 

W.    M.    GLADISH 


one   of 
world. 


THE  Canadian  Government 
has  awarded  contracts  to 
Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh 
firms  for  the  construction 
and  erection  of  what  is  to  be 
the  largest  telescopes  in  the 
The  sixty-inch  reflecting  tele- 
scope at  the  Mount  Wilson  Observ- 
atory in  California  is,  at  the  present 
time,  the  largest  in  existence  and  its 
revelations  have  greatly  advanced  the 
knowledge  of  the  stellar  universe.  The 
contract  for  the  Canadian  telescope, 
which  is  to  be  erected  near  Ottawa, 
Ontario,  calls  for  a  seventy-two-inch 
reflector,  making  it  nearly  fifty  per 
cent  more  powerful,  accord 
ing  to  the  astronomers. 
For  visual  observation 
and  micrometric  meas- 
urements, the  great 
refracting  tele- 
scopes like  the 
instruments  at 
the  Lick  and 
Y  e  r  k  e  s  ob- 
servatories 
will  maintain 
their  suprem- 
acy, but  for  as- 
tronomica  1 
photography, 
the  new  Ca- 
nadian reflect- 
ing telescope 
will  be  su- 
perior to  its 
predecessors. 

The    total 
contract    price 
is  approximate- 
ly one  hundred 
thousand    dollars 
and  it  will  take  at 
least  one  year  and  a 
half  to  finish  the 
mounting  and  complete 

S34 


The  Seventv-Two-Inch  Reflector 
It  will  be  twice  as  powerful  as  the  largest  tele- 
scope of  the  kind  now  in  use. 


the  optical  parts.  The  instrument 
will,  when  completed,  weigh  fully  fifty 
tons  and  will  rest  upon  massive  piers 
of  concrete.  The  tube,  which  will  be 
thirty  feet  long  and  seven  feet  in  diam- 
eter, will  weigh  ten  tons  alone.  At  the 
lower  end  of  this  tube  will  be  located 
the  principal  speculum  composed  of  a 
disc  of  glass  seventy-two  inches  in 
diameter,  ten  inches  in  thickness,  and 
about  two  tons  in  weight. 

Although  the  tube  and  the  various 
axes  with  their  attachments  weigh 
thirty-five  tons,  so  nicely  is  each  part 
balanced  and  adjusted  that  a  driving 
clock  will  revolve  this  immense  weight 
with  the  positive  accuracy 
which  is  essential  for  con- 
tinuous observations.  It 
will  also  be  possible, 
by  removing  the 
secondary  mirrors, 
to  use  the  new 
telescope  for  di- 
rect vision. 
The  mounting 
for  this  tele- 
scope will  be 
made  in  the 
same  factory 
in  which  were 
made  the 
mountings  for 
the  Lick  Tele- 
scope in  1887. 
The  Y  e  r  k  e  s 
Telescope,  with 
a  forty  -  inch 
glass,  was  also 
made  by  the 
same  firm  in 
1893,  but  it  was 
not  of  the  re- 
flecting type.  The 
latter,  with  the  cam- 
era, is  taking  the  place 
of  the  human  eye. 


NEW  YORK  TERMINAL  FOR 
BUSINESS  HOUSES 


BECAUSE  the  streets  of  New 
York  City  are  crowded,  you 
and  I  have  to  pay  more  for 
things  we  buy  than  we  would 
if  traffic  had  more  room.  The 
Island  of  Manhattan  is  the  most  congest- 
ed district  in  the  world  and  yet  the  people 
who  manufacture  our  soap  and  our  shoes 
are  still  looking  there  for  spots  to  settle 
on — for  a  little  piece  of  almost  priceless 
real  estate.  And  this  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  across  the  river  in  Brooklyn, 
but  a  stone's  throw  away,  there  is  land 
which  would  furnish  comparatively  inex- 
pensive sites  and  adequate  facilities  for 
freight  movement.  Taking  advantage  of 
this  fact,  a  Xew  York  company  has  been 
formed  to  eliminate  this  evil  as  far  as 
]><>s>ible  and  thus  make  an  attempt  to 
haul  down  the  high  cost  of  carrying  on 
business.  It  provides  a  New  York  site 
for  western  manufacturers. 

It  calls  itself  a  terminal  company. 
In  reality,  it  is  a  huge  plant  with 
two  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  ter- 
ritory and  no  productive  business  of  its 
own.  Its  aim  is  to  aid  the  manufac- 
turer to  obtain  a  New  York  branch 
when  it  would  be  of  value  to  his  bust- 


ness  to  do  so.  Incoming  steamers  stop 
at  the  terminal  company's  wharves. 
Incoming  freight  trains  are  shunted  in 
among  its  buildings. 

To  the  companies  whose  business 
warrants  the  service,  the  terminal  com- 
pany will  furnish  a  fireproof  building 
and  reliable  freight  service.  Traffic 
congestion  and  crowded  docks,  which 
delayed  shipments  for  these  concerns 
in  the  past,  have  been  eliminated. 
Trucking  expenses,  heavy  insurance 
fees,  and  cost  of  carrying  have  been  re- 
duced to  a  minimum.  The  bugbear  of 
overhead  expense  has  vanished.  The 
firm  which  formerly  could  not  afford 
to  enter  the  rich  New  York  market 
can  now  enter.  The  firm  whose  busi- 
ness center  is  Chicago  or  St.  Louis  can 
operate  its  New  York  branch  with  an 
amazingly  small  number  of  employes. 

There  are  over  two  hundred  tenants 
in  this  model  freight  city,  as  the  own- 
ers like  to  call  it.  One  publisher  does 
his  printing  at  the  terminal ;  another 
distributes  meat  from  this  vantage 
point ;  the  imported  dry  goods  of  a  Chi- 
cago firm  are  loaded  on  freight  cars  here 
for  their  trip  overland. 


OUTSIDE  AND  IN 

The  docks  are  right  at  the  doors  of  the  warehouses  and  inside  are  industries  of  various  kinds.    The  lower  picture  shows 
ine  docks  are  ngnt      tnc  aoor  ^  of  ^  greategt  pubUsnin|t  concerns  in  America. 


The  operation  of  the  plant  is  much 
like  that  of  a  co-operative  institution. 
The  freight  yard  has  a  capacity  of  two 
thousand  cars,  running  on  track  which 
totals  twenty-five  miles  in  length. 
There  are  seven  mammoth  covered 
docks,  each  one  of  them  fourteen  hun- 
dred  feet  long,   with  spacious  water- 


way between  to  give  room  for  the  larg- 
est boats.  Behind  the  piers,  there  are 
enormous  warehouses.  North  of  these 
are  ten  huge  industrial  service  build- 
ings, built  out  of  reinforced  concrete 
and  equipped  with  a  sprinkler  appa- 
ratus which  makes  them  almost  abso- 
lutely proof  against  any  damage  by  fire. 


536 


FROM  LAND  AND  SEA 


There  are  eighty  great  freight  eleva- 
tors in  which  there  is  not  a  dark  cor- 
ner because  the  buildings  are  detached 
and  have  many  windows.  On  one  side 
of  each  is  a  railroad  siding  and  on  the 
other  side  is  a  well-paved  street  for 
trucking  purposes. 

The  company  furnishes  electric 
power  and  live  steam  to  any  tenant. 
All  porterage  and  cartage  is  done  by  the 
company  and  the  cost  is  included  in 


the  rent.  Shipments  from  a  tenant's 
building  are  wonderfully  simplified. 
The  goods  are  placed  in  the  freight  ele- 
vator and  the  company  gives  a  bill  of 
lading,  which  serves  the  same  purpose 
as  that  of  a  railroad  company.  As  the 
freight  leaves  the  door  there  is  nothing 
left  for  the  manufacturer  or  the  dis- 
tributor to  do  but  to  file  his  receipt. 
On  incoming  goods  the  same  principle 
applies,  as  the  freight  is  carried  to  his 

S37 


538 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


door  and  there  receipted  for  without  any 
further  details. 

There  are  no  delays  caused  by  the 
crowded  streets  of  America's  greatest 
city ;  there  is  no  enormous  tax  on 
land  that  is  worth  a  king's  ransom  per 
front  foot ;  and  yet  the  advantages  are 
sure.  The  manufacturer  or  distributor 
has  placed  his  goods  in  a  district  where 
the  business  of  the  nation  centers  and  he 
has  done  it  without  an  enormous  invest- 


ment for  machinery  and  buildings,  for 
shipping  facilities,  and  graft  pools.  He 
has  power  at  almost  cost  price,  cheaper 
probably  than  he  could  ever  manu- 
facture it  for  himself.  His  goods  come 
and  depart  in  silent  efficiency.  He  is 
the  recipient  of  high  grade  service,  the 
user  of  a  system  which  should  go  far 
in  reducing  the  cost  of  production  and 
distribution ;  and  in  reducing  the  cost  of 
his  goods  to  the  consumer. 


FOR  FIVE  YEARS  OF  SAFETY 


By 
ARTHUR    MILLER 


A  RAILROAD  president  TO 
and  a  conductor  on  one  of  ^ 
his  linesrecently  stood  side  ^ 
by  side  and  received  me- 
L  morial  medals  from  the 
hand  of  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman,  widow  of 
the  late  E.  H.  Harriman,  in  New  York 
City.  The  ceremony  took  place  in  the 
studio  of  the  millionaire  artist,  A.  A. 
Anderson,  which  is  filled  with  one  of 
the  finest  collections  of  rare  curios  and 
old-world  tapestries  and  paintings  in 
this  country.  A  magnificent  pipe 
organ  lent  its  music  to  the  solemnity 
of  the  occasion. 

These  medals  are  to  be  awarded  an- 
nually, by  the  American  Museum  of 
Safety,  to  the  road  making  the  best 
record  in  accident  prevention  and  in 


industrial  hygiene,  affecting  the  public 
and  its  own  employes.  The  gold  medal 
is  awarded  to  the  railroad  company 
itself;  a  replica  in  silver  to  the  member 
of  the  operating  force  who  has  done 
most  to  bring  about  safe  operating 
conditions;  and  a  replica  in  bronze  to 
the  employe  of  the  road  who  has  been 
most  conspicuous  in  his  personal  efforts 
to  promote  safety. 

This  year  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road,  its   president,   William   Sproule, 


President  of  the 

Sour  hum  Pacific 
William   Sproale   received 
a  nlver  medal  f*>r  hit  work 

in  advancing  "safety  first." 

and  a  conductor  on 
the  Sacramento  Di- 
vision.    William 
Schwab,  who  trav- 
eled three  thousand 
miles  to  attend  the 
ceremony,  were  the 
recipients     of     the 
medals.     Not  a 
of  a  passenger 
been    lost    on 
Southern   Pacific 
in    the    last    five 
years  —  a  fact  all 
the    more    remark- 
able when  the  enor- 
mous traffic  of  the 
road   is   taken   into 
consideration.  Dur- 
ing the  year  ending  June  30,   1913,  the 
company's     locomotives     in     passenger, 
freight,  and  work  service  ran  59,738,000 
miles;  the  number  of  passengers  carried 


Crossed  the  Continent  to  Be  Honored 
William  Schwab,  a  conductor  on  the  Sacramento  di- 
vision of  the  Southern  Pacific,  came  to  New  York  to 
receive  his  medal.    His  suggestions  and  work  helped 
build  up  the  road's  record. 


Believes  in  the  Econ- 
omy of  Safety 
JtUina  Kruttschnitt  is  chair- 
man of  the  executive  com- 
mittee  and  thereby  head  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  Sys- 
tem. 

was  41,783,000; 
and  the  aggregate 
distance  traveled 
by  passengers  was 
1,7  5  6,4  8  2.0  0  0 
miles,  or  an  av- 
erage of  approx- 
imately forty-two 
miles  per  passen- 
ger. 

Furthermore,  a 
similarly  enormous 
traffic  was  carried 
on  in  the  four  pre- 
ceding years  dur- 
ing which  this  rec- 
ord for  safety  was 
being  made.  The 
officials  of  the  American  Museum  of 
Safety  feel  that  they  have  proved  that 
most  accidents  which  occur  on  American 
railroads  could  be  eliminated. 

SS9 


540 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ALASKA'S  DAY 

""THE  sun  shines  in  Alaska  for  only  a 

*    few    hours    a    day    in    the    winter 

time,  and  then,  it  barely  appears  over 

the  edge  of  the  horizon.    The  illustra- 


A  Winter  Sun 
Taken  some  time  apart,  these  pictures  of  the  sun  on  the 
tive  show  what  an  Alaskan  day  is  like. 


tion  was  taken  by  opening  the  shutter 
of  the  camera  several  times  during  the 
day,  without  changing  the  original  po- 
sition of  the  camera  on  its  tripod. 


ROOM  FOR  THE  PEDESTRIAN 

HTHE  city  of  Washington  is  experi- 
■*  menting  with  a  safety  lane  in  the 
middle  of  streets  which  have  car  lines. 
In  two  or  three  places  rails  have  been 
set  up  in  the  street  marking  off  safety 
spots  for  passengers  who  are  waiting 
for  cars.  The  new  plan  prevents  the 
slowing  up  of  traffic,  as  in  the  largest 
cities  traffic  must  stop  whenever  a 
street  car  going  in  the  same  direction 
stops.  At  night,  the  safety  lanes  are 
illuminated  with  red  lights.  These 
lanes  are  about  four  feet'  wide  so  that 
plenty  of  room  is  left  for  the  passage 
of  automobiles  between  them  and  the 
curb. 


GIANT  FROGS  TO  ORDER 

AN  American  scientist,  working  in  a 
**  laboratory  of  the  University  of 
Prague,  Bohemia,  has  found  that  he 
can  control  at  will  the  destiny  of  tad- 
poles. From  three  to  five  days 
after  feeding  thyroid  extract  to 
one  set  of  tadpoles  and  thymus 
extract  to  another  set,  he  discov- 
ered that  these  extracts  produced 
opposite  results.  The  thymus 
increased  the  growth  of  the  tad- 
poles remarkably,  while  the 
thyroid  hindered  the  growth  but 
hastened  the  development  of  the 
tadpoles  toward  maturity.  Thus 
the  scientist  could  produce  giant 
tadpoles  at  will  by  feeding 
thymus,  or  he  could  transform  tadpoles 
very  rapidly  into  pygmy  frogs,  by  feeding 
thyroid  extract. 

It  was  thus  proved,  at  least  with  tad- 
poles, that  the  thyroid  and  thymus  ex- 
tracts produce  effects  which  bear  out 


same  ncga 


mm 


Thyroid  Tadpoles  at  the  Left— Over- 
matured.    Thymus    Tadpoles    at   the 
Kight — Overdeveloped 


the  belief,  prevalent  lately  in  the  scien- 
tific world,  that  the  thyroid  gland  has 
to  do  with  bringing  on  of  maturity, 
while  the  thymus  gland  influences 
growth.  Many  physicians  have  held  out 
hope  that  eventually  human  beings  may 
be  helped  by  a  proper  application  of  these 
two  preparations. 

It  is  a  peculiar  thing 
that  it  did  not  make  any 
important  difference  at 
what  stage  of  the  devel- 
opment of  the  frog  the 
feeding  was  given.  The 
thyroid  or  thymus  ex- 
tract produced  the  same 
general  results  in  all 
cases,  various  peculiar 
devel- 


Washington's  Safety  Lane  creatures 

Instead  of  stopping  traffic  for  street  cars  Oped       from 

this  scheme  is  being   tried    out    in    the  .„      ■„ 

Capital.  species. 


being 


the     same 


The  Family  Rides 
Glenn  Martin  takes  his  father  and  mother  for  joy  rides  in  his  family  aeroplane. 


FAMILY  AEROPLANE 

pLENN  L.  MARTIN,  maker  and 
^-*  driver  of  aeroplanes,  has  a  family 
machine.  He  recently  demonstrated 
the  practicahility  of  the  aeroplane  as  a 
one-hoss-shay.  when  he  drove  his 
parents  from  their  home  in  Santa  Ana, 
California,  to  Long  Beach,  and  back 
again  on  the  same  afternoon.  Santa 
Ana.  Aviator  Martin's  old  "home 
town",  is  forty  miles 
from  Long  Beach.  In 
addition  to  this  trip  of 
eighty  miles  with  two 
passengers.  Martin  drove 
from  Los  Angeles  to 
Santa  Ana  and  back  to 
his  Griffith  Park  hang- 
ars, in  the  same  after- 
noon, without  mishaps. 
Martin  says  that  he 
never  has  "mishaps", 
and  asserts  that  they  are 
always  the  result  of  care- 
lessness or  foolhardiness. 
He  lias  risen  and  sus- 
tained flight  with  as 
many  as  seven  passen- 
gers ;  therefore  he  con- 
siders his  remarkable 
flight  of  eighty  miles 
with  his  parents  as  mere- 
ly a  little  "family  out- 
ing  . 


DISINFECTING 
WITH  ALCOHOL 

A  CLOSE  study  of  al- 
**■  cohol  as  a  disinfect- 
ant has  proved  that  it  is 
at  its  best  at  seventy  per 
cent  concentration.  Be- 
low that  degree  it  does 
not  destroy  all  bacteria 
and,  for  some  reason  as 
yet  not  completely  un- 
derstood by  scientists, 
absolute  alcohol  seems 
actually  to  preserve 
them.  A  number  of  dif- 
ferent chemicals  have 
been  combined  with  it  in 
an  effort  to  improve  its 
ability  as  a  destroyer  but 
it  was  found  that,  in 
most  cases,  it  did  better 
alone.  One  of  the  exceptions  which 
might  be  mentioned  is  tincture  of  iodine. 
Eau  de  Cologne  also  is  a  better  antisep- 
tic than  the  alcohol  itself  and  seems  to 
improve  in  effectiveness  with  age,  pro- 
vided it  is  kept  tightly  corked.  As  its 
worth  as  a  disinfectant  is  more  and 
more  appreciated  by  the  public,  alcohol 
is  rapidly  replacing  peroxide  of  hydro- 
gen, which  has  been  so  popular  for  house- 
hold uses. 


The  Old  Type 
In  tin-  first  planes  one  man  had  a  precarious  seat  in  the  open. 


Ml 


Prepared  for  the  Leap 

Juan  Orse  invented  a  new  kind  of  para- 
chute and  to  prove  its  value  dropped 
from  an  aeroplane  at  a  tremendous 
height.    He  was  uninjured  by  his 
t.  remarkable  feat. 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


The  Landing 

Orse  came  from  a  height 
of  one  thousand  feet  and 
was  fortunate  enough 
to  light  in  an  open 
field.      It  was   the 
greatest  parachute 
landing  ever  made. 

photo e  it  underwood 

*   UKOfKWOOt 


MOVIES  AT  WORK 

YY70RKING  on  Edison's  idea  of  using 
"  the  moving  picture  and  the  lantern 
slide  for  "visual"  instruction,  the  Exten- 
sion Division  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin has  established  a  bureau  for  this 
kind  of  work.  It  is  the  plan  of  the 
newly  appointed  director  to  keep  in  close 
touch  with  the  various  communities  of 
the  State  and  furnish  them  with  selec- 
tions from  a  library  of  educational 
films  and  lantern  slides  and  eventually 
to  furnish  motion  picture  films  to  those 
who  could  use  them. 

Edison  predicted  some  years  ago 
that  moving-picture  films  would  soon 
replace  textbooks  in  schools  through- 
out the  world.  The  cost  of  machines 
and  film  libraries  has,  however,  been 
almost  prohibitive  and  it  is  probably 
only  through  such  agencies  as  that 
which  is  being  established  in  Wiscon- 
sin that  his  dream  may  be  realized. 

Schools  and  social  centers  are  to  re- 
ceive the  benefits  of  the  work,  Wiscon- 
sin social  centers  being  community 
gatherings  in  the  school  buildings  of 
the  State.  The  lecturers  and  instruct- 
ors furnished  by  the  Extension  Divi- 
sion are  now  to  be  supplemented  by  a 
moving-picture  machine  and  films ;  for 
the  educators  agree  with  the  master 
electrician  in  the  belief  that  there  are 
great  possibilities  in  this  method  of 
instruction.  They  believe 
that  it  should  be  intro- 
duced into  regular  use 
in  all  departments 
of  school  work 
from  the  grades 
to  the  university. 
A  trained  edu- 
•  cator  was  placed 
in  charge  of 
the  new  de- 
partment. 


DRIFTWOOD  FROM  TWO 
WORLDS 


By 
CHARLES    B.    BEERY 


THREE  causes  tend  to  make 
the  north  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States  the  most  re- 
markable place  in  the  world 
for  the  accumulation  of  drift- 
wood. The  first  factor  is  the  Japan 
current.  This  powerful  stream,  flowing 
in  a  great  ocean,  gathers  the  drift  of 
the  north  Pacific  from  Asia  eastward 
and  carries  it  to  our  western  coast, 
with  even  more  certainty  than  a  river 
of  the  land  carries  chips  to  the  ocean. 
Such  a  river,  the  Columbia,  draining 
vast  forest  and  mountain  regions  of 
both  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
actually  does  transport  millions  of  feet 
of  drift  timber  every  year  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean — and  to  that  very  part  of  the 
coast  where  it  commingles  with  the 
drift  of  the  Japan  current.  The  river 
and  the  ocean  current  are  the  two  con- 
tributing sources,  and  the  prevailing 
westerly  winds,  assisted  by  the  tide, 
pile  the  drift  in  reckless  confusion 
along  miles  of  beach.  Here  it  is  pol- 
ished by  the  sand ;  sharp  corners"  are 
worn  away  and  rough  surfaces,  even 
tree  roots,  become  smooth  and  lus- 
trous. 

I  It  is  a  varied  array  of  articles  that  is 
leposited  by  the  wind  and  waves  in 


bark,  logs,  broken  trunks,  and  even 
entire  trees,  some  of  them  a  hundred 
feet  long,  are  tossed  up  like  toothpicks  ; 
fence  boards,  house  boards,  portions  of 
staircases,  roofs,  or  crumpled  houses 
themselves,  are  not  unusual  evidences 
of  the  power  of  the  mighty  Columbia. 

Even  more  remarkable  are  the  con- 
tributions from  the  ocean :  wrecked 
vessels  with  masts  protruding  above 
the  water  like  those  of  phantom  ships, 
crushed  life  boats,  pieces  of  deck-rail, 
broken  furniture,  barrels,  fisherman's 
seines,  floats,  and  dead  sea  animals — 
such  are  common  drift.  Two  sharks 
and  a  sturgeon  recently  became  en- 
tangled in  a  seine,  and  after  it  was  torn 
from  its  moorings,  fish  and  net  drifted 
helplessly  until  tossed  on  shore  in  a 
storm.  When  found,  the  sturgeon  was 
still  alive  and  brought  a  substantial 
sum  in  the  Portland  market. 

Several  years  ago  the  steamer  Nancy 
was  wrecked  on  the  Alaskan  coast. 
Three  months  later  the  name  plate  was 
washed  ashore  at  Long  Beach,  Wash- 
ington, and  now  is  a  curious  ornament 
of  Driftwood  Cottage,  a  building  con- 
structed entirely  of  driftwood.  An- 
other interesting  curio  exhibited  here 
is  a  hand-carved  bamboo  vase  carried 
from  Asia  by  the  Japan  current. 

S43 


CONCRETE  IN  NEW  USES 


By 
FRED    TELFORD 


WHERE  some  years  ago  the 
farmer  used  a  pile  of  old 
boards,  a  saw,  and  a  ham- 
mer to  build  his  hen  coop, 
his  gate  post,  and  his 
water  trough,  he  usually  now  takes  part 
of  a  bag  of  cement,  mixes  it  with  sand 
and  gravel,  and  adapts  concrete  to  his 
purposes. 

Today  he  has  many  appliances  about 
the  farm  that  are  neat,  that  are  sani- 
tary, and  that  last  forever.  This  change 
started  with  silos  and  fence  posts  and 
there  is  no  end  to  the  uses  to  which  the 
handy-man-about-the-house  can  put  the 
versatile  material.     Out  on  a  farm  in 


Illinois,  where  an  acetylene  generator 
supplies  gas  light  to  the  farm  house, 
one  man  built  a  sort  of  cyclone  cellar 
for  the  plant.  Owing  to  the  danger  of 
explosions,  the  ordinary  cautious  citi- 
zen no  longer  cares  to  put  a  gas  plant 
in  the  basement  of  his  residence,  but 
if  this  generator  should  explode,  it 
probably  would  not  even  shatter  the 
walls  of  the  little  concrete  house  that 


contains  it. 
Fresh     water 


is  supplied  to  the 
chickens  on  another 
farm  with  the  aid  of 
a  concrete  pool.     It  is 


A  Barnyard  Trough 

It  is  too  shallow  for  the  ducks  to  swim  in  but  the  fowls  will 
always  find  fresh  drinking  water. 


Center  of  the  Sewerage  System 

A  homemade  concrete  lined  dry  well  makes  the  whole 

farm  sanitary  and  provides  fertilizer. 

544 


CONCRETE    IN    NEW   USES 


545 


and  so  shallow  that  ducks  and  geese 
do  not  try  to  swim  in  it.  A  pump 
at  one  side  supplies  it  with  fresh 
water.  This  same  flock  of  fortunate 
chickens  has  a  solid  concrete  house, 
of  two  rooms;  one  room  has  a  con- 
crete floor  and  perches  for  the  con- 
venience of  its  occupants  and  the  other 
room  has  a  floor  of  earth,  where  the 
chickens  can  scratch  about  in  the  win- 
ter time.  The  roosting  room,  with  the 
concrete  floor,  can  be  flushed  out  and 
kept  perfectly  sanitary,  the  water  run- 
ning from  it  to  a  waste  outlet  at  one 
side. 

When  it  comes  to  drainage  on  the 
farm,  concrete  steps  in  and  helps  out 
the    farmer.    Culverts    are    now    being 

made     in     sections     so       

that  after  the  excava- 
tion is  made  and  a  solid 
concrete  foundation  put 
in,  the  sides  and  the 
arch  can  be  added  as 
necessity  demands. 

The  sanitary  system 
of  a  farm  near  Ogden, 
Illinois,  is  centered 
about  a  dry  well,  located 
two  hundred  yards 
from  the  house,  on  the 
lowest  grounds  of  the 
farm.  The  well  has  no 
outlet  and  being  con- 
crete lined,  is  practic- 
ally water-tight.  At  in- 
tervals the  farmer 
cleans  it  out  and  uses 
the  sewage  for  fer- 
tilizer. 

The  silo,  the  first  ap- 
pliance to  adapt  itself 
to  concrete,  has  grown 
enormously  in  size.  One 
of  the  biggest  of  them 
is  sixty-two  feet  high 
and  has  walls  that  are 
eight  inches  thick. 
It  will  hold  enough 
ensilage  to  fatten  five 
carloads  of  beef  cattle. 
It  only  took  a  month 
to  build  it  and  its  total 
cost  was  but  six  hun- 
dred dollars.  This  is 
the  latest  type  of  silo, 
built   tall,    and    with    a 


Like  a  Cyclone  Cellar 
It  is  a  little  concrete  "shed"  which  houses  a  (fas  plant, 
it  explodes  it  will  not  damage  the  dwelling. 


Teik  Farmer  Can  Build  Cul- 

vi  rts  for  Himself  on  Rainy 

Days 

small  diameter,  because 
in  this  way  the  room  is 
used  more  economic- 
ally. It  was  found  that 
after  a  silo  was  filled, 
the  material  sank  about 
six  feet,  thus  wasting 
that  much  space  at  the 
top :  so  the  smaller  the 
diameter,  the  less  waste 
there  is  in  proportion. 
The  corn  stalks  settle 
in  about  the  same  de- 
gree in  either  shape  of 
silo,  the  pressure  for  a 
certain  height  being 
uniform  no  matter 
what  the  diameter. 

The  piles  of  discard 
lumber  on  the  farms  of 
the  nation  contain  a 
few  cement  encrusted 
boards.  They  are 
knock-down  forms 
which  once  moulded 
some  little  device  which 
will  never  have  to  be 
remade  on  that  farm. 

To  Hold  Ensilage  for  Five 
Carloads  of  Beef 


Sixty  men  were  carried  in   this 
boat,  which  is  but  thirty  feet 
long. 


LIFEBOAT  SAFER  THAN 
OCEAN  LINER 


By 
EDWIN    LEVICK 


THE  Lundin  lifeboat  is  the 
smallest  craft  carrying  power 
for  wireless.  It  is  the  last 
word  in  safety  at  sea.  Built 
of  steel,  with  a  double  com- 
partment hull,  it  is  prepared  to  carry 
sixty  passengers  through  any  emer- 
gency which  can  arise. 

A  liner  equipped  with  this  latest  of 
lifeboats  will  in  time  of  disaster  send  its 
passengers  out  in  groups.  The  thirty- 
foot  boat  is  driven  by  a  gasoline  motor 
having  a  speed  of  six  miles  an  hour. 
Twenty-four-  and  twenty-eight-foot  boats 
will  be  towed  by  the  leader.  The  wireless 
outfit  placed  on  the  largest  boat  has  a 
radius  of  seventy-five  miles  in  sending 
and  of  one  hundred  miles  in  receiving. 
Once  such  a  train  of  boats  has  been 
cast  into  the  sea  from  a  stricken  liner, 
the  occupants  should  be  as  safe  as  if 
at  home  until  the  vessels,  called  to  the 
rescue  by  their  signals,  arrive. 

The  tests  which  have  been  made  by 
the  government  officials  of  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  ports  show  that  the  boats 

546 


are  practically  incapable  of  being  cap- 
sized. With  fifty  men  in  the  cabin  of 
the  big  boat  and  seventeen  men  hang- 
ing on  the  outside  guard  rail,  it  hardly 
listed  at  all.  The  water-tight  iron  doors 
and  windows  which  form  part  of  the 
cabin  walls  are  strong  enough  to  keep 
out  the  worst  sea,  and  because  of  the 
inherent  stability  of  the  craft,  the  rolling 
would  not  be  so  bad  as  in  an  ordinary 
small  boat.  On  its  forward  and  aft 
decks,  the  boat  carries  large  reels,  upon 
which  life  lines  are  wound.  Guns  of 
the  same  character  as  those  used  by 
the  government  life-saving  stations 
will  shoot  these  lines  to  shore  or  aboard 
a  rescuing  vessel. 

The  twenty-four-foot  boat  was  given 
a  most  rigid  test.  A  crew  manned  it 
against  the  tide  with  long  sweeps  stick- 
ing out  of  the  port  holes  to  show  what 
could  be  done  in  getting  away  from 
the  side  of  a  sinking  ship.  Then  with 
ten  men  on  board  it  was  put  through 
a  capsizing  test.  To  do  this  a  rope  was 
passed   under  the   bottom   and   given  a 


LIFEBOAT  SAFER  THAN  OCEAN  LINER 


547 


heavy  pull,  which  made  the 
lifeboat  turn  turtle.  It  imme- 
diately righted  itself  un- 
harmed. 

The  new  launching  davits  of 
the  transatlantic  liner  can  drop 
a  lifeboat  into  the  sea  prac- 
tically with  immunity*  from 
all  danger.  The  propeller  en- 
cased in  a  tunnel  is  protected 
from  accidents  in  launching, 
and  the  steel  compartments  of 
the  double  bottom  would'  make 
the  new  boats  safe  even  if  they 
struck  a  derelict  or  an  iceberg. 
Food  enough  could  be  carried 
to  make  certain  that  no  one 
awaiting  rescue  would  starve. 


The  little  boat  was 
rolled  over  by  means 
of  a  derrick  and  it  right- 
ed itself  immediately 
without  shipping  a 
drop. 


548 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Testing 
French 
Liquor 


The  ale  shops  are  to  be  watched  that  they  do  not  put  im- 
pure drinks  before  the  Parisian. 

PROTECT  PARIS  DRINKERS 

THE  City  of  Paris  has  opened  a  labo- 
ratory to  analyze  the  liquors  sold  in 
its  famous  cafes.  The  French  believe 
that  their  boulevardiers  should  be  pro- 
tected from  liquor  which  has  been  adul- 
terated and  all  cafes  will  in  the  future  be 
subject  to  a  rigorous  investigation  of  the 
products  which  they  dispense. 


AUTOMOBILE  LABORATORY 

THE  city  of  Philadelphia  uses  a  large 
number  of  gasoline  lamps  of  guar- 
anteed candlepower,  and  in  order  to 
tell  exactly  what  the  lights  are  doing 
in  actual  service,  officials  have  devised 
a  testing  plant  on  an  auto  chassis.  The 
lamps  are  brought  down  to  the  hood  on 
the  platform  in  the  rear  of  the  truck  and 
tested  with  a  standard  two-meter  bar 
photometer.  Tungsten  filament  lamps 
are  mounted  inside  and  run  with  bat- 
teries. By  the  regular  photometer  proc- 
ess of  comparing  the  size  of  the  lights 
at  either  end — one  the  tungsten  lamp 
with  a  known  voltage,  and  the  other  the 
gasoline  lamp — very  accurate  results  are 
obtained,  and  lights  are  kept  to  standard. 


PHILADEL- 
PHIA'S AUTO 
LABORATORY 


Accurate  record  of  the  efficien- 
cy of  the  street  lights  is  kept  by 
tests  with  this  moving  appara- 
tus. 


He  finds  his  machine 
of  great  service  in  cov- 
ering railroad  business 
at  various  points  and 
in  order  to  have  it  al- 
ways on  hand,  he  had 
one  end  of  a  coach  torn 
out  and  folding  doors 
installed.  Now,  when 
he  is  through  with  his 
business  at  any  point, 
the  auto  is  pushed  up 
a  couple  of  inclined 
boards  into  the  end  of 
the  railroad  car.  He  is 
then  ready  to  move  on 
to  some  other  point, 
carrying  his  garage 
with  him,  and  the  car 
does  not  suffer  from 
the  damage  which 
would  be  incurred  by 
ordinary  shipping. 


Automobile  Traveler 

One  railroad  official  carries  a  special  car  with  him  to  accommodate  his 

machine. 

AUTOMATIC  CARD  INDEX 

VY7J1EX  the  automatic  directory  comes  into  general  use, 
vv  the  seeker  after  information  may  silently  ask  his 
question  with  a  manual  movement  or  two  and  the  facts  he 
is  after  will  stare  him  in  the  face.  He  has  but  to  step  on 
a  low  platform  in  front  of  the  cabinet  of  the  new  bureau, 
whirl  the  disk  in  front  of  him  to  the  proper  index,  press 
the  button,  and  the  curtain  back  of  the  glass  plate  facing 
him  will  roll  up  and  in  its  place,  will  appear  a  card  contain- 
ing what  he  wishes  to  know. 

The  mechanism  is  ingenious,  but  not  complicated.  It  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  levers  which  are  set  in  readiness  by  his 
stepping  on  the  little  platform.  Any  collection  of  facts 
which  can  lie  tabulated,  indexed,  and  carded  may  be  com- 
mitted to  its  care  to  be  produced  when  wanted. 


USES  TRAVELING  GARAGE 

A  UNIQUE  traveling  garage  is  main- 
**  tained  by  one  of  the  officials  of 
the  Great  Northern  Railroad. 


The  Silent  Bureau 
The  slot  machine  card 
catalogue  will  tell  you 
anything  you  want  to 
know:  where  the  near- 
est church  is  or  how  to 
get  a  marriage  license. 


549 


550 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Without  a  Wife 

This  Cincirtnati  bachelor  is  a  humorist  and  a  carpenter.    He  has  four  rooms  in 

one  and  lives  like  a  prince  in  his  quarters. 


FOUR  ROOMS  FOR  THE 
BACHELOR 

A  "FOUR-IN-ONE-ROOM"  flat  has 
^*  made  its  appearance  in  Cincinnati. 
It  is  really  a  flat  of  four  rooms  all  in  one. 
You  can  have  a  kitchen,  a  dining  room, 
a  sitting  room,  and  a  bedroom  in  this 
single  room  just  by  sliding  a  series  of 
doors  which  form  the  four  walls  of  the 
room  and  behind  which  repose  the  fur- 
nishings of  each  room 
folded  up  against  the 
wall  space. 

This  curious  apart- 
ment was  devised  by  a 
bachelor,  who  lives  there 
in  perfect  comfort. 
When  he  wishes  to  pre- 
pare his  breakfast  he 
goes  to  that  side  of  the 
room  marked  "kitchen" 
and  slides  back  the 
paneled  doors,  exposing 
to  view  all  the  equip- 
ment necessary  to  make 
up  a  complete  kitchen. 
After  preparing  his 
breakfast  he  goes  to  an- 
other side  of  the  room 
and  opens  up  his  dining- 
room,  consisting  of  a 
folding  table,  chairs, 
china  closet,  and  serving 


table.  Then  next  he 
may  want  to  go  into  his 
sitting  room  and  read 
his  paper  for  a  while. 
All  he  has  to  do  is  to 
fold  the  dining  room 
back  into  its  wall  space 
and  bring  out  his  sitting 
room  from  the  third  side 
of  the  room.  His  bed 
room  occupies  the  fourth 
wall  of  the  room.  It 
consists  of  a  big  double 
folding  bed,  a  dresser, 
some  chairs,  and  a  table. 
This  does  not  take  up 
all  the  wall  space  as 
there  is  room  for  an- 
other door  which  con- 
ceals a  bathroom. 

Perfect  ventilation  is 
secured  by  means  of  a 
series  of  electric  fans 
which  are  so  arranged  that  they  will 
change  the  atmosphere  in  the  room  every 
two  minutes.  The  room,  measuring 
twelve  by  sixteen  feet,  is  lighted  by  gas 
and  electricity.  To  make  things  abso- 
lutely sanitary,  everything  is  white  en- 
ameled and  each  panel  in  doors  and  ceil- 
ing contains  a  mirror  so  that  in  all  there 
are  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  mirrors 
in  the  room.  Windows  and  doors  are 
equipped  with  burglar  alarms. 


Ready  for  Bed 

The  four-room-in-one  apartment  is  really  very  neat  and  convenient.    Its  details 

have  been  worked  out  admirably. 


SHORTHAND  MACHINE  FOR 
THE  BLIND 


A  BRAHAM  GULISH  of  Brook- 
i\     lyn.    New    York,    is    the    first 

/  %   blind  person  to  secure  a  posi- 

/  \  tion  as  typewriter,  stenog- 
J.  a.  rapher,  and  telephone  oper- 
ator outside  of  some  association  or  institu- 
tion for  the  blind.  He  is  at  present  em- 
ployed in  a  downtown  New  York  office. 

Young  Gulish — he  is  only  nineteen 
— takes  dictation  as  rapidly  as  a  stenog- 
rapher possessing  eyesight,  transcribes 
his  notes  on  any  make  of  typewriter 
and  also  operates  a  telephone  switch- 
board. In.  operating  the  switchboard 
he  hears  the  little  buzzing  sound  and 
although  he  cannot  see  the  signal  lights, 
he  deftly  locates  the  drops  by  the  sense  of 
touch  and  makes  the  connection. 

Mr.  Gulish  uses  a  very  small  shorthand 
machine.   This  machine  has  only  six  keys 
and  a  space  bar,  but  it  writes  all  the  char- 
acters used  in  the  Braille  system  of  short- 
hand.  A  roll  of  paper  tape  is  fed  through 
a  holder  and  by  striking 
the  keys  the  indenta- 
tions are  made  on  the 
paper.      In    reading 
these     notes     Gulish 
runs  a  foot  or  more  of 
the  paper  tape  rapidly 
and  deftly  between  his 
fingers,    and    then    he 
writes  on  the  typewriter 
what  he  has  thus  read 
by  the  sense  of  touch. 
These  indentations  are 
not  printed  but  merely 
punched  in  by  the  ma- 
chine. There  is  only  one 
form    punched    on    the 
paper  tape  and  that  is 
of  the  asterisk,  but  for 
every  sound  there  is  a 
different  grouping  of 
these  asterisks.     By 
running  his  sensitive 
finger  tips  over  this 
tape    he    is    able    to 
translate  these  different 
groupings      into      their 
phonetic   sounds   and 


thence  into  words  which  are  translated 
by  touch. 

Gulish  has  been  blind  since  he  was 
three  years  of  age.  He  studied  at  the 
Overlook  Institution  for  the  Blind  in 
Philadelphia  and  for  three  years  at  the 
Boys'  High  School  in  Brooklyn. 
Despite  his  handicap  in  the  public 
school,  his  rating  was  always  high  in 
all  his  classes. 

There  are  a  number  of  blind  stenog- 
raphers and  telephone  operators,  but 
most  of  them  take  direct  dictation  on  the 
typewriter,  and  all  of  these  are  employed 
in  institutions  for  the  blind.  Gulish  has 
the  distinction  of  being  the  first  one  to 
secure  an  office  position  as  would  an 
ordinary  stenographer. 


Abraham  Gulish  is 
can  take  dictation 
machine  more  rap- 
most  stenographers 


blind  hut  he 
on  his  Braille 
idly  than  can 
with  the  short- 
hand systems 
in  use  through- 
out the  world. 


w 


DESPISED  WEED  FATTENS 

STOCK 

By 
RICHARD    MORRISON 


THE  Australian  salt  bush,  or 
the  Pendleton  flood  weed,  as 
it  is  called  in  Eastern  Oregon, 
is  about  to  repudiate  its  bad 
reputation  in  the  Northwest. 
It  may  become  a  more  valuable  crop 
than  alfalfa. 

The  weed  is  described  as  a  many- 
branched  perennial,  which  forms  a  thick 
mat  over  the  ground  a  foot  or  more  in 
depth,  the  branches  extending  from  five 
to  eight  feet ;  one  plant  often  covers  an 
area  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  square  feet. 
The  leaves  are  about  an  inch  long,  fleshy, 
and  somewhat  mealy  on  the  outside.  The 
fruit,  tinged  with  red,  is  flattened  and 
pulpy,  but  becomes  dry  as  soon  as  it 
falls  from  the  plant.  The  plant  will 
grow  on  black  alkali  land  that  is  of  no 
value  for  anything  else.  It  now  grows 
along  all  the  highways  from  Arizona  to 


Washington,  but  few  people  know  its 
name  or,  much  less,  its  lately  discovered 
value.  In  fact,  it  has  been  looked  upon 
as  such  a  pest  in  Eastern  Oregon  that  a 
law  has  been  passed  in  that  State  against 
allowing  it  to  go  to  seed.  Since  the  dis- 
covery of  Y.  C.  Mansfield  of  Endicott, 
Washington,  there  will  probably  be  no 
further  legislation  to  prevent  its  propa- 
gation. 

For  several  years  Mansfield  farmed 
three  thousand  acres  of  land,  all  of  which 
was  wheat  land  with  the  exception  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  acres  which  was  sub- 
irrigated  alfalfa  land.  Finally  the  land 
became  so  foul  with  Russian  thistles  and 
Jim  Hill  mustard  that  this,  together  with 
the  high  cost  of  labor  and  the  low  price 
of  wheat,  made  it  impossible  for  him  to 
continue  longer  in  the  growing  of 
wheat   alone   without   also   keeping   live 


IS  IT  MORE  VALUABLE  THAN  ALFALFA? 
The  State  of  Oregon  has  legislated  against  the  Australian  salt  bush  but  it  has  been  discovered  recently  that  sheep  fatten 

on  it  and  grow  better  wool. 

552 


w    ^. 


The  salt  bush 
can  be  made  in- 
to hay;  farmers 
have  discovered 
that  cattle  and 
bogS,  after  they 
become  accus- 
tomed to  it.  will 
eat  the  plant 
greedily. 

stock  to 
help  pay 
the  living 
expenses. 
Therefore  he 
invested  in  a 
flock  of  one  thou- 
s  a  n  d  s  h  e  ep.  He 
drove  them  home 
through  a  district  that  was 
infested  with  salt  bush  and,  on  the  way, 
he  observed  that  his  sheep  were  devour- 
ing the  weed.  Thereupon,  he  tried  an 
experiment.  He  turned  them  into  a  pas- 
ture of  five  acres  that  was  filled  with  the 
weed,  and  watched  the  results  for  two 
weeks.  The  animals  fattened  up  rapidly 
and  seemed  to  prefer  the  weed  to  any 
other  food.  Moreover,  they  did  not  clean 
up  all  the  salt  bush  in  the  five  acres  dur- 
ing- that  time. 

Last  summer,  Mansfield  pastured  his 
entire  flock  of  one  thousand  sheep  on 
salt  bush  with  astonishing  results.  The 
sheep  not  only  fattened  remarkably  but 
their  wool  seemed  to  acquire  a  superior 
quality.  Several  neighboring  farmers 
tried  the  same  experiment  on  their  sheep 
and  found  that  their  stock  also  flourished 
on  the  weed. 

The  great  advantages  of  this  discovery 
hardly  need  to  be  enumerated.  The  fact 
that  salt  bush  grows  on  hard,  firm  soil 


* 


The  discoverer 
found  that  a  new- 
ly purchased  flock 
of  sheep  which  he 
was  driving  home 
preferred  the 
weed  to  any  other 
kind  of  feed. 


— soil  unfit 
for    any 
other    pur- 
^Km        pose — coupled 
,'v  with    the    fact 

A""        that     there     are 
-♦ .  -"i-  thousands  of  acres 

I  ■ .  of   such   land   in   the 

United  States  leads  to 
speculation  as  to  whether, 
if  sown  to  this  seed,  this  land  would  not 
keep  enough  sheep  to  produce  more  wool 
and  mutton  than  is  now  raised  in  the  en- 
tire United  States.  The  discoverer  be- 
lieves that  the  weed  will  be  found  to  be 
good  feed  for  other  stock  as  well  as 
sheep.  Hogs,  cattle,  and  horses  will  eat 
it,  and  he  believes  they  would  take  to  it 
as  the  sheep  do,  if  confined  on  it  for  a 
short  time.  Sheep  have  to  be  confined 
on  it  for  a  day  or  two  before  they  rel- 
ish it. 

After  the  weed  has  once  obtained  a 
start,  it  requires  practically  no  attention. 
In  planting,  the  seeds  have  been  found 
to  germinate  better  if  sown  on  the  sur- 
face ;  when  covered  to  any  depth  the 
seeds  decay  before  germination.  When 
the  salt  bush  is  used  for  hay,  it  should 
be  cut  while  the  branches  are  soft  and 
tender,  and  the  second  crop  will  make 
considerable  pasture,  besides  re-seeding 
the  ground. 

sss 


The  Diesel  Locomotive  at  Work 

This  locomotive  was  tested  in  Germany  and  found  to  be  efficient.     Compressed  air  starts  thr  wheels  as  the  gas  engine 

does  not  begin  to  work  until  the  locomotive  is  going  six  miles  an  hour. 


PULLED  WITH  A  DIESEL 

By 
F.    C.    COLEMAN 


A  FTER  the  first  enthusiasm  over 
l\     the   Diesel   internal   combustion 

/   %    oil     engine,     there     started     a 

/  \  prejudice  against  it  which 
A.  jL.  could  be  conquered  only  by 
actual  official  trials,  and  the  engine  is 
now  fast  coming  into  more  complete 
favor.  Its  great  advantage  in  marine 
propulsion  has  been  proved  after  several 
years  of  experiment,  and  more  and  more 
ships  are  being  equipped  with  this  kind 
of  oil  engine. 

The  success  of  the  Diesel  engine  on 
ships  has  led  to  extensive  experiments 
with  it  on  locomotives ;  one  engine  of 
this  type  has  already  been  put  into  actual 
service  on  the  Prusso-Hessian  State 
Railway  in  Germany.  This  new  locomo- 
tive attained  on  its  trials  a  speed  of 
sixty  miles  an  hour,  fulfilling  its  promise 
of  greater  efficiency  in  every  respect. 

The  advantages  of  the  Diesel  engine 
over  the  steam  engine  are  many.     For 

x5/ 


instance,  it  is  a  machine  which  works 
independently  of  the  men  who  handle  it, 
whereas  the  steam  engine  has  to  be 
nursed.  When  the  Diesel  locomotive 
stops,  its  fuel  consumption  stops  and  it 
can  be  prepared  for  a  new  run  at  a 
moment's  notice ;  to  provide  this  starting 
power,  a  tank  is  arranged  which  uses  a 
pressure  of  about  one  thousand  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  the  shift  over  from 
air  to  oil  power  is  very  simply  made. 
The  ordinary  locomotive  not  only  re- 
quires that  considerable  time  be  spent  in 
firing  up,  but  it  is  also  slow  in  getting 
up  speed  after  it  is  started.  The  Diesel 
engine  should  be  cheaper  in  the  long  run, 
and  if  it  proves  as  good  in  actual  use  as 
in  the  trials,  it  is  possible  that  it  will  be 
the  locomotive  of  the  future. 

Most  of  the  oil  ships  now  in  use  are 
English  and  German  and  there  is  a  maga- 
zine, devoted  to  the  crude  oil  engine, 
being  published  in  England. 


MELONS  THAT  GROW  ON 

TREES 


Hawaiian  Tree  Melon 
The  papaya  is  delicious 
for  breakfast,  the  basis  of 
medical  remedies  of 
many  sorts,  a  freckle  re- 
mover, and  mighty  (food 
cooked  as  summer 
squash. 


ANEW  luxury  is  to  tempt  our 
appetites.    It  is  a  tree  melon 
— otherwise  known   as  the 
"papay a" — which    in 
L    Hawaii  is  the  universal 
breakfast     fruit.      Growing    with 
little  care,  and  maturing  quickly, 
it  is  found  in  nearly  every  door- 
yard   and  garden   in   that   little 
archipelago,    enjoyed    alike    by 
rich   and  poor.     For  use  as  a 
breakfast  fruit,  the  "tree  melon" 
is  cut  lengthwise  into  portions,  the 
seeds  being  removed  before  serv- 
ing.    It  may  be  eaten  plain,  or 
with  the  addition  of  lemon  juice, 
salt  and  pepper,  or  sugar.    The 
green  fruit  is  cooked  like  a  sum- 
mer squash. 

The  papaya,  however,  has  other 
claims  to  recognition.  It  seems  to 
be  in  itself  a  whole  apothecary  shop, 
nearly  all  parts  of  it  possessing 
medicinal  value.  Its  roots  afford  a 
nerve  tonic ;  its  seeds  are  a  vermifuge ; 
a  syrup  made  from  the  fruit  is  a  seda- 
tive and  tonic ;  as  a  beautifying  agent 
it  is  also  highly  prized,  for  a  slice  of 
the  ripe  fruit  rubbed  on  the  skin  will 
remove  freckles.  But  its  most  impor- 
tant medicinal  properties  seem  to  be 
contained   in   the   milky   juice   of   the 


plant,   which    is   used    for 
eczema,     warts,     and,     in 
diphtheria,   to  dissolve  the 
false     membrane     in     the 
throat ;  more  remarkable 
yet,  perhaps,  is  the  use 
of    the    milky    juice    to 
make   tough   meat   ten- 
der.   For  this  purpose  a 
slice  of  the  green  fruit 
is  rubbed  over  the  meat ; 
or    the    latter    may    be 
simply     wrapped     in 
papaya     leaves     over 
night.     The  juice  of 
the    green     fruit     re- 
moves     stains  ■   from 
clothing. 

Its  peculiar  effects,  so  vari- 
ously described,  are  declared 
to  be  due  to  the  presence  in  the 
juice  of  a  peculiarly  active 
principle  called  "papain". 
When  this  is  separated  by  soaking  the 
fruit  in  alcohol,  it  is  found  to  have  the 
power  of  digesting  meat  and  other 
such  substances — a  power  analogous  to 
that  of  pepsin. 

So  widely  has  papaya  juice  come  to 
be  known  that  large  quantities  of  it 
are  exported  from  Hawaii  in  a  dried 
form.  It  is  collected  by  repeated  tap- 
pings of  the  ripening  fruits,  which  are 
exceedingly   succulent.    Lest   it   decom- 

sss 


556 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


pose,  the  juice  is  dried  as  quickly  as 
possible,  either  in  the  sun  or,  pref- 
erably, by  artificial  heat.  Reduced  by 
this  means  to  flakes,  it  is  finely  ground 
in  a  coffee  mill,  emerging  as  a  white 
powder,  which  is  packed  in  sealed 
bottles. 

In  this  shape  it  is  exported  to  the 
United  States  and  to  Europe,  and  sold 
as  a  powder  or  in  the  form  of  tablets. 
One  papaya  tree  will  yield  about  a 
pound  of  dried  juice.     As   the   latter 


dissolves  metals,  bone  or  ivory  knives 
are  used  for  tapping,  and  the  fluid  is 
caught  in  glass  or  porcelain  vessels, 
which  are  proof  against  the  juice. 

A  curious  method  has  been  adopted 
for  feeding  papaya  trees  artificially,  a 
rubber  tube  being  inserted  into  a  hole 
in  the  trunk,  through  which  the  con- 
tents of  a  quart  bottle  of  sugar  and 
water,  that  has  been  fastened  to  the 
tree,  are  absorbed  in  about  twenty-four 
hours. 


SCHOOLROOMS  AS  FARM 
LABORATORIES 


By 
H.    R.    MERRICK 


AL1 

A 


LTHOUGH  the  farmers  of  the 
country  have  long  appreciated 
the  value  of  testing  seed  corn 

before  planting,  in  order  to 

secure    a 


successful  crop,  they 
seem  to  have  been 
slow  in  recogniz- 
the  fact  that 


in 


After  the  grain  h 
sprouted  on  damp 
ened    cotton    or 
blotting    paper 
the  school  girls     / 
and  boys  fig-      / 
ure   up    the 
percentage. 


the  testing  of  other  small  grains  is  just 
as  important. 

The  impression  has  long  prevailed 
that  all  small  grains  always  mature 
properly,  that  they  are  not  injured  by 

freezing,   and 
that  they  al- 
ways   reach 
the  stage 


The    loss    to 
this  country 
through  bad 
seed 
amounts  to 
amazing 
propor- 
tions 
yearly. 


SCHOOLROOMS  AS  FARM  LABORATORIES 


557 


of  germination  in  good  shape.  This  may 
be  true,  if  the  grain  has  been  planted  at 
the  proper  time  in  the  spring,  but  in- 
juries may  take  place  after  this  stage 
has  been  reached,  through  heating  in 
the  stack,  sun  scald,  or  sprouting  in  the 
shock.  In  most  localities,  too, 
small  grain  is  infested  with  weed 
seeds,  causing  definite  decrease 
in  crop  yield.  Smut  is  also  a 
common  cause  of  decrease  in 
yield  and  injury  to  the  seed 
grain. 

A  specific  examination  of  sam- 


To  make  the  test,  the  sample  should 
first  be  thoroughly  mixed  so  that  when 
one  hundred  seeds  are  counted  out  they 
will  fairly  represent  the  entire  lot. 
They  should  be  taken  as  they  come,  large, 
small,  shriveled,  and   smutted,  and  one 


How  Many  Grew? 

A  blotter  tester  will  show  in  ten  days  what  per  cent  of  the  grain  plant 

ed  will  produce  results. 


pies  from  every  part  of  the  community 
will  make  apparent  any  defects  that  may 
exist,  and  in  order  to  bring  this  about, 
a  campaign  has  been  inaugurated  by 
the  Crop  Improvement  Committee  of 
the  Council  of  Grain  Exchanges,  Chi- 
cago, to  make  the  rural  school  the 
center  of  this  work  in  every  commu- 
nity, the  gathering  and  testing  of  sam- 
ples of  grain  to  become  a  part  of  each 
school's  work  in  agriculture.  Thus  the 
school  will  become  a  testing  labora- 
tory for  the  farmer.  He  can  send  in 
his  samples,  which  should  be  repre- 
sentative, and  an  envelope  will  hold 
enough  of  the  small  grain  of  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  for  the  test. 

The  simplest  form  of  tester  for  small 
seed  may  be  made  from  a  sheet  of  ordi- 
nary white  blotting  paper,  ten  inches 
long  and  five  inches  wide.  One-half 
of  this  sheet  is  marked  off  into  one 
hundred  small  squares.  > 


Making  the  Test 

Two  sheets  of  blotting  paper  and  a  cloth  wick 

to  a  jar  of  water  make  up  the  apparatus  for 

testing  the  grain. 


seed  put  in  each  square  on  the 
blotting   paper,    which    has    first 
been    moistened,    until    the    one 
hundred  have  been  selected.  The 
pupil   should   note   at   the   same 
time    something   as   to   the   uni- 
formity of  the  sample,   whether 
or  not  the  seeds  seem  to  be  of 
the  same  size,  shape,  and  color. 
After  all  the  seeds  have  been 
put  in  place,  the  unmarked  sec- 
tion of  the  blotter  is  folded  over  them  and 
a  strip  of  cloth  about  ten  inches  long 
placed  between  to  act  as  a  wick. 

A  dozen  or  more  tests  may  be  pre- 
pared in  this  manner  and  piled  up  on 
each  other,  all  of  the  cloth  wicks  lead- 
ing to  a  glass  of  water. 

It  will  require  from  five  to  seven 
days  to  secure  a  good  germination  of 
these  samples  of  seed.  When,  upon 
examination,  it  is  found  that  both  the 
root  and  stem  portion  of  the  majority 
of  seeds  have  a  good  start,  a  count  should 
be  made  of  those  that  germinate.  This 
count  should  not  only  include  those  that 
actually  grow,  but  should  lay  emphasis 
upon  those  that  send  up  a  strong 
growth.  Those  that  are  weak  would 
doubtless  be  smothered  out  in  the 
fields.  Each  pupil  is  furnished  with 
report  blanks  in  duplicate,  which  they 
are  to  fill  out,  one  being  given  to  the 
farmer,  and  the  other  to  the  teacher, 


558 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


In  the  Style  of  a  Country  Home 
The  State  of  Indiana  is  building  a  country  residence  for  its  exhibit  at  the  San 
Francisco  Fair.    It  will  contain  a  library  of  fifteen  thousand  volumes  by  native 

authors. 


INDIANA  TO  BUILD  HOME 
AT  EXPOSITION 

""THE  State  of  Indiana  has  placed  an 
■*■  order  for  an  elegant  residence  to  be 
the  Indiana  Building  at  the  Panama-Pa- 
cific Exposition.  The  Hoosiers  feel  that 
they  can  best  show  their  individuality  by 
building  a  typical  Indiana  home  on  the 
grounds  of  the  Exposition. 

The  structure  will  be  of  English  type, 
two  stories  high  and  built  of  Indiana 
limestone  with  a  plaster  second  story. 
Everything  except  the  actual  labor  on 
the  building  will  represent  the  donations 
of  Indiana  manufacturers  and  busi- 
ness men.  Indiana  artists  are  paint- 
ing the  decorations  for  the  interior. 
Horticulturists 
will  supply  the 
flowers  and 
shrubs  for  the 
landscape  ef- 
fects. Most 
distinctive  of 
all  will  be 
the  library  of 
fifteen  thou- 
sand volumes 
by  Indiana  au- 
thors. 


World's  Most  Expensive  Set  of  Books 
The  United  States  census  report  for  1910  has  finally  been  finished. 
It  was  a  fifteen  -million-dollar  undertaking. 


FIFTEEN  MILLION  FOR  THE  SET 

last  of  the  twelve  volumes 

which  comprise  the  findings  of 

the  thirteenth  census  is  off  the 

press    and    makes    complete 

the  most  expensive  set  of 

books    that    the    world 

has  ever  known. 

The  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  spent  fifteen 
million  dollars  in  pro- 
ducing these  books ; 
each  one  has  cost  about 
a  million  and  a  quarter 
dollars.  Yet  the  Gov- 
ernment considers  that 
the  money  which  it  has 
invested  in  the  thir- 
teenth census  is  well 
spent.  The  chief  cost 
has  not  been  in  printing 
the  books,  but  in  gath- 
ering and  compiling  the 
facts  which  make  them 
up.  Every  individual  in 
the  nation  has  been  catalogued.  The  gov- 
ernment census  takers  are  supposed  to 
procure  answers  to  a  score  of  questions 
from  each  individual  in  the  country;  and 
a  card  for  each  person  is  punched  with 
holes  to  indicate  the  answers  given  to 
these  questions.  These  cards  are  sent  in 
to  the  census  office.  They  are  run 
through  a  highly-specialized  machine, 
which  records  the  facts  indicated  by  the 
holes  in  the  cards,  and  these  facts  are 
then  made  up  into  tables.  When  the 
tables  are  interpreted  and  their  meaning 
set  forth,  we  are  able  to  find  out,  for 
instance,  the  number  of  women  workers 
in  the  country,  the  num- 
ber of  people  living  on 
farms,  the  number  of 
illiterates,  the 
number  of 
foreigr  born, 
and  a  thousand 
other  facts  of 
vital  signifi- 
cance, which  a 
nation  must 
know  about  it- 
self in  order  to 
provide  wisely 
for  its  needs  and 
its   development. 


WASTE-PAPER  JOBS  FOR 
JOBLESS 

p\EXVER  carries  on  a  waste-paper  in- 
*^  dustry  that  furnishes  jobs  for  men 
and  women  who  would  otherwise  be  un- 
employed. All  of  the  city's  waste  paper 
is  sold  and  about  one  hundred  dollars 
each  month  is  added  thereby  to  the  cash 
drawer  of  the  welfare  department. 

The  paper  collected  from  the  big  de- 
partment stores,  trash  cans,  etc.,  is 
brought  to  the  municipal  coal  and 
wood  yard,  sorted,  and  baled.  Six 
persons  are  employed  regularly 


GREEN  BEETLES  ATTACK  CORN 

"TTIE  little  green  beetle,  cousin  to  the 
*■  cucumber  beetle  and  the  southern 
corn-root  worm,  is  spreading  into  the 
great  corn  States  of  the  Middle  West. 
The  only  remedy  which  can  be  "used 
against  the  destroying  pest  is  to  stop 
planting  corn  for  two  years. 

Most  of  the  damage  is  done  by  the 
caterpillar-like  grubs  in  the  spring.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  in  the  soil  and  hatch 
out  in  May  and  June.  The  grubs  then 
gnaw  the  roots  of  the  corn  and 
destroy  its  fruitfulness. 


I  V 


JOBLESS  AID  Cin 
Denver  has  put  its  job  hunters  to  work  packing 
and.  meanwhile,  the  city  tak 


at  this  work  and.  in  the  winter,  more  are 
given  employment.  While  it  does  not 
bring  to  the  city  any  great  financial 
return,  it  answers  a  two- fold  purpose: 
waste  paper  is  disposed  of  and  at  the 
same  time  men  who  would  otherwise 
become  objects  of  charity  support  them- 
selves and  their  families. 

A  shredding  machine  is  to  be  installed 
in  the  near  future,  and  this  is  a  step  that 
will  bring  in  a  greater  financial  return. 
The  shredded  paper  will  open  a  market 
for  the  sale  of  such  material  to  large 
wholesale  companies  and  shippers  who 
use  paper  in  this  form  for  packing  vari- 
ous kinds  of  goods. 


TO  CLEANLINESS 
waste  paper.    There  is  profit  in  it  for  ail  concerned 
on  a  spick  and  span  appearance. 


IMPROVING  HURRY  PICTURES 

"THE  ghastly  effect  of  Cooper-Hewitt 
*■  lights  when  used  by  photographers 
has  been  avoided  in  a  gallery  at  Rouen, 
France.  The  tubes,  instead  of  being 
placed  directly  over  the  head  of  the  sitter, 
zig-zag  from  such  a  position  to  the  floor 
alongside  and  back  to  the  camera,  giving 
a  light  from  several  sides  instead  of  from 
a  single  point.  The  long  deep  shadows 
are  avoided.  The  lights  are  used  in  gal- 
leries where  pictures  are  taken  at  night 
and  finished  in  a  few  minutes,  and  to 
obtain  peculiar  effects  for  different  kinds 
of  special  photography. 


560 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


GIANT  CANDLE  TO  MOR- 
GAN'S MEMORY 

""THERE  was  finished  recently  at 
*  the  Long  Island  factory  of  a 
famous  New  York  candlemaker,  the 
finest  wax  taper  that  has  ever  been 
manufactured. 

The  Italian  congregation  of  a  Jer- 
sey City  church — the  Church  of  Our 
Lady  of  Mount  Carmela — subscribed 
fifteen  hundred  dollars  for  the  pur- 
chase of  this  candle  in  order  that 
they  might  burn  it  in  memory  of  the 
late  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  as  a  token 
of  their  appreciation  of  his 
many  charities  in  Italy. 

This  masterpiece,  for  such  in 
truth  it  is,  is  soon  to  be  placed 
in  the  Vatican  at  Rome,  where, 
in  accordance  with  the  wish  of 
the  donors,  it  will  be  lighted 
only  on  All  Souls'  Day.  At  this 
rate,  it  will  endure  for  thou- 
sands of  years,  for  the  taper,  if 


burned   continuously,    would   last   at 
least  nine  years. 

It  took  four  and  a  half  months  to 
make    the    memorial,    which    stands 
sixteen  feet  high,  weighs  four  hun- 
dred pounds,   and  tapers  gradually 
from  a  one-and-a-half- foot  base  to  a 
six-inch  tip.     The  body  is  made  of 
fragrant   white  beeswax   which   was 
sent  from  Italy  for  the  purpose. 
The  least  conspicuous  part  of  the 
-  candle  is  the  wick,  and  yet  upon  it 
depends  ninety-five  per  cent  of  the 
burning  quality  of  the  taper.     The 
fabric  from  which  the  wick  is  made 
came  from  Nuremburg,  Ger- 
many, but  it  is  the  subsequent 
treatment  by  a  secret  process 
here  that  has  fitted  it  for  the 
double     task     of     consuming 
itself    and    four    hundred 
pounds  of  wax  as  well. 

The  candle  is  beautifully 
ornamented  in  high  relief. 
This  modeling  is  heavily  laid 
with  gold  leaf  valued  at  more 
than  three  hundred  dollars. 
The  portrait  of  Morgan  and 
his  favorite  flowers — Ameri- 
can Beauty  roses — are  done  in 
oil  on  the  candle  and  are  the 
work  of  the  artist,  Paulo 
Restivo,  a  man  who  has  spe- 
cialized in  this  department  of 
art. 


Little  Cousins  to  the  Morgan  Candle 
The  one  for  the  memory  of  the  financier  would  tower  hlefa 
above  those  shown  beside  the  figures  in  the  lower  picture. 


COLORS  FOR  COLOR- 
BLIND 

""THE  great  majority  of 
*■  color-blind  persons  cannot 
distinguish  the  common  dan- 
ger signal,  red.  The  experts 
are  also  claiming  that  red  is 
not  luminous,  and  that  red  paints  fade 
rapidly.  The  substitute  which  has  been 
recommended  is  a  blue  circle  with  a  wide 
yellow  rim.  These  two  colors  are  dis- 
tinguishable by  practically  everybody  and 
to  those  who  do  not  see  them  normally, 
they  appear  red  or  green  and  thus  afford 
an  efficient  danger  signal.  Those  colors 
can  be  seen  at  a  much  greater  distance  in 
daylight  and  are  always  the  most 
luminous  ones  of  the  entire  spectrum. 


AUTO  BED  FOR  TRIPS 

A   NEW   automobile   accessory    resem- 
**    bles,    when    in    place,    a    Pullman 
berth.    It  is  easily  made  up  at 
night,  and  readily  stowed 
away — p art  under- 
neath    the     running 
board  of  the  ma 
chine,    and    the 
remainder 
folded    away 
in   the  lock- 
ers   of    the 
car.    It    is 
made    of 
a  piece  of 
strong 
canvas,  the 
ends    of 
which  are 
provided 
w  i  t  h     hems 
through   which 
the   stretcher 
bars  are   run. 
fastened    on    supports 
length  of  the  tonneau. 

The  accessory  is  made  to  fit  any  five  or 
seven  passenger  car  and  adds  but  thirty- 
five  pounds  to  the  original  weight  of  the 
car.  The  iron  supporting  rods  when  not 
in   use  are  packed   away    in    waterproof 


coverings  and  carried  underneath  the 
running  board  of  the  car  by  means  of 
specially  provided  clamps.  The  extra 
tarpaulins  for  protecting  the  car  at  night 
and  for  serving  as  a  handy 
garage  are  folded  away, 
with  all  necessary 
bedding,  in  the 
lockers.  Tourists 
using  the  outfit 
will  be  as 
comfortable 
in  an  auto- 
mobile as 
in  a  cabin 
boat. 


Thk  Auto  Sleeper 

Compact  and  easily  stoivd  away,  the  new  berth  for  automobile  tourists 

is  as  comfortable  as  a  bed. 


These  bars   in   turn   are 
that    reach    the 


BOARD 

FOR 

CHORUS 

GIRLS 

/"^HORL'S  girls  have  an  endowed 
^  boarding  house  in  Paris.  It  was  estab- 
lished originally  through  the  bounty  of 
Lord  Rowley  of  London,  who  gave  twen- 
ty-five thousand  dollars  annually  for  the 
protection  of  the  English  girls  playing  in 
Paris.  Excellent  accommodations  may 
be  had  for  twenty  dollars  a  month. 


At  Home  Though  in  Paris 

An  Englishman   has  endowed  a  boarding  house  for  chorus  and  dancing  girls 

playing  in  the  French  capital.    They  are  cared  lor  by  a  matron. 


561 


SOCIETY  PAYS  A  DAIRY 
FARM  DEFICIT 


By 
HANBY    CARVER 


IT  is  called  the  Gedney  Farm  Hotel, 
but  not  because  its  magnificent  ball- 
room was  once  a  bull  pen  and  its 
grill  room  used  to  be  the  cow  stables 
of  the  dairy  barn.  It  gets  its  name 
from  the  fact  that  it  has  the  setting  of  a 
gentleman  farmer's  estate — an  estate 
which  any  millionaire  would  be  glad  to 
have  in  such  a  location. 

The  Gedney  Farm  Hotel  is  one  of 


famous  and  magnificent  country  estate  of 
Mr.  Howard  Willets.  And  it  is  mag- 
nificent, with  its  bowling  alleys,  swim- 
ming pool,  its  numerous  dining  rooms, 
smoking  rooms,  and  beautifully  ap- 
pointed suites.  The  one-time  collec- 
tion of  farm  buildings  is  a  hotel  for 
the  motorist,  within  hail  of  fourteen  or 
fifteen  country  clubs,  half  a  dozen 
yacht  clubs,  and  possessor  of  a  golf  club 


Like  a  Steamer's  Cabin 

The  low  ceiling  of  the  grill  lends  itself  to  the 

nautical  effect.    It  had  to  be  low  because  it 

•was  a  cow   stable  once    with  a  low  roof  of 

concrete. 

the  large  suburban  hotels  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York 
City.  It  is  situated  just  south 
of  the  historic  village  of  White 
Plains,  in  the  midst  of  Ged- 
ney Farm,  formerly  the 

562 


Before  the  Stalls  Were  Oct 
Tbe  cows  had  very  comfortable  quarters  in  what  is  now  the  grill. 


—Unless  You  Saw  This 
Because  here  it  is  with  its  two  silos  full  of  corn. 

of  its  own,  catering  to  the  hurried  vaca- 
tion moments  of  the  rich. 

It  was  not  so  long  ago  that  the  Ged- 
ney  establishment  was  known  as  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  model  farms  of 
its  kind  in  the  East.  Bacteria  found  a 
hard  time  getting  a  foothold  in  the 
immaculate  barns  and  dairies.  The 
certified  milk  sold  at  a  big  price  in  New 
York  City,  for  it  had  never  come  in 
contact  with  the  air  until  it  reached 
the  consumer.  Vacuum  milking  ma- 
chines replaced  the  farm  hand  and  his 
dirty  clothing.  The  calves  and  the 
pigs  were  coddled  like  babies,  but  the 
effect  of  it  all  was  the  growing  vision 
of  bankruptcy  in  the  eyes  of  the  owner. 
He  finally  gave  up  in  disgust,  a  martyr 
to  the  high  cost  of  cleanliness. 

The  owner  discovered  that  in  that 
location,  just  twenty-two  miles  out  of 
New  York  City,  a  hotel  which  caters 
to  the  automobile  trade  brings  better 
results  than  does  the  sale  of  certified 


milk. 


It  Was  the  Dairy  Barn 
But  it  looks  just  like  a  gentleman's  country 
place  and    as  you  drive  in  you  never   would 
Kuess  what  a  metamorphosis  has  taken  place— 


The  idea  began  to  take  root 
in  his  mind,  and  he  consulted  an 
architect.  As  the  original  build- 
ings were  of  monolithic  concrete 
construction,  extensive  demo- 
lition was  entirely  undesirable  and  im- 
practicable ;  so  it  was  necessary  for  the 
architect  to  make  the  details  of  the 
farm  fit  in  as  details  and  fundamental 
points  of  design  for  an  attractive 
hotel.  Of  course,  in  the  bull  pens  it 
was  necessary  to  take  out  the  side 
walls  of  the  box  stalls  in  order  to  effect 
the  ballroom ;  and  in  the  dairy  barn  it 
was  necessary  to  remove  the  stan- 
chions and  partitions  in  order  to  ac- 
complish the  grill  room.  The  piggeries 
fitted  themselves  very  well  into  the  plans 
for  the  bowling  alleys;  and  the  silos 
were  adapted  with  little  difficulty  to 
smoking  rooms.  There  is  a  stage 
at  one  end  of  the  ballroom ;  and  there 
is  an  American  plan  dining  room,  be- 
sides the  grill,  and  the  other  things 
that  go  with  the  million-dollar  hotels 
of  the  cities;  then  add  to  all  this  the 
fact  that  it  produces  its  own  eggs,  has 
its  own  dairy,  and  you  have  an  idea  of 
the  delightful  character  of  this  country 
resort. 

S6S 


PIGEON  CITY  WIPED  OUT 

By 
HOWARD    C.    KEGLEY 


A  RAINSTORM    that    visited 
Southern  California  some  time 
ago,     destroyed     one     of     the 
Southwest's    tourist    curiosi- 
L    ties  when  it  washed  away  the 
Los  Angeles  Pigeon  farm. 

The  Los  Angeles  river,  swollen  by 
storm  water  from  the  Sierra  Madre 
mountains,  jumped  out  of  its  bed  and 
cut  a  new  channel  on  the 
flats  north  of  Los  An- 
geles. It  went  through 
a  sandy  truck  farm, 
struck  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific railroad  yards, 
washed  out  half  a  mile 
of  trackage  in  the  upper 


Before  the  Storm 
When  the  Los  Angeles  river  jumped 
its  banks  it  wiped  out  all  the  ground 
the    pigeon   farmer    had.     All  the 

cotes  were  carried  away. 


yards,  and  then  invaded  the  pigeon  farm. 
There  it  gnawed  away  at  the  sand 
banks  until  it  had  undermined  the  en- 
tire five-acre  strip  of  land,  toppling  over 
all  the  buildings  and  submerging  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pigeons 
into  the  raging  waters. 

The   farm   was   located  on   the   east 
bank  of  the  river.    Today  it  is  a  river 


THE  LAST  HOME  TOTTERS 
Hundreds  of  people  watched  the  destruction  of  the  famous  pigeon  farm  from  the  bridge  across  the  ravine  and  from  the 

public  park  adjacent. 

564 


BURNING  GAS  WITHOUT  FLAME 


565 


bed,  and  the  ground  level  of  the  tract 
is  eighteen  feet  lower  than  it  used  to 
be.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  owner  will 
ever  derive  further  profit  from  the  land. 
The  pigeon  farm  was  started  by  J.  T. 
Johnson  eighteen  years  ago.  He 
began  with  two  pairs  of  pigeons  and 
from  them  reared  this  enormous  flock. 
For  years  he  supplied  squabs  to  all  the 
high-class  hotels  and  cafes  of  the  west 
coast  cities,  selling  about  three  hun- 
dred squabs  a  day,  the  price  for  them 
ranging  from  two  dollars  and  seventy- 
five  cents  to  three  dollars  and  fifty 
cents  a  dozen,  according  to  the  season. 
It  took  two  tons  of  millet,  wheat,  and 
maize  to  feed  the  flock  each  dav.    The 


birds  were  housed  in  eleven  frame 
buildings.  The  land  on  which  the 
farm  was  located  cost  an  insignificant 
sum  but  it  is  said  that,  when  the 
Southern  Pacific  railway  company  re- 
cently wanted  to  purchase  the  strip, 
forty-five  thousand  dollars  was  refused 
for  the  five  acres. 

Time  was  when  Johnson's  pigeons 
made  him  twelve  thousand  dollars  a 
year.  California  tourists  used  to  visit 
the  farm,  paying  twenty-five  cents  ad- 
mission for  the  privilege  of  seeing  the 
largest  flock  of  pigeons  in  the  world, 
so  that  it  was  long  regarded  as  a  profit- 
able investment  merely  as  a  tourist  at- 
traction. 


BURNING  GAS  WITHOUT 

FLAME 


By 
FRANCIS    BUZZELL 


A  LITTLE  round  plateful  of  glow- 
i\  ing  stones  is  all  that  can  be  seen 
/  \  of  the  heater  which  burns  gas 
/  \  without  the  blue  flame  of  the 
A.  A.  ordinary  gas  stove.  Charles 
E.  Lucke,  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering at  Columbia  University,  New 
York,  has  brought  this  invention  to  the 
commercial  point  so 
that  gas  stoves,  burn- 
ers fur  steam  boilers, 
and  crucibles  for  the 
melting  of  metals,  have 
already  begun  to  utilize 
his  new  method.  It  is 
fifty  per  cent  more  ef- 
ficient than  the  spurt- 
ing flame  of  the 
housewife's  kitchen 
range. 

Beside  the  handle  of 
the  ordinary  gas  stove 
is  usually  a  little  knob 
which  controls  the  air 
valve.  Turn  it  a  little 
and  your  gas  flame  be- 
comes yellow,  as  but 
little  air  is  admitted  to 


— .  j^~ 
comes 
little  an 


the  heating  gas.  Allow  too  much  air 
and  the  flame  is  greatly  enlarged,  the 
tip  only  being  blue.  This  little  phe- 
nomenon exists  because  gas  must  be 
mixed  with  oxygen  before  it  will 
burn.  Professor  Lucke,  in  his  new  de- 
vice, mixes  just  the  right  amount  of 
oxygen  so  that  the  gas  burns  around  the 
plate  of  stones  instead 
of  shooting  up  in 
flames  which 
heat  a  lot  of  air 
that  does  the 
house w ife  no 
good.  Excess 
air  is  regarded 
as  not  only  useless 
but  extremely 
wasteful,  because 
its  absorption  of 
heat  prevents  the 
attainment  of  the 
highest  temperatures, 
and    because    it    car- 

The  Flameless  Range 

Tlir  gas  burns  among  the  stones, 

making  tlit-m   radiant.    It  is  the 

im>-.t   efficient  way  of  using  gas 

that  has  ever  been  devised. 


566 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


ries  away  as  flue  heat,  quantities  that 
would  otherwise  be  of  use.  Premixture 
of  air  and  gas  is  used  because  thereby 
each  particle  of  fuel  may  be  brought  into 
contact  with  its  required  oxygen  before 
it  is  needed.  This  premixture  prevents 
the  escape  of  unburned  fuel  in  any  form, 
thus  stopping  the  two  great  losses  in  the 
ordinary  burning  of  gas — that  due  to  the 
heating  of  excess  air,  and  that  due  to  in- 


WlTHOUT  THE  STONES 

The  gas  of  the  flameless  burner  comes  out  at  speed  faster 

than  flame  propagation  and    burns  among  the  stones — 

which  have  been  removed  before  photographing  in  order 

to  show  the  details. 

complete  combustion.  The  length  of  an 
ordinary  gas  flame  indicates  the  length 
of  time  it  takes  for  the  gas  to  reach  the 
necessary  amount  of  air  to  result  in 
ignition. 

Another  advantage  of  no  less  impor- 
tance follows  because  of  surface  combus- 
tion. This  is  the  development  of  the 
heat  in  a  form  more  available  for  absorp- 
tion by  the  pots  or  pans  to  be  heated. 
All  heat  absorbed  from  the  fire  by  direct 
contact  of  the  material  on  the  stove  with 
the  hot  gas  is  taken  up  at  a  rate  directly 
proportional  to  the  excess  of  the  tem- 
perature of  the  fire  over  that  of  •  the 
article  being  heated.  So  the  hotter  these 
gases  the  more  heat  the  food  or  the 
liquid  on  the  stove  will  take  up,  other 
things  being  equal.  But  heat  is  much 
more  rapidly  absorbed  by  bodies  when 
the  source  is  radiant,  because  radiant 
heat  readily  pierces  the  insulating  dead 
gas  films  adhering  to  the  surface  of  the 
utensils. 

The  superior  transmitting  value  of 
radiant  heat  has  been  well  known  ever 
since  physicists  have  studied  the  sun's 


rays.  The  premixture  of  gas  and  air 
makes  it  very  easy  to  secure  a  large  per 
cent  of  the  heat  of  burning  in  a  radiant 
form,  because  the  combustion,  being  en- 
tirely independent  of  the  outside  air,  can 
be  carried  on  behind  layers  of  small 
stones,  in  the  crevices  between  them,  in 
holes  in  solid  plates,  or  behind  solid 
plates  of  any  convenient  form.  All  of 
these  attain  the  temperature  of  the  burn- 
ing gas  and  then  radiate  heat  at  a  higher 
rate  than  the  gases  themselves  would. 

But  when  air  and  gas  are  mixed  in  the 
required  proportions  before  delivery  to 
the  fire  zone  the  mixture  assumes  the 
nature  of  an  explosive.  The  result,  ordi- 
narily, would  be  that  the  flame  would 
tend  to  travel  instantly  to  the  point  where 
the  gas  and  air  were  mixed  and  thus  away 
from  the  fire  zone.  Any  possibility  of 
explosion  is  avoided,  however,  by  deliv- 


Burner  Ready  to  Use 

The  stones  are  called  bafflers  because  they  prevent  the 
gas  from  burning  as  it  does  in  a  blow  torch. 


ering  the  mixture  of  air  and  gas  at  a 
speed  greater  than  that  at  which  the 
flame  could  travel  back  intq  the  mixture. 
The  result  of  this,  ordinarily,  would  be 
that  the  mixture  so  delivered  would  burst 
into  flame  on  reaching  the  fire  zone  and 
blaze  out  like  a  blow-torch.  This  is 
avoided  in  the  following  manner:  The 
mixture  is  delivered  to  the  fire  zone  at 
a  high  velocity  by  means  of  several  small 
tubes  or  holes;  then  it  strikes  a  bed  of 
loose  grains  of  white  alundum  or  broken 
stone.  This  serves  as  a  baffler,  as  the 
stones  retard  the  velocity  of  the  gas  and 
air  mixture  until  it  drops  to  just  the 
speed  which  allows  the  flame  to  remain 
amid  the  baffling  stones. 


CASTING  CONTEST 
The  flv  casters  at  the  Sportsman's  show  in  New  York  used  a  tank  and  artificial  moonlight.    But  the  light  was  much  more 

brilliant  than  that  of  even  a  full  moon. 


ARTIFICIAL  MOONLIGHT  FOR       GASOLINE-POWERED  SIREN 


CONTESTS 

rORTY-EIGHT  thousand  watts 
*     of  moonlight  was  furnished  by 
a  Xew  York  electric-lighting 
company  for  the  recent  sports- 
man's   show,    held    at   Grand 
Central   Palace.     The  bureau 
of  illuminating  engineering  of 
the  company  arranged  all  the 
lighting    for    the    exposition, 
replacing    the    usual    lighting 
on  the  main  floor  of  the  build- 
ing   by    one-hundred-and-fifty- 
and  two-hundred-watt  tungsten 
lamps,  the  bulbs  of  which  were 
stained  to  produce  a  pale  blue 
glow.    Added   to   this    was    the 
light  of  nitrogen   lamps  placed 
in  the  urns  around  the  balcony 
rail   and   suspended  in  the  well 
of    the    building.    There    were 
twenty-four  of  these  lamps,  each 
in  a  glass  reflector  and  shaded 
with     green     gelatine     screens. 
The    fly-casting    tank    and    the 
trap-shooting  range  on  the  roof 
were     illuminated    by    spot 
lights  and  incandescent 
lamps  which  produced  con- 
ditions  closely   ap- 
proaching   those         ~«— 
met  by  the  actual 
angler    whipping 
the  trout  stream. 


""THE  lighthouse  at  Jument 
■*■     D'Ouessant,    France,    utilizes 
gasoline  engine  to  compress  air 
for     the     operation     of     its 
gigantic  siren.     Whistles  and 
sirens  on  most  lighthouses  in 
the  past  have  been  operated  by 
steam  but  it  has  been  found  to 
be  more  economical  to  substi- 
tute   a    gasoline    engine    for 
the    expensive    steam    plant. 
At  the  Jument   D'Ouessant 
lighthouse     a     fourteen  -  horse- 
power engine  is  connected  to  a 
compressor.    The  air  is  pumped 
directly     into     five     reservoirs, 
each  of  which  holds  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  cubic  feet  of  air. 
In    case    of    accident    there    is 
always  a  sufficient  supply  of  air 
to  keep  the  signal  going  for  a 
ong  time.     By  the  old  method 
it  was  necessary  to  keep  up  a 
continual  supply  of  live  steam. 
The  amount  of  fuel  used  in  a 
year  was  amazing  and  in  many 
cases  the   handling  of  coal 
was  very  difficult. 


ciumiv  «*s  NWU 

Siren  Runs  by  Gas  Power 
This  new  French  lighthouse 
uses  compressed  air  instead 
of  steam  to  blow  its  whistle. 
This  method  has  proved 
cheaper. 


To  Pull  the  Great  Ships 

Traveling-  on  cogs,  four  of  these  "electric 
mules"  will  handle  the  ordinary  sized  ship  on 
its  trip  through  the  Panama  Canal.  Six  will  be 
used  by  liners  and  battleships,  two  of  them  to 
steer  and  hold  back. 


CANAL'S  "ELECTRIC  MULES" 

""THE  first  shipment  of  electric  towing 
*  locomotives  for  the  big  cut  has  re- 
cently been  received  at  the  Canal  Zone. 
Forty  of  them  are  being  built  by  an  elec- 
tric company  in  the  United  States.  They 
will   run   on   cogs   which   give   them   an 


Keeps  Food  Frozen 
The  most  perishable  food  should  be  kept  at  a  lower  tern* 
perature  than  the  freezing  point  and  this  box  does  it  with- 
out ice  for  the  small  householder. 


S6S 


enormous  tpactive  effort — power  to  pull 
over  forty-seven  thousand  pounds,  if 
necessary.  Each  ship  which  travels 
through  the  canal  will  be  handled  by  four 
of  them,  two  in  front  to  do  the  pulling 
and  two  in  the  rear  to  steer  and  hold 
back  in  case  too  much  speed  is  attained. 
For  the  largest  ships  six  will  be  used. 

Each  lomocotive  has  two  cabs,  one  on 
each  end,  with  full  controls  in  both,  and 
each  is  driven  by  two  seventy-five-horse- 
power motors. 

COOLING  THE  ICE  BOX 

DECAUSE  no  ice  refrigerator  is  cold 
"-*  enough,  according  to  the  experts,  to 
prevent  decay  of  perishable  foods,  the 
iceless  domestic  refrigerators  are  doing 
away  with  the  ice  man.  This  new  ma- 
chine, which  has  been  placed  on  the 
market,  operates  with  an  electric  motor 
and  the  well-known  ammonia  system  of 
refrigeration.  The  average  cost  a  month 
for  electric  current  is  about  two  dollars 
and  the  various  spaces  in  the  refriger- 
ator are  kept  at  a  temperature  of  from 
twenty  degrees  up. 

The  average  ice  box  in  hot  weather 
keeps  its  compartments  at  a  temperature 
of  from  fifty-six  to  sixty-three  degrees, 
but  it  has  been  shown  that  fruits  should 
be  kept  at  a  temperature  at  least  thirty 
degrees  lower.  Fish  and  oysters  should 
have  a  temperature  of  from  twenty  to 
thirty  degrees  and  meats  from  twenty- 
nine  to  thirty-eight.  It  has  been  shown 
that  butter  keeps  best  when  in  a  com- 
partment of  a  temperature  of  about 
eighteen  degrees. 


STOPS  TRAIN  WITHOUT  JAR 

TWO  men  whose  names  are  Ran- 
*■  somes  and  Rapier,  London  engi- 
neers, have  perfected  what  is,  perhaps, 
the  most  successful  buffer  stop  for 
trains  yet  devised.  After  long  and  con- 
tinued experiments  they  have  brought 
out  the  hydraulic  and  oil  resistance 
buffers,  which  will  stop  trains  of  vary- 
ing weight  at  speeds  of  from  six  to  ten 
miles  an  hour. 


than  at  the  opposite  end.  As  a  train 
of  cars  sets  the  piston  in  the  same 
motion  as  that  at  which  the  train  is 
traveling,  an  opposite  motion  is  set  up 
behind  the  piston.  As  the  train  is 
stopped  and  the  piston  makes  its 
stroke,  less  area,  of  course,  is  provided 
for  the  water.  Practically  a  constant 
resistance  is  given  for  this  reason,  and 
the  result  is  that  the  incoming  train  is 
not  stopped  suddenly,  but  with  almost 
no  shock  or  recoil. 


STOPPED  WITH  OIL 
The  hydraulic  batten  rtaa  th<  trains  without  a  jar  even  though  tlu-y  may  be  coming  at  good  speed. 


These  new  buffers  have  been  in- 
stalled in  a  great  many  English  railway 
terminals.  The  battery  of  stops  in- 
stalled at  the  Waterloo  station,' Lon- 
don, is  of  the  seven-foot-stroke  type, 
two  sets  being  used,  one  pair  for  each 
track. 

Each  cylinder  is  entirely  filled  with 
water  and  passages  are  located  which 
permit  the  water  to  pass  from  behind 
the  piston  as  it  comes  home,  to  the 
front  side.  These  apertures  are  much 
larger  at  the  front  end  of  the  cylinder 


JOGGING  THE  BUSINESS  MAN'S 
MEMORY 

A  NEW  aid  to  the  business  man  with 
**  a  poor  memory  is  built  like  a  cuckoo 
clock.  A  series  of  little  drawers  fit  into 
the  base  and  may  be  filled  with  memo- 
randa. Each  one  may  be  set  for  a  dif- 
ferent hour  of  the  day  and  at  that  time 
the  busy  man  has  his  reminder  slipped 
out  before  him,  with  the  accompanying 
jangle  of  an  alarm  bell  which  will  not 
fail  to  call  his  attention. 

•     569 


570 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Winding  Through 
the  Peaks 


MILLION  FOR  ANIMAL  STUDY 


JOHN  D.  ROCKE- 
J    feller   has   given    one 
million    dollars    to    the 
Rockefeller  Institute  for 
Medical     Research     for 
the    establishment    of    a 
department    which    will 
study     animal     diseases. 
James  J.  Hill  has  added 
fifty     thousand     dollars 
for    the    study    of    hog 
cholera.     The    work    of 
scientists  in  animal  dis- 
eases has  frequently  re- 
sulted   in    sweeping 
changes  in  the  treatment 
of  human   ailments   and 
it  is  hoped  that  the  new 
department    of    this    fa- 
mous institution  will  not 
only   be   able   to   aid    in 
eradicating    disease 
among  animals  but  that 
it  may  also  point  the  way 
toward     improving     the 
health  of  human  beings. 
Pasteur,  in  his  work  on 
anthrax,  one  of  the  most 
virulent    of    cattle    dis- 
eases,  opened   the   door 
to  the  present-day 
knowledge    of    malaria, 
yellow   fever,  and  other 
diseases. 

Hog  cholera  cost  the 
nation  sixty  million  dol- 
lars in  the  Northwest 
alone  last  year  and  such 
a  department  can  work 
incalculable  good. 


BUILDING  PHILIPPINE  ROADS 

THE  United  States  troops  which  are 
quartered  in  the  Philippines  are 
building  magnificent  military  roads.  The 
work  is  being  done  under  the  supervision 
of  the  engineering  corps  and  the  results 
attained  rival  those  of  the  same  body  in 
various  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
road  shown  here  winds  its  way  along  a 
sheer  precipice.  In  the  distance  is  Camp 
Dowd,  which  overlooks  the  great  island 
canyon, 


PATENTS  BUTTER 

AN  inventor  has  obtained  a  patent  for 
manufactured  and  packed  butter. 
By  his  system  the  material  is  kept  below 
freezing  from  the  time  it  is  made  until 
it  reaches  the  consumer.  Germs  which 
at  a  higher  temperature  would  be  active 
are  kept  in  a  dormant  stage  and  as  a 
result  the  product  is  substantially  free 
from  objectionable  flavors  and  odors 
which  ordinarily  arise  from  the  activity 
of  these  germs, 


A  FEATHER-WEIGHT 
ELECTRIC  MOTORCYCLE 

A  SURPRISINGLY  light 
**  electric  motorcycle  has 
been  constructed  from  an  ordi- 
nary bicycle  for  use  by  trick 
riders  on  the  stage.  The 
motor  and  battery  equipment 
are  attached  by  means  of 
clamps.  The  inventor  used  an 
automobile  self-starting  motor 
which  he  had  rewound,  the 
better  to  fit  it  for  his  purposes. 
It  takes  current  from  a  six-volt 
storage  battery  which  is  carried 
in  two  sections,  pannier  fashion, 
on  either  side  of  the  rear 
wheel. 

The  motor  develops  one  and 
one-fourth  horsepower  which  is  sufficient 
to  drive  the  vehicle  at  twenty-five  miles 
an  hour.  The  batteries  will  hold  sufficient 
charge,  according  to  the  inventor,  to 
maintain  that  speed  for  six  hours,  and 
the  gearing  being  comparatively  low,  the 
motor  operates  at  high  efficiency  and  the 
vehicle  will  climb  hills  with  the  best  of 
them.  With  the  batteries,  the  machine 
weighs  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 
The  lightweight  feature  makes  the  ma- 
chine as  handy  as  an  ordinary  bicycle. 


Stage  Motorcycle 

It  runs  by  an  electric  motor  with  some  little  storage  batteries,  and  is 

used  by  a  trick  rider  who  is  playing  in  vaudrvillc. 


OLD  CANNON  MARKS  SCENE 
OF  BATTLE 

"THIS  old  cannon  is  at  present  the 
*•  sole  sentinel  on  the  scene  of  one 
of  the  fiercest  battles  of  the  Filipino 
insurrection,  the  Battle  of  Zapote 
Bridge,  fought  in  June.  1899.  Today 
the  gun  lies  as  it  was  left  by  the  vic- 
torious Americans  in  the  jungle-cov- 
ered trenches  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Zapote  River,  near  Manila.  For  the 
engagement  it  was  loaded 
with  nails,  horseshoes, 
and  junk,  but  owing  to 
the  deadly  marks- 
manship of  half  a 
company  of 
Kansas  boys, 
the  old  gun 
was  fired 
only 
once. 


Desertki.  on 
the  Battle  Site 
A  Filipino  cannon  over 
grown  by  the  jungle. 


511 


INTERURBANS 


and  HND  VALUES 

By  Charles  Alma  Byers 


AN    e  l  e  c  - 
I\    trie   railway 
/jk  map  of  Los  Angeles 

/       m      and      vicinity      reminds 
■X        jL   one  very  much  of  a  spider's 
web,  for  within  a  radius  of  fifty  miles  of  that 
city,  there  is  a  veritable  network  of  interurban  lines. 

These  lines  extend  from  the  ocean  to  the  desert,  and 
from  sea-level  to  fifty-eight  hundred  feet  above  sea-level.    In 
two   and    one-half    hours    one    may    travel    from    the    warm    sea 
breezes,  from  a  view  of  bathers  battling  with  ocean  breakers,  to  the  top 
of  a  snow-capped  mountain — Mt.  Lowe — where  overcoats  are  always  in  sea- 
son. 

Although  there  is  an  independent  system  which  handles  the  local  traffic  of  the 
city  of  Los  Angeles,  the  Pacific  Coast  electric  interurbans  operate  a  number  of  city 
lines.  Only  a  few  of  these  are  in  Los  Angeles,  the  most  of  them  being  in  the  small 
neighboring  cities  and  towns. 

The  lines,  extending  for  a  radius  of  about  fifty  miles  over  territory  surrounding 
Los  Angeles,  accommodate  an  area  of  approximately  twenty-five  hundred  square 

512 


INTERURBANS  AND  LAND  VALUES 


573 


miles.  Over  one  thousand  miles  of  track 
are  in  operation  at  present,  and  there  is 
considerable  additional  trackage  in  the 
course  of  construction.  The  longest  sin- 
gle line,  extending  to  San  Bernardino, 
which  has  just  been  completed,  is,  with 
its  local  connections,  approximately  sev- 
enty miles  long. 

In  addition  to  the  passenger  service, 
the  system  is  equipped  for  express  and 
freight  carrying.  In  fact,  this  depart- 
ment is  so  well  organized  that  a 
rancher  living  almost  anywhere  along 
one  of  its  lines  needs  only  to  tele- 
phone to  the  freight  manager  to 
make  arrangements  for  having 
his  commodity  picked  up 
almost  at  his  door. 

Sixty-six     electric     loco 
motives     are     used,     ten 
being  of  the  mogul  type 
— that    is,   of   one   thou- 
sand   horsepower,    capa- 
ble  of   drawing   a    load 


equal  to  a  steam  railway  engine.  The 
freight  cars  are  of  standard  railway  size. 
This  vast  and  complete  transporta- 
tion system  has  had  a  marvelous  effect 
on  the  garden  ground  which  surrounds 
the  metropolis  of  Southern  California. 
The  land  is  as  expensive  as  that  of  a 
city  suburb;  the  rancher  who  settled 
here  a  few  years  ago  and  made  a  suc- 
cess of  his  farm  has  become  wealthy 
and  has  all  the  advantages  of  city  life 


\  Do«Miirwi  Station 

One  ol  the  principal  t. -rminals  in  Los  Angela,    The  com- 
pany has  its  offices  above  the  terminal. 


The  Automatic  Flagman 
Crossings  are  protected  by  this  device  invented  by  an  em- 
ploye.   It  rings  a  bell  and  wigwags. 

coupled  with  the  quiet  life  of  a  rural 
citizen.  Jt  takes  him  but  a  short  time 
to  get  to  the  heart  of  a  great  city  for 
his  amusements  and  to  transact  his 
business;  he  can  ship  his  fruit  and 
grain  directly  to  the  consumer  by  fast 
interiirban  freight,  or  get  his  products 
to  the  city  in  answer  to  an  order  from 
a  city  dweller  which  may  have  arrived 
over  the  telephone  in  the  morning. 

Concrete  examples  of  the  advances 
in  land  values  are  furnished  by  the 
residents.  Before  the  Long  Beach  line 
was  built  in  1902,  one  farm  sold  at  two 
hundred    and    twenty-five    dollars    an 


574 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


FOR  THE  RANCHER'S  WIFE 
Another  factor  in  bringing  up  land  values  is  the  passenger  service.      The 
farmer  who  lives  fifty  miles  out  can  shop  frequently  in  a  large 
city  and  waste  very  little  time  traveling. 


■    HI       I     III  |I1 


!!*BH? 


For  the  Suburban  Rancher 

The  freight  service  has  brought  land  values  up  in  magical 

fashion.    The  products  of  the  farm  can  be  delivered  over 

the  electric  road  daily. 


acre.  Six  months  later  it  was  sold  at  five 
hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  an  acre. 
Today,  since  efficient  transportation 
has  been  developed,  the  land  has  be- 
come so  valuable  that  it  has  been  cut 
up  into  lots  selling  at  a  rate  of  forty- 
eight  hundred  dollars  an  acre.  Along 
the  Covina  line  land  jumped  from  one 
hundred  and  sixty  dollars  to  thirteen 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars  an  acre. 
Along  other  lines  the  same  magical 
leaps  in  values  have  been  made. 


The  same  sort  of  development  has 
been  made  in  other  localities  which 
have  been  favored  by  the  interurban. 
The  country  around  some  of  our  east- 
ern cities  and  about  Chicago  and  In- 
dianapolis has  blossomed  out,  reliev- 
ing city  congestion,  making  small 
truck  farms  of  tremendous  value  to 
their  owners  and  to  the  consumer,  but 
best  of  all,  adding  the  wholesome  ef- 
fect of  the  country  to  the  atmosphere 
of  the  city. 


In  January  of  this  year  we  announced  the  inauguration  of 
a  department  "Made  By  Our  Readers."  The  unusually  high 
grade  of  contributions  we  have  received  in  response  to  this 
announcement  has  been  a  cause  for  gratification.  In  the  last 
four  months  we  have  given  nearly  two  hundred  dollars  in 
prizes,  besides  paying  out  a  considerable  sum  as  the  regular 
price  for  the  articles.  But  we  are  not  fully  satisfied.  We 
won't  be  until  every  one  of  our  readers  has  sent  in  his  story 
of  some  unusual  thing  he  has  observed  or  some  ingenious 
scheme  he  has  seen  worked  out.  We  want  you  to  consider 
this  a  special  invitation  to  contribute  to  the  "Made  By  Our 
Readers"  Department. 


THE  WASHINGTON  MONU- 
MENT IN  DANGER 


By 
RICHARD    BENTON 


WORKMEN  are  busy 
mallet    and    chisel 
the    base    of    the 
Washington 
Monument. 

Every  now  and  then  there 
is  repair  work  to  be  done, 
because  of  damage  attrib- 
utable  to   the   enormous 
pressure.      This    might- 
iest  of  all   obelisks 
weighs    more    than 
eighty-one    thousand 
tons. 

Army  engineers  in 
charge  of  the  structure 
have  kept  an  anxious 
eye  upon  the  shaft  for 
many  years,  constantly 
making  measurements 
with  a  variety  of  in- 
struments to  assure 
themselves  that  it  was 
not  inclining  from  the 
exact  perpendicular,  or 
showing  other  sign  of 
lack  of  stability  and 
permanence. 

The  monument  does 
not    stand    upon    solid 
rock :    its    base    is    set 
upon     a     gravel     bed 
which  not  so  very  long 
ago    was    part    of    the 
shifting  bottom  of  the 
Potomac    River.      The 
top  of  the  small  hill  on 
which    it    is    erected — 
hardly     more     than     a 
large  mound  of  earth — 
is    only    twenty-six    feet 
above   the   low-tide   level 
of  the  Potomac.    Less  than 
one   hundred   yards   distant, 
on  the  north  side,  was  former- 
ly a  large  shallow  pond,  called 


with      Babcock's  Lake,  a  sort  of  backwater  ex- 
about      tension  of  the  Potomac,  which  was  filled 
when   the   monument  was  half 
built,    as    a    precaution    against 
undermining  by  seepage. 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the 
site    was    originally  chosen 
by    Major   L'Enfant    (the 
man     who    planned    the 
city  of  Washington)  for 
an  equestrian   statue  of 
General      Washington 
which,  in  1783,  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  voted 
to  erect.     The  project, 
however,     was     never 
carried      out.       Forty 
years  later  the  citizens 
of  Washington  formed 
a   Monument  Associa- 
tion, asking  for  popu- 
lar   subscriptions,    and 
eighty-seven    thousand 
dollars   had   been  col- 
lected  by    1848,   when 
the  cornerstone  of  the 
great  obelisk  was 
finally  laid. 

Unfortunately    the 
money  gave  out  when 
the  shaft  had  risen  to 
a  height  not  much  ex- 
ceeding   one    hundred 
and  fifty  feet,  and  the 
work   had   perforce  to 
be  abandoned.    It  stood 
there,  an  unsightly 
stump,   for   more   than 
thirty    years,    when,    at 
last,  Congress  undertook 
to  complete  the  structure, 
handing  over  the  task  to 
the  engineers  of  the  Army. 

Will  It  Stand  for  Ages? 
The  beautiful  obelisk,  representing  a  na- 
tion's veneration  for  its  "father".  Wash- 
ington, has  none  too  firm  a  foundation. 

SIS 


576 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  first  thing  they  discovered 
about  it  was  that  the  foundation 
was  grossly  inadequate.  Com- 
posed of  nothing  more  substan- 
tial than  rubble,  it  was  entirely 
too  small.  So  they  set  about  the 
business  of  altering  this  feature 
radically,  removing  as  much  of 
the  rubble  as  they  could  by  ex- 

At  the  Top  of  the  Rising  Shaft  in  1878 

Thirty  years  wont  by  between  the  time  the 

shaft  was  started  and  finished  because  enough 

money  could  not  be  raised. 


EXCAVATING  BENEATH  THE  OLD  STUMP  . 

Before  the  arm,  engineers  -emp^ to  fi^sh^ding  ~-  gStf.^?.'  — '  f°Undat'°"  '"  ** 


Thk  Nsw  Concrete  Bask 
Whin  the  last  four  hundred  feet  were  begun 
it  was  absolutely  Decenary  to  add  to  the  foun- 
dation. 

cavating  beneath  the  sides  and 
corners,  replacing  it  with  con- 
crete, and  using  the  same  ma- 
terial to  extend  the  foundation 
outward  in  all  directions.  The 
original  foundation  was  eighty 
feet  square  at  the  base ;  the  new 
one  was  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
six  feet  square,  and  thirteen  and 
a  half  feet  was  added  to  its  depth 
underground. 

As  the  monument  now  stands,  the 
foundation  has  a  depth  of  thirty-eight 
feet,  and  the  pressure  on  it  per 
square  foot  is  nine  tons.  The  shaft 
itself  is  in  effect  an  iron  tower  within  a 
stone  tower.  It  is  five  hundred  and  fifty- 
five  feet  high,  has  a  base  fifty-five  feet 
square,  tapers  one-fourth  of  an  inch  to 
the  foot,  and  is  faced  with  marble  backed 
with  rubble  up  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  Above  that  the  backing  is  of 
dressed  New  England  granite  for  three 
hundred  feet,  beyond  which  the  structure 
is  all  marble. 
The  top  of  the  monument  has  the  form 


As  It  Stood  for  a  Generation 

but%0«nohrtnrfiT,dnandrfi',y[Sot^tump  ha,da  tiny  baseon  a  lo«tion 
resUlmos.  ,™,-nce  ,r,om  ,he  Po,ton><»c  River.   Repairs  are  in  prog- 
ress almost  continuously  as  a  result,  because  the  (travel  is  constantly 
shifting  slightly  under  the  great  weight. 

of  a  pyramid  fifty-five  feet  high ;  the  cap- 
stone, being  crowned  by  a  cap-piece  of 
pure  aluminum  nine  inches  high — the 
largest  piece  of  that  metal  (then  quite 
costly)  ever  cast  up  to  1884,  when  it  was 
put  on.  To  protect  the  shaft  against 
lightning,  this  cap-piece  is  connected 
with  a  copper  rod  which  runs  down  to  a 
well  in  the  middle  of  the  foundation. 

The  vigilant  engineers  to  whom  the 
task  of  protecting  the  monument  against 
the  dangers  of  a  shifting  base  has  been 
entrusted  confidently  state  that  the  shaft 
will  endure  forever,  unless  demolished 
by  an  earthquake.    Perhaps  it  may. 

sn 


- '  OUR  TWELVE 

II-Dr.  ALEX- 

By  Donald 

By  the  .vote  of  one  thousand  great  scientists,  Dr.  Alexis  Carrel  has  been 
declared  to  be  one  of  the  twelve  greatest  scientists  in  this  country.  We  explained 
in  the  May  number  just  how  this  vote  was  taken.  For  those  zi'ho  did  not  see  the 
original  announcement,  we  are  restating  part  of  it  here.  The  editors  of  Technical 
World  Magazine  zvrote  to  each  of  the  thousand  leading  scientists  of  this  country 
asking  them  the  question:  "Who  are  the  twelve  greatest  American  scientists?" 
The  men  called  upon  generously  responded,  nearly  sixty-one  per  cent  of  them 
voting.  We  Ixave  had  articles  prepared  upon  these  twelve  men  and  as  a  result  of 
this  symposium,  our  readers  will  have  presented  in  concrete  form  the  latest 
zvord  on  the  wonderful  advances  that  are  being  made  in  the  several  branches  of 
scientific  investigation.  Moreover,  the  tremendous  practical  value  of  scientific 
inz>estigation  will  be  given  its  proper  emphasis.  By  the  metlwd  employed 
in  selecting  the  twelve  representative  scientists,  such  publication  will  be  authorita- 
tive,  conzincing,  and  final.  Last  month  the  story  of  the  zcondcrful  zvork  of  Profes- 
sor Michelson,  the  great  physicist,  was  presented.  We  are  sure  that  \<ou  zvill  find 
this  story  of  Dr.  Carrel's  remarkable  discoveries  fully  as  absorbing.— The  Editors. 


FROM  the  very  beginning  of 
time  men  have  asked.  What 
makes  wounds  heal?  What 
mends  a  broken  bone,  a  severed 
artery?  In  later  years  scien- 
tists have  put  the  question  in  a  different 
way:  "Why  do  cells  multiply,  tissues 
regenerate?  They  know  that  cells  make 
up  tissue,  tissues  make  up  organs,  organs 
make  up  the  human  body.  Through  long 
ages  scientists  had  sought  to  discover 
how  and  why  an  abrasion  heals— how  the 
minute  processes  of  nature  work — for, 
if  they  but  learned  fully,  intimately,  all 
the  secrets  contained  in  the  process  of 
healing  the  tiniest  wound,  they  might, 
conceivably,  go  a  step  farther  and  pro- 
vide for  the  continuance  of  tissue  and  of 
organs,  so  that  man  might  live  indef- 
initely. 

The  scientist  usually  foresees  his  con- 
clusion. The  scientific  mind  works  de- 
ductively first — leaps  forward  to  a  con- 
clusion, vague  though  that  conclusion  be  ; 
then  it  goes  back,  starts  anew,  and  tests 
every  step  of  the  way.  The  scientist 
dreams,  as  every  world  leader  dreams ; 
then  he  sets  out  to  ascertain  the  reality 

S7S 


of  what  he  has  dreamed.  .And  though 
the  world's  great  scientists  have  put 
themselves  to  the  task  of  uncovering  the 
mysteries  of  Nature's  healing  processes, 
none  succeeded  until  there  pressed  to  the 
fore  one  who  was  more  persistent,  more 
imaginative  than  the  rest — Doctor  Alexis 
Carrel. 

Doctor  Carrel  is  an  Americanized 
Frenchman.  He  has  all  the  audacity  of 
the  Frenchman,  all  the  energy  of  the 
American — and  a  modesty  that  comports 
with  the  character  of  neither  Frenchman 
nor  American.  Born  in  Lyons,  France, 
in  1873,  he  received  his  early  medical 
training  as  interne  and  experimenter  in 
the  hospital  and  university  of  his  native 
city.  He  came  to  America  in  1905,  and 
later  received  recognition,  for  the  prog- 
ress he  had  made,  by  being  chosen  as 
the  first  American  to  receive  the  Nobel 
Prize  (forty  thousand  dollars)  for 
achievement  in  medicine.  And  now 
those  who  are  believed  to  be  most  com- 
petent to  judge  say  that  few  discoveries 
since  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood  have  aroused  more  at- 
tention   and    exerted    a    more    moving 


GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


IS  CARREL 

Wilhelm 


impetus  to  research  than  the  work  of 
this  vigorous  French-American  in  the 
preservation  and  growth  of  animal  tissue. 

In  setting  about  his  experiments, 
Doctor  Carrel  wished  to  obtain  as  definite 
a  result  as  a  watch  manufacturer  in  the 
making  of  a  watch.  The  product  that 
Doctor  Carrel  wanted  was  the  chemical 
factor  that  would  stimulate  the  rapid 
growth  of  cells.  With  that  knowledge 
he  hoped  to  hasten  the  healing  of  almost 
any  injury  in  at  least  one-tenth  the  ordi- 
nary time,  so  that  an  abrasion  might  be 
healed  in  a  few  hours — a  fracture  in  a 
few  days.  But  before  he  could  obtain 
the  knowledge  to  accomplish  these  mar- 
velous results  he  had  to  find  the  means 
to  arrive  at  them.  He  was  like  a  miner 
at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft ;  he  had  to  grope 
for  the  ladder  that  would  carry  him  to 
the  higher  level. 

His  first  step  was  to  do  as  some  had 
done  before  him.  He  etherized  animals 
and  cut  wounds  of  definite  sizes  in 
their  flesh.  The  anti-vivisectionists  could 
hardly  call  Carrel  to  account  for  cruelty, 
for  in  his  work  he  etherizes  every  animal 
where  pain  may  be  involved  in  the  experi- 
ment. 

The  small  wounds  that  he  made  on  the 
animals  used  in  his  first  experiments  he 
brought  into  contact  with  a  large  variety 

Dr.  CarreVfl  chief  work  has  been  done  at  the  Rockefeller 
Institute  in   the   knitting  of  bones  and    the  healing  of 

wounds. 


of  different  substances,  and  then  he 
observed — as  others  had  already  observed 
— that  the  tissue  defends  itself  against 
foreign  matter  placed  on  its  surface,  and 
that  the  very  inmost  heart  of  a  tissue  is 
reached  with  difficulty.  This  was  de- 
cidedly an  obstacle  to  his  carrying  on  his 
experiments.  Moreover,  in  the  older 
technique  it  was  not  possible  to  observe 
with  sufficient  exactness  the  operation  of 
healing.  These  considerations  induced 
the  experimenter  to  seek  a  more  prac- 
tical method. 

In  order  to  modify  the  heart  of  the 
tissue  and  then  to  ascertain  accurately  the 
effect  of  such  modification,  Doctor  Carrel 
felt  it  was  necessary  first  to  stop  the 
circulation  of  blood  through  the  tissue. 
This  done  he  would  submit  the  tissue  to 
the  action  of  substances  whose  influence 
on  cellular  growth  he  wished  to  study. 
Lastly  he  had  somehow  to  provide  for 
the  starting  up  again  of  the  circulation. 
His  problem  was  to  separate  the  tissue 
from  the  living  organ  without  killing  it ; 
to  continue  it  in  a  condition  of  latent  life ; 
to  modify  its  functions  for  purposes  of 
study  ;  to  examine  the  results  produced  ; 


S!9 


580 


OUR  TWELVE   GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


581 


and  then  to  restore  it  to  its  original  con- 
nection with  the  organism  or  connect  it 
with  some  other  organism  where  he 
might  observe  or  test  it  at  its  proper  work 
or  function.  He  got  the  result  he  wanted 
in  various  ways  and  opened  up  new 
regions  in  the  study  of  latent  tissue  life 
while  doing  so. 

Latent  life  was  discovered  more  than 
two  hundred  years  ago  by  Loewenhoeck. 
In  the  last  century  it  was  studied 
especially    in    France    by    Paul 
Bert,      whose      experiments 
would    shock   the   most 
radical  vivisectionist  of  to-       *S 
day.     Bert  took  tails  from 
rats,  kept  them  enclosed 


(a  preparation  which  consists  of  sodium 
chloride,  potassium  chloride,  and  calcium 
chloride),  serum,  vaseline,  and  other 
substances,  at  a  low  temperature.  A  few 
times  of  necessity  he  went  afield  to  test 
the  value  of  his  experiments  on  living 
animals.  Thus  he  transplanted  carotid 
arteries  and  they  grew  successfully. 
Once  he  transplanted  bits  of  black  skin 
on  a  white  dog  and  the  hair  grew  black. 
It  was  then  necessary  to  prove  that 
the  tissues  really  grew  out- 
side of  the  organism  in 
a  condition  of  latent 
life.  A  small  dog 
was  etherized  and 
received  in  ex- 
change for  a  bit  of 
its  own  artery  a 
section  of  the  ab- 
dominal artery  of  a 

,  i  ;i\ 

mm 


'■Jr:-  - 


Rp 

■ 

^M 

■■!•      ■:, 

:,'  >\£$% 

. 

'■'■     •':,    -.   '"' 

! 

■Vr '■":,•« 

'.;■'." 

in  damp  air  at  a  low  temperature,  and 
then  transplanted  those  tails  on  other 
rats. 

Doctor  Carrel  did  not  transplant  rat 
tails.  He  got  his  results  in  a  gentler,  surer 
fashion.  From  chicks  mostly — chicks 
that  he  killed — he  took  bits  of  skin,  of 
blood  vessels,  and  of  periosteum — the 
membrane  which  covers  the  bone — and 
placed  them  for  a  time  in  a  refrigerator 
in  various  mixtures  of  Ringer   solution 


How  the  Tissues 

Grow 
The  (rreat  French 
doctor  has  kept  cells 
multiplying  outside 
of  the  organism  for 
more  than  sixteen 
months.  He  uses 
the  watery  part  of 
the  blood  of  chick- 
ens to  grow  them  in. 


young  man — a  section  that  had  been  in  a 
refrigerator  for  twenty-four  hours.  Four 
years  later  the  dog  was  examined  and  the 
new  "human"  artery  was  performing  its 
operations  perfectly.  In  spite  of  all  this 
Doctor  Carrel  one  day  drew  his  sensitive 
surgeon's  hand  over  his  perfectly  bald 
brow,  adjusted  his  glasses,  and  laughingly 
observed  that  he  was  but  learning  his 
trade.  "M.  Tuffier,"  he  said,  "consist- 
ently employed  tissues  kept  in  cold  stor- 


582 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


How  the  Cells  Multiplied 
After  three  hours  incubation  in  chicken  blood, 
they    had    grown    as   shown   in    the    photo- 
graph. 


t 


After  thirty-four  hours  of  growth  in  the  medium. 


age  in  human  surgery.  Paul  Bert  did  all 
I  am  doing — my  studies  are  but  the  con- 
tinuation of  his." 

Meanwhile  Doctor  R.  G.  Harrison,  at 
Johns  Hopkins,  had  accomplished  some 
remarkable  experiments — he  had  kept  the 
central  nervous  system  of  a  frog  in  lymph 
and  had  studied  its  growth  for  many 
days.  Doctor  Carrel  was  not  satisfied 
with  his  own  technique — he  did  not  like 
to  utilize  living  animals ;  they  did  not 
permit  such  study  as  he  wished  to  make. 
He  sent  for  Doctor  Harrison's  assistant, 
Doctor  Burrows,  and,  from  him,  learned 
Doctor  Harrison's  methods.  The  prin- 
cipal thing  that  Doctor  Burrows  showed 
him  was  how  to  maintain  for  several 
days  in  a  live  state  the  nervous  tissue  of 
the  embryo  of  a  chicken.  But  to  Doctor 
Carrel  this  was  merely  the  initial  stage. 


corrHSHT  BitowN  e*oi. 

At  the  Microscope 

"As  there  is  a  destruction  of  tissue  in  some  part  of  the  body  in  nearly 

every  disease,  Doctor  Carrel's  experiments  point  to  the  more  rapid 

and  surer  recovery  from  all  types  of  diseases." 


He  now  sought  a  modified  technique  that 
would  make  it  possible  for  strains  of 
connective  tissue  to  multiply  indefinitely, 
under  glass,  like  micro-organisms.  After 
a  great  many  tests  extending  over  a  long 
period,  he  at  last  found  a  satisfactory 
way  of  keeping  connective  tissue  cells 
producing  as  in  a  condition  of  active  life. 
He  kept  cells  multiplying  outside  of  the 
organism  for  more  than  sixteen  months. 
His  experiments  were  carried  on  in 
much  the  same  way  that  a  bacteriologist 
obtains  the  "culture"  of  a  certain  disease 
germ,  that  is.  by  placing  it  in  a  broth 
favorable  to  its  rapid  multiplication.  Bits 
of  connective  tissue  cells  taken  from 
embryonic  or  adult  chickens  were  used. 
These  fragments  were  preserved  in  a 
mixture  composed  of  two  parts  of  adult 
chicken  plasma  (the  watery  part  of 
blood)  and  one  part  of  juice  taken  from 
a  chick  embryo  eight  days  old.  Every 
two  or  three  days  the  tissue  was  removed 
from  this  mixture  or  culture  medium, 
washed  for  from  thirty  seconds  to  a 
minute,  divided  if  its  volume  had  in- 
creased, and  placed  in  a  new  mixture. 
Doctor  Carrel  was  seeking  to  learn  what 
effect  a  culture  medium  has  upon   the 

{Continued  on  page  626) 


ON  THE  TELEPHONE 
FRONTIER 

By 
ARTHUR    CHAPMAN 


A  PARTY  of  horsemen  has 
/%     pushed    its   way   through   miles 

/  \  of  tangled  timber  to  the  bare, 
/  \  shale-strewn  shoulder  of  one 
X  A.  of  the  mightiest  peaks  of  the 
Rockies.  The  party  has  been  out  of  sight 
and  sound  of  anything  suggesting 
civilization  for  many  days.  The  last 
echo  of  a  locomotive  whistle  died  away 
a  week  ago  on  the  back  trail.  Here  on 
the  grim  peak,  surrounded  by  a  granite 
sea  of  other  crests,  it  would  seem  that 
the  final  haunt  of  loneliness  has  at  last 
been  found,  and  that  here,  of  all  places, 
there  will  be  no  reminder  of  pygmy  man 
and  the  artificial  thing  he  calls  civiliza- 
tion. 

But  from  somewhere  there  sounds  the 
long,  insistent  call  of  a  bell,  sharp  and 
distinct  in  the  rarefied  air.     The  horses 


have  been  stopped  for  a  breathing  spell, 
and  the  man  in  the  lead  turns  in  his 
saddle  and  grins  back  across  the  pack 
animals  at  the  man  in  the  rear. 

"An  emergency  telephone  box,"  he 
says.  "You  can't  get  away  from  it.  The 
service  rushed  a  telephone  line  up  here 
this  spring.  Did  most  of  the  work  in 
the  woods  below  last  winter.  It's  all 
ready  for  the  forest  fire  season.  The  fire 
lookout  ought  to  be  coming  along  now. 
There's  the  box,  over  there  beyond  that 
snow  bank." 

Yes,  there  it  was — the  thing  you  can't 
get  away  from  any  more  in  the  western 
wilderness,  thanks  to  the  activity  of  Un- 
cle Sam's  forest  service  telephone  crews. 
It  was  a  rough,  crude-looking  box,  but 
the  bell  within  it  startled  the  coneys  and 
the   ptarmigan    and   the   other   dwellers 


PROTECTINS  THE  FORESTS 
The  primary  reason  for  putting  in  the  lines  is  to  stop  the  fires  by  establishing  communications  between  the  rangers. 

Mules  carry  the  rolls  of  wire. 


5S3 


You  Can't  Get  Away  From  It 
—The  Emergency  Telephone 
"It  was  a  rough,  crude-looking  box, 
but  the  bell  within  it  startled  the 
coneys  and  the  ptarmigan  and  the 
other  dwellers  above  timber  line, 
with  its  clear  insistent  ring." 


Running  a  Line  in  Winter 

"The  supervisor  believed  that  effective  work  could  be  done  during  the' winter,  thus 

leaving  his  force  free  for  fire  righting  in  summer."     The  builders  snowshoed 

through  virgin  timber. 


Run  by  Forestry  Men 
The  line  was  put  in  by  men  skilled  in  the  use  of  the 
depths  of  white  fluff. 


snowshoe,  over  five-foot 


above  timber  line  with  its  clear  insistent 
ring.  The  telephone  wire  which 
stretched  from  boulder  to  boulder,  until  it 
reached  timber  line,  where  it  leaped  to 
"topped"  trees  and  continued  in  an  un- 
broken thread  to  the  haunts  of  men  be- 
low, had  been  "packed"  to  the  top  of  the 
mountain,  more  than  fourteen  thousand 
feet  above  sea  level,  on  the  backs  of  mules 
— a  mile  of  wire  per  mule.  The  route 
through  the  woods  had  been  surveyed, 
swamped,  and  topped  by  forestry  men 
who  worked  in  the  dead  of  winter,  and 
who  were  so  skilled  in  the  use  of  snow- 
shoes  that  snow  from  three  to  five  feet 
on  the  level  held  no  terrors  for  them. 

In  this  way  the  United  States  Forest 
Service  has  been  extending  its  telephone 
lines  to  the  wildest,  most  rugged  spots 
in  the  West,  until  it  can  be  truthfully  said 

SS4 


there  are  few  places  nowadays  where  one 
is  really  out  of  touch  with  civilization. 
The  streams  which  were  patrolled  by  the 
fur  hunters  look  as  they  did  in  the  days 
of  Carson,  the  Sublettes,  Bridger,  Fitz- 
patrick,  and  the  others  who  were  "first 
in"  as  far  as  the  American  wilderness  was 
concerned.  These  streams  and  their  tim- 
ber-covered divides  look  much  the  same 
as  then,  but  the  ghosts  of  the  old  trappers 
would  be  uneasy  at  the  campfires  of  to- 
day, for  always  there  is  the  uncanny  call 
of  the  telephone  bell  and  the  gleaming  of 
a  gossamer-like  wire  leading  ever  up- 
ward to  the  untimbered  heights. 

The  primary  reason  for  this  wonderful 
extension  of  the  telephone  in  the  wilder- 
ness is  protection  of  the  forests  against 
•fires.     There     are     fourteen     thousand 
miles   of  telephone   within  the   Govern- 


ON  THE  TELEPHONE  FRONTIER 


585 


merit's  forests,  and  nearly  all  of  this  mile- 
age has  been  put  in  to  enable  the  ranger 
force  to  fight  fires  quickly  and  effectively. 

The  fire  lookout  system  has  almost  en- 
tirely succeeded  the  old  system  of  forest 
patrol.  Wherever  an  eminence  com- 
mands any  considerable  area  of  forest 
lands,  one  is  pretty  certain 
to  find  a  fire  lookout  station 
— and  always  there  will  be 
a  telephone  at  that  station. 
If  there  is  no  hill  or  moun- 
tain where  a  lookout  can  be 
established,  the  service  puts 
up  a  tower  of  wood  or  iron, 
rising  well  above  the  tree 
tops.  This  tower  may  be 
in  the  thickest,  densest  part 
of  the  forest,  but  it  is  sure 
to  have  a  telephone. 

It  was  necessary  for  the 
forest  service  to  take  up 
this  work  of  wholesale  tele- 
phone construction  because 
private  companies  never 
would  undertake  to  build 
lines  where  there  never 
could  be  profitable  service. 
Ranchmen  in  or  near  the 
forest  service  telephone 
lines  have  been  given  the 
privilege  of  making  use  of 
them.  There  is  one  forest 
service  line  in  Wyoming 
crossing  Union  Pass,  be- 
tween Green  River  and 
Wind  River,  ninety  miles  in 
length,  which  affords  tele- 
phone service  to  ten  or 
fifteen  ranches.  Another 
line  extends  sixty  miles  up 
the  south  fork  of  the  Sho- 
shone and  some  twenty-five  ranches  find 
its  benefits  accessible.  From  Cody  to 
Sunlight  Basin,  forty-two  miles,  there  is 
a  stretch  of  forest  service  wire,  and  prob- 
ably ten  or  a  dozen  families  in  the  basin 
are  benefited.  Another  line  extends  from 
Cody  up  the  north  fork  of  the  Shoshone 
to  Yellowstone  National  Park,  more  than 
fifty  miles,  and  not  only  are  adjacent 
ranches  benefited,  but  park  travelers  all 
along  this  stage  route  to  the  Yellowstone 
are  never  out  of  the  zone  of  telephone 
communication. 

In    the    Superior    National    Forest    in 
Minnesota,  there  are  eighty  miles  of  for- 


Natural  Poles 
Clearing  the  way  for  a  line  in  the 
Arapahoe   National  Forest.  Colo- 
rado. 


est  service  wires  which  have  withstood 
hardships  that  would  soon  put  a  metallic 
circuit  out  of  business.  Every  sixth  or 
tenth  tie  on  this  line  is  made  permanent, 
but  the  rest  are  through-swinging  insula- 
tions, giving  free  play  to  the  wire. 
There  is  sufficient  slack  in  this  way  so 
that  trees  may  fall  and  yet 
not  break  the  circuit,  even 
though  they  may  carry  the 
wire  to  the  ground.  In  the 
spring,  the  route  is  gone 
over  by  linemen,  the  fallen 
trees  "swamped  out,"  and 
the  line  made  good  again; 
but  in  the  meantime  there 
is  no  cessation  of  telephone 
communication,  though 
some  of  the  stretches  of 
wire  may  be  buried  in  the 
snow  all  winter. 

Recently  in  the  Arapahoe 
National  Forest,  Colorado, 
a  unique  experiment  in  tele- 
phone construction  was  car- 
ried out  successfully.  The 
supervisor  believed  that  ef- 
fective work  could  be  done 
during  the  winter,  thus 
leaving  his  force  free  for 
fire  fighting  in  summer.  A 
telephone  line  was  built 
during  the  winter  months 
from  Fraser  to  Byers  and 
Horseshoe  ranger  stations. 
The  line,  as  constructed, 
runs  for  five  miles  on  prac- 
tically level  ground  to  the 
Byers  ranger  station,  and 
then  through  virgin  timber 
four  miles  to  the  top  of  the 
Vasquez  range  of  moun- 
tains. For  a  distance  of  twelve  miles  it 
follows  the  Horseshoe-Idlewild  trail 
down  Rough  Gulch  to  Horseshoe  fanger 
station.  This  line  gives  direct  connection 
with  a  fire  lookout  and  is  the  chief  pro- 
tection of  one  of  the  finest  stands  of 
timber  in  the  Colorado  Rockies. 

When  the  work  was  started,  the  snow 
varied  from  three  to  eight  feet  on  a  level. 
The  men  were  compelled  to  work  on 
snowshoes.  As  it  was  impossible  to  get 
horses  through  the  drifts  the  force 
"packed  in"  the  wire  and  other  materials 
on  sleds.     The  wire  was  strung  from  a 

{Continued  on  page  628) 


RISE  OF  THE  DRAFT  HORSE 


THE  KIND  THE  GOVERNMENT  LIKES 
Their  limbs  are  as  flat  and  clean-cut  as  the  limbs  of  a  thoroughbred.    They  will  pay  their  own  way  on  a  farm  and  save 

millions  for  the  country. 


By 
ALBERT    LONG 


A  T  Ames,  the  home  of  Iowa's  great 

t\     agricultural  college,  gray  draft 

/  m  horses  are  being  bred,  in  the  be- 

/  \  lief  that  a  type  can  be  devel- 
JL  iL  oped  which  will  save  millions 
to  the  American  farmer.  The  experi- 
ment is  part  of  the  work  of  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry,  and  Uncle  Sam  is 
attacking,  here,  in  his  usual  scientific 
fashion,  a  fresh  problem  of  greater  ef- 
ficiency. 

Suppose  that,  through  the  general  in- 
troduction of  a  high  type  of  draft  horse 
on  American  farms,  the  standard  of 
work-horse  efficiency  is  raised  ten  per 
cent.  The  Government's  official  estimate 
for  January,  1914,  shows  20,962,000 
horses  on  farms  in  the  United  States, 
representing  a  cash  value  of  $2,300,000,- 
000.  A  ten  per  cent  increase  in  the  value 
of  the  average  farm  horse  means,  in 
cash,  something  like  $230,000,000.  But 
this  is  only  a  part  of  the  increase  which 

SS6 


Uncle  Sam's  experts  are  working  for ; 
for  increase  in  the  efficiency  of  the  farm 
work  horse  means  better  and  bigger 
crops  with  less  outlay  of  time  and  labor. 
To  put  an  estimate  upon  the  saving  thus 
wrought  by  better  horseflesh  on  the  farm 
would  be  impossible,  but  it  would  be  far 
greater  than  the  actual  increase  in  value 
of  work-horse  stock. 

But  even  without  aid  from  the 
Government,  the  American  farmer  has 
been  steadily  improving  the  quality  of 
his  horses.  This  improvement  has  been 
marked  in  recent  years,  owing  to  sweep- 
ing changes  in  the  relative  importance  of 
breeds.  In  the  West,  prairie  ponies  are 
disappearing  in  favor  of  heavier  animals. 
The  ever  growing  popularity  of  the  auto- 
mobile has  caused  a  lessening  demand  for 
horses  of  the  lighter  type,  and  the  indi- 
vidual attention  of  the  horse  raiser  has 
been  turned  to  the  development'  of  the 
draft  horse  which   is  the  best   type  of 


RISE  OF  THE   DRAFT   HORSE 


587 


work  animal  for  the  farm.  Only  in  Cali- 
fornia, where  the  traction  engine  seems 
to  have  come  into  more  general  use  than 
in  other  States,  has  there  been  an  actual 
decline  in  horse  raising  all  down  the  line. 
Generally  speaking,  the  increased  de- 
mand for  the  work  horse  has  more  than 
compensated  for  the  lessening  demand 
for  the  carriage  horse. 

But,  in  getting  a  better  grade  of  work 
horse,  the  American  farmer  has  been 
compelled  to  pay  a  pretty  price.  In  order 
to  keep  up  the  strain  of  Percherons  or 
Belgians,  there  must  be'  constant  importa- 
tions of  fresh  blood.  No  highly-devel- 
oped live  stock  does  well  away  from  its 


highest-grade  gray  draft  stallions  have 
been  secured,  and  the  mares  represent 
the  best  types  obtainable.  Only  the  more 
promising  colts  are  kept,  the  others  being 
sold  off.  As  the  experiment  grows, 
other  stations  will  be  established  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country.  The  gray  draft 
blood  will  be  diffused  throughout  the 
country.  This  can  be  done  readily 
through  the  experiment  stations  which 
are  now  maintained  by  the  Government 
or  through  the  state  agricultural  col- 
leges. 

Iowa  leads  all  other  States  in  draft- 
horse  production.  It  was  for  this  reason 
that  the  Government  decided  to  carry  on 


PRIDE  OF  ANY  FARM 

"Thi-y  an-  far  diltiTrnt  from  the  mni-.trosities  with  sway  backs,  great  limbs,  ugly  heads,  splay  feet,  and  narrow  chests 

which  so  many  ignorant  breeders  have  developed  in  the  mistaken  idea  that  size  is 

all  that  counts  in  draft-horse  production." 


natural  surroundings.  The  deterioration 
may  be  gradual  in  some  cases,  but  it  is 
always  sure.  Millions  are  paid  to  for- 
eign draft-horse  raisers,  in  order  to  keep 
up  these  highly-developed  strains  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  believed  that, 
through  a  system  of  proper  breeding,  a 
draft  horse  can' be  developed  which  will 
thrive  under  conditions  in  this  country. 
That  is  the  big  idea  behind  the  draft- 
horse  experiment  at  Ames,  Iowa.  It  is 
also  the  idea  behind  the  government 
horse-breeding  experiment  at  Fort  Col- 
lins, Colorado,  where  a  native  type  of 
carriage  horse,  similar  in  style  and  con- 
formation to  the  English  hackney,  is 
being  developed. 

There  are  about  twenty  animals  at  the 
Iowa  experiment  station.     Three  of  the 


this  important  experiment  at  Ames.  The 
draft  horses  at  the  Iowa  experiment  sta- 
tion are  a  delight  to  the  expert  in  horse 
breeding.  They  are  of  the  large  type, 
yet  activity,  intelligence,  and  beauty  have 
not  been  sacrificed  in  their  development. 
They  are  far  different  from  the  monstros- 
ities with  sway  backs,  great  limbs,  ugly 
heads,  splay  feet,  and  narrow  chests 
which  so  many  ignorant  breeders  have 
developed  in  the  mistaken  idea  that  size 
is  all  that  counts  in  draft-horse  produc- 
tion. The  government  horses,  which  may 
be  called  representatives  of  the  farm 
horse  of  the  future,  are  of  the  strong- 
loined,  short-backed,  wide-chested  type 
that  spells  perfection.  Their  limbs  are 
as   flat   and   clean-cut   as   the   limbs   of 

(Continued  on  fagc  628) 


TREES  AND  LAKE  WEED  FALL 
BEFORE  MOWERS 


By 
AUBREY    FULLERTON 


THE  OLD  BINDER  TAKES  TO  WATER 


UNDER  water  or  above  ground 
— it  does  not  matter  which — 
weeds,  brush,  and  waste  stuff 
in  general  are  nowadays 
cleared  away  by  engine 
power.  It  is  just  a  matter  of  getting  a 
machine  behind  or  in  front  of  the  engine 
to  do  the  cutting. 

On  Lake  Wabamun,  Alberta,  the  shore 
is  edged  for  many  miles  with  heavy  reeds 
so  thickly  grown  as  to  be  a  common 
nuisance.  Lately  a  railway  company  and 
a  number  of  summer  cottagers  have 
wanted  to  make  use  of  the  shore,  which 
hitherto  has  been  almost  unreachable  by 
anything  but  flat-bottomed  punts,  and 
they  set  about  to  find  some  way  of  cutting 
out  the  reeds.  A  farm  hand  genius  near 
by  solved  the  problem  for  them. 

The  farm  hand  prescribed  as  follows: 
To  cut  lake  reeds,  rushes,  and  weeds  well 
below  the  surface,  and  cut  them  fast,  take 
a  second-hand  grain  harvesting  machine 

sss 


to  pieces,  turn  its  cutting  gear  upside 
down,  fasten  it  to  a  heavily  planked  scow 
with  the  knife  working  from  beneath,  at- 
tach to  a  gasoline  engine,  and  then  set 
to  work  on  the  rushes.  The  prescription 
has  proved  a  very  good  one. 

The  floating  harvester  has  rudders  and 
a  paddle  wheel  that  came  out  of  the  old 
binder.  The  knife  at  the  front,  is  driven 
by  a  gasoline  motor  on  the  floor  of  the 
scow,  and  is  lowered  by  a  block  and 
tackle  attachment  to  six  feet  below  the 
surface,  cutting  at  any  depth  short  of 
that,  and  usually  at  about  three  feet. 
Two  or  three  good  cuttings  will  generally 
kill  out  the  reeds  along  the  shore,  and 
the  machine  has  already  cleared  some 
excellent  frontage. 

Equally  ingenious  is  a  method  of  brush 
cutting  in  use  in  the  same  country,  near 
Edmonton,  where  large  areas  of  potential 
farming  land  are  covered  with  light  bush 
and  small  poplar  trees  that  take  much 


TREES   AND   LAKE   WEED   FALL   BEFORE  MOWERS 


589 


time  for  clearing.  To  do  it  more  ex- 
peditiously, a  drag-saw  was  made,  con- 
sisting of  an  old-time  drag  weighted 
with  stones,  to  which  is  attached,  at  a  V- 
angle,  a  heavy  gang  saw,  about  twelve 
feet  long  and  stoutly  reinforced.  The 
drag  is  kept  from  skidding  by  stays  that 
project  from  its  under  side  and 
take  hold  in  the  ground. 
A  traction  engine  then 
couples  on  ahead 
and  pulls  it  along  % 

the    outer    edge 
of  bush. 

Everything 
falls     before 


this  mowing  machine.  Most  of  the  bush 
is  small  stuff,  one  or  two  inches  through, 
and  it  is  lopped  off  like  wheat  stalks ;  but 
fair-sized  trees  are  mixed  in  with  the 
bush,  and  they  too  are  mowed  down  as 
the  drag-saw  pulls  along.  Trees  six  or 
seven  inches  in  diameter  are  cut  and 
thrown  in  swaths  behind  the 
machine. 

The  Canadian  farmer, 

like    his    prototype, 

the     rancher     of 

our  West,  needs 

large  areas  of 

and. 


DESTROYS  EVERYTHING  IN  ITS  PATH 

The  fanner  of  Western  Canada  hitches  his  tractor  to  the  homemade  machine  and  starts  out  in  the  morning  to  clear  a 

new  field.    Often  by  sundown  the  job  is  practically  complete.    The  drag-saw  cuts  down 

saplings,  weeds,  and  brushwood. 


HOW  THE  DRAG-SAW  LOOKS 

Pulled  with  a  tractor  it  is  capable  of  cutting  not  only  underbrush  but  trees.    It  is  one  of  the  most  rapid  ways  of 

clearing  land  ever  devised.    Though  the  machine  does  most  efficient  work, 

the  mode  of  operation  is  very  simple. 


"TAKE  DOWN 
CHURCH 


It  was  built  in  Germany, 
hipped  to  Manila  in 
sections,  and  set 
up. 


CHURCH  OF  SECTIONS 

JV/IANILA  has  a  church  made  of  steel, 
that  was  manufactured  in  Ger- 
many. The  San  Sebastian  church,  as 
it  is  known  in  Manila,  was  made  in 
sections  and  shipped  to  the  islands,  but 
there  are  few  churches  in  the  city,  or 
elsewhere  in  that  part  of  the  world,  for 
that  matter,  that  can  equal  it  in  size 
or  beauty.  Its  twin  spires  are  among 
the  loftiest  structures  in  the  capital  and 


may  be  seen  for  long  distances.  The 
bells  in  the  towers  are  balanced  on 
supporting  axles,  as  is  the  custom  in 
all  Philippine  churches,  and  to  ring 
them  the  sextons  must  climb  into  the 
tower  and  perform  the  operation  by 
hand.  Native  bell  ringers  take  a  de- 
light in  their  work  and  on  religious 
holidays  they  toil  unceasingly.  As  each 
church  has  from  four  to  a  dozen  bells, 
and  as  the  city  has  hundreds  of  churches, 
their  peals  are  almost  deafening. 


SHOWING  HOW  THE  CAT  ALWAYS  LIGHTS  ON  ITS  FEET 

These  pictures,  taken  on  a  single  plate  by  the  new  process,  show  graphically  how  a  cat  takes  a  fall.    Every  muscle 

coordinates  and  the  crouch  at  the  end  shows  how  the  animal  has  used  its  legs  to  soften  the  fan. 


Urn          *9&   >- 

i ..     •    H  wmn  v>       JAW'.  X«r     ■VflL                    -        M&&* 

Wm&i  -4inf<  If  *  B '  ^U  • f 

«;     ■•'•  ;4>®  -  *i 

IB  ^                     -k    — |T| 

ENTRY  OF  THE  KING 

The  leader  of  (he  carnival  at  Nice  entered  the  city  on  one  of  the  largest  floats  ever  constructed.    The  New  Orleans 

Mardi  Gras  took  its  idea  from  this  old  celebration. 


NICE  CELEBRATES  MAGNIFI- 
CENTLY 

HTHE  equipage,  in  which  the  last 
*  King  of  the  Carnival  made  entry 
into  the  streets  of  Nice,  France,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  great  annual  fete  was 
the  largest  parade  float  ever  built. 
This  climax  of  the  winter  season  on  the 
French  Riviera  corresponds  in  a  meas- 
ure to  our  own   Mardi   Gras  at  New 


Orleans.  Indeed  the  New  Orleans 
spectacle  is  said  to  have  been  sug- 
gested by  the  traditional  pageant  in 
the  metropolis  of  the  Mediterranean  play- 
ground. 

One  of  the  features  that  to  American 
eyes  renders  distinctive  the  floats 
which  make  up  the  pageant  at  the 
Nice  carnival  is  the  presence  on  each 
vehicle  of  one  or  more  giant  figures 
of  men  or  women. 


I^Tf  W<W*W 


9>l 


592 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


CUTS  OUT  ARMOR  PLATE 

ENGINEERS  are  discovering  that 
'—'  acetylene  gas  will  cut  steel  armor 
plate  into  patterns  as  easily  as  if  it  were 
a  sheet  of  paper.  Generating  sixty-three 
hundred  degrees  of  heat,  the  gas  flame 
can  also  be  used  to  weld  great  plates 
together  and  it  is  possible  that  the  day 
of  the  rivet  is  passing. 

This  gas  is  now  being  used  in  con- 
junction with  oxygen  in  a  steel  plant  in 
Norway,  moving  pictures  of  some  of  the 
operations  having  been  shown  recently 
to  a  crowd  of  American  engineers. 
Workmen,  using  a  simple  device  in  which 
the  blower  is  attached  to  a  wheel,  cut  out 
fantastic  designs  in  solid  steel.  The 
wheel  was  run  along  the  draftsman's 
design  and  the  torch,  on  an  extension, 
cut  out  exactly  the  same  thing  in  the 
steel. 


TO  STERILIZE  MACHINE  OIL 

MANUFACTURERS  have  discovered, 
"*  with  the  aid  of  their  doctors,  that 
many  workmen  are  incapacitated  because 
of  the  trivial  accidents  that  occur  around 
a  plant.  They  have  found  that  infec- 
tions are  particularly  virulent  in  plants 
where  the  workmen  continually  come  into 
contact  with  oil  that  is  used  over  and 
over  again.  Such  lubricant  becomes  a 
veritable  disease  carrier,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing violent  blood  poisoning  from  the 
least  abrasion.  It  is  the  common  practice 
of  most  employes  to  wrap  a  greasy  rag 
about  a  finger  which  has  been  hurt  and 
thus  often  superinduce  blood  poisoning. 
In  a  great  many  plants  throughout  the 
country,  the  oil  is  being  sterilized  before 
being  used  again.  Wherever  this  has 
been  done,  the  number  of  cases  of  infec- 
tion has  been  noticeably  decreased. 


Ox  the  Principle  ok  the  Human  Eye 

The  "rayal  eye"  automobile  lamp  has  recently  been  put 

to  use  on  French  automobiles. 

AUTO  EYE 

'"THE  "rayal  eye"  automobile  lamp, 
*  which  has  been  developed  by  a 
French  engineer,  can  be  operated  by  elec- 
tricity, gas,  or  oil.  It  is  built  on  the 
principle  of  the  human  eye  and  carries 
the  staggering  name,  "The  Automobile 
Cannevel  Orbiculaire  Eye". 


A  KNIGHT  OF  THE  SKIES 


By 
JUDSON    D  .    STUART 


u 


T  AXC 
G. 

L 


GLEY'S  machine,  like  'Darius 
Green'  comes  to  earth" — news- 
papers of  1903. 

"Because  of  nation-wide 
derision  at  the  failure  of  his 
flying  machine,  Professor  Langley  dies 
of  a  broken  heart" — newspapers  of  1906. 

Today,  eight  years  after  Professor 
Samuel  Pierpont  Langley 's  tragic  end, 
plans  for  his  vindication  are  under  way. 
Lincoln  Beachey,  the  aviator,  is  to  build 
an  exact  duplicate  of  Langley's  "aero- 
drome" which  fell  into  the  Potomac ;  and 
he  declares  he  will  vindicate  Langley  by 
flying  this  successfully. 

The  vindication  will  probably  take 
place  before  the  gaze  of  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  Americans  at  the  Panama 
Exposition. 

According  to  Beachey,  avi 
ators  have  known  for  some 
time  that  Langley  was 
right  and  that  he  de- 
served  all  the  credit 
the      world      could 
give     him.        But 
aviators  make  up 
an     infinitesimal 
fraction    of    the 
world's  popula- 
tion  and   it   is 
high  time  that 
the    world    at 
large    also 
should     know 
the  facts. 

In     another 
century,     per- 
il a  p  s.     full 
credit    wpuld 
have  been  done 
Langley's  mem- 
ory  and   his 
achievement,  but 
today  it  would  be 
difficult  to  make  the 
nation     understand 
without  a  practical 
demonstration.  Ac- 


He  Died  of  a  Broken  Heart 

Langley  should  have  lived  to  see  his  vindication,  but  the 

ridicule  heaped  upon  him  proved  too  much  eight  years 

ago.    Beachey  will  fly  a  replica  of  his  machine  to  show 

that  Langley's  theories  were  sound. 


cording  to  some  of  the  experts  of  the 
present,  all  that  Langley's  airship  needed 
was  a  proper  motor.  His  craft  was  far 
ahead  of  the  motors  of  his  day.  Could 
he  have  had  almost  any  one  of  our 
powerful  little  motors  and  attached  it  to 
his  airship,  there  probably  would  have 
been  no  fall  into  the  Potomac  ;  newspaper 
writers  would  not  have  derided  him  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  country ;  and 
aviation  would  have  been  at  least  ten 
years  in  advance  of  what  it  is  today. 
Professional  wags  and  humorists  would 
not  have  penned  silly  jingles  and  foolish 
witticisms — jests  that  in  spite  of  their 
banality,  nevertheless  stung.  Indeed, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  this  outburst  of 
ridicule  against  him  hastened  Langley's 
death. 

Yet    Professor   Langley   had 
his    day    of   triumph,    for 
there  was  one  occasion 
on  which  his  machine 
— t  hough    only    a 
model,  not  designed 
to    lift    a    man — 
flew.     This    was 
on  May  6,  1896. 
Dr.   Charles   D. 
Walcott,      now 
secretary    of 
the     Smith- 
sonian      Insti- 
tution,   thus 
vividly    de- 
scribed   the 
event : 

"W  hen      I 

reached  Quan- 

tico,      on     the 

Potomac,     I 

found  Langley's 

houseboat      at 

anchor  in  the 

middle  of  the  bay. 

On  the  roof  was  a 

most    remarkable 

machine,    a    model 

having  a  spread  of 

593 


594 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


about  thirteen  feet  from  tip  to  tip  of  the 
wings.  It  was  proposed  to  drive  this 
model  through  the  air  by  means  of  a 
very  light  steam  engine,  especially  de- 
vised by  Professor  Langley,  and  made 
under  his  direction.  The  launching  was 
to  be  effected  by  a  catapult,  which  would 
shoot  the  model  off  the  roof  of  the  house- 
boat. I  went  out  into  the  middle  of  the 
bay  in  a  boat,  where  I  could  get  a  near 
view  of  the  apparatus,  and  provided  my- 
self with  a  camera  in  case  I  should  have 
an  opportunity  for  a  snapshot. 

"Secretary  Langley,  too  nervous  to 
trust  himself  close  at  hand,  retreated  to 
the  shore;  and,  in  my  mind's  eye,  I  can 


see  him  now,  a  lonely  figure  against  the 
dark  background  of  the  woods,  watching 
from  a  distance  the  results  of  his  experi- 
ment. 

"Then  came  the  whirr  of  the  pro- 
pellers; the  catapult  was  released;  and 
the  machine  shot  off  horizontally  into  the 
air.  This  was  a  critical  moment.  Would 
the  machine  fall  into  the  water?  Would 
it  fly  against  the  trees  that  surrounded 
the  bay  ?  Or  would  it  clear  the  trees  and 
make  an  extended  flight? 

"These  questions  were  soon  answered 
by  the  machine  itself,  which  gradually 
rose  into  the  air  and  made  a  beautiful, 
steady  flight,   far  above  the  trees,  con- 


The  reason  this  aeroplane  failed  was  that  it  had  a  steam  engine  heavier  than  it  could  carry.    "...    aviators  have 
known  for  some  time  that  Langley  was  right  and  that  he  deserved  all  the  credit  the  world  could  give  him." 


A  KNIGHT  OF  THE   SKIES 


595 


tinuing  to  climb  higher  and  higher  as  it 
went  along,  until  at  last  the  steam  was 
exhausted  and  the  propellers  stopped. 

"Then  came  another  critical  moment. 
Would     the     machine 
plunge    headlong    into 
the     water     with     a 
crash  ?     But    no,    it 
glided  gracefully 
down  and  alighted 
gently  on  the  water, 
none  the  worse  for 
its  trip,  excepting  for 
a  wetting.     After  the 
wings  had  been  dried, 
the    machine    was 
again    tried    with    the 
same     success.       The 
workmen    hailed    Pro- 
fessor Langley  on  the 
shore  with  loud  cheers, 
in    which,    of    course, 
joined. 

"This   was    his   moment 
of  triumph.   After  many  years 
of  study  and   experiment   he 
had   at   last   seen   with   h 
own  eyes  a  steam  engine 
with  wings,  flying  in 
the  air  like  a  bird. 
It    had    flown 
steadily     on     its 
designed  course, 
without  a  guid- 
ing hand,  trav- 
ersing   a    dis- 
tance of  half- 
a-m  i  1  e    and 
coming   down 
gently  upon 
the    water 
W  i  t  ho  tit  in- 
jury. 

"I  could  not  help  wondering,  as  I 
watched  Professor  Langley  on  the  shore, 
what  were  his  thoughts  on  that  historical 
occasion." 

Backed  by  the  United  States  War 
Department,  who  believed  that  the  aero- 
drome might  mean  a  possible  new  engine 
of  war.  Langley,  aided  by  an  appropria- 
tion of  fifty  thousand  dollars,  set  to  work 
to  construct  a  machine  of  full  size  that 
would  carry  a  man. 

The  feat,  however,  was  not  so  easy  as 
it  might  have  seemed  to  those  who  had 
seen  the  demonstration  of  the  model ;  and 


Lincoln  Beachey.  Who  Will  Fly  the  "Aerodrome" 

To  it  he  will  add  a  modern  motor.  "Not  an  aviator  in  the  country  has 

expressed  the  icast  doubt  but  what  it  will  fly  this  time — yes,  and  many 

times — without  mishap." 


it  became  evident  that  the  bigger  aero- 
drome was  destined  to  be  very  uncertain 
in  its  actions.  On  July  19,  1903,  the 
machine  was  nearly  lost,  when  a  gale 
swept  the  houseboat  containing  it  onto  a 
rocky  point  on  the  Virginia 
shore.  On  August  9  of  the 
same  year,  the  aerodrome 
traveled  six  hundred  yards 
at  a  speed  of  forty  miles 
an  hour  and  then  plunged 
into  the  Potomac  as  a  re- 
sult of  "the  deflection  of 
its  wings".  The  machine 
was  recovered,  badly 
damaged.  Previous  to 
this  accident  some  flights 
had  been  made — or  pos- 
sibly only  attempts  at 
flight — which  were  kept  care- 
fully shrouded  in  mystery 
because  of  the  public's  de- 
risive attitude. 

On  October  7,  1903, 
Charles  W.  Manley 
made  the  attempt 
to  fly  the  aero- 
drome,  but 
instead  of 
shooting  out 
and  up  into 
the  air,  as  it 
was  catapult- 
ed from  the 
launching  ap- 
p  a  r  a  t  u  s,  it 
dropped 
straight  down 
with  all  the 
heaviness  of 
lead,  into  the 
Potomac. 
Though  a  sec- 
ond attempt  was  made  to  throw  the  great 
machine  into  the  air,  the  failure  was  de- 
cisively repeated.  Professor  Langley 
maintained  that  the  fault  was  with  the 
launching  apparatus  and  not  with  the 
motor. 

With  the  failure  of  the  aerodrome  to 
fly,  the  Government  withdrew  its  support 
and  Langley  found  upon  his  hands  a 
mass  of  wreckage  which  had  cost  seven 
thousand  dollars  and  which  he  had 
worked  upon,  or  more  strictly  speaking, 
had    studied    and    planned    upon,     for 

(Continued  on  page  6Sf) 


GREATEST  OF  STEEL  ARCHES 


AS  HELL  GATE  BRIDGE  WILL  LOOK 

The  steel  arch  in  the  center  is  the  greatest  one  ever  attempted,  being  over  one  thousand  feet  long, 
one  now  in  existence  is  eight  hundred  forty  feet  long,  over  Niagara  Falls. 


The  greatest 


By 
C.    F.    CARTER 


FIVE  miles,  as  the  crow  flies, 
northeast  of  Broadway  and 
Fort  y-S  e  c  o  n  d  Street,  New 
York,  the  main  crossroads  of 
the  Great  White  Way,  another 
notable  highway  is  slowly  taking 
shape  in  steel,  concrete,  and  granite. 
This  new  trail  is  the  Hell  Gate  Bridge, 
a  structure  three  and  a  half  miles  long, 
which  boasts  as  its  central  feature  the 
greatest  steel  arch  ever  constructed, 
and  in  many  respects  one  of  the  most 
daring  and  remarkable  engineering 
structures  ever  proposed. 

Hell  Gate  Bridge  constitutes  nearly 
one-third  the  total  mileage  of  the  New 
York  Connecting  Railroad,  a  line 
whose  importance  is  out  of  all  propor- 
tion to  its  size.  Its  twelve  miles,  when 
finished,  will  form  the  connecting  link 
between  the  railroads  of  New  England 
and  those  of  the  rest  of  the  country. 
The  definite  article  is  used  advisedly 
in  speaking  of  this  connecting  link ; 
for,  while  New  England  contrives  to 
keep  in  touch  with  the  rest  of  the 
country  by  way  of  Albany  and  Pough- 
keepsie,  these  gateways  are  not  on  the 
most  direct  routes  for  much  of  the 
traffic ;  and,  besides,  the  railroads  lead- 
ing eastward  therefrom  have  too  heavy 
grades  and  too  sharp  curves  for  eco- 
nomic operation. 

It  is  also  true  that  there  is  at  present 
a  sea-level  route  by  way  of  New  York 
City;  but  there  is  a  gap  of  several 
miles  in  this  route  which  must  be  con- 

596 


nected  by  car  ferry,  not  only  for  the 
immense  volume  of  freight,  but  also 
for  the  one  passenger  train  each  way 
that  runs  daily  between  Boston  and 
Washington.  Car  ferries  may  be  all 
right  in  their  way,  but  their  way  does 
not  lie  through  a  harbor  so  crowded 
as  that  of  New  York. 

Perceiving  all  this  some  years  ago, 
the  managements  of  the  Pennsylvania 
and  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and 
Hartford  railroads  arranged  to  co-oper- 
ate in  building  a  line  that  would  reduce 
this  gap  to  a  minimum  in  case  of 
freight  movement  and  transfer  the  car 
ferry  therefor  to  a  less  frequented  part 
of  the  harbor,  and  eliminate  the  water 
gap  altogether  in  the  case  of  passenger 
trains. 

The  New  York  Connecting  Railroad 
was  planned  as  a  belt  line  connecting  the 
Greenville  terminal  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  on  the  Jersey  shore  by  a  com- 
paratively short  car  ferry  with  Bay 
Ridge  at  the  western  extremity  of  Long 
Island.  Thence  it  was  to  pass  through 
the  outskirts  of  Brooklyn  and  Long 
Island  City  and  across  Long  Island 
Sound  at  Hell  Gate,  to  a  connection  with 
the  Harlem  branch  of  the  New  Haven. 

It  was  to  be  a  part  of  the  great  com- 
prehensive plan  of  improvements,  includ- 
ing the  tunnels  under  the  Hudson  and 
East  Rivers  and  the  Pennsylvania  ter- 
minal in  New  York,  projected  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Application  for 
a  franchise  was  made  to  the  Board  of 


GREATEST  OF  STEEL  ARCHES 


597 


Aldermen  a  dozen  years  ago,  but  all  the 
details  in  an  improvement  of  such 
magnitude  could  not  be  carried  out 
simultaneously;  so  it  was  not  until 
1912  that  work  on  the  Hell  Gate 
Bridge  could  be  undertaken. 

It  is  an  interesting  coincidence  that 
this  spectacular  undertaking  was  de- 
signed by  an  engineer  who  certainly 
possesses  a  spectacular  imagination. 
Some  years  ago,  when  the  perennial 
proposition  to  bridge  the  Hudson  at 
New  York  City  came  up,  the  Govern- 
ment asked  some  of  its  engineers  to 
report  on  the  feasibility  of  the  project. 
The  Government  engineers  expressed 
the  Opinion  that  a  bridge  of  four-thou- 
sand-feet span  was  practicable.  Then 
Gustav  Lindenthal,  an  Austrian  engi- 
neer, who  has  been  building  railroads 
and  bridges  in  America  since  1874,  an- 
nounced that  a  bridge  of  six-thousand- 
feet  span,  or  more  than  a  mile,  was 
feasible.  In  fact,  he  said,  it  would  be 
feasible  to  bridge  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 
as  a  theoretical  proposition — though  he 
had  no  hope  of  seeing  such  an  enter- 
prise financed.  Lacking  the  oppor- 
tunity to  bridge  the  Atlantic,  Mr. 
Lindenthal  contented  himself  with  be- 
coming Bridge  Commissioner  of  New 
York  City  long  enough  to  bridge  the 
small  sample  of  the  ocean  that  sepa- 
rates  New  York   from  Brooklyn.      He 


Putting  Up  thk  Approaches 
The  engineer  had  to  dodge  traffic  on 
land  and  sea  and  at  the  same  time  build 
his  bridyi-  with  a  three  degree  cum-. 
But  to   the  man  who  says  tin-  At 
lantic  could  be  bridged,  this  was 
but  an  everyday  task. 


did  so  well  with  the  Manhattan  Bridge 
that  he  was  selected  to  design  the 
twenty  -  five  -  million  -  dollar  Hell  Gate 
Bridge.  No  one  envied  him  the  task, 
for  the  difficulties  seemed  almost  in- 
surmountable. 

First,  Hell  Gate  is  a  navigable  water- 
way and  so  cannot  be  obstructed,  the 
more  especially  as  the  tide  rushes 
through  the  narrow  channel  at  high 
speed,  and  it  is  not  far  from  a  turn  at 
almost  right  angles.  Again,  a  boule- 
vard runs  about  where  the  south  main 
pier  ought  to  stand,  so  the  designer 
had  to  dodge  existing  traffic  both  on 
land  and  water. 

The  fact  that  the  bridge  had  to  have 
a  three-degree  curve  near  the  main 
span  eliminated  the  possibility  of 
building  a  cantilever  or  a  suspension 
bridge.  So,  taking  Hobson's  choice, 
the  engineer  decided  to  build  a  steel 
arch.  To  clear  the  main  channel  re- 
quired a  span  of  a  trifle  more  than  a 
thousand  feet.  The  greatest  steel  arch 
in  the  world  at  the  present  time  spans 
the  eight  hundred  and  forty  feet  of  the 
Niagara  Gorge.  This  is  considered  a 
wonderful  bridge,  and  no  doubt,  it  is ; 
but  it  is  only  a  two-track 
affair,  not  heavy 
enough  to  stand  up 
under  the  tre- 
m  e  n  d  o  u  s 
traffic  that 
1  1 
pass 


AT  WORK  ON  THE  SPAN 

The  great  bridge  is  the  first  long  one  to  carry  four  tracks  for  heavy  duty.    The  largest  locomotives  could  run  at  full 

speed  across  it  without  harm  to  the  structure. 


over  the  New  York  Connecting  Rail- 
road. 

To  a  man  who  could  gravely  discuss 
a  bridge  across  the  Atlantic  nothing  is 
impossible.  Mr.  Lindenthal  added  one 
hundred  and  seventy-seven  feet  to  the 
span  of  the  greatest  steel  arch  in  exist- 
ence and  decreed  that  the  Hell  Gate 
Bridge  should  be  one  thousand  and 
seventeen  feet  between  towers.  Con- 
sidering what  is  to  be  required  of  it, 
this  arch  is  something  stupendous. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  to  carry  four 
railroad  tracks.  No  long  bridge  now 
in  existence  carries  four  tracks.  These 
tracks  are  built  for  service,  too.  Loco- 
motives of  the  largest  size  now  in 
existence  coupled  together  in  solid 
trains  stretching  from  end  to  end  of 
the  bridge  might  cross  simultaneously 
on  all  four  tracks  without  endangering 
its  safety.  And  if  any  engineer  should 
see  fit  to  run  his  locomotive  across  the 
bridge  at  eighty  miles  an  hour  he 
could  do  so  without  harm  to  the  bridge. 

Naturally  a  structure  capable  of 
meeting  such  exacting  requirements  is 
of  massive  proportions.  The  arch  rises 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the 
roadway  which,  in  turn,  is  one  hundred 
and  thirty-five  feet  above  mean  high 
tide.  ■  The  individual  pieces  of  which 
it  is  to  be  composed  will  exceed  any 
weights  ever  before  lifted  in  bridge 
construction.  Some  of  the  pieces  will 
weigh  one  hundred  and  eighty-two 
tons.    The  arch  will  be  built  with  the 


aid  of  a  traveler  on  the  top  chord, 
which  will  pick  up  the  ponderous 
pieces  of  steel  from  barges  and  hoist 
them  into  position. 

The  main  towers,  rising  two  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ground,  while  of  enormous  size,  have 
been  designed  with  an  eye  to  archi- 
tectural beauty,  for  they  were  intended 
to  win  the  approval  of  the  Municipal 
Art  Commission.  In  fact,  the  structure 
as  a  whole,  is  worthy  of  note  as  a 
work  of  art.  The  symmetrical  reverse 
curve  of  the  upper  chord  of  the  arch, 
while  it  has  an  engineering  reason  for 
its  existence,  is  a  striking  example  of 
what  graceful  lines  may  do  to  enhance 
majestic  dignity.  Hell  Gate  Bridge  will 
be  a  formidable  rival  of  the  old  Brook- 
lyn Bridge  in  future  competitions  for 
the  beauty  prize. 

Work  has  been  in  progress  for  two 
years.  Nothing  can  be  done  with 
masonry  and  embankments  during 
winter,  but  the  sinking  of  caissons 
goes  on  uninterruptedly.  Unforeseen 
difficulties  in  putting  in  foundations 
have  arisen,  for  the  rock  proves  to  be 
full  of  fissures,  necessitating  sinking 
to  depths  of  more  than  a  hundred  feet. 
At  such  a  depth  heavy  air  pressure 
must  be  used,  so  that  the  men  can 
work  only  two  hours  a  day.  During 
the  summer,  four  thousand  men  will  be 
kept  busy,  and  if  all  goes  well  the 
bridge  will  be  finished  by  January  1, 
1916. 


598 


Each  month  the  best  and  most  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  will  receive  the  first  prise  of  twenty  dollars;  the  second 
best,  ten  dollars;  the  third  best,  five  dollars;  and  tlie  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prises  will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  paid  for  such  material. 
Good  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value  of  your  item  and  will 
increase  its  chances  for  a  first  price.  Items  not  winning  prizes  but  considered 
worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our  regular  rates.  There  is  only  one 
restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete:  Professional  writers  are  not  eligible.  You 
need  not  be  a  subscriber  to  compete. 

Enclose  return  postage  if  you  desire  to  have  your  contributions  returned. 

Address  all  communications  to  TECHNICAL  World  MAGAZINE,  "Made  by  Our 
Readers"  Department,  Chicago. 


BUILT  OF  TOMBSTONES 
One  hundred  and  forty-six  of  them  make  an  interesting  pergola. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar.) 

TOMBSTONE  PERGOLA 
f*  ALT,  Ontario,  boasts  a  pergola  which 
^"*  is  built  of  one  hundred  and  forty-six 
tombstones.     Most  of  them  are  made  of 
wood  and   date  back  to  the  eighteenth 


century  and  the  association  is  not  imme- 
diate enough  to  bother  those  who  use  the 
summer  house.  In  fact  they  have  found 
much  amusement  in  reading  the  old- 
fashioned  epitaphs. 

John  G.  Dickson,  Gait,  Ontario. 

599 


600 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

WATCHING  THE  FLANGES 

""THE  wheels  of  the  limited  trains  of 
*  today  suffer  under  the  pounding  of 
the  heavy  equipment  so  that  their  flanges 
are  frequently  broken  off,  often  result- 
ing in  wrecks  before  the  break  is  discov- 
ered.    Track  walkers  have  been  known 


for  himself  a  huller  which,  after  handling 
the  crop  on  his  ranch,  earned  enough 
hulling  walnuts  for  ranchmen  to  more 
than  pay  for  itself.  With  two  attendants 
the  invention  will  hull  one  hundred  sacks 
of  walnuts  per  day,  or  about  fifteen  times 
the  quantity  that  a  man  can  ordinarily 
hull  by  hand. 

The  machine  is  a  huge  cylinder  made 


The  Broken 

Flange 
Had  it  been  let- 
tered as  in  the 
picture,  when  it 
failed,  a  track- 


to  pick  up  pieces  of  broken  wheels  forty 
or  fifty  miles  from  a  wreck. 

To  offset  this  danger  a  system  of  num- 
bering the  cars  going  over  a  certain  divi- 
sion and,  at  the  same  time,  numbering 
the  flanges  of  each  wheel  at  spaces  four 
to  six  inches  apart  has  been  devised.  A 
track  walker  on  discovering  a  piece  of 
wheel  would  hurry  to  the  nearest  tele- 
graph office  and  notify  the  conductor  of 
the  endangered  train. 

Louis  P.  Locke,  Rochester  Junction,  New  York. 
(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar. 

BUILDS  WALNUT  SHELLER 

AT  a  cost  of  sixty-five  dollars,  a  Cali- 
**■  fornia  English  walnut  grower  built 


walker  might 
have  found  it 
and  notified  the 
train  officials. 
As  it  was  tlie 
train  was 
wrecked. 


of  heavy  woven  wire,  of  mesh  small 
enough  to  hold  the  nuts  and  yet  large 
enough  to  sift  out  the  hulls.  The  drum 
has  circular  ends  made  of  wood.  The 
drum  is  three  feet  in  diameter  and 
eight  feet  long.  Above  it  runs  a  per- 
forated gaspipe  through  which  water  is 
sprinkled  onto  the  nuts.  The  moisture 
loosens  the  shucks  and  they  are  removed 
by  friction  as  the  drum  revolves  rapidly. 
Some  of  the  California  ranchmen  are 
building  machines,  like  this  one,  to  run 
by  gasoline  power,  but  the  man  who  built 
the  first  one  has  it  hitched  to  a  one  horse- 
power electric  motor.  His  daily  bill  for 
electricity  is  only  about  fifteen  cents  an 
hour. 

Henry  A.  Christie,  Los  Angeles,  California. 


DOES  THE  WORK 
OF  FIFTEEN  MEN 


Til.-  walnut 

huller  built  by  a 

California  rancher  paid 

its  own  way  by  reducing  the 

labor  of  "threshing." 


BUILT  FOR  FUN  AND  PRACTICE 
The  "Maud"  made  good  speed  even  though  the  boys  threw  the  machine  together  in  a  few  days. 


WIND  DRIVE 

""THE  "'Maud"  is  an  aeromobile  or  wind 
A  wagon,  which  several  school  boys 
put  together  in  three  days.  They  got 
hold  of  an  old  forty-horsepower  model 
engine ;  built  a  six-foot  propeller  out  of 
clear  pine  boards ;  and  mounted  the 
whole  on  an  old  wagon.  It  was  a  crude 
looking  car  but  they  managed  to  climb 
fairly  steep  grades,  with  a  load,  at  about 
twelve  miles  an  hour;  and  incidentally 
all  of  them  learned  a  good  deal  about  a 
gasoline  engine  and  how  to  handle  it. 

H.  L.  Skinner,  Kingston,  Ontario,  Canada. 

TO  HOLD  THE  NOZZLE 

""THE  nozzle  truck  would  be  very  useful 
*■  in  times  of  large  fires  when  one  man, 
with  its  use.  could  hold  a  nozzle  under 
almost  any  pressure  of  water.  It  would 
also  be  of  value  in  cleaning  streets. 

The  construction  is  very  simple.  It 
has  but  two  wheels  upon  which  is 
mounted  a  cast-iron  base  set  on  springs. 
This  casting  is  jointed  and  the  upper 
part  is  in  the  form  of  a  swivel  which  also 
supports  an  arm  that  swings  up  or 
clown  on  a  pivot.  To  this  arm  two  clamps 
are  attached,  which  are  somewhat  similar 
in  construction  to  an  ordinary  jaw  vise. 
In  case  of  a  fire  this  carriage  can  be 
coupled  onto  the  rear  of  a  hose  cart  or 
other  fire  department  apparatus  or  can 


be  drawn  by  hand.  Upon  arriving  at  the 
scene  of  the  fire  the  hose  nozzle  is  placed 
in  the  vise  like  jaws  which  can  be  quickly 
tightened  to  grasp  any  size  nozzle  by 
turning  two  small  cranks  or  handles.  By 
means  of  a  lever  fastened  to  the  top  arm 
one  man  can  then  handle  the  hose  nozzle 


p 

S^ 

1 

I? 

f^Jfc^i 

9 

i 

•    J  m^A 

fc>^ 

j 

Economizes  on  Men 
This  nozzle  cart  will  hold  tin-  stream  so  that  but  one  at- 
tendant is  needed  to  direct  it.    All  other  men  of  the  fire 
department  can  be  otherwise  employed. 

regardless  of  pressure ;  the  swivel  head 
and  pivoted  arm  allow  the  stream  to  be 
thrown  in  whatever  direction  it  is  de- 
sired. If  it  is  not  desired  to  hold  the 
lever  constantly  it  can  be  set  stationary, 
the  stream  directed  in  any  one  position 
by  means  of  large  set  screw  attachments. 

F.  R.  Hogan,  Verona,  Pennsylvania. 

601 


IMPROVING  THE  SURVEY 

After  it  is  completed,  a  wire,  hauled  by  two  steamers,  will  find  the  submersed  peaks  missed  by  the  old  method.    The 

idea  came  from  the  way  the  trawlers  of  the  North  Sea  use  their  nets. 


soon  as  such  obstruction  was  discovered, 
the  wire  rope  would  be  lifted  over  it  and 
a  small  buoy  set  out  to  mark  the  danger 

Spot.  #    c.  E.  Home,  Seattle,  Washington. 

LEAF  FOR  A  SAIL 

/"•OCOANUl     leaves   make    admirable 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

TO  FIND  SUBMERGED  PEAKS 

OUBMERGED  obstructions  to  naviga- 
***  tion  are  so  frequently  missed  by  the 
old  method  of  surveying  and  ascertain- 
ing the  depth  of  water  in  channels  that 
Seattle  clubs  are  advocating  a  new 
method    of    charting    Alaskan    harbors. 

After  the  regular  survey  is  made  they     v*'  sails     for     Filipino  dugouts.     The 

would  send  out  two  steamships  carrying      baroto,  carved   out  of  a  log  in  pioneer 

a    loaded    wire     fashion,   is  not 

rope,  which  very     fast,     so 

would   sweep  ^^^±.       hi ■  r       m^  tna*  one  °f  tne 

bottom  ^g^^^^^^^^t^j^JM     |MftM2jfe      H|  leaves 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^  palm. 

quired.    Old  Jf*^  when  set  up  in 

peaks    or    ob-  k  the  bow  of  the 

st  ructions  .  jR  boat,    aids    the 

which  had  been  ,  Sm^^^^^^^^^^^  natives  in  trav- 

missed   by   the  ^^^^^^^^^  eling     to     and 

ordinary  sur-  from   the    fish- 

vey    would    be     \ '.W¥ ; : I  ing  grounds. 

found     by     this  „  Bertram  Puckett. 

-        J.         .  Sailing  Homeward  Berkeley, 

method.      AS       xtie  big  cocoanut  palm  leaf  carries  the  Filipino  dugout  at  good  speed.  California. 


"WmdllS} 


Motor 


(Fir*t  Prize,  Twenty  Dollar*) 

TO  SAVE  INDOOR  SWIMMERS 

P\EATHS  in  swimming  tanks  will  be 
^  eliminated  when  the  new  false  bot- 
tom recently  patented  is  adopted.  It  is 
made  of  heavy  mesh  wire,  connected  by 
cables  to  two  windlasses,  one  at  each  end 
of  the  pool.  Should  a  person  sink  he 
could  be  quickly  and  easily  rescued  by 
raising  the  false  bottom ;  or  should  the 
tank  be  used  for  children,  the  deep  end 
Could  be  made  as  shallow  as  the  other 
end. 

George  C.  Denny.  Washington.  D.  C. 


.Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar*) 

TOWING  THEM  HOME 

YY/E  have  to  tow  a  great  many  disabled 
**  automobiles  back  to  the  garage  and 
as  we  have  found  it  a  very  slow  and  ex- 
pensive process,  the  need  of  a  device  to 
expedite  the  operation  finally  led  to  an 
experiment.  We  dismounted  an  old  auto- 
mobile chassis  and  fitted  it  with  an  iron 


J 


When  the  Smashuf  Comes 
This  towing  cart  serves  a  western  garage,  saving  much 
time  and  labor  on  disabled  machines  stuck  in  the  country. 


Plants  Seeds 

Regularly 

The  amateur  gardener 

will    save    bis   aching 

back  if  he  uses  it. 


tongue.  It  is  fastened  to  the  towing  car 
by  this  tongue  so  that  it  steers  itself  and, 
when  the  front  wheels  of  the  injured  car 
are  disabled,  the  latter  is  lifted  on  to  the 

rear  of  the 
towing  ma- 
chine. When 
the  rear 
trucks  are  in- 
jured the  dis- 
abled machine 
tows  the  dis- 
til o  u  n  t  e  d 
chassis,  its 
own  frame 
fitted  on  to 
the  latter. 
Thus  we  can 
make  average 
speed  with 
the  towing 
automobile, 
no  matter 
how  badly 
disabled  the 
injured  car 
may  be. 

W.  S.  Tucker,  Calistoga,  California. 


SAVING  THE  BACK 

A  11AKING  powder  can  or  any  can 
^*  with  a  cover  can  be  nailed  to  a  stick 
to  make  a  garden  seed  planter.  Even 
the  man  with  a  small  back-yard  garden 
often  suffers  a  good  deal  from  the  back- 
breaking  labor  of  planting  seeds.  Make 
a  little  hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  can — 
with  a  shingle  nail  for  onion  seed  and 
the  other  small  seeds.  Walk  along  the 
row  and  shake  the  can  gently  and  the 
seeds  will  be  evenly  distributed. 

Fred  Saramelson,  Troy,  Idaho. 

60S 


604 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


A  short  barrel  is  rigged  between  a  pair  of  tele- 
scopes, and  a  bar  with  a  recoil  pad  extends  to  the 
forehead  to  take  the  "kick"  from  the  discharge. 
If  a  heavy  caliber  is  used,  a  shoulder  stock  can 
also  be  provided  so  that  the  shooter  will  not 
suffer  too  great  a  shock. 

The  telescope  gun  does  better  work  than  the 
ordinary  rifle  telescope  because  it  gives  the  advan- 
tage of  a  pair  of  binoculars  and  is  much  lighter 
and  more  convenient  to  handle.  The  old  rifle 
telescope,  which  has  become  fairly  common,  does 
not  allow  enough  light  to  reach  the  eye,  so  that 
its  best  use  is  confined  to  target  shooting.  A 
deer  hunter  in  the  woods  is  hardly  able  to  dis- 
tinguish an  animal  he  has  seen,  when  he  sights 
through  the  telescope.  Two  well  -  constructed 
telescopes,  mounted  as  a  part  of  the  gun  as  in 
this  device  should  prove  of  great  value,  and  may 
replace  the  old  type  just  as  binoculars  have 
replaced  the  telescope  in  a  great  many  uses  of 
the  latter  instrument. 

Rudolph  Demele,  Rochester,  New  York. 


BUFFALO  LOCOMOTIVE 

AT  Calamba,  a  little  town  about  fifty  miles  out 
**■  of  Manila,  Philippine  Islands,  there  is  a  sys- 
tem of  rapid  transit  for  carrying  supplies  from 
the  docks  to  the  town.  The  carabao,  or  water 
buffalo,  is  used,  and  he  can  make  a  round  trip 
of  about  a  mile,  pulling  a  train  of  six  cars,  in 
from  six  to  ten  hours.  Perhaps  it  is  only  fair 
to  the  water  buffalo  to  add  that  this  time  includes 
the  time  required  for  loading  the  cars  and  that  he 
FIELD-GLASS  GUN  has  to  haul  an  enormous  load  no  matter 

AFIELD-GLASS   gun   has   been   de-      how  hot  is  the  tropic  sun  which  beats  in- 
vised  which  serves  the  purpose  of     cessantly  upon  his  back. 

both    a    light   gun    and    a   powerful    glass.  J.  W.  Byrns,  Denver,  Colorado. 


B,inoculars  That  Shoot 
A  rifle  barrel  is  placed  between  the  two  tele- 
scopes to  make  an  improvement  on  the  ordi- 
nary telescope  for  guns. 


THE  CARABAO  AT  WORK 
He  hauls  and  hauls,  and  his  little  train  makes  one  round  trip  a  day:  about  a  mile. 


MADE   BY   OUR   READERS 


605 


Flash  ks  Com  en  nation 

When  the  youngster  answers  his  question  in  geography  correctly  thi 

•  1. 1  trie  light  in  the  pointer  glows. 

(Third  Prize.  Five  Doll.r. 

ELECTRIC  MAP 

AX  outline  map  of  Palestine  which  a  Sunday 
**•  school  teacher  uses  in  Pasadena,  California, 
flashes  an  electric  light  whenever  the  pupil 
makes  a  correct  answer.  The  child  uses  a 
pointer  which  is  wired  to  the  map  in  such  a 
way  that  when  he  touches  it  to  the  correct  loca- 
tion, the  bulb  on  the  end  of  the  wand  glows. 

In  the  lower  right  hand  corner  of  the  map  is 
a  list  of  names  opposite  the  plugs  of  a  little 
switchboard.  When  the  teacher  calls,  for  in- 
stance. Mt.  Tabor,  one  youngster  puts  a  plug 
in  the  hole  opposite  the  name  called.  Another 
youngster  takes  the  pointer.  There  are  no 
lianas  on  the  map  but  each  location  is  marked 
with  a  little  brass  tack  so  that  when  the  latter 
touches  the  right  one  the  connection  is  estab- 
lished. The  lamp  is  surrounded  by  a  little  wire 
cage  which  forms  a  connection  with  the  brass 
tack.  The  children  have  become  so  fascinated 
by  the  map,  that  they  have  found  learning  its 
towns  and  mountains  an  easy  task. 

L.  C.  MacDonald,  Pasadena.  California. 


COLUMBARY  FOR  SAN 
DIEGO 

DALBOA  PARK,  San  Diego, 
L'  California,  is  to  duplicate  the 
columbary  of  St.  Mark's  in 
Venice,  Italy,  during  the  Expo- 
sition in  1915.  A  great  number 
of  pigeons  have  been  housed  in 
the  towers  of  some  of  the  build- 
ings during  the  last  few  months. 
They  are  being  confined  at  pres- 
ent to  accustom  them  to  their 
new  home  and  once  they  become, 
established,  the  gratings  will  be 
taken  down  and  the  pigeons  will 
be  trained  to  feed  in  the  central 
court  of  the  Exposition.  The 
columbary  is  to  be  a  permanent 
feature  of  the  City  Park  which 
will  always  remain  a  civic 
achievement  even  after  the  great 
exposition  has  been  forgotten. 

G.  L.  Fleming.  San  Diego,  California. 


After  St.  Mark's  of  Venice 

A  columbary  is  being  developed  for  the  San 

Diego  Exposition  which  will  have  more  pigeons 

than  any  other  in  this  country. 


The  Princess  Threatens 

A  New  York  girl,  a  close  friend  of  one  of  the 
American  princesses,  tells  of  an  incident  in  the 
household  of  her  consort,  in  Germany. 

The  New  York  girl  was  just  entering  the 
Princess',   dressing  room  when  she  chanced  to 


overhear  this  colloquy  between  mistress  and 
maid. 

The  Maid :    "But,  madame — " 

The  Princess:  "If  I  catch  you  and  my 
husband  kissing  again,  one  of  you  will  have 
to  go." — Lippincott's. 


Not  His  Fault 

Old  Zeb  Hawkins  sat  on  a  log  near  the 
bridge  one  Sunday  morning,  casting  anxious 
glances  at  an  uncertain  sky  now  and  then. 
His  willow  fish-pole  and  can  of  bait  lay  at 
his  feet.  Before  he  had  quite  decided  on  the 
weather  the  minister  came  by,  having  taken  a 
short  cut  owing  to  the  fear  of  a  sudden 
shower.  "Well,  Brudder  Zeb,  is  you  gwine  to 
chu'ch  or  is  you  gwine  fishin'?"  he  asked. 
"Ah  dunno  yet,"  said  Zeb,  "Ah'm  jest  a- 
wrastlin'  wif  ma  conscience." — Jokesmith. 


Neither  Did  I 

"Athletics  are  all  right,  but  I  think  that 
young  woman  out  there  displayed  a  little  too 
much  nerve  in  boarding  the  moving  car,"  said 
Bilkins.  "Well,  I  didn't  particularly  observe 
her  nerve,"  absently  responded  Wilkins. — Bir- 
mingham Age-Herald. 

606 


Absolute  Proof 

When  a  small  boy  was  taking  his  father's 
dinner  he  stopped  for  a  moment  to  watch  a 
workman  emptying  a  sewer.  "That,"  re- 
marked the  youngster,  interestedly,  "is  the 
grating  my  father  lost  a  dollar  down."  The 
workman's  eyes  lit  up.  "Well,  young  man,"  he 
said,  with  a  show  of  carelessness,  "you'd  better 
get  forward  with  that  dinner  before  it's  cold." 
In  about  half  an  hour  the  boy  returned  to  find 
the  man  still  at  the  same  grating.  "Are  you 
quite  sure  it  was  this  grating  the  dollar  was 
lost  in  ?"  asked  the  workman.  "Yes,"  replied 
the  boy,  "because  I  saw  my  father  get  it  out." 

— Argonaut. 


Dark  Emptiness 

Aunt  Liza's  former  mistress  was  talking  to 
her  one  morning,  when  suddenly  she  discov- 
ered a  little  pickaninny  standing  shyly  behind 
his  mother's  skirts.  "Is  this  your  little  boy, 
Aunt  'Liza?"  she  asked. 

"Yes,  miss ;  dat's  Prescription." 

"Goodness,  what  a  funny  name,  auntie,  for 
a  child !  How  in  the  world  did  you  happen  to 
call  him  that?" 

"Ah  simply  calls  him  dat  becuz  Ah  has 
sech  hahd  wuk  gettin'  him  filled." — Ladies' 
Home  Journal 


Angered  Him 

He — "What  makes  that   fellow  glare  at  me 

D?" 

She — "You're  sitting  on  his  ice  cream." 
— Yale  Record. 


BLOWING  OFF  STEAM 


607 


How  Love  Came 

Little  Sammy  was  generally  at  loggerheads 
with  his  father,  who  had  a  habit  of  using  his 
razor-strop  in  a  way  that  was  not  in  accord- 
ance with  Sammy's  views. 

One  morning,  after  the  razor-strop  had  been 
more  than  usually  busy,  Sammy's  mother  went 
out  into  the  field  to  look  for  her  much-stropped 
child. 

To  her  intense  astonishment,  she  found  him 
fondling  a  huge  goat  for  which  he  usually 
professed  a  deep  hatred. 

"Why,  Sammy,  darling,  it  is  nice"  to  see  you 
being  so  kind  to  poor  Billy !  Why  are  you 
being  so  gentle  with  him  today?" 

Over  Sammy's  face  came  a  look  of  unspeak- 
able gratitude  as  he  gave  the  wondering  goat 
another  carrot. 

"He  butted  father  into  the  pond  this  morn- 
ing!" murmured  the  dear  little  chap,  patting 
his  four-footed  friend  affectionately. — Sew 
York  Mail. 


Ohh!! 

"Edith,  is  that  young  man  gone  ?"  called  the 
landlady  at  ten  bells. 


"Yes,  completely,"  came  the  answer. 

— Michigan  Gargoyle. 


A  Bit  Hasty 

Husband — "Did  that  dress-suit  case  come?" 

Wife— "The    one    full    of    dreadful    clothes 

from  the  office?    Yes;  and  they  came  just  in 

time  to  give  away  to  the  missionary  society." 


Husband  (in  a  sepulchral  voice) — "It  be- 
longed to  an  Englishman  I  have  invited  home 
for  dinner."     (Door-bell  rings.) — Life. 


She  Was  Thorough 

Down  in  Georgia  a  negro,  who  had  his  life 
insured  for  several  hundred  dollars,  died  and 
left  the  money  to  his  widow.  She  immediately 
bought  herself  a  very  elaborate  mourning  suit. 
Showing  her  purchase  to  her  friend,  she  was 
very  particular  in  going  into  details  as  to 
prices  and  all  incidental  particulars.  Her  friend 
was  very  much  impressed,  and  remarked: 
"Them  sho  is  fine  does,  but,  befo'  heaven,  what 
is  yo'  goin'  to  do  wif  all  dis  black  underwear?" 
The  bereaved  one  sighed :  "Chile,  when  I 
mourns,  I  mourns." — Martin's. 


To  Be  Used  Together 

A  druggist  lately  received  a  hurried  call  from 
a  small  girl,  who  desired  to  purchase  liniment 
and  some  cement. 

"Liniment  and  cement?"  repeated  the  phar- 
macist, puzzled  by  the  unique  order.  "Going 
to  use  'em  at  the  same  time?" 

"Yes,"  promptly  responded  the  youngster. 
"Ma  she  hit  pa  with  a  pitcher." — Chicago 
Ledger. 


Immortal  Six  Hundred 

The  attorney  for  the  gas  company  was  mak- 
ing a  popular  address.  "Think  of  the  good 
the  gas  company  has  done !"  he  cried.  "If  I 
wire  permitted  a  pun,  I  would  say,  in  the 
words  of  the  immortal  poet,  'Honor  the  Light 
Brigade'." 

Voice  of  a  consumer  from  the  audience, 
quoting  further  from  the  poem :  "Oh,  what 
a  charge  they  made !" — Youth's  Companion. 


It  All  Helps 

At  least  one  Washington  debutante  has  can- 
dor and  humor  in  large  and  equal  parts. 
Thus,  her  denial  of  a  rumor  that  she  was 
engaged : 

"There  is  not  a  word  of  truth  in  it,  but 
thank  God  for  the  report !" — Sew  York  Press. 


Trained  Horse  Wanted 

Anne  had  been  buggy-riding  with  her  beau, 
William,  and  the  horse  had  run  away.  When 
asked  by  her  mother  how  it  happened  she 
replied : 

"Well,  you  see,  William  thought  he  had  his 
feet  on  the  lines." — Jester. 


fri  I  ■  ■■ 


___ 


PARIS  TAXI 
SIMPLIFIES 
BUILDING 


The  new  machine  has  no  differen- 
tial, no  heavy  water-cooling  ap- 
paratus, and  no  gear  shift- 
ing devices.     Asa   re- 
sult it  can  be  built 
very  light  and  is 
easy  to  han- 
dle. 


BANISH  OLD  DUMP  CARS 

IF  the  new  type  of  electric  dump  car 
*■  is  generally  adopted  by  the  electric 
companies  operating  through  congested 
city  districts,  the  unsightly  string  of  old 
timers  will  be  banished  to  the  scrap  pile 
and  the  danger  from  running  them 
through  crowded  centers  will  be  elimi- 
nated. 

Such  a  car  was  first  suggested  by  the 
Public  Utilities  Commission  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  has  been  developed  at  the  shops 


of  a  well-known  firm  of  car  builders  of 
Springfield,  Massachusetts.  Five  of  the 
cars  are  now  in  use. 

The  new  car  promises  greater  effi- 
ciency also,  in  that  it  does  away  with 
about  fifty  per  cent  of  platform  labor. 
Heretofore,  a  dump  car  required  from 
three  to  four  men,  but  the  new  car  re- 
quires only  two.  All  the  dumping  is  done 
by  an  electric  motor  in  the  cab  of  the  car, 
which  operates  cables,  attached  to  the 
lower  corners  of  each  section,  which,  in 
turn,  run  over  sheave-like  arrangements. 


ELECTRIC  DUMP  CAR  TAKES  THE  PLACE  OF  OLD-FASHIONED  STRING  OF  CARRIERS 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


609 


BLTM7KentrM.D 


A  physician  interested  in  the  advance  of  science  and  with- 
out the  usual  prejudice  of  the  medical  profession  for  all 
curative  treatments  outside  of  materia  medica  writes 
interestingly    and  authoritatively  on  a  vital   subject. 


WHAT  is  a  physician's  great- 
est asset,  and  what  gives 
people  confidence  in  him? 
His  credited  cures.  The  re- 
sults of  his  treatment. 
In  the  world's  search  for  health,  many 
methods  of  handling  disease  have  been 
lauded  and  discarded.  Today  we  know  so 
much  of  hygiene  and  medicine  that  we 
realize  how  little  we  have  learned.  This  is 
such  a  wide  field  of  study  that  specialization 
is  more  and  more  essential.  A  sage  in  one 
department  may  be  a  fool  in  another,  and 
all  specialists  in  medicine  dwell  in  glass 
houses.  An  open  mind  and  a  respect  for  all 
who  are  trying  to  help  the  diseased  to  find 
relief,  is  the  only  attitude  for  practitioners. 
Nothing  is  too  small  to  note,  and  no  efforts 
too  great  in  conserving  human  life. 

Our  best  physicians  advocate  as  little  in- 
ternal medication  as  possible  but  instead, 
show  people  how  to  live  correctly  twenty- 
four  hours  a  day,  Air,  sun,  sleep,  exercise, 
pure  water  and  simple  nourishment  are  the 
true  tonics  and  rational  remedies  prescribed 
by  doctors.  Also,  the  intelligent  public  is 
demanding  drugless  healing  and  is  being 
educated  away  from  indiscriminate  dosing 
at  a  dollar  a  bottle. 

The  desire  to  protect  legitimate  medical 
practice  was  the  beginning  of  the  medical 
societies'  crusades  against  patent  medicines 
but  now  that  is  swallowed  in  the  higher, 
humane  motive  to  save  a  credulous  people 
from  harmful  or  worthless  mixtures;  the 
National  laws  and  the  press  help  on  the 
good  work. 


The  cloak  of  secrecy  that  formerly  cov- 
ered physicians'  prescriptions  is  in  tatters, 
and  while  old  habit  is  strong  the  most 
eminent  of  the  profession  really  care  very 
little  for  a  hide-bound  protection  system  of 
dosing,  although  one  man  or  a  group  of 
men  may  take  an  occasional  flier  in  ethics. 
What  was  considered  shameful  advertising 
is  now  called  legitimate  publicity.  Certainly, 
the  public  is  interested  in  such  news  and 
doctors  deserve  that  their  results  should  be 
widely  known. 

In  all  fairness  we  must  admit  that  the 
cure  of  disease  is  by  no  means  confined  to 
the  M.D.'s,  and  the  best  of  doctors  have 
many  failures  on  their  lists.  We  cannot  get 
away  from  the  living  equation.  One  man's 
medicine  is  another's  poison.  The  labo- 
ratories do  their  best  but  when  the  human 
body  becomes  the  chemical  apparatus,  results 
are  indeed  various  and  often  unhealthful. 
Therefore  many  patients  look  away  from 
the  doctors  and  try  other  methods.  The 
name  of  methods  is  legion.  It  is  very  inter- 
esting to  one  out  of  active  practice,  yet  in 
touch  with  events  and  people  medical,  to 
investigate  these  by-paths  to  health  trod  by 
so  many  who  refuse  to  take  the  straight 
road.  That  straight  road  they  have  found 
to  be  paved  with  gold  when  personally  con- 
ducted by  "regulars"  and  that's  another 
reason  for  the  turning. 

Some  time  ago  the  Oxydonor  method 
of  mastering  disease  was  brought  to  my 
notice  and  an  investigation  into  this  system 
was  made.  When  we  speak  of  mastering 
disease,  it  is  not  a  literal  statement  but  one 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


610 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


used  when  a  large  percentage  of  good  results  is 
obtained.  We  say  of  a  successful  physician  that 
"he  is  a  master  of  disease"  but  no  one  takes  us  to 
mean  that  he  invariably  cures  patients. 

The  inventor  of  OXYDONOR  is  a  man  of  gen- 
eral and  medical  education,  whose  life  long 
friends  hold  him  in  deep  esteem.  Dr.  Hercules 
Sanche  spent  years  in  perfecting  his  system.  His 
laboratory  and  clinical  labors  are  worthy  of  at- 
tention because  they  have  produced  results.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  the  results  undeniably  credited 
to  Oxydonor  have  been  so  extensive  that  many 
imitations  with  near-Oxydonor  names  have  been 
offered  to  the  public.  Only  the  successful  are 
imitated. 

As  is  customary  in  the  medical  world  when 
mechanical  devices  are  invented  and  used,  patents 
were  secured  for  the  Oxydonor  instrument  cov- 
ering the  present  make  and  possible  improve- 
ments. In  addition  to  the  patent  claims,  reputa- 
ble physicians  tested  OXYDONOR  on  patients 
and  their  tests  were  submitted  to  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents.  He  granted  the  patents  and 
we  here  quote  from  his  decision  as  published  in 
the  Official  Gazette  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office, 
Vol.  80,  No.  1,  issued  July  6th,  1897. 

"The  mere  assertion  of  theorists  that 
they  do  not  believe  that  a  device  possesses 
utility  cannot  prevail  against  the  evidence 
of  reliable  witnesses  who  have,  by  test,  dem- 
onstrated that  it  does  possess  such  fitility 
as  is  claimed  for  it.  Where  there  is  doubt 
as  to  the  utility  of  a  device,  the  office  may 
resort  to  evidence  to  remove  that  doubt. 
There  seems  to  be  abundance  of  evidence 
in  this  case  that  the  device  here  claimed  is 
useful  for  the  purpose  set  forth  in  the  spec- 
ification. Many  affidavits  of  users  who 
have  been  beneficially  treated  by  the  device 
under  consideration,  and  of  reputable  phy- 
sicians setting  forth  that  they  know  that 
the  device  in  question  is  useful  as  a  curative 
agent  in  different  diseases,  are  before  me. 
In  the  face  of  this  evidence  to  say  that  the 
device  is  worthless  or  not  sufficiently  useful 
as  a  curative  agent  is  not  defensible.  " 

It  is  obvious  that  OXYDONOR  is  a  reliable 
instrument  and  healing  method. 

Impossible  claims  are  not  made  for  OXY- 
DONOR. It  is  advised  in  all  general  conditions 
of  disease,  and  the  earlier  in  the  stage  of  disorder 
it  is  used,  the  speedier  is  the  result.  Where  any 
vital  organ  necessary  to  life  has  been  destroyed, 
or  in  cases  in  the  last  stages  of  organic  disease, 
it  is  not  claimed  that  OXYDONOR  will  effect  a 


cure,  but  OXYDONOR  is  always  beneficial  at 
any  stage  of  disease.  The  testimonials  of  hun- 
dreds of  people  have  been  investigated  and  they 
are  all  true.  These  people  describe  their  disorders, 
the  convalescence  and  benefits  in  an  absolutely 
convincing  way.  The  endorsers  of  OXYDONOR 
are  from  all  classes  and  conditions  of  life.  Day 
laborers,  bankers,  lawyers,  merchants,  women  of 
business  and  the  home,  and  parents  of  little  chil- 
dren who  were  benefited  by  OXYDONOR  all 
testify.  There  are  many  physicians  who- candidly 
declare  their  belief  in  the  OXYDONOR  method 
and  who  use  it  constantly  in  practice.  It  is  only 
justice  for  doctors  to  admit  the  virtues  of 
methods  unlike  their  own  and  to  acknowledge 
cures  they  do  not  understand.  How  many  doctors 
could  explain  just  how  or  why  their  prescrip- 
tions work,  or  could  tell  just  which  one  of  several 
remedies  applied  in  a  given  case  was  the  one 
that  cured  ? 

It  is  absurd  to  say  OXYDONOR  cannot  do 
any  good  because  we  do  not  fully  understand  the 
science  underlying  it.  We  must  remember  that 
inert  and  ordinary  materials  when  attached  to  or 
united  with  bodily  tissues  become  active  and 
extraordinary.  What  can  one  say  in  face  of  the 
testimony  of  the  clinical  thermometer  and  sphyg- 
mograph  which  record  changes  within  an  hour 
after  the  use  of  OXYDONOR?  Physicians  have 
so   testified. 

In  considering  the  results  claimed  for  OXY- 
DONOR it  might  be  well  to  remember  it  is  not 
the  OXYDONOR  inventor  who  affirms  these 
results  but  the  sick  people  who  were  actually 
benefited.  They  are  the  ones  who  testify  to  the 
value  of  OXYDONOR.  Unless  we  are  to  believe 
all  men  liars  and  so  stand  in  danger  of  being 
judged  by  our  own  judgment,  we  are  bound  to 
believe  the  words  of  hundreds  of  honest,  intelli- 
gent  folk. 

Every  one  asks  for  proof.  We  say  here  are 
results.  You  cannot  get  away  from  results.  The 
sick  are  healed  and  they  say  "OXYDONOR 
did  it." 

These  cases  were  not  confined  to  any  one 
locality,  for  in  the  twenty-five  years  that  OXY- 
DONOR has  been  available  to  the  public  the 
same  results  have  been  manifested  in  nearly  every 
country  in  the  world.  Upon  investigation  I  find 
that  wonderful  results  have  been  obtained  in 
cases  pronounced  as  hopeless  by  the  best  medical 
practitioner.  In  answering  the  question  "Who 
Shall  Decide"  as  to  the  merits  of  OXYDONOR, 
it  is  evident  that  those  who  have  experienced  and 
seen  actual  results  are  the  ones  to  decide. — 
Advertisement. 


NOTE  ON  ABOVE  ARTICLE 

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further  detailed  information  on  the  above  subject  can  get 
a  collection  of  booklets  called  "Parcel  A,"  without  charge 
by  writing  to  H.  Sanche  C&  Co.,  489  Fifth  Avenue,  New 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


611 


"Fraud  thrives  on  Ignorance- 
Genuineness  on  Knowledge." 


LORD  STRATHCONA. 


As  Varnish  makers  and  sellers, 
we  like  the  Customers  who 
know  most  about  Varnish  in 
general  and  about  Varnishes 
in  particular. 

We  have  no  trouble  with 
those  great  vamish-using 
firms  which  want  reliable 
Finishes  and  which  employ 
Finishing  Experts. 

The  men  who  perfectly 
understand  what  Fine  Varnish 
is  and  how  it  must  be 
made  and  why  it  is  reliable, 
are  the  men  to  whom 
we  sell  varnish  easily. 


The  Vami5h     Murphy  Varnish  Company 

That  Lasts  FRANKLIN  MURPHY,  President 

Longest  Associated  with  Dougall  VarnUh  Company,  Limited, 

Montreal,  Canada 


NEWARK, 
N.J. 

CHICAGO, 
ILLS. 


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HUMAN  ENERGY 


E ENERGY  is  all  about  us.  The 
.  boy  playing  baseball  in  the 
(  vacant  lot  and  the  boy  reluc- 
tantly turning  a  grindstone 
J  are  alike  examples  of  energy. 
The  earth  whirling  in  its  orbit,  the 
solar  system  rushing  through  infinite 
space,  the  flea  seeking  a  spot  inacces- 
sible to  Fido's  tooth  or  paw,  Fido 
vigorously  seeking  the  flea,  all  are  fair 
examples  of  what  we  call  energy — or  to 
be  more  exact,  kinetic  energy — the  en- 
ergy of  a  moving  body. 

What  is  back  of  energy?  In  the  case 
of  the  boy  turning  the  grindstone  we 
know  that  in  all  probability  the  vision 
of  a  shingle  or  bit  of  strap  excites  him 
into  activity.  In  the  flea  it  is  the  ele- 
mental instinct  of  self-preservation — 
in  the  dog  the  desire  to  be  comfortable. 
But  what  is  back  of  the  energy  that 
keeps  the  stars  in  motion?  Of  course 
it  is  easy  to  say  that  the  Supreme 
Power  governs  everything,  but  that  is 
not  the  discussion.  We  are  seeking  the 
reason  for  certain  forms  of  energy. 
And  usually  we  can't  find  any. 

Why  does  the  ball-playing  youth 
release  his  energy  with  so  much  joy, 
while  the  lad  at  the  grindstone  pulls  a 
countenance  of  funereal  gloom?  Why 
is  this  profligate  expenditure  of  energy 
such  a  pleasure  while  this  useful  activ- 
ity is  so  painful?  The  answer  lies  deep 
hidden  in  the  human  mind.  Some  day 
psychologists  may  make  all  clear  to  us. 
In  the  meantime  we  may  release  a  little 

61! 


mental  energy  in  puzzling  over  the 
question. 

But  we  are  not  yet  ready  to  forget 
the  ball-playing  boy  and  his  unhappy 
grindstone-turning  brother.  They  have 
a  destiny  to  fulfill.  The  spectacle  has 
set  up  a  train  of  thought  which  com- 
pels me  to  release  the  energy  neces- 
sary to  write  these  words,  and  the 
thought  is  this :  Suppose  in  some 
occult  manner  one  could  make  the  boy 
turning  the  grindstone  perform  the 
task  with  the  spontaneous,  tumultuous 
joy  of  the  one  playing  baseball  on  a 
summer  Saturday  afternoon.  How 
that  old  stone  would  leap.  How  the 
sparks  would  fly.  And  then  I  see  that 
this  apparent  miracle  is  actually 
being  performed  every  day,  all  about 
us.  The  men  who  are  doing  the  big 
things  in  this  world  are  accomplishing 
them  because  they  are  getting  from 
them  not  only  the  bread  and  cheese, 
but  also  the  candy  of  life. 

Take  for  example  the  man  of  whom 
I  heard  the  other  day.  He  has  just 
completed  the  construction  of  a  flea 
one  million  seven  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  times  the  size  of  the  well-known 
insect  who  compels  Fido  to  release  so 
many  foot-pounds  of  energy  each  day. 
Now,  this  man  could  never  have  con- 
structed this  remarkable  model  if  he 
had  not  been  tremendouslyr  interested 
in  the  work — if  it  were  not  for  the  fact 
that  some  queer  twist  in  his  brain  gave 
him  a  tremendous  pleasure  as  well  as 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


613 


Beautiful  results 
on  any  wood  are 
easily  obtained/ 
with  Jortnson'y 
Wood  Due  -7 i 


Johnsons  Wood  Dye  is  equally 
adapted  for  use  on  old  and 
new  furniture  - 


for  the  artistic  color- 
ing of  hard  and  soft  wood 
— floors,  woodwork  and  fur- 
niture.   With  it  inexpensive 
woods  may  be  finished  so 
they    are   as    beautiful    and 
artistic  as  hard  wood.  Made  in 
17  standard    shades,    including 
Mission,    Early   English,    Golden 
Oak,  Weathered,  Fumed,  etc. 

Johnson's  Wood  Dye  is  a  combination  spirit- ' 

oil  preparation,  embodying  all  the  good  qualities  of  both 

a  spirit  and  an  oil  stain,  with  the  disadvantages  of  neither. 

It   is   unsurpassed    for    staining    reed   baskets    and   manual 

training    models  —  also  for  burlap    and   other  wall    coverings. 

Johnson's  Prepared  Wax 

A  complete  finish  and  polish  for  all  wood  — floors,  woodwork 
furniture,    automobile  bodies,    etc.     Apply  with  a   cloth  and 
polish  with  a  dry  cloth.      Gives  perfect  results  over  any 
finish  —  varnish,  shellac  or  oil. 

For  Polishing  Automobile  Bodies  it  has  no  equal  for 
holding  the  luster  in  the  paint  indefinitely.    Sheds 
water  and  is  the  one  preparation  that   elim 
inates  the  objectionable  dust-collecting  fea- 
ture, leaving  a  hard,  perfect,  smooth  finish 
Johnson's  Prepared  Wax  is  unsurpassed 
as  a  polish  for  the  finest  mahogany  and 
missionfurniture.includingpianos. 

Ask  your  paint,  hardware  or  drug  deal- 
er for  a  free  copy  of  our  25c  book 
"The     Proper     Treatment     for 
Floors,  Woodwork  and  Furni- 
ture."    If  he  hasn't  a  copy, 
rite  us. 


S.  C.  Johnson 
&  Son 

"Wood  Finishing 
Authorities" 
Dtpt  I-W-6 

Racine, 
Wis. 


There  is  nothing  equal  to 
Johnson's  Prepared  Wax 
for  polishing  Automobile  bodies 


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614 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


an  extraordinary  interest  in  this  par- 
ticular construction.  As  to  the  reason 
for  it,  as  to  the  enormous  value  of  this 
queer  achievement,  I  must  refer  you  to 
the  July  issue  of  our  magazine. 

Out  in  California  there  is  a  remark- 
able illustration  of  my  thesis.  A 
woman  developed  and  built  up  an  in- 
dustry which  brings  her  a  gross  in- 
come of  more  than  a  hundred  thousand 
dollars  a  year.  Business  men  say  that 
the  secret  of  her  success  is  her  method 
of  marketing  the  product.  Others  say 
that  the  secret  lies  in  the  product  itself. 
But  we  believe  that  after  you  have  read 
the  complete  article  which  appears  in 
the  July  issue,  you  will  agree  with  us 
that  the  secret  lies  a  good  deal  deeper. 

In  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  a  man 
has  put  up  what  is  called  a  Fatigue 
Museum.  Of  course  we  know  that  the 
boy  playing  ball  never  gets  tired  and 
that  the  boy  turning  the  grindstone  is 
tired  before  he  starts.  That  bit  of 
knowledge  is  very  simple ;  we  don't 
need  to  work  it  out.  But  every  big 
employer  knows  that  there  are  certain 
tasks  over  which  some  people  get  less 
fatigued  than  others.  It  is  worth  lots 
of  money  for  him  to  get  accurate  data 
on  this  subject.  In  other  words,  to  find 
out  under  what  conditions  certain  men 
are  most  easily  fatigued  and  under 
what  other  conditions  they-  are  best 
capable  of  working.  This  is  a  story 
well  worth  the  careful  perusal  of  any- 
body who  has  any  work  to  do. 

The  most  enthusiastic  ball-playing 
youth  would  probably  weary  a  little  of 
his  fun  if  he  were  obliged  to  keep  at 
it  continuously  for  twenty-six  years. 
Yet  the  remarkable  thing  is  that  men 
who  are  really  enthusiastic  over  their 
work  never  seem  to  tire.  Next  month  we 
shall  print  the  story  of  a  man  who  has, 
after  twenty-six  years  of  effort  and 
experiment,  matured  a  pear  that  will 
grow  in  very  cold  climates.  His  work 
has  been  so  remarkable  that  the  Federal 
Government  and  his  native  State  both 
furnished  him  with  means  to  carry  on  his 
experiments. 

More  than  all  others  the  civil  engi- 
neer seems  to  take  a  tremendous  pleas- 
ure in  the  tackling  of  some  big  task. 
Give  him  a  small  bridge  to  build,  give 


him  a  dinky  little  canal  to  dig,  and  he 
shows  little  enthusiasm.  That  is  work. 
But  give  him  a  formidable,  stupendous 
task,  ask  him  to  do  something  that 
has  never  been  done  before,  and  his 
face  lights  up  and  he  becomes  the  boy 
in  the  vacant  lot  on  the  summer  Satur- 
day afternoon.  That's  play.  Well  there 
is  a  group  of  engineers  up  in  the 
Canadian  Northwest  who  have  a  little 
ball  game  of  this  sort  in  progress, 
namely  the  longest  tunnel  on  the  Con- 
tinent through  the  Canadian  Selkirks. 
They  are  performing  this  gigantic  task 
in  record  time  and  using  an  entirely 
new    scheme    in    tunnel    construction. 

Out  at  one  of  the  California  bathing 
beaches  two  men  have  constructed  a 
new  type  of  life-saving  machine,  which 
seems  to  say  all  over  it  that  they  en- 
joyed every  minute  of  the  time  they 
put  in  on  it.  It  is  so  ingenious,  so 
complete,  so  efficient,  that  they  must 
have  got  a  lot  of  fun  out  of  it  or  it 
never  would  have  been  produced. 
There  is  no  reason  why  this  machine 
should  not  be  installed  at  every  bath- 
ing beach  in  the  country.  The  total  of 
lives  saved  by  it  each  season  would  be 
enormous. 

There  are  to  be  many  other  interest- 
ing articles  in  the  July  issue,  detailed 
account  of  which  space  forbids.  But 
you  may  be  very  sure  that  all  of  them 
or  nearly  all  have  back  of  them  some- 
mart,  or  men,  whose  work  was  play. 
Looking  over  the  schedule  I  am  im- 
pressed with  the  idea  that  the  July 
issue  is  going  to  be  an  extraordinarily 
interesting  one,  rich  particularly  in 
deep  human  interest,  having  in  every 
page  the  thrill  of  accomplishment,  of 
great  things  bravely  tackled  and  glori- 
ously consummated. 

Make  a  memorandum  on  the  June 
17th  leaf  of  your  calendar  to  release  a 
little  human  energy  and  a  very  little 
change  by  purchasing  the  July  issue. 
Perhaps  the  inspiration  in  it  will  en- 
able you  to  tap  some  unexpected 
streams  of  energy  within  yourself. 
Perhaps  it  will  show  you  some  way  of 
making  an  amusement,  a  recreation 
of  your  own  work.  We  know  our 
magazine  has  frequently  had  that  effect 
upon  our  readers. 


TECI1XICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


615 


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This  Great  Offer  Is   Based   on   Good   Land 


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Manitoba 


(Make  a  cross  in  the  square  opposite  the  book  wanted. ) 
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REBIRTH  OF  THE  COTTON  GIN 


By 
NEETA    MARQUIS 


A  FTER  one  hundred  and  twenty 
l\     years  the  cotton  gin  has  been 

/   m   reborn.     The  event  took  place 

/  \  recently  in  Los  Angeles,  Cali- 
JL  jL  fornia.  It  is  said  that  various 
minds  have  been  at  work  upon  the  par- 
ticular idea,  which  has  finally  been  per- 
fected, for  thirty  years,  the  result  of 
these  joint  efforts  being  a  remarkably 
efficient  machine,  with  which  the  old  one 
can  not  compare. 

In  1793,  Eli  Whitney  invented  the 
first  cotton  gin  the  world  had  ever 
seen,  and  Lord  Macaulay,  the  his- 
torian, said  of  the  machine  that  it  did 
more  to  advance  the  power  and  useful- 
ness of  the  United  States  than  all  that 
Peter  the  Great  ever  did  to  make  Rus- 
sia dominant. 

For  one  hundred  years  it  has  done 
the  ginning  of  the  enormous  cotton 
crop  of  the  United  States,  and  made 
such  a  marvelous  money-producing 
commodity  of  it  that  in  the  six  years 
from  1900  to  1906,  the  value  of  the 
crop,  according  to  Governor  M.  R.  Pat- 
terson of  Tennessee,  was  over  a  billion 
dollars  in  excess  of  the  value  of  all  the 
gold  and  all  the  silver  mined  in  the 
entire  world. 

This  is  a  staggering  statement,  but 
students  of  the  situation  maintain  that 
this  ratio  has  been  on  the  increase 
since  those  years.  They  add  that  if 
corn,  steel,  wheat,  or  any  other  product 
was  taken  out  of  the  United  States,  she 
would  still  prosper,  but  if  her  cotton 
were  taken  away,  her  wealth  would 
vanish.  Yet  invention  has  done  but 
little  since  the  day  of  Eli  Whitney  to 
improve  upon  his  gin. 

Under  present  conditions,  there  is  a 
waste  of  thirty-three  per  cent  on  Sea 
Island  cotton,  twenty-five  per  cent  on 
Egyptian  cotton,  and  forty-five  per 
cent  on  common  cotton.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  three-fourths  of  the  life  is 
taken  out  of  our  cotton  by  the  mur- 
derous process  of  handling  with  saw 

618 


gins.  A  speaker  before  the  New  Eng- 
land Cotton  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion said,  "We  nearly  wear  out  our 
cotton  before  we  weave  it."  In  short, 
no  other  crop  in  all  the  world  is  han- 
dled so  inefficiently. 

I  saw  one  of  these  old-fashioned 
Whitney  gins,  standing  beside  the  ma- 
chine which  is  destined  to  supersede  it, 
and  it  looked  a  murderous  sort  of  in- 
strument, with  its  jagged  teeth  for  the 
savage  tearing  apart  of  the  raw  cotton. 
This  tearing  process  breaks  the  pecu- 
liar twist  in  the  fiber  which  differen- 
tiates cotton  from  all  other  known 
fibers  and  makes  it,  in  its  natural  state, 
as  superior  to  others  as  a  twisted 
thread  is  superior  in  strength  to  a 
straight  thread. 

Then  the  new  gin  was  set  in  motion 
for  me  to  observe,  a  piece  of  raw  cotton 
being  fed  into  it.  The  machine  moved 
with  noiseless  perfection  and  the  cotton 
came  out  as  clean  and  soft  and  fleecy  as 
a  fluff  of  white  hair  on  the  head  of  a 
well-shampooed  old  lady. 

The  cotton  is  placed  upon  a  specially- 
prepared  roll  of  horsehairs,  compressed 
in  such  a  way  that  their  ends  form  an 
even  but  rough,  prickly  surface  which 
holds  the  fiber  with  a  tenacious  grip. 

Working  backward  and  forward 
across  this  roll  are  four  steel  combs, 
each  a  foot  in  length  and  moving  in  the 
opposite  direction  from  its  adjacent 
comb.  These  comb  the  seeds  out  of 
the  cotton  without  injuring  the  shell 
of  the  seed  or  leaving  a  thread  of  the 
fiber  clinging  to  it.  And  the  beautiful, 
soft  cotton,  absolutely  free  of  dirt  or 
discoloration,  is  deposited  in  one 
receptacle,  while  the  seeds,  read)'  for 
planting  or  commercial  use,  are 
dropped  into  another. 

The  fact  that  this  gin  preserves  the 
seeds  uninjured  is  a  tremendous  gain. 
By  the  old  method,  the  seeds  are  so 
mutilated  in  the  ginning,  that  only 
one  good  seed  out  of  seventeen  is  fit 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


619 


"No  Fun",  Says  He,  "Unless  You  Wear  B.  V.  D." 

Get  the  full  fun  out  of  your  vacation  in  B.  V.  D.  If  you're 
cool,  work  is  play,  and  either  side  of  the  road   is   the 
shady  side.     In  B.  V.   D.  you  belong  to  the  "I  Won't 
IVorryClub   . 

Join  right  away,  and  you'll  look  at  life  through  rose-colored 
glasses,  with  a  quip  on  your  lip  and  a  song  in  your  heart 
By  the  way,  remember  that  tf//"Athletic"Underwear  is  notBN.D. 

For  your  own  welfare,  fixtheB.V.D. 
Red  Woven  Label  in  your  mind  and 
make  the  salesman  shoiu  it  to  you.  If  he 
can't  or  won't,  tvaU  out!  On  every 
B.  V.  D.    Undergarment  is  sewed 

Ihil  Rid  Wtvtn  Label 


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620 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


for  planting.  A  chip  off  the  husk  of  a 
cotton  seed  permits  the  oil  to  exude, 
after  which  decay  sets  in  and  vitality 
is  lost.  Not  only  does  poor  seed  bring 
forth  a  weak  plant,  but  the  weak  plant  a 
weak  product,  reduced  both  in  quality 
and  quantity.  Here  then  is  a  direct  gain 
of  great  importance  in  the  initial  step  of 
cotton  production.  That  in  itself  justifies 
the  creating  of  a  new  gin. 

But  the  new  machine  also  gives  more 


Supplanting 
Whitney's  Gin 
There  have  been 
practically  no  im- 
provements on  the 
cotton  gin  for  over 
a  hundred  years.  A 
new  machine,  using 
muchthesameprin- 
ciples  but  vastly  im- 
proved, should  put 
cotton  manufact- 
uring on  a  new  ba- 
sis. 


it  is  as  far  superior  to  Eli  Whitney's 
noisy  little  saw-demon  as  the  six- 
cylinder  automobile  is  to  the  ox  cart  or 
an  electric  light  to  a  tallow  dip. 

In  addition  to  all  its  other  advan- 
tages, the  new  machine  can  treat  suc- 
cessfully all  other  fibers  known  to  com- 
merce— wool,  for  the  removing  of  the 
cockle  burrs  which  sometimes  destroy 
as  much  as  forty  per  cent  of  a  clipping ; 
flax ;  asbestos ;  and  ramie, 
that  material  of  vast  pos- 
sibilities and  increasing 
popularity  for  which  we 
now  pay  ten  cents 
a  pound,  when 
ginned  by  hand  by 
the  Chinese. 


cotton     and      an     uninjured 
fiber,    with    the    original    twist 
paired. 

Its  construction  gives  immunity 
from  personal  injury.  It  stands  nearly 
twice  as  tall  as  a  Whitney  gin,  but 
there  are  no  saws  and  buzzing  wheels 
to  endanger  the  unwary.  Its  smooth 
steel  combs  lie  flat  against  the  roll,  and 
one  simple  action  controls  the  entire 
motion.  It  requires  comparatively  lit- 
tle power,  avoids  all  oil  stains  now 
common  in  cotton,  and  makes  a 
stronger  and  better  yarn  possible. 

With  these  facts  and  figures  in 
mind,  I  do  not  find  it  hard  to  believe 
what  is  claimed  for  the  machine — that 


So  after  one  hundred 
years,  Eli  Whitney's  gin  has 
been  improved  upon.  His  invention  built 
an  industry  which  has  made  almost  half 
of  the  greatest  country  in  the  world,  but 
its  drawbacks  have  already  begun  to  be 
felt,  and,  amidst  great  alarm,  the  experts 
have  begun  to  tell  us  that  the  United 
States  is  slipping  as  the  greatest  producer 
of  cotton.  The  Whitney  gin  is  hardest 
on  that  cotton  produced  in  our  own 
southland  and  it  is  with  that  product  that 
the  new  invention  will  deal  most  success- 
fully. It  should  go  far  in  bolstering  up 
trade  on  which  millions  are  dependent. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


621 


Popular  Educational  Food  Campaign 


Practical  Classification  of  Foods 

From  exhaustive   tests: 

Strong,  healthy  laborers,  when  deprived  of  the  muscle 
foods,  i.  c,  cereals  or  starchy  foods,  are  quickly  incapaci- 
tated for  their  usual  work. 

Middle-aged  brain-workers,  without  reserve  energy, 
when  deprived  of  the  digestible  brainy  foods,  i.  e.,  meat, 
game,  poultry,  dairy  foods,  are  quickly  incapacitated  for 
their  usual  work.  Also  note  the  mental  deficiency  among 
so  many  of  the  very  poor  where  virtually  only  starchy 
foods,  such  as  bread  and  potatoes,  are  eaten. 

Correct  Proportions  for  YOU 

The  same  proportion  of  brainy  to  muscle  foods  that 
would  be  ideal  for  the  lawyer  would  be  wholly  inappro- 
priate  for  the  blacksmith. 

There  is  an  ideal  food  system  for  every  individual  and 
violation  of  that  system  is  the  cause  of  disease,  ineffi- 
ciency, and  premature  death  to  that  individual.  Learn 
your  ideal  system  for  eating  and  you  have  the  key  to 
health  and   efficiency. 

Mother's  Grave  Responsibility 

Mothers  hold  the  welfare  of  the  family  in  their  hands. 
All  the  recipe-books  in  the  world  arc  of  less  value  than  a 
knowledge  of  the  principles  which  underlie  the  selection, 
combination,  and  proportion  of  foods.  One  mother 
writes:  "I  am  practising  the  New  Diet  System  in  my 
family  with  very  good  results,  having  almost  completely 
cured    my   husband   of   chronic    appendicitis." 


Pregnancy 


Another  mother  writes:     "I   had 
a      remarkable      quick      childbirth. 

The   doctor   said,    'Mrs. ,    did 

you  try  a  diet  with  this  child'*" 
Ten  months  later  she  wrote:  "Ik- 
has  never  had  a  sick  hour.  He  is 
the  best  developed  of  my  three 
children." 

The  Housewife's 
Dilemma 

To  please  the  palate  and  to  sup- 
ply the  correct  nutriment  is  the 
housewife's  dilemma.  If  the 
like  eggs,  they  are  given  eggs  with- 
out stint,  and  yet  there  is  hardly 
any  more  risky  food.  And  as  for 
some  spices  and  sauces,  etc.,  the 
aid  and  seen  of  them  the 
better.  Wc  all  know  the  connec- 
tion between  stimulating  or  indi- 
gestible food  and  bad  temper  or, 
worse  yet,  tyrannous  sensuality. 
If  wives  realized  that,  as  the  heads 
of  the  culinary  department  of  the 
household,  they  are  the  principal 
cause    of    the    abnormal    sexuality 

of  their  husbands  as  well  as  of  their  boys  and  girls,  I 
feel  that  they  would  never  rest  until  they  had  probed  this 
question  of  diet  to  the   bottom. 

Digestible  Brainy  Diet 

Eggs  in  wrong  combination  and  an  excess  of  starchy 
(paste  making)  and  fatty  foods  make  people  sluggish  and 
cause  dull,  splitting  headaches,  lack  of  memory  and  con- 
centration, drowsiness  and  inertia.  A  complete  change  to 
"digestible"  brainy  foods  Csui table  meat,  game,  fish  and 
suitable  dairy  foods,  combined  with  suitable,  vegetables 
and  fruits  according  to  the  new  brainy  food  plan)  pro- 
duces the  most   marked   improvements  in  a   few   weeks. 

A  case  of  kidney  and  bladder  trouble  of  ten  years' 
standing  was  vaved  from  a  surgical  operation,  and  the 
objectionable  discharge  relieved  within  ten  days,  because 
the  loss  of  control  was  due  entirely  to  the  constant  irrita- 
tion  from   certain   irritating   foods  and   drinks. 

Another  person,  deaf   in  the  right  ear,  owing  to  a  dis- 


charge caused  by  an  excess  of  mucus-making  foods 
(cream,  butter,  cheese,  etc.),  completely  eliminated  the 
catarrh,  thereby  restoring  his  hearing  by  taking  correct 
combinations  or   suitable   foods. 

Aged  People  the  Best  Test 

Death  does  not  come  to  an  aged  person  because  he  is 
"seventy"  or  "ninety."  But  it  is  because,  through  inju- 
dicious diet,  calcareous  and 
other  foreign  matter  have 
been  slowly  encrusting  the 
lining  of  the  arteries  until, 
in  the  aged  person,  a  suffi- 
cient supply  of  blood  cannot 
get  through  to  do  the  repair 
work.  I  nderstand  that  an 
absolutely  correct  diet  would 
not  permit  the  deposit  of 
this  matter — and  you  see  the 
wonderful  possibilities  in  it 
for  long   life. 

Dr.  R.,  a  retired  physician, 
81  years:     "Can  now  use  my 
hand  that  was  partially  para-  ggjgj 
lyzed.       Can     walk     straight  ^^ 
now    and    have    much    more    energy." 

Mr.  F.  C,  70  years,  Proprietor  of  1  )epartment  Store, 
writes:  "As  I  improved  in  every  respect  at  70  years  of 
age,  I  think  there  is  good  prospect  for  any  one  else.  I 
was  dropsical  and  rheumatic,  have  lost  over  50  pounds  of 
superfluous  weight  in  two  months,  lost  my  rheumatism  and 
have  returned  to  business,  some' 
thing  I  never  expected  to  do 
again.'* 

Mrs.  C.  K.  writes  that  she  is  82 
years  and  had  used  cathartics  and 
enemas  for  50  years.  "No  more 
headaches  since  adopting  the 
Brainy  Diet  System  the  last  six 
months  and  that  is  wonderful, 
since  I  had  a  headache^  almost 
every  day  previously.  Constipa- 
tion is  overcome.  I  sleep  well  and 
my   appetite   is   good." 

Mr.  B.  L.,  68  years.  Proprietor 
of  Dyeing  Works,  writes:  "En- 
closed find  picture  of  fish  which  I 
tramped  for  three  miles  to  catch. 
I  climbed  down  rocks  75  feet 
above  water.  You  know  three 
months  ago  I  was  pretty  bad,  could 
hardly  walk,  had  an  attendant  on 
account  of  vertigo.  The  severe 
neuritis  in  my  arm  and  the  rheu- 
matism was  too  painful  for  sleep. 
Absolutely  free  from  afl  pains  now 
and  it  is  owing  to  the  Brainy  Diet 
System   that  I  am  alive." 

Young  People  Increase 
Their  Income 

Mr.  T.  I.,  age  22,  clerk,  who  suffered  from  catarrh  and 
had  a  weak,  hoarse  voice,  writes:  "Voice  is  clear  and 
strong,  head  clear  as  a  bell.  Have  resigned  government 
position  and  am  now  making  four  times  as  much  travel- 
ing, something  I  had  the  ambition  but  not  the  energy  to 
do  before.     Have  fattened  up  20  pounds  in  two  months." 

Personal  Experience 

During  nineteen  years  of  personal  experiments.  I  have 
learned  to  produce  in  myself  rheumatism,  catarrh,  sore  throat, 
tonsilitii,  constipation,  double  chin,  swollen  glands,  kidney  troubles, 
shortness  of  breath,  rough  scaly  skin,  dandruff,  sores,  boils,  pimples 
with  white  pns,  blackheads,  rash,  and  other  symptoms  at  will  by  eating 
of  different  classes  of  foods  in  excess  for  several  days  or 
weeks  according  to  the  symptoms  desired.  AND  I  CAN 
RESTORE  MYSELF  TO  GOOD  HEALTH  IN  A  FEW 
DAYS  BY  CORRECT  DIET.  The  foods  which  cause  expec- 
toration, catarrh,  cough,  constipation,  tumors,  etc..  are  speci- 
fied in  my  booklet  which  has  taught  many  to  cure  themselves. 


Over    100    similar    cases    certified    by    Official    Investigating    Committee 

"The  New  Brainy  Diet  System"  sent  for  10  cents.     Send  Addresses  of  Sick  Friends  to 

G.  H.  BRINKLER,  Food  Specialist,  Dept.  17-F,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


622 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Take  the 

"Grind"  out     /- 

of  Grinding 

In  home  or  shop, 
hours  of  labor  with 
a  grindstone  can  be 
reduced  to  minutes 

with     an      eaSy-rUn- 
ning,     iaSL"        most  manual 
CUtting  schools. 

PIKE  PEERLESS 
JL  TOOL  GRINDER 

The  Pike  Patented  Bevel  Guide  enables  anyone  to 
grind  an  edge  true — and  do  it  in  record  time  without 
drawing  the  temper'or  "burning"  the  steel. 

Guaranteed  Forever  against  all  mechanical  defects. 
Pike  Peerless  Junior,  $5.  Pike  Peerless  Senior,  $7.  Foot 
Power.  $1.50  extra.  Other  Piko  grinders  from  $3  up  at  your 
hardware  or  tool  dealer's.  Under  Pike  trademark  you  can 
also  get  the  best  stone  for  every  other  sharpening  need— 
for  homo  as  well  as  shop.  Ask  to  see  a  Pike  Kantbreak 
Knife  Sharpener,  a  Pike  Strop  Hone  or  a  Pike  India  Oil- 
stone (fastest  cutting,  longest  lasting).  All  guaranteed. 
"PICK  A  PIKE." 

rpCp  A  Pike  India  Stone.  Send  4c  to  cover  pack- 
*  ***-»*-«  ingandmailingandgeta  handy  Pike  India  Vest 
Pocket  Stone  free— great  for  penknives,  etc.  Mention 
dealer's  name  and  we'll  also  send  "How  to  Sharpen,"  best 
book  ever  written  on  the  subject.  You'll  be  pleased. 
Write  today, 

PIKE  MFG.  CO..  71  Main  Street,  Pike,  N.  H. 


New  Typewriter $  18 

J    <*  in  IT    J5    A 


A  remarkable  typewriter,  carried  in  grip  or  over- 
coat  pocket.  Standard  keyboard.  Does  all  that 
higher-priced  machines  do.    Over  35,000  in  use. 

Has  less  than  250  parts  against  1700  to  3700  in  others— that 
is  the  secretof  our  $18  price.  All  important  Improvements, 
4t  1  R  JtKk\  H^B^.  visible  writing,  indestructible 
*P  ■*■  ^^H  ^^.  type,    reversible    ribbon,    etc 

^Handiest  typewriter  built.    Easy  to 
operate.  Built  In  famous  Elliot  t- 
FtsherBilllngMachlne  fac- 
tory, sold  on  money-back- 
unless-satistled  guaranty, 
Guaranteed     one     year. 
Weight  4J4  lbs.    You  can 
carry  for  home  use.  busi- 
ness, trips,  or  anywhere. 
Send   for  catalog   and 
AGENTS' 
PROPOSITION. 

CHAS.  J.  BENNETT  CO.,  1006  Cedar  St.,  Harrisburg.  Pa. 

HESSMMLOCKER 

1  The  Only  Modern,Sanitary 

STEEL  Medicine  Cabinet 

■    *s^      — — —  ^^— ^^—  — — 

^         orlocker  finished  in  snow-white,  baked 

•  y         I   everlasting   enamel,   inside   and   out. 

1    Beautiful  beveled  mirror  door.    Nickel 

1"  W~S   Plate  brass  trimmings.    Steel  or  glass 

JL,  -4V    shelves. 

Costs  Less  Than  Wood 

\j  I       I       Never  warps,   shrinks,    nor   swells, 
|    Dust  and  vermin  proof,  easily  cleaned. 

Should  Be  In  Every  Bath  Room 

Four  styles — four  sizes.    To  recess  in 
wall  or  to  hang  outside.    Send  for  illus- 
trated circular. 
_  J  Steel  HESS,911LTacomaBldg..  Chicago 
Medlclue  Cabinet  Makers  of  Steel  Furnaces.        Free  Booklet- 


TV"". 


!« 


THE  AVERAGE  MAN 

{Continued  from  page  52S) 

and  while  the  negro  weighs  more,  by 
about  three  pounds,  his  chest  measure- 
ment is  less.  All  the  students  at  one  col- 
lege for  nine  years  averaged  slightly  more 
in  height,  half  a  pound  more  in  weight 
and  nearly  an  inch  more  in  chest  girth, 
than  the  average  man.  Twelve  thousand 
Civil  War  volunteers  averaged  a  fraction 
of  an  inch  more  in  height,  a  trifle  over  a 
pound  more  in  weight  and  nearly  an  inch 
more  in  chest  girth. 

Seven  hundred  Iroquois  Indians,  se- 
lected for  the  purpose  of  the  test,  made 
a  splendid  showing.  But  they  did  not 
average  the  height  of  4,600  Irishmen  by 
more  than  an  inch  and  three-quarters. 
The  Indians  are  heaviest  of  all  the  types, 
but  both  the  Irish  and  the  Indians  have 
a  better  record  and  are  nearer  the  ideal 
measurements  than  any  others.  They 
correspond  to  the  Hercules  type. 

There  is  no  reason  for  the  average  man 
to  be  discouraged,  however.  He  is  a 
splendid  type  of  man  and  his  measure- 
ments are  much  nearer  those  of  the 
physically  perfect  man  than  is  generally 
believed. 


OPEN-WINDOW  SCHOOL- 
ROOMS 

WILLIAM  A.  WHEATLEY,  super- 
"  intendenCof  schools  in  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  determined  last  winter  to 
throw  open  the  windows  of  Middletown's 
schools,  contrary  to  all  the  directions 
issued  by  the  company  which  put  in  the 
ventilating  systems.  The  superintendent 
did  not  ask  permission  of  the  parents. 
He  presented  the  plan  to  the  board  of 
education  with  a  strong  argument  in 
favor  of  the  idea  and  it  was  carried  out. 
The  temperature  was  kept  as  nearly 
as  possible  between  sixty-four  and  sixty- 
eight  degrees,  which  was  from  two  to 
ten  degrees  lower  than  the  rooms  had 
been  kept  before.  Close  track  was  kept 
of  the  pupils  and  it  was  found  that  they 
complained  of  fewer  colds  than  usual, 
and  many  parents  reported  a  greatly 
improved  physical  condition  among  their 
children.  Superintendent  Wheatley's 
schools  have  acquired  a  national  name  as 
the  "open-window  schoolrooms." 


TECHXICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


623 


3onfflfs 

Trial 


EXTRAORDINARY  OFFER730  **?•  (°™  months) 

.  -       , ',    ■ ■  ■  .     -  free  trial  on  this  finest  of 

bicycies-the"  Ranger.*'  Wo  wiUship  it  to  you  on  approval,  freight 
p^^^i^thout  a  cent  deposit  in  .advance.  This  offer  is  genuine. 
WRITE  TOD  A  Y  forourbisf  catalog  [showing  our  full  line 
*.  .       .        ■  ,    .     ■    °*  bicycles  for  men  and  women,  boys  and 

girls  at  prices  never  before  equaled  for  like  quality.     It  is  a  cyclopedia 

— i^c    s*  sunfJrK>s  fltvl  useful  bicycle  information.     It's  free. 

TIRES,  COASTER-BRAKE  rear  wheels, inner  tubes,  lamps, 
cyclometers,  equipment  and  parts  for  all  bicycles  at  half  usual  pMeea. 
A  limited  number  of  Becond  hand  bicycles  taken  in  trade  by  our  retail 
stores  will  be  closed  out  at  once,  at  $3  to  $8  each. 

RIDER  AGENTS  wanted  in  each  town  and  district  to  ride  and 
exhibit  a  sample  11*14  model  Ranger  furnished  by  us 

'*  ?°*t*-Jrou  **<>  *"!"*  to  learn  what  we  offer  yon  and  how  we 
can  do  it.  Jfou  will  be  astonished  and  convinced.  Do  not  buy  a 
bicycle,  tires  or  sundries  until  you  fret  our  catalog  and  new  low  prices 
and  marvelous  offers.     Write  today.  , 

MEAD  CYCLE  CO.,    Dept  P-29,      CHICAGO,  ILL 


BE  A  SALESMAN 


EARN  $1,000  TO  $5,000  A  YEAR 

We  will  teach  you  to  be  a  high  grade 
Salesman  in  eight  weeks  by  mail  and 
assure  you  definite  propositions  from  a 
large  number  of  reliable  firms  offering  you  oppor- 
tunities to  earn  good  wages  while  you  are  learn- 
ing-. No  former  experience  required.  Write 
today  for  particulars,  large  list  of  good  openings 
and  testimonials  from  hundreds  of  our  students 
who  are  now  earning  $100  to  $500  a  month. 
Address  nearest  office,  DepL  A-18, 
National  Salesmen's  Training  Association 

Chicago  N«w  York  Kmmi  City  San  Francisco 


HI  IPU'C  B'g  32S  P-  Electrical 
UUUrl    ^  and  Wireless  Catalog 

Mai  1*4  for  he,  -lamp-  or  coin,  nhieh  you  may  4*4uM  on  first  ordrr  of  $  I. OS. 
f.rrsl  ro*t  of  fstslo?  sort  low  prlwn  prohibit  distribution  t- »prpt  to  thas*- 
rfally  latenetetf.     Most  elaborate  catalog  of  its  kind  published.     Catalog 

more  valuable  information  on  wireless  and  electricity  than  many 
text  books.  Contains  125  pages  wireless  insts.  and  raw  material  for  making 
insts..  numerous  diagrams,  hookups,  etc.     15  pages  telegraph  insts.,  42 

tors  and  dynamos.  175  payes  flashlights,  lamps,  lighting  plants, 
ammeters,  guns,  radiopticans,  miniature  railways  and  mechanical  books. 

THE  J.  J.  DUCK  COMPANY,  453-455  St.   Clair  St.,   TOLEDO,   OHIO 


THE  CLIPPER 


There  are  three  things  that  destroy 
your  lawns— Dandelions.  Back  Plan- 
tain, and  Crab  Grass.  In  one  season 
the  Clipper  will  drive  them  all  out. 

Your  dealer  should  have  them— if 
he  has  not.  drop  us  a  line  and  we  will 
send  circulars  and  prices. 

CUPPER  LAWN  MOWER  CO. 
Box  15.  Dixon,  III. 


Engines  of  both  2-cycle  and  4-oycle  type1 
for  boats  of  all  Blzes.  Material  and 
workmanship  absolutely  guaranteed., 
We  are  largest  builders  of  2-cycle 
marine  engines  in  the  world  and  there 
are  over  1000  dealers  who  sell  Otu  Kn- 
gines  and  give  Gray  service.  Write  to- 
day for  our  threfl  valuable  books  about  Gray  Motors  and  complete 
otor  Boats.    QUAY  MOTOR  CO.»flW-»  JTSf  Maitr  IHi.,  Ottrtit,  Mich, 


HOFFMAN'S  ATTACHABLE  DRAWING  BOARD  BRACKET 

for  Artists,  Designers,  Draftsmen,  Cardwriters.  &!§£ 

Adjust  any  height.  Tilt  any  angle.  Tke  Board  Revolves.  Strong, 
Finn.  Indestructible.     Write  For  free  booklet  T28. 

A.H0FFMAJHtCO..  SI  KeawoodAvt..  ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


One  MotorcycleTire 

Holds  Every  World's  Record 

Dominates  in  Sales 

And  Equips  %  of  All  the 

New  Machines 

It  is  built  by  Goodyear — built  just 
the  same  as  Goodyear  automobile  tires, 
which  have  won  top  place  in  Motordom. 
Consider  that— one  maker  holds  the  lead- 
ing place  both  in  motor  car  and  Motor- 
cycle tires,  despite  tremendous  rivalry. 
In  three  years  Goodyears  have  gained 
topmost  place  in  Tiredom.  And  the 
only  reason  lies  in  super-service  proved 
by  millions  of  these  tires. 

Why  Take  a  Risky  Chance? 

Rival  makers,  of  course,  must  say.  "Our  tires 
are  as  good  as  Goodyears."  But  look  at  the 
evidence. 

How  is  it  that  Goodyears  won  all  the  world's 
records  in  speed  and  durability  tests? 

How  is  it  that  Goodyears,  in  the  test  of  time, 
came  to  outsell  all  others? 

Why  is  it  that  three-fourths  of  all  the  1914  motor- 
cycles come  out  with  Goodyear  equipment? 


And  look  at  automobiles.  Those  tires  must 
also  stand  fearful  strain  and  grind.  And  most 
users  meter  their  mileage.  Goodyears  in  that 
field  have  outrivaled  all  others.  Now  they  have 
won  in  both  fields  by  giving  most  of  what  you 
desire  in  a  motorcycle  tire. 


G 


OOD/^YEAR 

AKRON.  OHIO 

Motorcycle  Tires 


Then  why  take  chances?  No  tire,  in  any  way, 
offers  more  than  Goodyears.  You  pay  no  more 
lor  Goodyears  than  for  other  standard  makes.  No 
good  tire  costs  you  less.  And  the  verdict  of  users 
—the  final  verdict  as  shown  by  sales — is  that  Good- 
years  are  best. 

Made  with  a  double-thick  anti-skid  tread.  Made 
by  a  patent  method  to  prevent  tread  separation. 
Made  to  hold  forever  the  place  they  hold  today. 

There  is  a  Goodyear  dealer  in  your  town.  Ask 
us  for  his  address — also  for  our  book  which  pictures 
and  describes  the  making  of  Goodyear  tires. 

The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber  Co. ,  Akron,  0. 

Toronto,  Canada      London,  England      Mexico  City,  Mexico 


Hrriiii'iiii  and  Arenrle*  in  108  Principal  Cttisw 

Ir'Jll'T-  Ihi  vm  lli'lr 

Write  I-  on  Anything  You  Want  la  Robber 


(153S) 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  "writing  advertisers. 


HOLDING  HIM  BETWEEN  JOBS 

The  Chinese  coolie  must  be  imprisoned  behind  bars  by  the  agent  who  plans  to  send  him  out  to  a  rice  plantation  to  earn 
his  living.    He  is  too  irresponsible  to  trust,  especially  if  his  railroad  fare  has  been  paid. 


STOPPING  THE  COOLIE 

"THE  Chinese  coolie  spends  his  hours 
away  from  work  in  prison.  The 
labor  agent  will  take  no  chances  with  his 
men  and  the  windows  of  his  establish- 
ment are  fitted  as  though  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  desperate  criminals.  The  cool- 
ies may  want  to  work  for  the  agent  but 
they  display  a  strange  perversity  in  their 


attitude  toward  a  contract.  In  the  con- 
tract, the  agent  agrees  to  pay  the  trans- 
portation of  the  laborer  and  the  latter 
agrees  to  work  out  his  passage,  but  the 
Chinese  coolie  seems  to  feel  that  if  he  can 
use  the  railroad  ticket  and  escape  from 
the  job  he  has  accomplished  a  great  end. 
The  tourist  in  China  often  thinks  he  has 
seen  jail  after  jail  when  in  reality  he  has 
seen  but  the  shops  of  Chinese  agents. 


The  Sky- 
rocket Bomb 
It  is  to  destroy 
aeroplanes 
from  the 
ground,  and  in 
a  recent  trial 
held  on  Champs 
d  e     Mars, 


rHOTB 

IY   UNOIAWBOO 

h   UtlMHWUOD 


#4 


r  ranee,  it  was 
very  successful 
in  target  prac- 
tice. The  in- 
ventor claims 
that  a  flying 
machine  of  any 
kind  would  be 
easy  prey  for  it. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


625 


^9?5  B 

Attaches  quickly  to  any  row  boat  by  tightening' 
two  thumbscrews.  Has  powerful  2-H.  P.  motor. 
Starts  easily,  runs  steadily  5  hours  on  1  gallon 
gasoline.  Steers  with  a  rudder.  Has  semi- 
weedless  propeller.  AH  parts  in  water  made  of 
bronze.      Our  price  saves   you   $20.00    or    more. 


OTORGO 

ROW  BOAT 
ENGINE     * 


^^^    Let  us  prove  that  you    cannot 
^J    buy   greater  value  at    any  price. 
^W  Send  name  on   postal  for   "Motoree 
^F  Folder  He.   763T." 

■  Sears,   Roebuck  and  Co.,  Chicago 


Waterman  PORTO  Does  It 

Makes  any  boat  a  motor  boat.  1914  Model,  3  H.  P. 
Weight  59  lbs.  Sold  direct  from  Factory  to  you, 
freight  paid.     Save  Agent's  profit. 

The  Waterman  PORTO  is  the  original  out- 
board motor.  9lh  year — 25.0OCfln  use.  Guar- 
anteed for  life.  Fits  any  shaped  stern;  has 
Carburetoi — net  "mixing  valve;"  3  Piston 
Rings  instead  of  1 ;  Removable  Phosphor 
Bronze  Bearings;  Solid  Bronze  Skeg.  protect- 
ing 10&  x  16  in.  Propeller  and  supporting 
Independent  Rudder;  Water-cooled  Exhaust 
Manifold;  Noiseless  under-water  Exhaust; 
Bronze  Gear  Water  Pump;  Spun-copper  Water 
Jacket;  any  ignition  equipment  desired. 
DEMAND  these  essentials  in  an  out- 
board motor,  or  you  won't  get  your 
money's  worth. 

Write  Today  for  Free  Engine  Book. 
WATERMAN  MARINE  MOTOR  CO.,  240  Mt.  Elliott  A™.,  Detroit.  Mich. 


Shirley 

President 

Suspenders 


Light,  cool,  easy 
shoulder- comfort 


5?l 


"Satisfaction  or  money  back" 

Be  sure  "SHIRLEY  PRESIDENT"  Is  on  buckle* 

The  C.  A.  Edgarton  Mftj.  Co.,  Shirley,  Mass. 


JOver  80,000  in  Use 

I  Mostiy  sold  by    re-.ommcr. 
I  dation.        For  rVrownal  Desk 

or  General  Office.  L 
I  Itchecksmental  calculations.  I 
I  HandsoroeMoroccocasefree.  | 

|  Boy  Thm  Vjur  Stationer. 

Write  fir  ro  day  trial  offer. 

T.  Ganehrr,  A.  A.  51.  Co., 

1 115  W.un*l.ij,  >Bw  York  CWj. 


tgents  Wanted 


Golclen_Gem  $ 

Adding,  Machine 


OLD  COINS  WANTED 


^Wm     **-2S  r;lch  P3''1  for  u-  s-  Eagle  cents  dated  1856.     We  pay  a  CASH 

*4BPF     premium  on  hundreds  of  old  coins.     Send  10  cents  at  once  for  New 

■  Illustrated  Coin  Value    Book,  4x7.     It  may  mean  *0l"R  fortune. 

CLARK  &.  CO.,  Coin   Dealers,   Box   73,  LeRoy,  N.  Y. 

PI    FCTRIP     HOME.  FARM,  THEJITRE.  STORE  or  TOWN  UGHTIN8PUNTI. 

■■■-■— W  ■  ■»■**  licfcle.  Carriage,  Motorcycle,  Boil,  Aula,  Fishing  and  Flash 
Lifjhti.  Engines.  Djrumov  Water  Wheels.  Storage  Batteries.  Fan.  Sewing  Machine 
an*  Paaer  Moiorj.  Telephones  Massage,  Ozone  and  Taltoo  Machines.  Transformers. 
Boltt.     Soaks. 


MOTION      PICTU,,E    T54EATRE    COMPLETE    EQUIPMENTS   Start    YOU    with 
"WiiWIl        IMIWrri.     Ten  Cents  >n  Hour  lights  Theatrt.    Cat 

CLEVELAND, 


BIG  PROFITS.     Ten  Cents  an  Hour  lights  Theatrt.    Catalog  3  els, 

OHIO   ELECTRIC   WOBK8,   D18,   CLEVELAND,    OHIO 


You  Men 
Who  Use 
Tools! 


You  can't  afford  to  be 
handicapped  by  inferior 
tools  that  won't  stand  up  to 
the  work.  Try  out  a  gen- 
uine Irwin  Bit.  Use  it  on 
hard  lignum  vitae,  use  it 
on  soft  pine — it  will  turn 
out  as  clean  a  job  of  bor- 
ing as  you  could  wish  for. 

The  solid  center  means 
greatest  strength — no  dan- 
ger of  snapping  where  the 
twist  joins  the  shank, 
where  other  bits  are  weak. 

Not  every  bit  made  after 
the  Irwin  pattern  is  a  gen- 
uine Irwin  Bit.  Look  for 
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626 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


{Continued 

growth  of  tissues  and  what  effect  the 
tissues  have  upon  the  medium. 

He  was  so  successful  in  these  experi- 
ments as  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion  that 
startled  investigators  all  over  the  world 
— a  conclusion  revolutionary  in  char- 
acter, unsuspected,  vital  to  the  healing 
of  a  small  wound  on  the  hand  of  a  child, 
and  vital  to  .the  whole  train  of  philo- 
sophical and  medical  thought.  His  con- 
clusion was  this :  that  connective  tissue 
cells  may  be  made  to  multiply  in  their 
culture  medium  like  microbes,  and  there- 
fore (like  microbes)  their  growth  may  be 
stimulated  or  retarded.  His  arrival  at 
this  conclusion  was  a  tremendous  step 
forward  in  the  knowledge  of  cell  multi- 
plication. 

With  this  much  accomplished,  the  next 
logical  step  was  to  ascertain  how  the 
growth  of  cell  organisms  could  be 
hastened,  how  retarded. 

Carrel  learned  that  the  rate  of  develop- 
ment of  tissue  cultivated  in  plasma  varied 
according  to  differing  conditions  in  the 
animals  from  which  the  plasma  was  taken. 
He  ascertained  that  the  plasma  from 
some  chickens  is  more  stimulating  than 
that  from  others ;  that  the  younger  the 
animal  the  faster  its  plasma  causes  tissue 
to  grow.  When  the  plasma  of  an  adult 
animal  was  used,  whether  the  animal  was 
a  chicken  or  a  dog,  it  was  discovered  that 
the  connective  tissue  lived  for  several 
weeks  but  did  not  increase.  All  this 
proved  conclusively  that  the  plasma  of  an 
adult  animal  did  not  possess  the  power 
of  producing  a  large  increase  of  the  mass 
of  tissue. 

But  Doctor  Carrel  did  not  believe  that 
this  power  could  not  be  imparted.  He 
even  "took  a  scientific  dare"  and  set 
about  to  vary  the  conditions  of  the 
medium  or  culture  solution  in  an  effort  to 
impart  to  the  plasma  of  an  adult  animal 
a  power  like  or  even  superior  to  that 
possessed  by  the  plasma  of  a  young  ani- 
mal. He  found  that  in  a  medium  com- 
posed of  a  mixture  of  adult  plasma  and 
embryonic  juice,  the  volume  of  tissue  in- 
creased with  such  rapidity  that  it  became 
necessary  to  divide  and  subdivide  it.  He 
could  fairly  see  it  grow. 

But  this  miracle  worker  has  gone  even 


from  page  582) 

one  step  farther.  Since  cells  make  tissues 
and  tissues  make  organs  he  has  attempted 
to  keep  alive  whole  organs.  He  has  re- 
moved organs  from  etherized  animals. 
For  instance,  he  suspended  the  lungs  and 
other  organs  of  a  cat  in  liquid  so  that  the 
lungs  were  in  contact  with  the  air.  After 
the  cat  was  killed  and  all  connection  with 
it  severed  the  organs  were  kept  alive  for 
more  than  thirteen  hours,  during  which 
time  the  strange  spectacle  was  presented 
of  the  cat  being  dead  while  its  organs 
lived.  And,  stranger  still,  he  fed  those 
organs — food  to  the  stomach,  air  to  the 
lungs.  In  other  words,  though  they  were 
living  entirely  detached  from  the  body, 
they  performed  their  normal  functions. 

Thus,  with  one  experiment  leading  into 
another  Doctor  Carrel  has  been  carried 
on  and  on  into  stranger  and  stranger 
realms  of  science. 

But  what  is  the  significance  of  his 
work?  What  does  it  all  mean  to  man- 
kind? Of  course,  he  has  not  yet  solved 
the  problem  of  continuous  life.  But  his 
results  have  in  them  a  significance  far 
broader  than  that  which  applies  merely 
to  the  healing  of  wounds  and  the  mend- 
ing of  bones,  great  as  that  achievement  is. 
As  there  is  a  destruction  of  tissue  in  some 
part  of  the  body  in  nearly  every  disease, 
Doctor  Carrel's  experiments  point  to  the 
more  rapid  and  surer  recovery  from  all 
types  of  diseases.  New  power,  new 
strength  may  be  given  to  the  man 
stricken  with  tuberculosis,  to  the  child 
down  with  scarlet  fever,  even  to  the 
victim  of  the  bubonic  plague.  Doctor 
Carrel  has  gone  down  to  the  very  roots 
of  things,  and  if  not  to  the  root  of  life 
itself,  at  least  to  the  root  of  the  renewal 
of  life. 

His  comment  to  a  foreign  surgeon  ex- 
plains best  what  he  himself  thinks  of  his 
work.  "I  only  hope,"  he  said,  "that  my 
methods  will  serve  in  the  discovery  of 
laws  still  unknown,  the  knowledge  of 
which  will  aid  in  treating  and  preventing 
the  diseases  which  attack  the  human 
race."  From  which  assertion  it  will  be 
seen  that  he  is  still  the  most  modest  of 
men — and  as  he  is  young,  and  his  life  is 
to  be  dedicated  to  his  work,  no  one  can 
predict  what  he  may  yet  discover. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


627 


8 


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ONE  TOOL 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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ON  THE  TELEPHONE 
FRONTIER 

{Continued from  page  585) 

sled,  with  a  reel  attached.  This  work 
was  very  difficult,  but  it  was  put  through 
at  a  total  cost  of  $46.82  per  mile,  proving 
that  winter  telephone  construction  even  in 
these  rough  and  comparatively  inaccessi- 
ble places  can  be  successfully  carried  on. 
Construction  of  telephone  lines  and 
trails  forms  the  chief  work  of  the  forest 
service  today.  Evidently  the  time  is  not 
far  distant,  judging  from  the  remarkable 
record  made  in  the  last  few  years,  when 
there  will  be  no  part  of  the  Government's 
forest  domain  without  these  twin  means 
of  communication  with  the  outside  world. 
"Getting  away  from  civilization"  will  be 
a  mere  figure  of  speech  quite  likely  to  be 
interrupted,  while  one  is  making  it,  by 
the  ringing  of  a  telephone  bell  in  the 
wilderness. 


RISE  OF  THE  DRAFT  HORSE 

{Continued  from  page  567) 

any  thoroughbred  in  any  Kentucky 
racing  stable. 

While  Iowa  and  Illinois  lead  in  draft- 
horse  production,  Ohio  takes  the  lead  in 
fattening  draft  horses  for  market.  About 
six  thousand  drafters,  mostly  from  Illi- 
nois and  Iowa,  are  fattened  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Wooster  every  year  at  a  profit  of 
from  fifty  to  seventy-five  dollars  per 
animal. 

Rapid  strides  have  been  made  in  draft- 
horse  production  in  the  far  West. 
"Horse  day"  at  the  Provo,  Utah,  fair  re- 
cently showed  how  far  the  bronco  type 
of  horse  has  been  shoved  into  the  back- 
ground. There  are  many  horse  ranches 
in  Utah,  Colorado.  New  Mexico,  Wyo- 
ming, and  other  Western  States,  where 
excellent  drafters  are  raised,  thus  upset- 
ting the  theory,  so  long  advanced  by 
horsemen,  that  the  draft  horse  cannot  be 
raised  successfully  in  high  altitudes. 

Draft-horse  culture  in  this  country  will 
benefit  not  only  the  farmer,  but  the  city 
user  of  draft  horses,  who  now  has  reason 
to  bewail  the  scarcity  of  good  animals. 
In  fact  the  Iowa  experiment  means  the 
end  of  the  day  when  "any  horse  will  do 
for  a  work  horse". 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


629 


READING  BUSINESS" 


WILLIAM  H.  INGERSOLL,  Marketing  Manager  of  Robert 
H.  Ingersoll  &  Bro.,  the  makers  of  the  watch  that  "made  the 
dollar  famous,"  came  to  our  office  a  while  ago  with  Mr.  R.  A, 
Givaudan,  the  Auditor  of  his  Company, 

"Mr.  Givaudan  has  seen  the  light,1  said  Mr.  Ingersoll.  "He  is 
ready  to  take  up  your  Modern  Business  Course  and  Service.  Further- 
more, I  am  going  to  start  the  reading  again  and  go  through  your 
Course  from  beginning  to  end  with  Mr.  Givaudan. 

There  is  a  lot  of  valuable  business  knowledge  scattered  here  and  there,  but  it's 
of  little  use  to  a  business  man  until  it  is  put  into  a  systematic,  digestible  form.  That's 
what  your  Course  does.  You  mah.e  it  possible  to  'read  business'  in  the  same 
sense  that  a  man  can  '  read  law. ' " 

Mr.  Ingersoll  himself  subscribed  for  the  Course  and  Service  in  February,  1910. 
He  has  had  over  four  years  in  which  to  test  its  value  to  him  in  his  business. 

All  over  the  country,  progressive  and  far-sighted  business  men  are  doing  just  what 
Mr.  Ingersoll  and  Mr.  Givaudan  are  doing.  They  are  following  with  eager  interest 
the  Modem  Business  Course  and  Service. 

These  men  realize  that  the  knowledge  they  can  get  from  their  own  personal  expe- 
rience is  too  narrow  to  enable  them  to  make  the  best  use  of  their  abilities.  In  the 
Modern  Business  Course  and  Service  they  are  getting  the  collected  experience  and 
ideas  of  thousands  of  successful  business  men,  organized  in  a  form  to  be  easily  grasped. 

The  authority  behind  the  work  is  shown  by  the  Advisory  Council,  the  five 
members  of  which  are: 


JOSEPH  FRENCH  JOHNSON,  D.C.S. 

Dean  of  the  New  York  University  School 
of  Commerce,  Accounts  and  Finance. 
ELIJAH  W.  SELLS.  MA..  C.P.A. 
Senior  Member  of  Haskins  and  Sells,  Certi- 
fied Public  Accountants. 


FRANK  A.  VANDERUP,  LL.D. 

President  of  the   National    City  Bank  of 

New  York. 
JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS,  LL.D. 

Professor  of   Government,  New  York 

University. 


ELBERT  H.  GARY,  LL.D.,  Chairman  of  the  Board,  U.  S.  Steel  Corporation. 

If  you  are  now  holding  an  executive  position,  or  ever  expect  to  hold  one,  you  want  to  bear  more 
about  the  Modem  Busmen  Course  and  Service  and  what  it  will  do  for  you. 

It  is  big  enough  for  the  leaders  of  today  ;  it  .is  not  too  big  for  those  who  hope  to  be  numbered 
among  the  leaders  of  tomorrow. 

The  secret  of  its  power  is  told  in  our  booklet,  ''Organized  Business  Knowledge,"  written  by 
Joseph  French  Johnson.     Let  us  send  you  a  copy. 


MR.  WM.  H.  INGERSOLL. 

Marketing  Manager  of  Robt. 
H.  Ingersoll  &  Bro. 


MR.  R.  A.  GIVAUDAN. 
Auditor  of  Robt.  H.  Ingersoll 
&Bro. 


Among  the  subscribers  to  the 
Modern  Business  Course  and 
Service  are  men  of  all  grades  of 
business  positions  from  president 
to  clerk  in   many   of  the  most 
progressive  corporations  in    the 
country.     The  following  is  a 
representative  list : 
Westinghouse  Electric  and  Man- 
ufacturing   Company,   126 
men  enrolled. 
American   Rolling   Mill    Com- 
pany, 65  men  enrolled. 
National  Cash    Register  Com- 
pany, 63  men  enrolled. 
National  City  Bank  of  New 

York,  5 1  men  enrolled. 
Burroughs  Adding  Machine 
Company,  5 1   men  enrolled. 
Globe- Wernicke  Company,  20 

men  enrolled. 
Commonwealth    Edison    Com- 
pany of  Chicago.   103  men 
enrolled. 


Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 


77  A»tor  Place,  New  York  City 


Without  placing  me  under  any  sort  of  obligation  send  me  your  book,  "Organized  Business  Knowledge,"  and  full 
information  regarding  your  Course  and  Service.    (Write  your  name,  address  and  business  position  below.) 


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-every  town.  The  Traffic  Co.,  1137R  Shef- 
field Street,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


AT  LAST  —  A  vacuum  clothes  washer: 
washes  tub  of  clothes  in  3  min.  Patented 
Jan.  30,  1914.  Washday  now  a  pleasure. 
Women  grab  it  at  $1.50.  Agts.  price  50c  in 
quantities.  Wendell  Washer  Co.,  296  Oak 
St.,  Leipsic.  O. 

AGENTS  -  Sell  the  Primus,  genuine 
Swedish  wiekless,  coal-oil  stoves.  Smoke- 
lesB,  odorless.  Twice  the  heat  of  gasoline 
at  one-eighth  the  cost.    No  danger  of  ex- 

Slosion.    Big  (profits.     James  Anderson   & 
ons,  Sidney,  Ohio.  American  distributors. 


$200  GUARANTEE  to  deputies.  Ask  about 
our  sick  and  accident  insurance  plan.  Na- 
tional Benevolent  Society,  529  Westover 
Bldg.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

AGENTS— RED  HOT  SUMMER  SELLEK 
—  Concentrated  soft  drinks  —  orangeade, 
grape,  raspberry,  etc.  7  kinds— Smallpack- 
age— enormous  demand.  Whirlwind  sales- 
astonishing  profits.  Get  itquick— while  it's 
new.  Write  to-day  for  full  particulars. 
American  Products  Co.,  3093  Sycamore  St., 
Cincinnati.  Ohio. 

SAFETY  Self-Filling  pen  proposition. 
Laughlin,  Detroit. 


ANALYSIS   AND   FORMULAS 


WE  ANALYZE  EVERYTHING.  Reliable 
formulas  furnished.  Expert  chemists.  S. 
Laboratories,  721  EaBt  161st  Street,  New 
York. 

NEWDISOOVERY.  How  to  renew 
"Burned  Out"  Electric  Light  globes,  15c; 
How  to  Renew  Old  Dry  Batteries,  15c;  both, 
26c.  Big  money  savers.  Nothing  to  buy  in 
renewing  your  globes.  Satisfaction  guar- 
anteed or  money  refunded.  Success  Sup- 
ply  Co.,  T.  W.  2,  Hannibal,  Mo. 

CLEAN  HANDS  in  2  minutes.  Removes 
grease,  paint,  stains.  Cheap  and  easily 
made.  Send  15c  for  formula.  Geo.  M. 
Studebaker  Jr.,  Dept.  G.  South  Bend,  Ind. 

AUTOMOBILES   AND   GARAGES 

USED  CARS  can  be  quickly  sold  through 
these  columns.  Very  low  classified  rate. 
Write  Advertising  Manager.  5758  Drexel 
Ave.,  Chicago,  for  information. 


AUTOMOBILES  AND  GARAGES     Cont'd 


USE  AN  AIR-FRIOTION  1914  MODEL 
"C."  Increases  power  and  economy  of 
motor  one-half.  Absolutely  impossible  to 
choke  or  load.  Uses  distillate,  gasoline  or 
half  kerosene  with  finest  results.  Starts 
easy  in  coldest  weather.  We  fit  all  motors, 
guaranteeing  definite  results  or  refund 
money.  Exclusive  county  rights.  Liberal 
exchange  on  other  carburetors.  The  Air- 
Friction  Carburetor  Co..  Dayton,  Ohio. 

CYCLECAR— all  parts.  Motors,  Frames, 
Steering  Gear,  Hubs.  Spokes,  Rims,  Tires, 
Parts.  Catalogue  free.  Palmer  Bros., 
Coscob,  Oonn. 

RECTIFIERS  for  garages.  All  sizes. 
Charge  one  to  eight  batteries.  $12  upwards. 
American  Battery  Company,  U72  Fulton 
St.,  Chicago. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 


WOULD  you  like  to  own  a  good  paying 
mail  order  business?  We  have  a  line  that 
gets  repeat  orders  all  the  time;  you  can 
start  in  spare  time;  invest  a  dollar  or  two  a 
week  and  soon  own  a  nice  business  of  your 
own;  write  for  particulars.  Nadico,  1655 
Belmont  Ave.,  Chicago. 

WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  WOMAN  $250.00 
for  distributing  2000  FREE  packages  Per- 
fumed Soap  Powder  in  your  town.  No  mon- 
ey required.  U.  Ward  &  Co.,  218  Institute 
Place.  Chicago. 

I  MADE  A  FORTUNE  IN  MAIL-ORDER 
business.  From  small  beginning  my  Bales 
now  total  close  to  One  Million  Five  Hundred 
Thousand  Dollars  annually.  Why  can't  you 
do  as  well?  Get  my  free  booklet  —"How  To 
Make  Money  In  The  Mail  Order  Business." 
Randolph  Rose,  234  Rose  Bldg..  Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 

MANUFACTURE    OFFICE    SUPPLIES. 

Good  profits.  Very  little  capital  needed. 
Particulars  free.  Charles  Krepps,  Eccles 
Street.  Pittsburgh.  Penna. 

$5  DAILY  easily  earned  at  home,  spare 
time,  silvering  mirrors;  no  capital;  free 
instructive  booklet  tells  you  how.  Patter- 
son  &  Co..  Dept.  6.  Brooksville.  Ky. 

CASH  FOR  AN  IDEA.  Patent  News, 
Dept.  154,  Washington,  D.  0.     Sample  free. 

SIX  MONTHS  FREE.  Our  little  Maga- 
zine  describing  splendid  investment  oppor- 
tunities and  other  interesting  facts  con- 
cerning the  Great  Northwest.  Send  for 
your  copy  today.  Hanauer-Graves  Co., 
Spokane.  Washington. 

OTHER  MEN  are  making  big  money 
through  these  columns  — why  not  you? 
Start  a  mail  order  business  of  your  own. 
You  can  reach  our  750,000  readers  at  an  ex- 
tremely low  rate.  We  prepare  your  copy 
without  charge  if  you  desire.  Write  Ad- 
vertising Manager,  5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago, for  information. 

CASH  FOR  YOUR  BUSINESS  or  real 
estate.  I  bring  buyers  and  sellers  together. 
If  you  want  to  buy.  sell  or  trade,  address 
Frank  P.  Cleveland,  1311  Adams  Express 
Bldg..  Chicago.  111.     Established  188L 


CAMERAS 


HAVE  YOU  A  CAMERA?     Write  for 

samples  of  my  magazine.  American  Photog- 
raphy and  Popular  Photography,  which 
tell  you  how  to  make  better  pictures  and 
earn  money.  F.  R.  Fraprie,  629  Pope  Build- 
ing, Boston,  Mass. 


COINS   AND   STAMPS 


$4.25  EACH  paid  for  U.  S.  Flying  Eagle 
Cents  dated  1856.  Keep  all  money  dated  be- 
fore 1895,  and  send  10c  at  once  for  New  Il- 
lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  may 
mean  your  fortune.  Clarke  &  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers,  Box  142,  Le  Roy,  N.  Y. 


COINS   AND    STAMPS  — Cont'd 

STAMP  COLLECTING  IS  INTERKST- 
ing,  instructive  and  profitable.  Only  10c 
starts  you  with  Album  and  538  stamps,  in- 
cluding Rhodesia,  Jamaica  (Waterfalls). 
China  (Dragon),  Malay  (Tiger),  etc.  Big 
lists  and  $3.00  Coupons  Free!  We  buy  stamps. 
Hussman  Stamp  Co.,  Dept.  O,  St.  Louis,  Mo, 

STAMPS  FREE— 100  DIFFERENT  FOR 
the  names  of  two  collectors  and  two  cents 
postage.  10  different  foreign  coins  |fic;  20 
Russian  stamps,  10c.  Lists  free.  Toledo 
Stamp  Co.,  Toledo.  Ohio. 

McKEIL'S  SI  AMP  WEEKLY.  BOSTON. 
Mass.,  six  months  25c  and  205  different  for- 
eign stamps,  or  101  United  States,  60  Japa- 
nese, 50  Asiatic,  free. 

STAMPS  —  105  CHINA,  ETC..  STAMP 
Dictionary  and  list,  2c.  Bullard,  Sta.  A4. 
Boston. 


CORRESPONDENCE  SCHOOLS 


COLLEGE! '-WHY  NOT  GO?  WE  CAN 

easily  and  quickly  prepare  you  for  entrance 
to  a  school  of  Medicine,  Dentistry.  Phar- 
macy, Bacteriology,  Osteopathy,  Lhw,  Engi- 
neering, or  a  University.  Investigate  our 
New  Method  Residential  and  Home  Study 
Courses;  also  Self-Help  Plans.  Send  today 
for  Booklet  telling  how  to  successfully  pre- 
pare for  1914  registration.  Brooks  Classical 
School.  Dept.  T-W.  Schiller  Bldg..  Chicago. 


YOUNG  MAN!     LEARN  DRAFTING  - 

one  of  the  most  practical  subjects  of  study 
to-day,  indispensable  in  many  occupations, 
engage  in  individual  study  successfully  with 
the  aid  of  our  new  book,  "A  Practical  Oonrta 
in  Mechanical  Drawing.'*  160  pages,  IS) 
drawings,  cloth.  50  cents,  postpaid.  Popular 
Mechanics  Book  Dept.,  78  E.  Madison  St., 
Chicago. 

SHORTHAND      SELF  -  INSTRUCTION 

book  by  world's  greatest  stenographer,  in- 
cluding preliminary  correspondence  in- 
struction, $1.50.  Osgoodby  School  Stenog- 
raphy, Gorsline  Street,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


HELP  WANTED 


LOCAL  REPRESENTATIVE  WANTED 
—Splendid  income  assured  right  man  to  act 
as  our  representative  after  learning  our 
business  thoroughly  by  mail.  Former  ex- 
perience unnecessary.  All  we  require  is 
honesty,  ability,  ambition  and  willingness 
to  learn  a  lucrative  business.  No  soliciting 
or  traveling.  All  or  spare  time  only.  This 
is  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  a  man  in 
your  section  to  get  into  a  big  paying  busi- 
ness without  capital  and  become  independ- 
ent for  life.  Write  at  once  for  full  par- 
ticulars. National  Co-Operative  Realty 
Company.  L-136,  Marden  Building,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

FREE  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK  tells  of 
about  300.000  protected  positions  in  U.  8. 
service.  Thousands  of  vacancies  every  year. 
There  is  a  big  chance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pay,  lifetime  employment.  Just 
ask  for  booklet  S-2.  No  obligation.  Earl 
Hopkins,  Washington.  D.  C. 

MEN  OF  IDEAS  and  inventive  ability 
should  write  for  new  "Lists  of  Needed  In- 
ventions," "Patent  Buyers"  and  "How  to 
Get  Your  Patent  and  Your  Money."  Advice 
FREE.  Randolph  &  Co.,  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept.  36,  Washington.  D.  C. 

I  WILL  START  YOU  earning  $4  daily  at 
home  in  spare  time,  silvering  mirrors;  no 
capital;  send  for  free  instructive  booklet, 
giving  plans  of  operation.  G.  F.  Redmond, 
Dept.  B-P,  Boston.  Mass. 


U.  S.  GOVERNMENT  JOBS  OPEN  TO 
men  and  women.  Over  15.000  appointments 
coming.  $75  to  $150  month.  Life  jobs. 
Pleasant  work.  Short  hours.  Vacations. 
Common  sense  education  sufficient.  Full 
directions  telling  how  to  get  position.  Free. 
Franklin  Institute,  Dept.  G-29,  Rochester, 
N.  Y. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


631 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS— Continued 


HELP  WANTED-Continued 


RKPORT  INFORMATION,  NEWS, 
NAM  E8,  etc.,  ti>  as.  No  canvassing  — spare 
time.  We  have  established  markets.  Par- 
ticulars   for  stamp.       "NISCO"  —  HCF — 

Cincinnati. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


GRANDFATHER'S    CLOCK    WORKS, 

$5.00.  Slightly  shopworn,  quantity  limited, 
others  with  chimes,  all  prices:  also  several 
nice  grandfather's  clock  cases,  exceptional 
bargains.  Clock  Company,  1690  Cavuga  St., 
Philadelphia.  Pa. 


MACHINERY 


INVKNTORS:  We  manufacture  metal 
articles  of  all  kinds,  to  order.  Also,  special 
machinery,  tools  and  dies,  punchings,  lathe 
and  screw  machine  v. irk.  metal  spinnings, 
castings,  plating,  wood  and  metal  patterns. 
<•■■■-.  S.-nd  sample  for  estimate  and  expert 
advice,  free.  THE  EAGLE  MFG.  CO.. 
Dept.  E,  Cincinnati,  O. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


SAVE  m  ON  PHOTO  PAPER- FROM 
factory.  INSTANTO  prints  quicker,  han- 
dled easier,  shows  better  detail.  Send  25c 
for  three  doz.    postals  4x6.     Money   back 

guarantee.    The  Photo  Products  Co.  (Mf re.). 


6117  La  Sail.*  St.,  Chicago. 


125  WHITE  BOND  LETTERHEADS  AM) 
06  enreloMa,  printed.  $1.00,  prepaid.  D. 
Lotz  Printing  Co..  York.  Pa.     

MAGAZINES.  LOWEST  RATES  GUAR- 
anteed.  Catalog  free.  American  Magazine 
Agency.  Box  1:22.  Atlanta,  Ga. 


RECEIVE  PRETTY  POSTCARDS  FROM 
far  and  near,  beat  tlnh.  Membership  10c. 
Jolly  Card  Exchange.  I!.  *  126  I  .  Decatur,!  nd. 


YOUR  ADVERTISEMEMT  PRINTED 
on  144  pencils,  $1.80.  Pencil  Co.,  Thibo- 
daux.  La. 

INSECTS   WANTED.     ALL   SALABLE' 

Ra r  J  t  ics  $1.00  to $5,000.  Get  instruction  book. 
Send  stamp.  J.  Sinclair,  D-30,  Los  Angeles, 
Cal. 

CLASSIFIED  ADVERTISERS  GET  BIG 
returns  from  Technical  World  Magazine. 
Any  classification.  Low  rate.  We  prepare 
copy  without  charge  if  desired.  Write  Ad- 
vert ising  Manager,  5758  Drexel  Ave.. Chicago, 
for  information. 

AUTHORS.  SEND  2c  FOR  "HOW  TO 
get  your  book  published."  Write  us  your 
needs.  We  advise,  revise,  illustrate,  oop/< 
right,  print  and  market.    Refer  to  banks 

an<l  iiothup*.  Shakespeare  Press,  116  E.  2*th 
St..  New  York. 


MOTION  PICTURE  PLAYS 

WRITE  MOVING  PICTURE  PLAYS:  $50 
each;  all  or  spare  time;  correspondence 
course  unnecessary.  Details  free  Atlas 
Publishing  Co.,  329.  Cincinnati.  Ohio. 

EARN  EXTKA  MONEY  WHITING  Mov- 
ing picture  plavs.  We  show  you  how  to 
WRITE  and  SELL.    Bend  ft«  free  book  of 

valuable  information,  special  prize  offer. 
Chicago  Photo-Playwright  College,  Box  278 
N.  W„  Chicago. 

MOTORCYCLES 

MOTORCYCLES.  Everybody  ridesthem. 
Wbj  'i'lii'tyou?  You're  next.  We  guarantee 
tp  save  you  $25  to  $50.  Kultures,  Yales. 
Readings.  Indians,  Excelsiors.  Thors,  Har- 
leys,  Hendersons,  Pierces,  Curtiss,  Single 
and  I  /.ins.  $25  to $100.00.  Tires  $4.o6.  Belts 
$5.00.  Send  for  catalog.  Deninger  Cycle 
Co..  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


PATENTS   AND    PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

PATENTS  without  advance  attorney's. 
fees.  Send  sketch  for  free  report.  Hooks 
free.    Fuller  A  Fuller,  Washington,  D.  0. 


PATENTS   AND    PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 

PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  Send 
sketch  for  free  expert  search  and  report  as 
to  patentability.  Books  on  inventions  and 
patents,  and  book  of  references  from  con- 
gressmen, manufacturers,  bankers  and  in- 
v.-ntnrs  sent  free.  John  S.  Duffle  &  Co., 
606  F.  St.,  N.  W\,  Washington,  D.  O. 


BUSINESS  GOES  WHERE  INVITED 
and  stays  where  well  treated.  My  27  years 
of  personal  attention  has  procured  patents 
for  successful  inventors  and  manufacturers. 
Grasp  this  opportunity  to  get  the  same  ser- 
vice. Write  and  send  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges,   630    Barrister  Bldg.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


PATENTS  — HERBERT  JENNER,  pat- 
ent attorney  and  mechanical  expert,  606  F 
St..  Washington,  D.  C.  I  report  free  of 
charge  if  a  patent  can  be  had  and  its  exact 
cost.    8end  for  circular. 


PATENTS  THAT  PR(  )TECT.  Advice  and 
books  fret-.  Highest  references.  Bestresults. 
Send  sketch  or  model  for  free  search. 
Watson  E.  Coleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  624  F 
Street.  Washington.  D.  C. 


PROTECTIVE  PATENTS  PROCURED 
promptly.  Patent  books  free.  Trademarks 
registered,  Robb  A  Robb.  204-208  Southern 
Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 


C.  L.  PARKER,  Patent  Attorney.  944 
G  Street,  Washington,  D.  C.  Inventor's 
handbook,     "Protecting,    Exploiting    and 

Selling  Inventions,"  sent  free  upon  request. 


WRITE  FOR  "Words  of  Value  to  In- 
ventors."  Free.  John  R.  Woodworth,  Regis- 
tered Attorney.  Wardir  Bldg.,  Washington, 


INVENTORS-WRITE  FOR  OUR  SPE- 
cial  offer  securing  patents.  Wm.  N. 
Moore  A  Co.,  706  Loan  A  Trust  Bldg.,  Wash- 
ington.  D.  C. 


"PATENTS  AND  PATENT  POSS1B1L- 
Ktor*  is  a  72- page  treatise  which  tells  all 
about  patents,  what  to  invent  and  where  to 
w'll  it.  It  gives  honest  advice  to  Inventors 
and  Is  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  in- 
formation. Write  for  it  today!  It  is  FREE. 
H.  S.  Hill.  907  McLachlen  Building.  Wash- 
ington.  D.  0. 


PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  $10,000 
offered  for  inventions  wanted.  Booklet  and 
opinion  free.  Milo  B.  Stevens  A:  Oa.  K-- 
tablished  1864.  612  F  St.,  Washington;  336 
Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 


PATENTS  $15  DOWN.  AND  $5  PER 
month  after  application  is  filed.  S.i.! 
sketch  for  free  report.  Books  free.  Obed 
1M1  man,  Cleveland,  O.,  and  Washington, 
P.O. 

INVENTIONS  SOLD  ON  COMMISSION. 
Patents,  models,  free.  Promoters  and  capi- 
talists send  for  latest  list  of  inventions. 
German  -  American  Syndicate,  801 -K  Mil- 
waukee Ave..  Chicago. 

INCORPORATE.  OUR  LAWYERS  DO 
the  work,  saving  you  time,  annoyance  and 
money  in  incorporating  under  the  most  lib- 
eral taws  of  Arizona.  Laws  and  forms  free. 
Southwestern  Securities  A  Investment  Co., 
Box  488,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 


FOR    SALE 


VIRGINIA  FARMS  FOR  SALE.  WE 
have  the  finest  list  of  farms  ever  offered  in 
Virginia,  several  on  the  James,  York, 
Nanaemond,  Chuckatuck.  and  other  salt- 
water rivers,  and  Linkhorn  Bay,  and  many 
others.  We  can  suit  you  in  the  number  of 
acres  and  price.  Write  for  our  list  and  see. 
H.  C.  Hoggard  A  Co.,  Norfolk,  Va. 

KKYLKHB  DOOR  LOCKS,  PLACED  ON 
any  door  without  tools.  Pocket  sUe  nickel- 
plated  sample  25  cents,  postpaid;  fifty-cent 
value.  Hooeier  Novelty  Co..  Indianapolis, 
Ind. 


FOR  SALE.  MOUNTED  MOOSE,  ELK, 
Deer  heads.  Animals  and  Birds.  Reuben 
Sayler,  497  Broadway,  Dayton.  Ohio. 


PATENT  NEW  CORE  CASTING 
cleaning  machine.  Sell  on  reasonable  terms 
to  manufacturers.  It  will  sell  easy  to  Foun- 
dries. John  Mickitsch,  303  Military,  Detroit. 
Mich. 


FOR   SALE— Continued 


PATENT  RIGHT  TO  BEST  BUTTER- 
mold  ever  patented.  Address  A.  F.  Gates, 
Creede,  Colo. 

ELECTRIC  PIANOS.  $100.  TERMS, 
catalog.  Continental  Novelty  Co.,  Omaha, 
Neb. 


STOCKS    AND    BONDS 


A  BARGAIN.-7%  PREFERRED  STOCK. 
Scientific  American  Compiling  Companv, 

Eublishers  Encyclopedia  Americana.  Stock 
as  paid  1%  for  the  last  ten  years.  Now  held 
25%  above  par.  Will  sacrifice  one  hundred 
$10.00  Preferred  Shares  at  98  and  give  bonus 
of  twenty  shares  Common  Stock.  Recom- 
mended by  Technical  World  Magazine. 
G.  A.  Kates,  610  E.62nd  8t.,  Chicago,  111. 

TECHNICAL  BOOKS 


"HOW  TO  RUN  A  LATHE."    A  50  cent 

book,  64  pages,  75  illustrations,  sent  post- 
paid foriOcentB.  Stamps  accepted.  8outh 
Bend  Machine  Tool  Co.,  Sonth  Bend.  Ind. 

MAKE  YOUR  OWN  Mission  Furniture 
and  save  %.  We  furnish  complete  instruc- 
tions for  making  and  finishing  98  different 
pieces  in  our  three  books  at  50  cents  each  or 
$1.50  per  set,  postpaid.  Even  amateurs  get 
most  satisfactory  results.  Send  for  des- 
criptive literature  including  complete  list 
of  designs.  Popular  Mechanics  Book  Dept.. 
78  E.  Madison  St.,  Chicago. 

POPULAR  MECHANICS  Shop  Notes  for 
1914— a  224-page  book  of  easy  ways  to  do  the 
hard  things  in  every  trade  and  calling.  Use- 
ful time  and  labor  saving  "kinks"  which 
are  indispensable  to  the  professional  me- 
chanic or  amateur.  519  articles.  462  illus- 
trations. Price  50  cents  postpaid.  Popu- 
lar Mechanics  Book  Dept.,  78  E.  Madison 
St.,  Chicago. 

BOOKS  ABOUT  ELEVATORS.  Circulars 
free.  Morse,  21  Union  Place,  Yonkers,  N.  Y. 

FOR  SALE— 10  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Architec- 
ture, Carpentry  and  Building,  8  Vol.  Civil 
Engineering,  4  Vol.  Auto.  Engineering.  2 
Vol.  Motion  Picture,  4  Vol.  Fire  Prevention 
and  Insurance.  Latest  books  on  these  sub- 
jects. Also  one  12  Vol.  Complete  Engineer- 
ing Reference  Library,  8  Vol.  Cyclopedia 
Agriculture, 6  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Advertising. 
These  books  axe  in  first  class  condition— 
ih'v.t  used.  Special  low  prices  for  quick 
sale.  Engineering  hand  books  covering 
every  subject.  Let  me  know  your  wants. 
Can  make  prompt  shipment.  Address  O. 
H.  W.,  care  of  Technical  World  Magazine, 
Chicago,  111. 

SELL  OR  TRADE  your  unused  technical 
books  through  these  columns.  Classified 
rate  very  low.  Write  Advertising  Manager, 
5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  for  particulars. 


TYPEWRITERS 


LARGEST  STOCK  OF  TYPEWRITERS 
in  America.  All  makes.  Underwoods,  L. 
O.  Smiths,  Remingtons,  etc.  MtoWMfrs. 
prices  (many  less)— RENTED  ANYWHERE 
-APPLYING  RENT  ON  PRICK.  First 
class  machines  -  RENT  ONE  AND  JUDGE 
on  these  most  liberal  terms.  Write  for  Cat- 
alog 120.  Typewriter  Emporium  (Estab. 
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632 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


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Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  30th  day  of  March,  1914. 
[seal]  G.  A.  KATES,  Notary  Public. 

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It  attracts  fish— excels  all  artificial  bait.     German  silver  fittings. 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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634 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


A  KNIGHT  OF  THE  SKIES 

( Continued  from  page  595) 


twenty-six  years. 
At  this  time,  he  be- 
came, to  the  public 
at  large,  at  once  a 
laughing-stock  and 
a  failure. 

Among  those 
who  staunchly  sup- 
ported Langley  at 
the  time,  however, 
was  Nikola  Tesla 
of  wireless  fame. 
In  a  few  words  he 
summed  up  a  thor- 
oughly accurate  de- 
scription of  some 
of  the  things  Lang- 
ley  had  to  contend 
with.  He  said : 
"Langley  under- 
took a  task  which 
had  baffled  human 
ingenuity.  Bear  in 
mind  that  when  he 
began  his  experi- 
ments, he  did  not 
possess  even  a 
theory,  much  less 
practical  data,  to 
work  from.  To  his 
everlasting  credit  it 
must  be  said  that 
he  discovered  that 
a  heavier-than-air 
machine  could  be 
made  to  fly." 

Very  soon  now 
the  replica  of  the  "first  engine  to  fly  with 
wings"  will  be  under  construction.  The 
greatest  of  care  will  be  taken  that  every 
nut  and  screw  and  bolt,  every  strut  and 
brace  and  wire  is  identical  in  size  and 


The  Tablet  to  Langley 
In  recognition  of  the  fact  that  Samuel  Pierpont  Langley 
was  the  first  man  to  fly  a  hoavierthan  air  machine,  this 
bronze  was  unveiled  last  year  in  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. 


weight  with  that  on 
the  Langley  ma- 
chine. The  canvas 
used  will  be  of  the 
same  texture  and 
weight  and  every 
measurement  down 
to  the  slightest 
fraction  of  an  inch 
will  tally  with  that 
of  the  machine  built 
by  Professor  Lang- 
ley. To  this 
Beachey  will  add  a 
modern  motor ;  and 
not  an  aviator  in 
the  country  has  ex- 
pressed the  least 
doubt  but  what  it 
will  fly  this  time — 
yes,  and  many 
times  —  without 
mishap. 

It  is  a  fine  thing 
that  Beachey  is 
going  to  do.  His- 
tory records  few 
similar  cases.  Only 
a  man  of  truly 
chivalric  instincts 
would  choose  to  re- 
habilitate the  mem- 
ory of  a  man  in  the 
way  that  Beachey 
proposes.  He  is  a 
true  knight  —  a 
knight  of  the  aero- 
plane. Perhaps  the  souls  of  the  bold 
navigators  of  the  skies  are  broadened  far 
beyond  those  of  ordinary  men  by  their 
birdlike  freedom,  their  separation  from 
the  paltry  commonplaces  of  everyday  life. 


Through  the  African  jungles,  from  north  to  south,  from 
east  to  west,  there  is  slowly  creeping  to  completion  the  most 
wonderful  railway  system  in  the  world.  Two  million  men, 
it  is  estimated,  have  been  employed  on  the  great  job — and 
the  money  expenditure  would  pay  off  a  national  debt.  Read 
about  this  extraordinary  piece  of  engineering  work  in  July 
Technical  World  Magazine. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


635 


c  Who  Think 
Read  This  Magazine 

Not  necessarily  people  of  higher  education 
— but  people  who  think  and  who  make  use  of 
whatever  education  they  may  have — people  who  are  up 
to  date  and  progressive,  who  want  to  keep  informed 
about  what  is  going  on  in  the  world  and  to  be  enter- 
tained at  the  same  time — Technical  World  enables  them 
to  do  all  this. 

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is  no  other  magazine  with  a  larger  percentage  of  its  circulation 
among  thinking,  serious  minded  Americans. 

The  Best  for  Advertisers 
in  the  Central  West 

Technical  World  is  published  in  Chicago  and  its  circulation 
is  westward,  among  people  who  give  little  attention  to  the  story 
magazines. 

For  advertisers  who  want  to  reach  the  Central  West  and  Coast 
states  there  is  no  better  medium. 

The  people  in  these  newer  states  like  to  read  about  the  real 
adventures  and  achievements  recorded  in  this  magazine. 

Sixty  per  cent  of  the  subscribers  to  Technical  World  Magazine 
renew  their  subscriptions  every  year,  because  they  know  what  to 
expect  from  each  number  and  they  are  never  disappointed. 

150,945  Guaranteed  Circulation 

(100     Intelligent) 

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Technical  World  Magazine 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


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PROTECTING  RIMBERLEY'S 
DIAMONDS 


By 
EDWARD 
IRVING 


STRETCHING  for  miles  and 
miles  through  a  tangle  of  under- 
brush, the  barbed-wire  fences 
which  form  the  outer  guard  to 
the  diamond  mines  of  Kimber- 
ley,  South  Africa,  form  an  almost  im- 
passable barrier  to  the  twenty  square 
miles  owned  by  the  De  Beers  Company. 
Every  conceivable  means  of  protecting 
the  fabulous  wealth  of  the  blue  clay  dis- 
trict is  used  by  the  great  company.  The 
employes  are  practically  slaves  and  no 
man  of  the  district  may  sell  a  diamond 
without  a  license :  but,  nevertheless,  offi- 
cials estimate  the  annual  "leakage"  to 
be  somewhere  between  one  and  a  quar- 
ter and  three  million  dollars,  which  is  a 
large  percentage  of  the  twenty-seven- 
million-dollar  production  which  forms  a 
year's  output  for  these  greatest  of  dia- 
mond mines. 

The  employes  at  the  mines  form  a 
great  city  of  themselves,  the  largest  per- 
centage of  which  is  composed  of  Kaffirs. 
These  negroes  are  obliged,  when  they  go 
to  work  in  the  mines,  to  sign  a  contract 
for  four  months,  and  during  that  time 
they  are  not  permitted  to  leave  the  COm- 


pound  or  boarding  house  except  to  go  to 
work.  When  a  man  quits  he  is  put  under 
strict  medical  surveillance  and  all  of  his 
effects  are  thoroughly  searched  to  pre- 
vent the  success  of  any  attempt  to  steal 
the  precious  stones.  Since  no  man  is  now 
allowed  to  leave  the  job  until  he  has  been 
under  close  supervision  for  five  days,  the 
old  practice  of  swallowing  diamonds  has 
been  abandoned  altogether. 

The  favorite  method  now  in  vogue 
among  the  native  thieves  is  to  drop  a 
handkerchief  full  of  diamonds  into  an 
old  rag  or  tin  and  then  when  the  oppor- 
tunity offers,  to  throw  it  over  the  outer 
barbed-wire  fence.  The  thief  then  takes 
careful  note  of  the  place,  planning  to 
recover  it  when  he  leaves  his  work  at  the 
mines.  Guards  and  strangers  have 
found  a  large  number  of  stones  which 
have  been  so  hidden. 

The  mines  are  lighted  at  night  with 
great  electric  arcs  and  guarded  by  an 
elaborate  system  of  alarm  bells  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  guard  room  is  notified 
at  once  at  what  point  in  the  many  miles 
of  barbed-wire  fence  the  trespasser  is 
attempting  to  steal  in. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


637 


FOR 
YOU 


There's  Money  in 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA  _ 

Get  It  Without  Leaving  Home! 

This  opportunity  is  for  ambitious  men  and  women.  It's  a  main  line  opportunity  in  a  main  line 
town — a  supreme  opportunity  to  make  money  without  leaving  home.  It's  your  opportunity  created 
by  the  building  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  across  the  continent  and  throughout  Western 
Canada — 8600  miles  of  track.  $100  to  1500  profits  per  lot  are  common  to  purchasers  of  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  main  line  new  town  property. 

Stuart  River,  British  Columbia 

Last  Important  Town  to  be  Established  on  Main 


$2 


A  Month — No  Interest 

Never  before  has  property  been  of- 
fered in  any  new  town  on  th<-  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Railway  at  such  low 
prices  and  on  terms  as  easy  as  $2 
a  month,  no  interest. 

Prominent  People  Endorse 
the  Easy  Payment  Plan 


"I  am  tremendously  interested  in 
your  plan  to  give  the  salaried  man 
and  woman  the  same  opportunity 
the  millionaire  has  had.  My  per- 
sonal investigations  l<-ad  me  to 
believe  that  Stuart  River  has  a  bid 
future." 

James  Oliver  Curwood. 

Novelist,  Magazine  Writer  and 

Special  Investigator. 

Owosso,  Michigan. 

"The  time  in  the  history  of  a  town 
to  buy  for  big  profits  is  just  pre- 
vious to  great  developments.  That 
time  is  here  now  for  Stuart  River. 
In  my  opinion  there  will  be  great 
achievements  there." 

Mrs.  Sarah  C.  Stevens. 
International  Falls,  Minnesota. 

"I  think  your  selling  plan  lor  the  town- 
Site  of  Stuart  River  is  unusually  literal.  I 
personally  have  met  many  persons  who  have 
maile  fortunes  from  investment*  in  Western 
Canada  new  towns.  It  affords  me  great 
pleasure  to  recommend  your  Company  and 
the  Stuart  River  Hasy  Term  Plan." 
W.  F.  Coleman, 
Canadian  Manager,  Sunset  Magazine, 

Vancouver,  B.  C. 

"Fortunately  I  am  a  customer  of,  the 
Transcontinental  Tvwaata  Co.,  I-td.,  and 
as  I  am  well  pleased  with  my  former  pur- 
chases and  with  their  manner  of  doing  busi- 
ness, I  am  naturally  interested  in  Stuart 
River."  E.  N.  York.  Banker. 

Hammond,  Minnesota. 

"I  have  hern  entirely  satisfied  in  all  of 
my  several  deals  with  you.  I  think  your 
new  departure  in  offering  such  easy  terms 
on  the  Stuart  River  townsite  is  an  excellent 
plan."  li.  B.  Walker.  Publisher. 

Montreal  and  New  York. 

"I  think  you  are  making  a  splendid  move 
In  giving  the  small  and  deserving  investor 
a  chance  to  get  in  on  the  ground  floor  at 
Stuart  River.  In  mv  opinion  it  is  a  big  step 
In  the  right  dirnimii  and  I  am  glad  to  see 
your  company  mike  it." 

Jewett  E.  Ricker.  Jr., 
Editor,  Opportunity  Magazine, 

Chicago,  Illinois. 


Important  Town  to  be  Established  on 
Line,  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway 

Stuart  River  offers  you  the  biggest  opportunity  of  the  year— the  last  of  its 
kind.  The  building  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway,  8600  miles  of 
track,  has  made  the  establishment  of  new  towns  in  Western  Canada  nec- 
essary to  supply  the  need  of  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  settlers  rushing  in. 
The  Main  Line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  is  now  completed.  Stuart  River 
is  the  last  important  town  on  the  Main  Line  to  be  established.  Stuart  River 
is  in  the  heart  of  Central  British  Columbia  at  the  confluence  of  the  Nechaco 
and  Stuart  Rivers  on  800  miles  of  navigable  waterways.  Thousands  of  set- 
tlers are  rushing;  into  the  Stuart  River  Valley  and  they  are  demanding;  that 
Stuart  River  become  an  important  commercial, educational  and  social  center. 

$400  Profit— Would  You  Refuse  It? 

Otto  Peetz.  of  Milwaukee,  did.  Earl  Slaick.  Indianapolis,  accepted  $600 
profit.  F.  W.  Crawford,  South  Fort  George,  made  $500  clear  gain.  Mrs. 
Nelson,  Winnipeg,  said  "No"  when  $600  was  offered  her.  If  Peetz.  Slaick, 
Crawford.  Nelson  and  hundreds  of  others  can  take  advantage  of  money  mak- 
ing opportunities  without  leaving  home,  you  can.  These  men  and  women 
purchased  property  from  us  in  various  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  new  towns  and 
have  profited.    Now  comes  your  opportunity  to  follow  their  lead. 

No  Matter  Where  You  Live 

Regardless  of  whether  you  are  man  or  woman,  a  wage  earner,  a  millionaire, 
or  on  a  salary,  you  can  take  advantage  of  this  biggest  opportunity  of  the 
year.  Never  btfore  has  property  been  offered  in  any  new  town  on  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  at  prices  so  low  and  terms  as  easy  as  $2  a 
month,  no  interest.  These  low  prices  and  easy  terms  are  being  given  in 
Stuart  River  in  order  that  everyone,  regardless  of  their  financial  condition, 
may  have  the  same  fair  opportunity  to  secure  property  in  the  last  important 
town  to  be  established  on  the  Main  Line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway; 
also  these  low  prices  and  easy  terms  will  tend  to  develop  the  town  rapid- 
ly, making  it  one  of  the  leading  towns  of  the  entire  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
system— leading  towns  create  traffic. 

Buy  Low  —  Sell  High  —  We  Will  Help  You 

If  you  are  looking  for  a  business  location,  thousands  of  new  dollars  are  wait- 
ing to  be  rung  up  on  your  cash  register  at  STUART  RIVER.    All  lines  of 
business  are  wanted—big  openings  for  manufacturing  and  businesses  of  var- 
ious kinds.    If  you  are  not  content  with  your  present  location,  secure  a  lot  in 
Stuart   River  at  the  lowest  price  and  terms  as  easy  as  $2  a  month.  No 
Interest.     Sell  later  at  an  advance.  We  render  our  clients  valuable  assist- 
ance   by    helping  them    to    dispose  of  their  property  in   various   Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  new  towns  after 
the  towns  have  developed  and       ________________ 

the  property  has  increased 
in  value.  Some  of  the  biggest 
fortunes  in  Canada  have  had 
their  beginning  in  a  lot  pur- 
chased in  a  new  town. 
Here's  your  opportunity  to 
secure  a  lot  in  a  n«w  town,  the 
last  important  town  to  be 
established  on  the  Main  Line 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
Railway.  Send  coupon  for 
detailed  information.  Avoid 
disappointment  by  getting 
the  coupon  to  us  early. 


I 

I  Transcontinental  Townsite  Co.,  Ltd. 
|  Authorized  Agents 

|  648   Sterling  Bank   Building 

WINNIPEG,  CANADA 

■   Without  obligating  me  in  any  way,  hurry  complete  infor- 

•  mation  on  Stuart  River,  British  Columbia,  to  me.  I  un- 
derstand this  is  the  last  important  town  to  be  established 

|  on  main  line  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  and  that  lots 
may  be  secured  on  terms  as  easy  as  $2  a  month,  no  in- 

I   terest. 


Name. . 


TRANSCONTINENTAL  TOWNSITE  CO..  Ltd. 

648  Sterling  Bank  Bids.,  Winnipeg,  Canada 
Authorized  Agents 


Town  ............,••,.».••-.-  State . 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


638 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


New  methods  of  mining  have 
recently  been  adopted  at  Kim- 
berley.  Great  shafts  are  now 
sunk  hundreds  of  feet,  where 
formerly  there  was  irregular, 
unsystematic  excavation.  When 
the  diamond-bearing  earth  is 
brought  to  the  surface  it  is 
strewed  on  the  ground  for  a  sea- 
son of  exposure  to  the  wind  and 
sun  before  it  is  put  through  the 
pulsators  which  dispose  of  the 
earth  and  leave  the  gems  behind. 
The  earth  is  carried  from  the 
mines  to  the  machinery  in  little 
cars  which  are  sealed  for  their 
short  trip.  But  in  spite  of  the 
desperate  precautionary  meas- 
ures which  the  De  Beers  Com- 
pany have  taken,  the  thefts  con- 
tinue. 


After  a  Season 
of  Wind  and 
Sun 
The  diamond  bear- 
ing earth,  thorough- 
ly dried,  is  conveyed 
in  sealed  cars  to  the 
pulsator,  which    dis- 
covers the  brilliants. 


Possible  Only  to  a  Pole 
Vaulter 
The  science  of  barbed-wire  entan- 
glements protecting  the  mines  has 
been  reduced  to  certainty  in   the 
scores  of  miles  of  fence. 


It  Is  Hundreds  of  Feet  Down 

to  the  Diamonds 

Great   shafts  have  recently  taken 

the  place  of  the  old  methods  of 

digging.    The  end  of  the  priceless 

blue  clay  is  not  yet. 


COPYRIGHT  INT.  NEWS  SERVICE 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


639 


"GAINS  22  POUNDS  IN  23  DAYS" 

Remarkable  Story  Told  by 

F.  Gagnon.     Builds  Up 

Weight  Wonderfully. 


A  PLUMP,  STRONG,  ROBUST  BODY 


50c  Box  FREE 

To  enable  any  thin  reader,  10  pounds  or 
more  under  weight,  to  easily  make  this  test,  we 
will  give  a  50c  box  of  Sargol  absolutely  free. 
Either  Sargol  will  increase  your  weight  or  it 
won't  and  the  only  way  to  know  is  to  try  it. 
Send  for  this  Free  Test  Package  today,  en- 
closing 10c  in  silver  or  stamps  to  help  pay 
postage,  packing,  etc.,  and  a  full  size  50c 
package  will  be  sent  by  return  mail  free  of 
charge.  Mail  this  coupon  with  your  letter  to 
the  SARGOL  CO..  120-U  HERALD  BLDG., 
BINGHAMTON,   N.  Y. 


"I  was  all  run  down  to  the  very  bottom,"  writes 
F.  Gagnon.  "I  had  to  quit  work,  I  was  so  weak. 
Xow,  thanks  to  Sargol,  I  look  likt  a  new  man.  I 
gained   22  pounds   in    23   days." 

"Sargol  has  put  10  pounds  on  me  in  14  days," 
states  W.  D.  Roberts.  "It  has  made  me  sleep  well, 
enjoy  what  I  ate  and  enabled  me  to  work  with  inter- 
est and   pleasure." 

"Before  I  took  Sargol  people  called  me  'skinny,' 
but  now  my  name  is  changed.  My  whole  figure  is 
different,  my  face  is  plump  and  full,  my  body  is 
stout.  Have  gained  15  pounds,  and  am  gaining  yet. 
I  look  like  a  new  man,'  declared  another  gentleman 
who  had  just  finished  the   Sargol  treatment. 

Would  you,  too,  like  to  quickly  put  from  10  to  30 
pounds  of  good,  solid,  healthy,  "stay  there"  flesh,  fat 
and  muscular  tissue   between  your  skin  and   bones? 

Don't  say  it  can't  be  done.  Try  it.  Let  us  send 
you  free  a  50c  package  of  Sargol  and  prove  what  it 
can   do   for   you. 

When  hundreds  of  men  and  women — and  there  are 
hundreds,  with  more  coming  every  day — living  in 
every  nook  and  corner  of  this  broad  land  volun- 
tarily testify  to  weight  increases  ranging  all  the  way 
from  10  to  35  pounds  given  them  by  Sargol,  you 
must  admit,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  and  Miss  Thin  Reader, 
that  there  must  be  something  in  this  Sargol  method 
of   flesh-building   after   all. 

More  than  half  a  million  thin  men  and  women  have 
gladly  made  this  FREE  TEST  that  we  now  offer 
you;  and  that  Sargol  does  succeed,  does  make  thin 
folks  fat,  even  where  all  else  has  failed,  is  best 
proved  by  the  tremendous  business  we  have  done. 

Sargol  has  put  pounds  of  healthy  "stay  there" 
flesh  on  hundreds  who  doubted,  and  in  spite  of  their 
doubts.  You  don't  have  to  believe  in  Sargol  to 
grow  plump  from  its  use.  You  just  take  it  and 
watch  weight  pile  up,  hollows  vanish,  and  your 
figure  round  out  to  pleasing  and  normal  proportions. 
You  weigh  yourself  when  you  begin  and  again  when 
you  finish  and  you  let  the  scales  tell   the  story. 

Sargol  is  a  tiny  concentrated  tablet.  You  take  one 
with  every  meal.  It  mixes  with  the  food  you  eat 
for  the  purpose  of  separating  all  of  its  flesh  produc- 
ing ingredients.  It  prepares  these  fat-making  ele- 
ments in  an  easily  assimilated  form,  which  the  blood 
can  readily  absorb  and  carry  all  over  your  body. 
Plump,  well-developed  persons  don't  need  Sargol 
to  produce  this  result.  Their  assimilative  machinery 
performs  its  functions  without  aid.  But  thin  folks' 
assimilative  organs  do  not.  This  fatty  portion  of  their 
food  now  goes  to  waste  through  their  bodies  like 
unburned  coal  through  an  open  grate.  A  few  days' 
test  of  Sargol  in  your  case  will  surely  prove  whether 
or  not  this  is  true  of  you.      Isn't  it  worth  trying? 


COME,  EAT  WITH  US  AT  OUR 
EXPENSE 

This  coupon  entitles  any  person  to  one  50c 
package  of  Sargol,  the  concentrated  Flesh 
Builder  (provided  you  have  never  tried  it),  and 
that  10c  is  enclosed  to  cover  postage,  packing, 
etc.  Read  our  advertisement  printed  above, 
and  then  put  10c  in  silver  in  letter  today,  with 
coupon  and  the  full  50c  package  will  be  sent 
you  by  return  post.  ^Vddress:  The  Sargol 
Company,  120-U  Herald  Bldg.,  Binghamton, 
N.  Y.  Write  your  name  and  address  plainly 
and  PIN  THIS  COUPON  TO  YOUR  LET- 
TER. 


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640 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


"Wish  I 
had  his  pull!" 


Don't  envy  the  "pull"  of  the  man  who  gets  ahead.  It's  been  a  "hard  pull  for 
him,  that's  sure.  The  confidence  of  his  employers  has  been  won  only  after  years  of 
hard  labor.    Training,  not  pull,  has  earned  Smith  his  promotion. 

A  "stand-in"  with  the  boss  doesn't  amount  to  much  these  days  unless  you  can  back  it  up  with 
real  service.  No  man  who  pays  out  good  money  for  wages  is  going  to  keep,  much  less  promote,  the 
fellow  who  fails  to  do  his  share— who  makes  no  effort  to  progress.  Study  the  men  the  boss  tavors. 
Aren't  they  doing  a  little  more  than  they're  paid  for?  Aren't  they  training  themselves  for  some- 
thing better  in  their  particular  lines? 

Years  of  hard  labor  are  no  longer  necessary  to  fit  yourself  for  success. 
You  no  longer  need  to  waste  the  best  years  of  your  life  in  disagreeable  work 
at  low  wages,  simply  to  get  a  start  — to  secure  a  foothold  on  the  road  to  a 
better  job  and  bigger  pay.  Young  or  old,  the  American  School  can  tram 
you,  in  a  short  time  and  in  your  own  home,  for  the  position  you  want. 


Your  Opportunity  Coupon 


Mark  the  position  you  want 
and    mail    the    coupon    now 


How  the  American  School 
can  advance  you 

....EleetriealEnBlnwr              ....lawyer                         ■  *.*•»«    OTU  w  ■•....  »  j  w 

....EI<e.Ufht*rowerSapt.    ....Ilookke.p.r               -  fifteen  vears  the  American  School  has  been  training  men  for 

""!eC„™."'l'„™rt               "-frlvaf.  Sectary       '  bigger  foCgivin^Vem   the   "pull"    that   advanced   them    while   other    men 

lESSSS                                 L"o*ntant                 I  stoodstill.    It  has  prepared  thousands  for  entrance  into  the  big  resident  colleges. 

"Buna  ne  Contmrtor                  Cort  ,""n.t.«t         ■  It  has  trained  even  more  In  all  branches  of Engineering,  Business  and  Law, 

I*.    KuSterdSrtLu.          :«^«KEWM  |  helpingthem  to better  jobs  and  biggerpay.    I lyou  ^n*  ^r' ^^  ^^  oi 

..Struetarai  Draftsman         .. ..auditor                     ■  can  School  will  give  you  the  training  yon  need,  no  matter  wnere  you  live  or 

....Stru.tur.l  Engineer            ....Bn.ine.,  Manager      .  what  you  &a                  training ,  not  "pnll."  that  counts.    Promotion  comes  only 

•■••&™IE&5£'- S™    n:idb„    r       \  to  the^atnld^mf^ 

""surveyor                                    Jr.   n*  Expert        I  sponsible,  well-paying  position.    The  American  School offers  you  the  opportunity 

""jl/rhanienl  Fr.irlr.eer                 Movi. 'e  Pletir.  Op'r  ■  of  taking  up  the  studies  you  require  under  ideal  eonditions-m  your  spare  time 

::::E«n,„S!K,m..         ""KSrjSSa^T  I  and  in  tie  privacy  of  your  own  home.    Not  only  this,  but  you  can  pay  for  your 

Steam  Engineer                       ....Irrigation  Engineer  I  course  as  you  progress.                                                                   «         ..    ,  „„„„„__  ____ 

::::M,m™pal  Engineer            I... Textile  »•«.              ,  Investigate  your  opportunity  today.    Fill  in  and  mail  the  coupon  now. 

....  Gas  Engine  Engineer             . . .  .College  Preparatory  |  *                                                                                                                                                                   ^ 
Can  Traetor  Engineer            Auto.  Mechanician  A                                                                                                  g^      _                  ,     ^^        _ . 

»,. I  American  School 

address ¥.~ I  ill  of  Correspondence.  Chicago.  USA. 


This  school  has  no  connection  with  any  other  school  using  the  name  "American 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


641 


Become  An  Expert  Draftsman! 


~$20-Libnuy 


This  $20  Draftsman's  Outfit  as  illustrated. 
Imported  German  silver  drawing  instruments 
in  morocco  case ;  20  x  25  inch  drawing  board ; 
ebony  lined  mahogany  T-square ;  transparent 
triangles;  German  silver  protractor;  French 
curve  ;  triangular  boxwood  scale ;  waterproof 

ink;  pencil;  erasers;  shield;  pencil  pointer:  handmade 
drawing  paper  and  thumbtacks.  Instruments  guaranteed 
accurate — made  by  largest  and  most  reliable  manufac- 
turer. This  handsome,  expensive  outfit  free  to  yon  if  you 
enroll  now! 


SALARY  GUARANTEE 

THE  AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  CORRE- 
SPONDENCE GUARANTEES  that  you  will  re- 
ceive an  increase  of  fifty  per  cent  over  your 
present  salary  within  three  years  from  the  date  of 
your  enrollment;  or,  failing  in  this,  the  School 
guarantees  to  refund  to  you  the  full 
amount  paid  for  your  course.  Back  of  this 
guarantee  stands  the  American  School—for  more 
than  fifteen  years  the  foremost  educational  insti- 
tution of  its  kind  in  the  world.  A  school  that  has 
succeeded  because  it  has  been  true  to  its  principles 
of  giving  its  students  the  instruction  for  which 
they  enrolled. 


Learn  Mechanical,  Structural  or 
Architectural  Drafting  by  Mail 

Absolutely  the  greatest  drafting  offer  ever 
made.  Read  it  carefully.  Then  investigate. 
Sign  and  mail  the  coupon  at  once.  Here  is 
your  opportunity  to  get  the  training  you 
need  to  nold  down  a  good  job  and  earn  big 
money— $100.00  tp  $250.00  per  month  paid  to 
expert  draftsmen.  Our  easy,  practical  method 
will  teach  you  ARCHITECTURAL  DRAFT- 
ING, STRUCTURAL  DRAFTING  or  ME- 
CHANICAL DRAFTING  in  a  few  months. 
You  will  receive  expert  individual  instruction  in 
the  course  you  select.  All  drafting  instruments 
and  materials  supplied  absolutely  free  of  charge. 
Also  big  four  volume  Cyclopedia  of  Drawing 
sent  free  if  you  enroll  now.  Drafting  is  the 
foundation  of  all  engineering  professions — 
Learn  drafting  if  you  are  ambitious  to  be  an 
engineer.  Prepare  yourself  for  a  real  man's 
work._  And  remember  —  this  great  special 
offer  is  made  by  the  greatest  non-resident 
educational  institution  in  the  world — a  school 
whose  guarantee  is  backed  by  sixteen  years  of 
successful  teaching  by  correspondence 

FREE 

This  $20.00  Cyclopedia  of  Drawing  also  in- 
cluded absolutely  free  in  this  special  limited 
offer.  Four  big  volumes  as  illustrated  below. 
The  only  work  which  thoroughly  covers  ME- 
CHANICAL, STRUCTURAL  and  ARCHI- 
TECTURAL DRAFTING.  Worth  many  times 
$20.00  to  any  drafting  student.  Not  only  will 
you  receive  the  best  expert  instruction,  but 

you  will  have  these  books  handy  for  reference  at  all 
times— they  will  answer  all  your  questions  authoritatively 
and  promptly.  Just  think  of  it— four  big  volumes  bound 
in  half  red  morocco,  gold  stamped,  1,720  pages,  7x10  inches, 
1,037  illustrations,  page  plates,  diagrams,  designs,  etc.. 
and  the  handsome  $20.00  Draftsman's  Outfit.  All  tree  if 
you  enroll  now  under  this  special  limited  offer. 


Just  Mail  the  Coupon 

Accept  this  great  offer  now— today!  It 
never  has  and  never  will  be  equalled.  You 
get  the  $20  Drafting  Outfit  and  the  $20 
Cyclopedia  of  Drawing  absolutely  free  of 
charge.  Don't  miss  this  opportunity.  Your 
future  success  may  depend  upon  whether 
you  fill  in  and  mail  the  coupon.  It  will  only 
cost  you  a  stamp  to  investigate.  It  may 
mean  success  and  a  big  future  for  you. 

American  School 
L of  Correspondence.  Chicago.  USA. 


FREE 

0FFERC01IP0N 

A.  S.  of  C. 

Gentlemen:— Please  send 

me  full  information  about 

the  course  checked  below, 

also  further  particulars  re- 

earding    the    drafting    outfit 

and  library  sent  FKKE   with 

this  course. 

....Mechanical  Drafting 
....Structural  Drafting 
....Architectural  Drafting 

T.W.  744 


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Technical  World  Magazine 


Contents  for  July,  1914 


Cover  Design Richard  Culter 

Colorado  Plays  the  Red  Game Charles  Holmes 

War  in  Colorado  is  just  as  real  as  the  war  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande.  Not  as  many  men  have  died  but  the  fighting  has  been 
fierce  and  numbers  of  men,  women,  and  children  have  paid  the 
penalty.  Somewhere  society  is  at  fault.  We  should  be  beyond  the 
days  of  civil  war.  Mr.  Holmes  has  explained  the  situation 
clearly  and  forcibly 648 

Our  Twelve  Great  Scientists Arthur  B.  Krock 

Many  a  man  has  probably  made  the  statement  that  Colonel  George 
W.  Goethals  is  not  merely  an  engineer;  that  his  success  has  come 
because  of  his  ability  in  the  executive  role,  but  very  few  men  know 
why  this  is  true.  Mr.  Krock  is  one  of  them.  For  he  has  written 
about  a  friend  with  the  intimate  touches  that  only  a  friend  can  give 656 

Fighting  Ship  Fires  Without  Water Walter  S.  Hiatt 

To  attack  a  fire  successfully,  you  cut  ojT  its  route,  but  this  is  im- 
possible at  sea.  Trained  fire  fighters  are  being  put  aboard  our 
greatest  liners  to  handle  the  worst  demon  of  the  sea  with  gas  and 
divers'  helmets  as  weapons        .      . '  .      .      .      .      .      .      662 

Steel  Lines  Tie  Africa  to  World — Photographs  by  the  Author 

W.  Robert  Foran,  F.  R.  G.  S. 

Less  is  known  about  opportunities  which  exist  in  the  Dark  Conti- 
nent than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  railroads  are  preceding 
the  business  man  and  the  farmer,  uncovering  untold  wealth  and 
bringing  civilization  faster  than  the  .white  man  himself  is  coming 667 

Treaty  to  Save  Wild  Fowl Aubrey  Fullerton 

Canada  and  the  United  States  are  endeavoring  to  combine  to  save 

the  wild  fowl  of  the  Continent 678 

Touring  by  Motor  Caravan Melvin  Lathrop 

A  man  and  his  family  are  traveling  over  the  world  witfr  an  auto- 
mobile and  two  wagons,  which  form  a  well-equipped  bungalow 680 

Science  Averts  Telephone  Pole  Famine  ....  Arthur  Chapman 

Fire-killed  timber  will  take  the  place  of  living  pine  to  hold  up  the 

telephone  wires  of  the  future 682 

Eggs  and  Business  in  the  Schoolroom       .     .     .     .J.  Sharpless  Fox 

When  the  youngsters  of  a  little  Illinois  town  became  interested  in 

eggs  they  learned  their  lessons 688 

The  New  Leaf  as  Old  as  the  Tree Felix  J.  Koch 

Spring's  young  leaves  are  as  old  as  the  tree 690 

Sammy  Kahn,  Dealer  in  Determination  ....  Monroe  Woolley 

The  little  Russian  beat  his  way  thousands  of  miles  to  the  land  of 

opportunity 691 


Heroes  Carry  the  Line Robert  G.  Skerrett 

Surveying  parties  from  the  Canadian  and  the  United  States  gov- 
ernments recently  completed  the  Alaskan  boundary  between  the  two 
countries  after  years  of  perilous  labor 698 

Real  Homes  in  the  Tenements Johnson  Hargrave 

Comfortable  fats  at  poor  men's  prices 704 

How  the  Blind  See  Animals 

Youngsters  see  the  stuffed  beasts  with  their  fingers 706 

Motion  Pictures  to  Prevent  Wrecks    ....  Charles  Alma  Byers 

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TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 

VOL.XXI    »  JULY    •    1914   -   NO.5 


71  /TEN — in  action;  overcoming 
J ft  great  obstacles;  making  as- 
tounding discoveries  that  will 
benefit  the  whole  human  racel  That 
is  the  impression  we  get  as  we  go 
over  this  number  of  TECHNICAL 
WORLD  MAGAZINE.  These  arti- 
cles■,  taken  together ;  form  a  remark- 
able record  of  remarkable  human 
achievement.  We  are  glad  that  this 
magazine  is  in  your  hands,  for  we 
are  sure  you  will  enjoy  and  appreciate 
it  to  an  unusual  degree. —  The 
Editors. 


Sis 


COIDKADO  PIAYS 


By  Charles 


What  has  actually  happened  in  Colorado?  Why  does  that  unliappy  State  stand 
naked  and  torn  before  the  nation?  Who  are  the  men  responsible  for  the  Jwrrible 
tragedy?  Of  the  scores  of  versions  that  are  beginning  to  appear  in  print,  too 
many  are  inspired  by  bitter  partisanship.  In  "Colorado  Plays  the  Red  Game?' — • 
the  red  game  of  battle  and  slaughter — Mr.  Holmes  gives,  we  believe,  a  fair, 
accurate  interpretation  of  the  whole  situation.  It  exhibits  events  in  an  entirely 
new.  light. — The  Editors. 


m 

Mine  Guards  on  the  Defense 


SUNDAY,  April  the  nineteenth, 
was  a  clear  warm  day  in  the 
lower  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Greek 
miners,  on  strike  at  Ludlow,  in 
Southern  Colorado,  were  celebrating  a 
church  holiday.  These  Greeks  were  col- 
lected in  a  tent  colony  on  a  level  space 
flanked  by  stubborn  hills  and  rugged 
canyons.  For  all  their  months  of  hard- 
ship and  deprivation,  they  displayed  the 
brilliant  colors  of  the  feast  day  every- 
where. But  the  festivities  could  not 
wholly  conceal  the  fact  that  they  were 
still  at  work  on  their  tented  homes. 
Here,  some  Greeks  were  digging  deep 
holes  in  the  ground.  Yonder,  other 
Greeks  were  covering  those  holes  with 
rough  strong  boards.  At  still  another 
place,  others  were  erecting  tents  over 
these  covered  pits.  The  leader  of  the 
Greeks  was  Louis  Tikas.  As  strike 
leader,  he  was  in  the  mood  neither  for 
religious  celebration  nor  for  reveling. 

From  one  of  the  hills-  which  frowned 
upon  the  tent  colony,  a  group  of  men  in 
the  uniform  of  the  Colo- 
rado state  militia  looked 
down  upon  this  strange 
scene.    Through  their 
field  glasses  they  followed  in  detail  the 
movements  of  the  men  and  women  form- 
ing the  little  colony. 

As  the  last  ray  of  the  warm  sun  fell 
upon  that  tent  colony,  the  bright  colors 


MS 


THE  RED  GAME 

Holmes 


MILITIAMEN  LYING  IN  WAIT 
WITH  A  MACHINE  GUN 

Aided  by  the  mine  guards,  they  repulsed 
the  mineis  with  a  wall  ol  cold  lead. 


disappeared.  Quietly  and  in  small 
parties,  the  women  and  children 
went  forth  and  vanished  over  a  hill. 
That  night,  the  Colorado  militia  slept  on 
their  arms  and  pickets  were  doubled.  At 
sunrise,  the  militia  officers  sent  for  Tikas. 
He  went  up  the  hill  to  the  military  camp 
and  did  not  return. 

A  little  later,  rifle  shots  were  heard  in 
the  valley.  Militiamen  were  sent  to  in- 
vestigate. As  they  appeared  on  the  crest 
of  the  hill,  miners'  rifles  answered  the 
inquiry.  Other  militiamen,  led  by  an 
officer,  hurried  to  reinforce  them.  The 
two  squads  fired  at  the  foe  from  behind 
bush  and  boulder,  but  the  militia,  outnum- 
bered and  finding  the  fire  too  hot,  sought 
shelter  behind  a  railroad  embankment 
and  unlimbered  a  deadly  machine  gun. 
The  strikers  also  produced  a  machine  gun. 

Between  the  miners  lying  behind  the 
green  trees  and  the  gray  rocks  and  the 
militiamen,  slipping  down  behind  the  rail- 
road embankment,  lay  the  green  lawn  of 
the  mountainside,  dotted  by  the  white 
tented  city. 

Those  innocent  strips  of  canvas  became 
an  issue.    To  the  guards,  they  stood  for  a 


symbol  of  sedition — a  seat  of  government 
that  defied  a  State.  To  the  fighting 
miners  in  the  bushes,  those  soiled  white 
rags  were  the  outposts  of  an  army  fight- 
ing for  industrial  liberty  and  the  men  on 
the  hill  were  the  foes  of  that  liberty.  A 
few  coarse-threaded  soiled  rags  looked 
at  from  two  angles  made  two  groups  of 
men  eager  to  puncture  each  other  with 
bullets. 

At  the  height  of  the  war  frenzy,  some- 
body produced  a  tin  can  full  of  oil.  A 
pick's  point  was  driven  through  the  top 
of  it :  a  dexterous  flourish  of  the  hand : 
the  touch  of  a  match  to  the  oil-soaked 
rags;  and  the  tents — at  once  a  menace 
and  a  shrine — were  enveloped  in  a  cloud 
of  smoke.  Passion  had  vented  itself  and 
the  clouds  on  the  side  of  the  calm  green 
mountain  absorbed  the  answer. 

Then  the  whole  of  the  tragedy  was 
revealed.  Out  of  the  smoke  and  flame 
a  woman  ventured  timidly  through  the 

649 


- 

I 


En  Route  to  Ludlow  with  an  Eyk  Out 

for  the  Miners 

Denver  militiamen  went  into  the  fray  with  the 

eagerness  that  the  red  blooded  young  recruit 

feels  when  he  is  called  to  fight  the  enemy  on 

the  border. 


opening  of  one  of  the  tents. 
She  carried  a  little  child  in  her 
arms.  Stooping  over  the  child 
to  protect  it  from  any  stray 
rifle  bullets  she  started  to  make 
her  way  down  the  canyon. 
Whether  she  escaped  unhurt 
no  one  seems  to  know.  When 
the  fighting  was  over,  out  of  the 
board-covered  earthen  pits,  beneath  the 
tents,  a  few  women  and  children  were 
taken  alive.  But  there  were  two  women 
and  seven  children  who  did  not  come  out 
of  their  hiding  places ;  they  had  died  in 
those  pits  like  rats  in  a  trap. 

For  thirty-six  hours  the  militia  were 
in  control  of  the  scene,  permitting  no 
passage  of  civilians  through  their 
lines.  But  the  tragedy  could  not  be 
glossed  over  by  a  few  hours'  silence. 
The  shameful  truth  flaunted  itself  to  all 
the  world,  and  the  world  drew  back 
aghast  at  the  thought  of  the  horrible 
death  of  those  women  and  children. 

Still,  Louis  Tikas,  the  leader  of  the 
Greeks  and  leader  of  the  miners,  did  not 
come  down  the  hill.  He  never  did  return 
to  the  ashes  of  the  tented  field  at  Ludlow. 


Looking  for  Strikers 

After  the  Ludlow  fire  the  high-power  rifles  of  the  guards 

of  the  mines  were  poked  over  impromptu  breastworks. 

A  lieutenant  of  the  militia,  carrying  his 
rifle  over  his  shoulder  with  the  butt  back- 
ward, said  by  way  of  explanation : 

"We  didn't  hang  him,  but  I  spoiled  a 
perfectly  good  rifle  on  him." 

A  coroner's  jury  thereafter  found  that 
Tikas  came  to  his  death  at  the  hands 
of  the  militia. 

Not  including  those  who  burned  in  the 
bullet-proof  pits,  the  miners  left  behind 
them  Louis  Tikas  dead  on  the  hillside, 
thirteen  dead  in  the  bushes,  and  twenty 
wounded.    Of  the  militia,  one  was  dead 


650 


y 


COLORADO    PLAYS  THE  RED  GAME 


651 


tea 


and  one  wounded.  Apparently  the  miners 
had  not  been  well  prepared  for  battle. 

On  the  morning  of  the  second  day 
after  the  battle  at  Ludlow,  a  body  of 
fifteen  armed  men  stationed  to  guard  the 
coal  mines  at  Delagua  were  driven  back 
and  took  shelter  in  a  mine  build 
ing.  A  telephone  call  to 
Ludlow  brought  the 
militia  in  an  armored 
train   to  the   rescue. 

In   the   conflict   a 
soldier    fell 
wounded  upon  the 
mountainside.  An 
army   surgeon 
went  to  his  aid. 
While    he 
stooped   to  dress 
the   wound,    the 
surgeon   was   killed 
by  a  bullet.    Later  his 
Red  Cross  insignia 
was  torn  off,  and  his 
military     coat     taken. 

The  whole  State 
was     aroused     to 

Louis  TlKAS 

Is  Dead: 
Pktkk  Cat- 

■DllH    I.F.AIIS 


the  fighting  point 
by    these    acts.    At 
Pueblo  and   Colorado 
Springs,  miners  threw 
aside  their  tools  and,  arming 
themselves,  started  south  to  fight 
the  battles  of  the  union. 

At  almost  the  identical  moment,  an 
appeal  went  from  the  mining  men  to  the 
sheriff  at  Trinidad  for  help.  He  replied 
that  he  had  no  available  men. 

Also,  at  almost  the  identical  moment, 
a  posse  of  two  hundred  citizens  formed 
and  marched  into  Louisville — almost  two 
hundred  miles  due  north — to  put  down  a 
threatened  uprising  of  the  miners. 

And  all  this  had  started  because  the 
leaders  had  lost  control  of  a  few  Greek 


miners  who  had  been  to  war  with  the 
Turk.  Then,  because  of  what  the  Greeks 
did,  the  State  lost  control  of  the  militia. 
After  that,  because  of  what  both  the 
Greeks  and  the  militiamen  did,  the  people 
lost  control  of  themselves. 

The  torch  made  by  the  tents  at 
Ludlow  started  a  conflagra- 
tion which  swept  the  State 
of  Colorado.    It  burned 
into  the  hearts  of  men. 
It  converted  sober 
peace-loving     citizens 
into  savages  who 
took  to  war  and 
arson.     To    bring    a 
mad  population  back 
to  their  senses, 
President   Wilson 
sent  in  regiments  of 
federal     troops      for 
which     army     officers 
on  the   fringe 
of  Mexico  were  pleading. 
This    outrage   at    Ludlow 
at  first  aroused  all  Colo- 
rado and   then — upon 
the    unusual    spectacle 
of  federal  troops  in- 


When  Louis 
the  Greek, 
who  led  the 
miners,  was 
clubbed  to 
death  by 
Colorado 
militiamen, 

another 

stepped  into 

his  place  to 

continue   the 

fight. 


vading  a  State — commanded 
the  attention  of  the  nation.  Neverthe- 
less, if  some  forceful  person  had  caught 
those  warring  elements  by  the  necks  and, 
cracking  their  heads  together,  had  asked : 
"Why  are  you  fighting?"  they  would 
have  stammered.  They  must  have  stam- 
mered ;  it  is  evident  they  did  not  know. 
Even  so,  this  war — and  it  was  war — 
was  not  fought  for  nothing.  There  was 
a  gigantic  issue  in  fhe  background. 
Somewhere,  some  persons  were  in  an 
intensified    conflict.    Who    were    those 


■e*2 


THE  MINERS'  CAMP  AT  LUDLOW 


persons?  What  was  the  issue  involved? 
Colorado  is  not  a  farming  State.  Its 
soil  does  not  grow  things  easily;  the 
mountain  water  supply  comes  and  goes 
like  the  shadow  cast  by  a  flying  cloud; 
the  land  must  be  irrigated.  If  its  farms 
alone  held  its  people,  the  major  part  of 
Colorado's  citizens  would,  long  since, 
have  moved  to  Iowa  or  Nebraska,  to 
Texas  or  to  Western  Canada. 

The  mines  make  the  State  rich  and 
hold  the  population  on  that  sterile  soil. 
The  richest  of  these  are  the  metal  mines ; 


the  most  promising — because  they  will 
produce  most  steadily  and  the  longest — 
are  the  coal  mines. 

Of  Colorado's  millions  of  acres  of  coal 
land,  nearly  ninety-five  per  cent  awaits 
the  coming  of  the  miner.  Over  eighty 
per  cent  of  this  coal  is  owned  by  the  Fed- 
eral Government  and — some  day — will 
be  turned  back  to  the  State.  The  remain- 
ing land  is  owned  almost  entirely  by 
the  State.  The  governor  and  the  legis- 
lature will  say  as  to  who  shall  finally  get 
that     coal.     They     will     dispose— under 


WHAT  SOLDIERS  DID  AT  LUDLOW 
The  tent  colony  became  an  object  of  passion.    The  Colorado  militiamen  felt  that  it  had  to  be  destroyed  and  so  they 


>»va    i'.i. -.-J' mi.         iiil    v^ululdUU     llllllMtllllt'il     leil     llliil     II     I 

burned  it,  and  as  a  result  women  and  children  died. 


652 


COLORADO    PLAYS  THE  RED  GAME 


653 


some  system — of  a  mineral  the  wealth  of 
which  would  have  staggered  Croesus. 

Because  of  what  they  control,  state 
offices  in  Colorado  are  potentially  valu- 
able to  the  holders.  Because  of  what 
they  have  to  give  away,  governors  and 
legislators  in  Colorado  are  worth  "own- 
ing". That  does  not  mean  they  are  owned, 
mind  you.  but  big  interests  know  that 
men  have  been  influenced  in  the  past  in 
that  State  and  they  have  not  lost  hope 
that  the  trick  can  be  turned  again.  It 
is  worth  someone's  while  to  put  his  collar 
on  them,  if  he  can.  Whose  collar  shall 
that  be?  That  is  the  issue  in  Colorado 
today.  It  has  been  the  issue  for  ten  or 
fifteen  years.  It  will  be  the  issue,  until 
Colorado  comes  to  its  senses. 

Judge  Ben  Lindsey,  Lincoln  Steffens, 
and  scores  of  other  authorities  have  de- 
clared that  the  state  government  of  Colo- 
rado once  was  for  sale  and  that  certain 
big  mining  interests  bought  it.  There  is 
no  need  to  tell  that  story  again  at  this 
late  day.     Everyone  knows  it. 

When  the  State  of  Colorado  came  to 
appreciate  its  wealth  of  coal,  its  possi- 
bilities were  so  much  advertised  that 
everyone  wanted  it.  Coal  came  to  be  so 
promising  that  a  Denver  banker  built  a 
railroad  through  forbidding  passages  to 
market.  Due  to  the  new-found  energy, 
Colorado  grew.  Everyone  said  that  this 
would  mean  a  demand  for  more  coal.  In 
the  clear  air  of  Colorado,  men's  imagina- 
tions ran  away  with  them.  They  pictured 
hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  that  were 
to  be  made  out  of  coal.  Whether  they 
saw  straight  or  crooked  does  not  matter. 
The  people  thought  this  dream  of  wealth 
was  true.    They  acted  accordingly. 

They  remembered  the  general  belief 
that  the  government  of  the  State  of 
Colorado  had  once  been  for  sale.  Maybe 
it  could  be  bought  again.  And — with  the 
next  purchase  would  go  the  control  of 
all  that  coal  land. 

Because  it  was  believed  that  Colorado's 
state  government  once  had  been  sold  to 
the  smelter  interests,  it  was  presumed 
they  still  were  in  control.  Thus,  when 
some  smelter  owners  became  coal  own- 


they  st 
some  s 


ers  also,  it  was  presumed  by  many  that 
the  state's  partiality  extended  automatic- 
ally to  the  coal  mines.  There  is  nothing 
to  prove — at  least  in  a  court  of  law — that 
this  common  belief  was  true.  It  is  merely 
stated  here  to  show  how  impressions 
gain  a  footing.  The  people  argued  from 
what  they  believed  had  been  to  what 
might  be.  Their  conclusion  was  unavoid- 
able. 

Also  another  thing  that  added  to  the 
people's  distrust  was  when  Colorado  tried 
by  law  to  make  the  weights  on  coal 
accurate.  But  this  law  was  blissfully 
disregarded.  It  was  practically  a  dead 
letter. 

Knowing  that  the  miners  were  paid 
by  weight  and  that  an  inaccurate  scale 
always  weighs  light,  the  state  mine  in- 
spectors made  report  after  report  to  the 
state  government  that  certain  scales  were 
out  of  order  and  that  certain  scale  own- 
ers would  not  permit  of  an  inspection. 
These  reports,  which  were  in  minute 
detail,  went  to  the  proper  department. 
Although  in  possession  of  the  facts,  the 
officials  did  nothing  to  enforce  the  law. 
This  negligence,  when  made  public, 
clinched  the  popular  impression  that  the 
operators  had  more  influence  over  the 
state  officials  than  was  desirable.  That 
definite  charges  of  inaccuracy  were 
ignored  helped  to  determine  certain  labor 
leaders  to  attempt  to  get  control  of  the 
state  government. 

The  corporations  in  the  past  had 
shown  how  the  thing  could  be  done.  But 
the  labor  leaders  were  not  merely  seek- 
ing to  follow  a  bad  precedent.  Labor  in 
mines  is,  under  the  best  conditions,  not 
pleasant.  There  is  no  question  that  con- 
ditions could  be  improved  in  most  of  the 
Colorado  coal  mines.  When  miners  were 
threatened  with  being  "sent  down  the 
canyon",  that  is,  discharged,  when  they 
complained  to  their  foremen  of  flagrant 
violations  of  the  state  labor  law,  hatred 
was  necessarily  engendered  in  their 
hearts. 

But  they  did  not  intend  to  gain  their 
ends   by   either    violence   or   corruption. 

(Continued  on  pagl  77*) 


THE  FLEA'S  ARMOR  PLATE 


Carrier  of  the  Bubonic  Plague 
If  the  P©st  of  every  little  yellow  dog  was  as  big  as  this 
model  in  wax,  that  is,  1,728,000  times  as  big  as  it  is,  it 
would  soon  annihilate  the  mongrel.     It  has  a  set  of 
armor  plate  that  would  do  justice  to  a  dreadnaught 
and  it  has  one  big  offensive  weapon  which  is  more 
in  the  nature  of  a  torpedo.   When  the  yellow  cur      / 
madly  chases  some  particular  spot  his  sympath 
zing  master  knows  that  the  torpedo,  which  is 
nothing  more  than  the  bloodsucking  beak  of 
the  flea,  has  done  its  work.    Incidentally  it  is 
that  piece  of  animal  machinery  which  spreads 
the  bubonic  plague.  * 

The  model  was  made  with  painstaking 
care  from  live  fleas  because    the   dead 
fleas  of    the    ordinary  textbook  have 
shrunk  and  the  limbs  are  telescoped 
somewhat,  so  this  is  the  first  real  idea 
that  has  been  given,  of  what  the 
insect  actually  is. 


Ignaz  MATAUSCH 

He  studied  the  living  flea  and 
made  a  model  of  it  that  no  other 
man  in  the  United  States  or 
Canada  would  be  capable  of 
making.  It  is  a  work  of  art  and 
as  precise  as  an  engineer's  draw- 
ing. 


654 


WHEN  CANNON  WERE  LOGS 


THE  NEW  PROJECTILE  WOULD 
NOT    FIT    IN    THE   OLD    KIND    OF 
r  GUN 

It  takes  a  derrick  to  handle  the  missiles  which 
the  fourteen-  and  sixteen-inch  guns  of  the  battle- 
ship New  York  use,  and  the  same  derrick  would 
lift  this  old  German  cannon,  of  the  year  1500,  which 
was  made  of  wood  and    a  couple  of    millstones. 


OUR  TWELVE 
GRE&T  SCIENTISTS 

III.  COL.  GEORGE  W  GOETHALS 

By  Arthur  B.  Krock 

This  article  is  the  third  in  the  series,  "The  Twelve  Great  American  Scientists". 
These  twelve,  as  has  been  explained  in  previous  issues,  were  selected  by  the  thou- 
sand leading  scientists  in  the  United  States,  by  a  vote  taken  at  the  request  of  the 
editors  of  Technical  World  Magazine.  Professor  Miclielson,  the  great 
physicist,  and  Doctor  Alexis  Carrel,  the  remarkable  surgeon,  have  so  far  been 
covered.  Absorbing  as  were  the  articles  on  these  two  men,  we  are  confident  that 
this  intimate  study  of  the  great  canal  builder  will  be  of  even  more  vital  interest 
to  you. — The  Editors. 


w 


HAT  do  you  think  is 
the  especial  quality  of 
George  W.  Goethals 
that  makes  him  dis- 
tinguished ?"  I  asked 
of  three  men  in  public  life  who  know 
the  canal  builder  intimately. 

"His  courage,"  said  one. 

."His  administrative  ability,"  said  an- 
other. 

"His  willingness  to  accept  responsibil- 
ity," said  the  third. 

These  men  know  George  W.  Goethals 
as  well  as  one  man  can  know  another. 
Two  of  them  are  members  of  Congress 
who  have  voted  on  the  appropriations 
which  Goethals  has  sought  for  the  Pan- 
ama Canal.  The  other  is  a  close  per- 
sonal friend.  All  are  his  admirers,  but 
none  is  given  to  hero  worship,  the  two 
congressmen  having  been  in  public  life 
a  long  time  and  the  third  being  a  news- 
paper correspondent  in  Washington 
without  any  ideals  of  public  men  left  in 
his  bosom.  Therefore,  while  these  are 
the  comments  of  friends  on  the  attributes 
of  George  W.  Goethals,  they  are  at  the 
same    time    intelligent    and   conservative 

656 


comments ;  whence  it  can  be  firmly  set 
down  in  the  beginning  that— 

Goethals  is  of  rare  courage. 

He  has  supreme  administrative  ability. 

He  does  not  shift  responsibility  upon 
others. 

So  far  as  the  personal  umpiring  of  the 
writer  is  concerned,  he  is  willing  to  con- 
cede these  three  things  cheerfully.  He 
has  confirmed  them  by  personal  inspec- 
tion, at  Panama  and  in  Washington,  of 
Goethals  the  man,  Goethals  the  adminis- 
trator, and  Goethals  the  minority  mem- 
ber of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission. 
Perhaps  that  last  title,  "minority  mem- 
ber," needs  elucidating.  It  owes  its 
origin  to  the  fact  that  Goethals  often  was 
outvoted  by  the  other  members  of  the 
Commission ;  that  is,  he  frequently  found 
himself  in  the  minority.  Yet  his  de- 
cision always  carried.  That  was  because 
of  President  Roosevelt. 

When  it  was  decided  that  an  army  en- 
gineer should  build  the  Canal  and  the 
Commission  was  reorganized  by  Con- 
gress, Goethals  was  named  as  its  chair- 
man. President  Roosevelt,  in  a  memo- 
randum, announced  that  the  Chairman's 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT   SCIENTISTS 


657 


vote  was  to  decide  every  issue.  Thus, 
if  the  Commission  voted  six  to  one 
against  a  proposal,  and  Goethals  was  the 
one,  he  carried  the  day.  This  was  but 
right,  as  upon  Goethals'  shoulders  rested 
the  responsibility  of  building  the  Canal. 
A  proviso — "unless  overruled  >by  the 
Secretary  of  War" — alone  nullified  the 
"minority  member's"  veto.  But  let  one 
important  incident  be  recited  to  show 
the  operation  of  that  proviso. 

Over  a  year  ago,  Colonel  Goethals  de- 
cided that  Culebra  Cut  was  in 
proper  condition  to  be  flooded. 
He  determined  therefore  to 
blow  up  Gamboa  Dike  and  let 
the  water  of  Gatun  Lake  fill 
the  Cut ;  that  is,  to  make  a 
canal  of  it.  The  late  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel D.  D.  Gailliard, 
who  was  in  charge  of  the  Cut, 
opposed  the  plan.  He  said  to 
turn  in  the  water  would  be 
disastrous,  would  result,  per- 
haps, in  fatal  slides,  might  un- 
dermine the  steep  banks  near 
Gold  Hill  and  undo  in  haste 
what  had  been  toiled  for  during 

Culebra  and  Its  Martyr 
Lieutenant  Colonel  D.  D.  Gailliard  made 
the  fcrn-at  cut  which  has  seemed  an  impu 
sahlr  harrier,  and  so  long  and  difficult  rh 
Hm  job  that  it  cost  the  life  of  the  engineer 
through  overwork. 


seven  driving  years.  Other  members  of 
the  Commission  supported  Gailliard,  who. 
having  dug  the  chasm,  was  supposed  to 
know.  In  fact,  he  did  know ;  he  simply 
opposed  the  flooding  of  the  Cut  as  "too 
great  a  risk".  Goethals  believed  it  a 
safe  risk — if  you  will  permit  the  paradox. 
Moreover,  he  knew  that  if  the  water 
were  not  sent  down  the  Cut  at  that  time, 
the  freshets  would  cease,  Gatun  Lake 
contract,  the  flooding  pi  the  Cut  be  de- 
layed one  year  and  with  it  the  completion 


.,.'-•  •,■.-■-   «? 


mammmmmm^mmmmmn 


COL  GEORGE  W.  GOETHALS 


6SS 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT   SCIENTISTS 


659 


of  the  Panama  Canal.    It  was  a  time  for 
masterful  action. 

Goethals  therefore  overruled  Gailliard 
and  the  others  who  objected — I  think  it 
was  a  majority  of  the  Commission — and 
.ordered  the  water  turned  in.  There  was 
a  furious  protest.  The  reckless  Chair- 
man was  going  to  undo  the  greatest  en- 
gineering preparation  of  all  time!  By 
his  pride  in  his  puny  judgment  he  was 
going  to  whelm  the  Panama  Canal  in  a 
welter  of  avalanches.  Finally  the  affair 
came  before  Secretary  of  War  Stimson 
in  the  form  of  a  report  from  Goethals. 

"The  American  people,  through  Con- 
g  r  e  s  s,  in- 
structed me  to 
finish  this 
Canal  by  1915. 
If  water  is 
turned  into 
C  u  1  e  b  ra  Cut 
now,  it  will  be 
finished.  If  not. 
it  will  be  de- 
1  a  y  e  d  one 
year."  he  said. 
"As  an  engi- 
neer I  am  con- 
vinced the  Cut 
is  ready  for 
flooding.  As 
engineers,  others  are  opposed.  If  the 
Canal  is  to  be  delayed  a  year,  the  respon- 
sibility will  not  rest  upon  me." 

How  bold  and  yet  how  masterful  that 
was !  Do  you  wonder  Congressman 
Sherley  calls  "courage"  the  dominant 
quality  of  the  man?  His  statement  to 
Stimson  simply  meant  that  the  water 
would  be  turned  in  unless  the  Secretary 
of  War  directly  assumed  the  responsibil- 
ity of  delaying  the  completion  of  the 
Canal  one  whole  year.  And,  of  course, 
the  Secretary  of  War  did  not  assume  the 
responsibility.  What  man  could  in  the 
face  of  such  superb  confidence?  He  did 
what  has  since  grown  to  be  a  habit  with 
other  men — and  strong  men,  too :  he  put 
it  upon  Goethals.  And  Goethals  assumed 
it  boldly. 

Gamboa    Dike    was    "busted",    as   the 


President  remarked  when  he  pressed  the 
button  that  blew  it  up ;  the  water  went  in 
and  then — some  bad  slides  began.  All 
over  the  Isthmus  came  the  cries  of  "I 
told  you  so."  But  not  from  the  engineers 
who  had  differed  from  the  Chairman.  The 
justice  must  be  done  them  that  they 
abided  by  his  authority  and  at  no  time 
rejoiced  in  any  accident  that  might  have 
gratified  their  pride  of  opinion.  Sibert, 
the  builder  of  the  eternal  Gatun  Dam  and 
Locks ;  Gailliard,  the  martyr  of  Culebra, 
who  died  from  his  colossal  labors — these 
and  others,  who  had  not  believed  in  the 
flooding,    took   no   part    in   the   derisive 

chorus.     But 
when  there  has 


COLONEL  GEORGE  W.  GOETHALS 

Born  Brooklyn,  New  York,  1858;  graduated 
West  Point,  1880;  Second  Lieutenant  Engi- 
neers, 1880;  First  Lieutenant  1882;  Captain 
1891;  Chief  of  Engineers  during  Spanish- 
American  War;  appointed  Chief  Engineer  of 
Panama  Canal,  February  26,  1907;  ap- 
pointed Colonel  of  Engineers,  1909;  named 
Governor  of  Canal  7jone,  January  30,  1914; 
named  Head  of  Committee,  May  21,  which  is 
to  have  charge  of  the  opening  of  Canal,  Jan- 
uary 1,  1915. 


been  a  contro- 
versy among 
chieftains, 
their  partisans 
take  up  the 
gage  of  battle. 
Goethals 
coolly  assigned 
the  slides  to 
their  proper 
place  in  Na- 
t  u  r  e.  They 
would  have 
come,  anyhow, 
in  1914  as 
well  as  in  1(H3.  Their  angle  of  repose 
would  be  reached  at  a  given  time,  and 
the  steam-shovels  and  dredges  would  dis- 
pose of  what  earth  slid  into  the  water 
in  the  meantime.  So  he  put  the  shovels 
and  dredges  to  work,  and  they  bit  off 
great  mouth fuls  of  the  slides  and  carried 
them  away  to  other  places  on  the  Zone 
where  the  dirt  was  needed.  He  set  hy- 
draulic engines  to  work  on  the  nape  of 
the  great  hills  over  Culebra  Cut,  and 
these  engines  wore  away  the  pressure 
that  was  making  the  slides.  Soon  the 
slides  were  gone,  and  gone  was  the  pres- 
sure that  made  them ;  and  from  the  solid 
peak  of  Gold  Hill  one  looking  down 
today  can  see  a  broad  stream  of  water 
where  once  was  the  great  gulch  of 
Culebra  and  can  behold  the  completing 
link  in  the  great  continental  water-bridge, 


660 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


PHOTO HARRIS  &   EWiHG 

Colonel  Harry  Foote 
Hodges 
He  is  one  of  the  men  who  have 
served  on  the  Canal  Commis- 
sion, one  of  the  half  dozen 
men  who  will  always  be  known 
l°TJhc"  share  of  the  colossal 
task,  who  made  the  work  of 
Uoethals  possible. 

miscalled    the 
Panama    "Canal." 
What  was  it  his 
three    friends    said 
ofGoethals?  Cour- 
age— administrative 
ability  —  willingness 
to     accept     responsi- 
bility?   I    believe    the 
one     incident     of     the 
flooding  of  Culebra  Cut 
verifies  all  three. 

Goethals  physi- 
cally is  as  interest- 
ing as  Goethals 
mentally.     Visitors 


to    the    Isthmus    who    are    out 
sight-seeing  any  time  between 
seven    o'clock    in    the    morning 
and  noon  may,  if  they  are  lucky 
witness  a  sight  like  this : 

A  tall,  sturdy,  ruddy-cheeked 
man,  white-mustached  (the  in- 
evitable  tropic   touch),   leaping 
like  a  boy  from  gasoline  motor 
J\o.  /  and  swinging  across  fields 
or  down  tracks  to  a  spot  where 
a  gang  of  men  are  at  work.    If 
they  will  watch  the  pedestrian 
they  will  notice  that  he  speaks 
to  every  man,  woman,  and  child- 
white  and  black,  who  cross  his 
path;  that  he  speaks  heartily; 
that  for  all  the  white  and  many 
of  the  black  he  accompanies  his 
salutation  with  a  name,  famil- 
iarly-spoken.    They  will  no- 
tice   that    the    pedestrian 
L  gets  a  bow,  a  salute  or 

^\  a     smile     in     return, 

■^         s  o  m  e  t  i  m  e  s  an  em- 
brace from  the  chil- 
dren.    Then     when 
he  reaches  his  ob- 
jective   point    they 
will  see  him  stand 
watching   the 
work,  be  it  dredg- 
ing, shoveling, 
concrete  construc- 
tion,  or   anything 
else.     Finally,    he 
will    get    down 
with     the     "boys" 
and  talk  the  thing 
over. 

When  he  leaves  the 

work     and     comes 

striding  back  to  No. 

7,  the  picks,  shovels. 

trowels,     spirit-levels, 

axes,  or  mallets  will  fly 

faster,  dig  deeper,  spear 

more  mortar,  register  more 

"takings",    split 

more    obstructions. 


C0R.RPOHI cUHECrssT,  WASHiNGTOH 

Wi,hC,',V'L  E^'G'XEER  Ha*ky  Harwood  Rousseau 

c^c^l^etA^ti^Z^  MS1"      °  r  P  1  a  n  t  m  o  r  e 

stakes.     Whatever 


one-ofthe^,0-Xm°rc^a"^!is^^ 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


661 


the     men     have     been 
doing,   they   will   work 
harder   and   better   be- 
cause "the  Colonel"  has 
been     there.     For     the 
pedestrian  in  the  white 
suit  is  Goethals,  and  he 
has   had   a   distinct 
reason  for  going  to  that 
particular    work 
ground.   And  before  he 
has    left,    the    man    in 
charge    and    the    gang 
under  him  know  what 
"the  Colonel"  thinks  of 
what  they  are  doing 
— good,   bad,    or    in- 
different— and     they 
have    the    advantage 
of    any    suggestions 
he    may    have    been 
able  to  make. 

Then  back  into  No.  7 
again,  dripping  with 
perspiration,  fanning 
himself  with  his  hat, 
leaps  the  Colonel ;  and 
away  shoots  the  engi- 
neer-chauf- 
feur to  an- 
other part  of 
t'h  e  great 
works.  All 
the  morn- 
ing Goethals 
spends  in  this 
healthful  and 
useful  activ- 
ity. 1 1  h  a  s 
preserved  his 
wonderful 
physique  and  constitution.  It  has  kept 
the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal  at 
t'>p  speed.  It  has  resulted 
finished  on  time. 

By  noon  the  Colonel,  his  white  suit 
fresh  no  longer,  his  hair  streaked  on  his 
cheeks,  walks  swiftly  up  the  long  hill  at 
Culebra  to  his  house  overlooking  the 
busiest  part  of  the  work.  There  he 
doffs  his  dripping  clothes,  takes  the  in- 
dispensable "shower"  of  the  tropics,  dons 


in 


its  being 


Lieutenant  Col- 
onkl  William    I. 

Si  BERT 

He  had  charge  of 
the  construction 
work  on  the  Gatun 
locks  and  spillway, 
which  fellow  engi- 
neers have  said  is 
the  biggest  indi- 
vidual work  ever 
accomplished. 


fresh  white  things  from  skin  to  belt,  and, 
before  two  o'clock,  is  in  his  office,  ready 
for  the  conferences  and  plannings  which 
make  up  the  other  half  of  the  day's 
work.  Also  by  two  o'clock  Colonel  Goe- 
thals knows  the  day's  work,  its  every 
detail,  its  obstacles,  its  successes.  He 
knows  which  men  in  his  organization  are 
weakening  and  which  are  showing  new 
strength.     Perhaps  he  has  revised  fifty 

(Continued  on  page  TIG) 


FIGHT  SHIP  FIRES 
without  WATER 


By  Walter  S.  Hiatt 


With  all  their  splendid  equipment,  the  great  transatlantic  liners  have  been 
declared  to  be  lacking  in  life-saving  apparatus — apparatus  that  would  protect  the 
passenger  not  only  from  storm  but  from  fire.  But  the  latest  vessels  are  prac- 
tically fireproof  in  construction.  Moreover,  they  are  fitted  out  with  appliances 
that  zvill  enable  the  crew  to  reach  a  conflagration  even  in  the  hold's  depths.  This 
article  tells  the  story  of  another  of  man's  big  achievements. — The  Editors. 


is  to  tighten  her  hatches  and  run  at  full 
speed  for  the  land.  The  great  danger 
from  fire  at  sea,  heretofore,  has  been 
due  chiefly  to  the  fact  that  a  ship's  crew 
cannot  apply  water  with  any  degree  of 
certainty,  nor  put 
into  practice  the  two 
elementary  principles 
of    fire    f  i  g  h  t  i  n  g — 


THE  utter  helplessness  of  a 
ship  afire,  though  surrounded 
by  water,  was  realized  by  a 
startled  world  last  October 
when  the  immigrant  steamer 
Volturno  burned  in  mid-Atlantic  with 
a  loss  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-six 
lives.  Therefore,  to  ships  equipped 
with  double  bottoms  and  water-tight 
compartments  have  been  added  fire- 
proof construction  and  fire  apparatus, 
with  trained  firemen  operating  chem- 
ical engines.  Five  of  the  world's  new- 
est and  largest  liners — the  Vaterland,  the 
Aquitania,  the  Britannia,  the  Columbus. 
and  the  Imperator — are  being  protected 
against  fire  hazards. 

The  fire  loss  on  land,  which  in 
the  last  dozen  years  has  grown 
to  the  vast  sum  of  one  billion  six 
hundred  million  dollars  a  year,  is 
three  times  the  annual  average 
value  of  all  the  gold  and  silver 
taken  out  of  the  land.  The  fire 
loss  at  sea  has  grown  to  the 
round  annual  sum  of  one  hun- 
dred millions,  or  enough  to  build 
a  fleet  of  a  dozen  Vaterlands  each 
year. 

When  the  average  ship, 

whether      passenger      Or      freight,        Fires  at  sea  are  difficult  to  handle  because  they  usually  must  be  at- 
Catches   fire  at   sea    the  best  hone       tacked  from  above  and  hence  need  special  apparatus  to  enable  man 

662 


Cab 


FIGHTING  SHIP  FIRES   WITHOUT   WATER 


663 


Sewing  Up  the  VaterlaniCs  Skin 
The  double-  skins  of  the  modern  liner,  held  by  thousands 
of  creat  rivets,  haw  cone  far  in  preventing  dancer  of  sink- 
ing, but  fire  is  still  an  unconquered  demon  on  the  older 
boats. 

catch  a  fire  before  it  gets  away 
and  work  at  it  from  underneath.  Dis- 
astrous ship  fires  general'y  begin -in  some 
one  of  the  several  holds  forty  to  sixty 
feet  below  the  bridge  deck,  and  to  be 
forced  to  fight  a  fire  from  this  deck  is 
like  fighting  a  fire  in  the  basement  of  a 
skyscraper  from  the  roof. 

So  on  the  new  fireproof  ship  these 
points  will  be  considered,  and  gas  will 
largely  take  the  place  of  water  in  put- 
ting out  fires.    The  successful  substitu- 


tion of  gas  for  water  in  fighting  a  ship 
fire  was  perhaps  first  illustrated, 
though  in  a  crude  way,  when  the  bark 
Whistler  was  so  saved  a  number  of 
years  ago.  This  vessel,  laden  with  gen- 
eral cargo,  ran  from  the  sea  into  Port- 
land, Oregon,  with  a  fierce  fire  blazing 
below  decks.  The  hatches  had  been 
battened  down,  but  the  fire  could  not 
be  smothered,  nor  could  water  put  it 
out.  Tons  and  tons  of  water  were 
poured  into  her  hold  during  the  better 
part  of  two  weeks.  When  the  owner 
was  on  the  point  of  scuttling  her,  the 
insurers  obtained  his  permission  to  see 
what  they  could  do  with  carbonic  acid 
gas. 

Half  a  dozen  barrels  of  marble  dust, 
answering  the  same  end  as  lime  or 
chalk,  and  three  demijohns  of  muriatic 
acid  were  mixed  in  casks  on  deck, 
which  were  then  closed  and  the  gas 


FiREPROOFING  A  STAIRWAY 

In  the  new  steamers,  fire  brick  and  concrete  are  used  in 
the  construction  of  stairways. 


664 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


carried  into  the  ship's  hold  through 
rubber  hose  placed  at  the  bungholes. 
In  three  days  the  hatches  were  lifted 
and  the  fire  was  found  to  be  extin- 
guished. Further,  no  great  damage  had 
been  done  the  cargo  other  than 
that  from  the  water  used 
The  entire  cost  of  the 
gas-generating  ma 
terial  was  twenty- 
five  dollars,  and  it 
had  put  out  a 
fire  that  a  harbor 
full  of  water 
could  not 
quench. 

This  method 
of  fighting 
fires  at  sea 
should  be 
more  suc- 
cessful than 
on  land 
where,  a  1- 
though  chem- 
ical engines 
are  part  of  the 
effective 
equipment  of 
every  city  fire 
department  and 
chemical  fire  ex- 
tinguisher tanks 
are  widely  used 
in  factories  and 
hotels,  there  are  not 
often  found  the  con- 
fined spaces  of  a  ship 
In  its  hold  the  air  cannot 
circulate  as  freely  as  in  a 
building  and  therefore  the  extin- 
guishing gas  can  settle  and  smother  the 
fire.  To  understand  its  action  it  must  be 
understood  that  fire  is  merely  heated 
atoms  of  carbon  combining  with  the 
oxygen  gas  of  the  air.  If  a  cooling  sub- 
stance like  water  is  thrown  on  a  blaze, 
the  carbon  and  oxygen  will  no  longer 
combine,  though  in  a  bad  fire  streams  of 
water  may  but  add  new  supplies  of 
oxygen  and  increase  the  blaze.  If  the 
lighter  oxygen  is  crowded  away  by   a 


heavier    non-inflammable    gas,    however, 
there  can  be  no  combustion. 

First    recommended    by    Lloyd's    in 
1903,  the  introduction  of  this  method  is 
in  part  due  to  Baron  Constantin  von 
Moltke,  fire  chief  of  the  naval 
city  of  Kiel,  Germany,  who 
came  to  the  United 
States    to    study    ship 
fire  problems  last 
November     at     the 
instance  of  the 
Hamburg-Ameri- 
can Line,  one  of 
whose  big  ships 
just    failed    of 
burning  at  her 
dock    in    Ho- 
boken,  New 
Jersey,  last 
August.    The 
fire     on     this 
ship  began  as 
a    tiny    blaze 
in    a    store 
room    and    it 
took  her  own 
equ  ipm  ent. 
that  of  her 
dock,  and   that 
of  a  half-dozen 
fire  boats  of  two 
city    departments 
to    save    her.     It 
was  estimated  that, 


Baron  Constantin  von  Moltke 

Ho  is  the  fire  chief  of  the  naval  city 

of  Kiel,  Germany,  the  city  which  has 

led  in   developing  the  science  of  fire- 

fiyhtintf  on  sbipboard. 


using  their  water  method,  two 
million  gallons  of  water  were  pumped 
into  her  before  the  fire  was  put  out. 

The  method  recommended  by  Baron 
von  Moltke  has  been  carried  out  with 
thoroughness  on  both  the  Imperator 
and  the  Vaterland.  The  first  step  in 
fire  protection  is  to  eliminate  possible 
causes  and  fire-feeding  materials.  The 
bodies  of  ships  are  of  steel,  with  steel 
partitions  and  bulkheads  below  the 
main  deck,  and  an  upper  interior  struc- 


REACHING  THE  HEART  OF  THE  FIRE 
The  firtifhlir  of  the  modem  liner  goes  to  the  source  of  the  trouble  as  the  diver  drops  into  the  depths  of  the  sea. 


N  GAS  TO  STOP  THE 
FIRE 
Each  tube  leads  to  a  different  part  of  the 
ship  and  when  the  smoke  indicator  warns 
of  fire,  the  bulkhead  doors  confine  that  area 
and  the  gas  is  sent  through  the  tube  from 
the  bridge  to  the  hold. 

665 


i 


666 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


ture  of  wood.  Steel  when  exposed  to 
fierce  heat  bends  easily  and  is  really 
less  resistive  than  the  heavy  oaken  tim- 
bers used  in  the  New  England  cotton 
mills.  So  the  steel  insides  of  these 
ships  have  been  coated  with  a  fire- 
resistive  composition  made  of  iron 
dust,  saw  dust,  cotton,  and  isinglass. 
Further,  the  wood  interiors  of  the 
superstructure  and  passenger  depart- 
ments have  been  replaced  by  fire  brick 
and  concrete,  as  in  stairways; 
large  windowed  areas  fitted  with  a 
form  of  wire  glass; 
and  electric  wires 
run  in  steel  pipe 
conduits. 

But  as  the 
cargo  cannot  be 
fireproofed  —  a 
cargo  may 
be  of  coal,  cot- 
ton, tobacco, 
inflammable 
oils,  liquors, 
wool,  or  dry 
goods — t h  e 
hold  is  an  ever 
present 
hazard.  So 
automatic  fire 
alarms  and  an  automatic  sprinkler 
system,  such  as  may  be  seen  in  any  big 
fireproof  factory  or  hotel,  have  been 
fitted  throughout  the  ships. 

Should  the  fire  thwart  these  safety 
measures,  there  then  remains  the  usual 
water  hose  in  the  hands  of  the  crew, 
and,  in  addition,  the  chemical  engines 
operated  by  a  special  corps  of  firemen. 

Suppose  a  tiny  stream  of  smoke 
should  be  shown  in  the  glass  indicator 
on  the  bridge,  to  which  pipes  lead  from 
all  the  various  holds  and  compartments 
of  the  ship.  This  would  mean  that  the 
fire  had  gotten  away  from  the  water 
sprinklers.    At  once  one  of  the  firemen 


New  Class  of  Men  for  the  Sea 

Trained  firemen,  taught  how  to  attack  a  fire  at  its  weakest  point,  are 

being  placed  on  shipboard. 


on  duty,  instead  of  pumping  steam  or 
water  into  the  hold  afire,  as  in  the  old 
way,  would  begin  pumping  gas  into 
the  mouth  of  the  tube.  Two  other 
firemen,  protected  by  their  gas-tight 
head  pieces,  would  take  a  chemical 
engine  to  the  hold  indicated,  and  fight 
the  fire  at  its  source.  Should  this  work 
prove  too  dangerous,  the  hold  would 
be  closed  with  the  water-tight  doors 
and  gas  pumped  from  the  bridge  until 
it  smothered  the  fire.  On  the  freight 
ships  adopting  the 
gas  method,  the 
pipes  that  formerly 
carried  steam 
into  the  holds 
may  be  used  to 
conduct  gas. 

When  it  is 
remembered 
that  the  fire- 
proof Equit- 
a  b  1  e  Life 
Building  in 
New  York 
burned  three 
years  ago  de- 
spite an  effi- 
cient fire  de- 
partment, from 
a  match  being  dropped  into  a  waste 
paper  basket,  the  fire  demon  cannot  be 
said  to  have  been  conquered  on  land. 
But  it  is  certain  that  the  chemical  en- 
gine will  largely  reduce  the  enormous 
water  damages  to  freight  cargoes  in 
ships  burning  at  sea  and  immeasurably 
reduce  the  fire  hazard  on  these  big 
five-thousand-passenger  ships  fitly  de- 
scribed as  floating  cities. 

With  improved  bulkheads  and  other 
devices  to  prevent  a  ship's  sinking;  with 
an  adequate  supply  of  life-boats ;  with 
fire-proof  construction  and  trained  fire- 
fighters on  board,  the  perils  of  the  great 
ocean  have  been  vastly  diminished. 


a  c 


3  a 


STEEL  LINES  TIE 
AFRICA  to  WORLD 

By  W  Robert  Foran.  ER.G.S. 

Photographs  by  the  Author 


THE  line  that  bisects  Africa 
from  Cape  Town  to  Alexan- 
dria, known  popularly  as  the 
Cape-to-Cairo  Railway,  is 
within  a  few  months  of 
completion  at  the  time  of  writing,  for 
it  is  estimated  that  the  work  will  be 
finished  on  September  1,  1914.  At 
that  time  there  will  have  been  built  the 
final  connection  of  the  links  that  go  to 
make  up  the  stupendous  undertaking, 
and  it  will  be  possible  for  a  traveler  to 
journey  by  rail  and  steamer  through 
the  entire  length  of  Africa. 


miles.  He  will,  furthermore,  not  be 
exposed  to  the  dangers  of  sea  travel. 
Instead,  he  can  travel  comfortably  by 
railroad,  car,  or  steamer  through  the 
rich  agricultural  regions  of  South 
Africa,  Rhodesia,  over  the  Zambezi 
River  into  the  Congo,  through  the 
Sudan  and  Egypt  and  thus  to  the  blue 
waters  of  the  Mediterranean,  passing 
through  territories  which  were  un- 
known to  civilization  a  few  years  ago. 
This  wonderful  engineering  feat 
has  only  been  accomplished  after 
many  years  of  terrific  labor,  enormous 


ON  VICTORIA  NVANZA  WHERE  THE  UGANDA  ROAD  BEGINS 
The  harbor  at  Kilindini  has  room  for  the  great  boats  that  sail  on  the  world's  largest  fresh-water  lake. 


At  the  present  time  a  traveler  from 
Cape  Town  to  Alexandria,  if  he  wishes 
to  avoid  the  discomforts  of  a  short 
caravan  journey  between  the  uncon- 
nected links  of  this  railroad,  must  go 
at  least  eighteen  hundred  miles  out  of 
his  way,  and  take  the  sea  journey 
round  the  coast.  In  September,  1914, 
he  can   save   these   eighteen   hundred 


expenditure  of  capital,  and  indom- 
itable pluck.  With  the  loss  of  but 
few  lives  in  comparison  with  the  na- 
ture of  the  work,  Cecil  Rhodes'  dream, 
astounding  as  it  was,  has  been  turned 
into  a  practical  reality.  Great  Britain 
has  played  the  major  part  in  this 
praiseworthy  task  as  befits  the  nation 
which  controls  the  largest  section  of 

667 


O  C  EAN 


OCEAN 


CAPE  TOWN 


PORT  ELIZABETH 


THE  ADVANCE  OF  CIVILIZATION  AND  THE  RAILROAD 

The  line  that  bisects  Africa  from  Cape  Town  to  Alexandria,  known  as  the  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway,  is  within  a  few  months 
of  completion.     It  will  he  possible  for  a  traveler  to  journey  hy  rail  and  steamer  the  entire  length  of  Africa. 


Africa ;  but  France,  Germany,  Bel- 
gium, and  Portugal  have  also  done 
their  part  in  their  individual  spheres 
of  influence. 

To  look  at  the  map  of  Africa  today  is 
to  see  almost  every  section  dotted  with 
lines  indicating  the  routes  of  a  verita- 
ble network  of  railroads  completed  or 
nearing  completion.  In  a  few  more 
years  it  is  within  the  bounds  of  prac- 
tical possibility  to  find  no  part  of  the 
African  Continent  which  is  not  served 
by  an  efficient  railroad  system.    Then, 

669 


and  then  only,  will  Africa  take  its 
proper  place  amongst  the  great  produc- 
ing continents  of  the  world.  Hitherto, 
its  prolific  resources,  mineral  and 
otherwise,  have  remained  almost  un- 
known to  civilization. 

Statisticians  estimate  that  more  than 
one  million  people  were  engaged  in 
building  the  Great  Pyramids  in  Egypt, 
yet  the  Cape-to-Cairo  railroad  has 
already  used  the  services  of  more  than 
two  million  people  in  construction 
work.    Despite  the  risks  faced  by  the 


WHERE  THE  ROAD  HAS  NOT  COME 
fh,-  author's  caravan  crossing  a  stream  in  the  highlands  of  British  East  Africa  where  crocodiles  and  fish  abound. 


engineers  and  their  laborers,  it  is  in- 
teresting to  know  that  there  has  been 
only  a  comparatively  small  loss  of  life. 
It  has  not  exceeded  ten  lives  to  the 


mile,  a  rate  of  mortality  smaller  than  that 
in  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal. 
These  figures  are  remarkable  when  one 
considers  the  difficulties  overcome,  the 


NATIVES  OF  TROPIC  AFRICA 
A  zebra  is  perfectly  at  home  with  the  tame  native  donkeys  on  Lord  Delamcre's  ranch,  Njoro.    The  picture  was  taken 


from  the  railroad. 


669 


670 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


variable  climate,  the  unruly  character 
of  the  natives,  and  the  depredations  of 
wild  animals. 

When  the  Cape-to-Cairo  Railroad 
was  first  projected,  the  cost  was  esti- 
mated at  two  hundred  and  fifty  million 
dollars.  Construction  work  was  begun 
by  the  extension  of  the  existing  lines 
in  South  Africa  shortly  before  the  out- 
break of  the  Boer  War  in  1899,  and 
since  that  time  it  has  been  steadily  but 
surely  pushed  forward  into  the  heart 
of  Africa,  thus  tapping  undreamed-of 
riches.  To  date,  the  cost  has  been  three 
hundred  million  dollars,  and  when  it  is 
finally  completed  it  is  probable  that 
another  fifty  million  dollars  will  have 
been  added  to  this  astounding  expendi- 
ture of  capital.  But  nevertheless  it  will 
be  a  profitable  investment. 

Part  of  the  task  of  construction  con- 
sisted of  excavating  over  eight  hundred 
million  cubic  yards  of  earth  ;  more  than 
six  hundred  and  fifty  million  cubic 
yards  of  granite  and  rock  have  been 
removed  by  blasting;  and  thus  the 
heavy  cost  is  readily  to  be  understood. 
The  engineers  in  charge  have  laughed 
at  Nature,  for  they  have  diverted  the 


arJ^Si 


v     '.        I- 


course  of  no  less  than  seven  rivers, 
caused  three  lakes  to  change  their 
beds,  and  have  practically  demolished 
a  small  mountain  range. 

While  these  remarkable  engineering 
feats  have  been  accomplished  on  the 
Cape-to-Cairo  Railroad,  other  railroads 
in  almost  every  section  of  Africa  have 
been  pushing  forward  from  the  west 
and  east  coasts  to  meet  the  main  line. 
Before  ten  more  years  have  elapsed, 
there  will  be  no  European  possession 
in  Africa  that  has  not  been  opened  up 
by  a  railroad  and  linked  to  the  Cape- 
to-Cairo  system  or  trunk  line. 


THROUGH  THE  HEART  OF  GERMAN  EAST  AFRICA 

Under  the  burning  sun  of  the  tropics,  the  negro  laborers  have  hewed  a  railroad  bed  out  of  the  wilderness  so  that  a 

journey  that  once  took  weeks  can  now  be  made  in  thirty-six  hours. 


On  the  Indian  Ocean  at 
Mombasa 
Looking  at  the  city  from  the  har- 
bor, the  scene  is  extremely  orien- 
tal. Col.  Roosevelt  in  1910  had  to 
porter  almost  from  here  to  Victoria 
Nyanza,  more  than  four  hundred 
mill's.     Now  there  is  a  railroad. 


The  Cape  -  to  -  Cairo 
Railway,  with  its  links 
by  steamers,  totals  about 
eight  thousand  miles 
alone.  It  has  been  pushed 
forward  from  both  ends 
at  once  in  order  to  meet  in 
the  central  regions  of  the 
Congo.  In  the  years  to  follow, 
wherever  possible,  railroads  will  super- 
sede the  river  and  lake  steamer  service 
at  present  used  to  connect  various  rail 
sections  on  the  route.  This  will  ac- 
celerate the  service  and  add  greatly  to 
the  comfort  of  the  passengers  over  the 
railroad. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Congo  there 
is  a  steamer  and  railroad  service  through 
to  Stanleyville  that  is  even  now  almost 
completed  through  to  join  hands  with  the 
Sudan  line  from  Lado.  This  means 
that  the  year  1914  will  see  the  realiza- 
tion of  the  dream  of  traversing  Africa, 
not  only  from  north  to  south  but  also 
from  west  to  east.  At  Lado,  one  can 
take  the  steamer  and  light  railroad  to 
Nimule  in  Uganda,  thence  by  steamer 
to  Lake  Albert,  and  then  by  railroad 
to  Kampala,  the  Uganda  port  on  the 
Victoria  Nyanza — which  branch  is  now 
nearing  completion — cross  the  Victoria 
Nyanza  by  comfortable  steamer ;  jour- 


A  Temporary  Structure.  Cape-to  Cairo 
It  required  all  the  engineering  ability  of  modern  technic- 
ally trained  men  to  run  the  road  through  Central  Africa. 

ney  through  East  Africa  on  the  famed 
Uganda  railway  and  finally  reach 
Mombasa  on  the  Indian  Ocean. 

In  German  East  Africa,  the  railway 
has  been  completed  from  the  east  coast 
to  Lake  Tanganyika.  From  the  oppo- 
site shore,  a  railroad  will  shortly  be 
constructed  to  join  hands  with  the 
Cape-to-Cairo  road,  probably  at  Albert- 
ville.  The  Sudan  Government  has  not 
only  completed  its  Alexandria  to  Kar- 
tum  rail  and  steamer  service,  but  has 
also  pushed  forward  the  railway  from 
Kartum  southward,  thus  perfecting 
the  already  existing  steamer  service 
between  Kartum  and  Gondokoro  in 
Uganda. 

The  French  Government  is  rapidly 
pushing    forward     its     railroad     lines 

67/ 


672 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


through  Abyssinia  to  connect  event- 
ually with  the  Sudan  railroads  on  the 
Sobat  river.  From  the  west  coast  they 
are  connecting  up  with  the  Cape-to- 
Cairo  trunk  line  in  the  Sudan.  The 
Portuguese  are  showing  similar  activ- 
ity in  this  direction  both  in  the  east 
and  west  of  Africa ;  and  every  nation 
that  has  a  grip  on  Africa  is  awake  to 


Plying  the  Nile  Between  Kartum 
and  Lado 
Far  into  the  interior  of  the  great  Black  Con- 
tinent, the  river  boats  of  the  ancient  stream 
carry  on  a  profitable  trade. 


V 


road  development  in  Africa.  When 
certain  branch  lines  are  opened  there 
will  be  a  complete  service  by  rail  and 
steamer  between  Mombasa  on  the 
Indian  Ocean  and  Alexandria,  where, 
as  recently  as  in  1910,  ex-President 
Roosevelt  had  to  travel  a  considerable 
part  by  caravan,  with  native  porters. 
Four  or  five  years  in  Africa  will  make 
many  similar  changes  in  these 
days    of    rapid    development    of 

communications. 

The  list  of  recent  develop- 


the  immense  possibilities  offered  by 
railroad  development. 

But  the  greatest  of  all  development 
is  to  be  found  in  British  East  Africa. 
The  Uganda  Railway  traverses  a  re- 
markably rich  country.  To  build  it 
cost  eight  years  of  terrific  endeavor 
under  most  disadvantageous  condi- 
tions, with  an  enormous  expenditure 
of  capital  and  heavy  loss  of  life,  and 
requiring  indomitable  perseverance. 

The  final  length  on  completion  was 
584  miles  with  a  meter  gage  through- 
out, and  the  cost  exceeded  $27,000,000 
— being  an  average  cost  per  mile  of 
$46,233.  Its  steep  gradients — for  it 
climbs  from  sea  level  to  an  altitude  of 
8,300  feet  before  dropping  down  '  to 
3,650  feet  at  the  Victoria  Nyanza — 
accounts  to  a  great  extent  for  this  high 
cost. 

Since  its  final  opening  to  traffic  in 
1901,  several  branch  lines  have  been 
constructed  to  tap  wealthy  districts 
and  further  the  main  project  of  rail- 


ments,  most  of  them  within  the 
past  ten  years,  is  a  long  one,  and  yet  it 
is  not  complete.  Every  lake  and  river 
that  is  navigable  is  being  navigated  and 
new  railroads  are  almost  daily  being  com- 
menced. Before  one  has  grown  accus- 
tomed to  the  prospect  of  all  these 
wealthy  lands  being  thrown  open  wide 
to  civilization,  his  grasp  on  the  situa- 
tion will  be  out  of  date.  Africa  has 
been  moving  extraordinarily  fast  since 
the  days  of  the  Boer  War. 

Railroads  are  the  real  missionaries  of 
Africa.  Central  Africa  has  a  remark- 
able store  of  natural  riches,  hitherto  un- 
known. It  is  estimated  that  the  Cape- 
to-Cairo  route  passes  through  gold  fields 
whose  value  is  conservatively  placed  at 
over  five  hundred  million  dollars.  It  is 
in  touch  with  dyewood  and  other  precious 
woods,  valued  by  the  British  Government 
at  eight  hundred  million  dollars. 

Coal  deposits  have  also  been  discov- 
ered,   the    value    of    which    has    been 

{Continued  on  page  7IS) 


GOVERNMENT  CAR  SCALE  TESTER 
Scales  which  weigh  the  coal  and  grain  of  the  nation  are  being  tested  by  experts  who  are  traveling  the  country. 


TESTING  TRACK  SCALES 

rT,I  I E  Bureau  of  Standards  of  the  De- 
partment  of  Commerce  has  equipped 
and  is  sending  out  over  the  country  a 
test  weighing  car  to  test  the  scales  used 
in  the  different  cities  of  the  union.  The 
car,  as  is  shown  in  the  illustration,  is 
equipped  with  a  number  of  standard 
weights  and  apparatus  for  putting  them 
on  the  track  scales  to  be  tested.  A  crane 
oridge,  equipped  with  a  trolley  and  a 
hoist,  can  be  projected  out  of  one  end  of 
the  car  and  any  given  number  of  standard 
weights  can  be  placed  on  the  small  truck 
and  run  out  on  the  scale  platform. 

The  car  carries  eight  weights  of  ten 
thousand  pounds  each  and  four  of 
twenty-five  hundred  pounds  each.  They 
are  of  cast  iron,  machined  all  over,  and 
adjusted  to  exact  weight,  so  that  there 
is  never  a  spring  to  go  wrong  or 
break. 


NO  WINGS  FOR  MAN 

MATHEMATICIANS  have  figured 
out  that  man  is  too  heavy  ever  to 
be  sustained  in  air  by  the  power  of  his 
own  muscles,  no  matter  how  large  the 
wings  are  which  he  fastens  to  his  body. 
The  weight  limit  is  probably  ap- 
proached by  the  largest  birds,  such  as 
the  Australian  crane,  which  still  flies, 
although  it  weighs  about  twenty 
pounds.  The  ostrich  long  ago  gave  up 
all  hope  of  winging  its  way  through 
the  air.  An  aeroplane  can  be  built, 
say  the  experts,  which  will  sustain  a 
man  and  use  but  three  horsepower,  but 
as  the  best  athletes  can  exert  only  a 
maximum  of  about  two  horsepower 
for  fifteen  seconds  at  a  time,  it  is  im- 
probable that  man's  dream  of  flying  as 
do  the  great  birds  of  the  air  will  ever 
be  realized — he  will  always  be  dependent 
on  a  machine. 


673 


IN  EARTHQUAKE  PROPORTIONS 

The  tangled  mass  of  wreckage  is  all  there  is  left  of  an  aniline  factory  in  Germany.    Ten  workmen  were  killed.    The 

people  for  miles  around  thought  that  there  was  a  great  earth  upheaval. 


EXPLOSION  ROCKS  STATE 

A   TERRIFIC  explosion  in  an  aniline 

factory  at  Rummelsburg,  Germany, 

recently    frightened    the    inhabitants    of 

almost  a  whole  German  state.    Windows 

were    shattered    and    walls    cracked    for 


miles  about  the  factory  and  inhabitants 
of  the  district  believed  that  a  disastrous 
earthquake  was  in  progress.  Ten  work- 
men were  killed  and  a  great  number  in- 
jured. No  cause  for  the  explosion  has 
been  discovered. 


•    PORTABLE  FRENCH 
LIGHT 

1V/IILITARY  maneuvers  just 
completed  in  the  south  of 
France  were  greatly  aided  by 
the  use  of  a  corps  of  great  auto- 
mobile searchlights.  These  are 
so  mounted  that  the  beams  can 
he  thrown  in  any  direction  for 
the  detection  of  land  forces  or  i  >f 
aeroplanes  which  might  be  hov- 
ering about  in  the  event  of  real 
war. 

To  Dhtect  the  Enemy 


AIR  FOR  FIREMEN 

I7IREMEN  are  more 
often  incapacitated 
by  suffocation,  while 
fighting  fires,  than  by  al- 
most any  other  cause 
and  to  offset  this  danger 
a  Colorado  man  has  in- 
vented a  ventilating  de- 
vice which  attaches  to 
the  nozzle  of  the  water 
hose.  The  stream 
passes  through  a  small 
chamber  and  engages  a 
water  wheel.  The  water 
wheel  is  in  turn  attached 
to  two  fans,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  hose.  The 
stream  of  water  rotates  the  wheel  very 
rapidly  and  the  fans  are  thus  enabled  to 
deliver  fresh  air  through  rubber  tubes  to 
a  face  mask  worn  by  each  man  who  is 
holding  the  nozzle.  In  all  the  tests  the 
firemen  were  able  to  stand  in  what  would 
otherwise  have  been  a  suffocating  cloud 
of  smoke. 


Am  from  the  Stream 

The  water  turns  a  wheel  which  drives  twin  fans,  supplying  air  to  the  iiremen. 

when  the  smoke  is  thick. 


GATUN  LOCK  AS  DRYDOCK 

WATER  has  filled  the  Panama  Canal 
for  so  long  now  that  to  see  the 
chamber  of  the  Gatun  Locks  dry  was  a 
startling  experience  to  natives  of  the 
Canal  Zone.  Five  submarines  were  dry- 
docked  in  it  to  be  overhauled. 


CCI'IimT— v"l.«*M;   k    UnDt*«r06D 


IN  GATUN  LOCK 
Five  submarines  which  will  guard  the  western  entrance  to  the  Panama  canal  were  drydocked  to  be  painted  and  repaired. 

675 


676 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


DRIVES 
HOME 
FIRST 
RIVETS 


Four  sons  of  navy  officers 

put  in  the  first    rivets    at    the  "^^H 

ceremony  of  laying  the  keel  of  a 

new   battleship  for  the  United  States. 

No  name  has  been  selected  for  the  vessel  as  yet 


DESTROYER  AGROUND 

MAVAL  engineers  of  Great  Britain 
were  forced  to  put  forth  herculean 
efforts  to  remove  the  oil-driven  destroyer, 
Laverock,  from  the  rocks  in  the  Firth  of 
Clyde.  The  new  war  vessel  ran  aground 
while  on  her  trials  and  her  propellers 
were  badly  injured. 

After  a  careful  examination,  the  con- 
tractors, in  whose  hands  the  vessel  still 
was,  found  that  she  could  be  repaired, 
although  it  was  at  first  thought  that  she 
was  so  badly  injured  that  the  British 
Government  would  not  accept  her  even 
when  repaired. 


LAY  KEEL  OF  GREAT 
BATTLESHIP 

DATTLESHIP  number  thirty-nine  of 
the   United   States  Navy  has  begun 
to  take  shape.     The  ceremony  of  laying 
the  keel  was  held  some  time  ago  in  the 
New  York  Navy  Yard.     Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy,  Franklin  D.  Roose- 
velt, hammered  in  the  first  of  the  five 
nickel-plated  rivets  of  the  great 
piece  of  steel.    Four  young 
sons  of  four  navy  offi- 
cers   hammered    in 
j^^         the     others     and 
then       triumph- 
antly   nailed 
up  the  horse- 
shoe   where 
the  bow  of 
the  great 
ship  of  war 
will    be. 
No     name 
has   as  yet 
been     se- 
lected   for 
the    new 
dreadnaught, 
but  it  is  prob- 
able    that     the 
ship     will    be 
known  as  either  the 
Arizona   or   the    Caro- 
lina.    Arizona   has   as   yet 
not  been  honored  by  her  name 
being  given  to  a  battleship. 


Smashed  Propellers 

When  the  Laverock  went  ashore  on  her  trials  in  the  Firth 

of  Clyde  she  suffered  some  damage. 


TRUCKS  STOP  FLOOD 

P\OZENS  of  sets  of  box-car  trucks  and 
wheels  were  tipped  over  the  river 
bank  at  Los  Angeles,  during-  a 
flood  period,  to  prevent  the 
washing  away  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  tracks.  -The 
river  attacked  the  yards  of  the 
Santa  Fe  first  and  employes  of 
that  road  dumped  a  large  number 
of  wooden  box  cars  down  the 
embankment  to  stop  the  erosion, 
but.  as  told  in  Technical  World 
Magazine  for  May,  the  river 
carried  them  away  as  fast  as  they 
were  dropped  in.  The  Southern 
Pacific  profited  by  the  disastrous  experi- 
ence of  the  Santa  Fe  and  sacrificed  only 
the  trucks,  which  could  not  float. 


SWEEPS  SEA  WITH  MAGNET 
""THE  recovering  of  iron  work  of  ships 
that  had  gone  to  pieces  or  of  iron 

that  had 
fallen 
overboard 
by  acci- 
dent, espe- 
cially   in 


Bkttkr  Than  Box  Cars 


The  Southern  Pacific  learned  a 
lesson  from  the  Santa  Fe  and  used 
trucks  to  hold  the  hanks  during  the 
Spring  floods.  Their  rivals  lost 
much  equipment  by  the  mistake. 


small  harbors, 
business,  but 


has  always  been  a  paying 
the  use  of  a  magnet  has 
added  impetus  to  the  industry.  Until 
recently,  where  it  was  known  there  were 
large  quantities  of  this  old  scrap  iron, 
divers  would  be  sent  down  to  fasten  ropes 
about  the  pieces.  Now,  a  big,  flat  piece  of 
iron  is  magnetized,  then  lowered  over  the 
side  of  a  barge,  and  swept  over  the  bot- 
tom. All  the  bits  of  iron  immediately 
attach  themselves  to  the  big  magnet  and, 
when  it  is  drawn  up,  by  means  of  a 
derrick,  they  are  scraped  off  and 
dropped  into  the  bottom  of  the  barge. 


EXPEDITED  BY  THE  ELECTROMAGNET 
Taking  scrap  iron  from  the  bottom  of  the  Regent's  Canal  basin,  London,  with  a  powerful  crane  and  applied  electricity. 

077 


TREATY  TO  SAVE  WILD  FOWL 


By 

AUBREY    FULLERTON 


EVEN  today,  after  the  railroads 
and  civilization  have  driven 
them  back,  the  wild  game 
birds  can  be  heard  occasion- 
ally as  they  fly  high  over  the 
densely  populated  cities  of  the  United 
States,  winging  their  way  from  north 
or  south  as  the  seasons  change.  The 
honk  of  the  Canada  goose  and  the 
staccato  quack  of  the  wild  duck  bring 
a  thrill  to  the  jaded  business  man.  It 
is  to  preserve  these  magnificent  game 
birds  that  the  Canadian  provinces  and 
the  States  of  the  Union  are  uniting  on 
protective  laws. 

The    McLean    bill,    passed   by    Con- 
gress   last   year   and    regarded   as    the 


birds,  especially  of  the  game  birds,  that 
pass  from  one  country  to  the  other. 
The  conservationists  on  both  sides  of 
the  border  hope  that  by  the  aid  of  bet- 
ter laws  and  law  enforcement  the  wild 
fowl  that  yet  remain  may  be  spared  the 
fate    of    certain    birds    that    have    been 


most  important  piece  of  game  legisla- 
tion that  has  yet  been  enacted,  puts  all 
migratory  game  birds  "within  the 
custody  and  protection  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,"  and  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  has  author- 
ity to  administer  the  law  and  to  fix 
such  close  seasons  as  may  be  necessary 
for  the  protection  of  the  birds.  In 
Canada,  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Commission  of  Conservation  last  Janu- 
ary decided  to  ask  the  several  Canadian 
provincial  governments  to  take  a  hand 
in  bringing  about  a  treaty  arrangement 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States    for    the    better    protection    of 

61S 


Lying  in  Wait  for 
the  Flocks 
The  Northern  marshes 
furnish  fine  hunting 
but  there  are  so  many 
hunters  that  the  game- 
birds  are  being  exter 
niinated,  because  it  is 
their  breeding  ground. 

hunted  to  extinction,  existing  now  only 
in  a  "stuffed"  state  in  museums. 

It  is  not  entirely,  however,  a  matter 
of  over-hunting.  Encroachment  upon 
the  land  which  the  birds  long  ago  chose 
as  their  breeding-ground  has  been  an- 
other reason  for  their  decimation,  be- 
cause the  increasing  settlement  greatly 
interfered  with  their  nesting.  Game 
refuges  have  now  been  established  in 
many  of  the  States,  where  considerable 
tracts  have  been  reserved  for  the  wild 
fowl,  and  there,  at  least,  the  "Hands 
Off"  sign  is  up. 

Time  was  when  pretty  nearly  the 
whole    continent,    from    the    Gulf    of 


TREATY  TO   SAVE   WILD   FOWL 


679 


Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  was  a 
great  bird-home,  and  in  those  days 
there  must  have  been  literally  billions 
of  game  birds.  But,  like  the  Indians, 
they  were  driven  back,  losing  great 
numbers  in  the  process.  As  recently, 
however,  as  fifty  years  ago  the  lake 
and  swamp  regions  of  the  Middle- 
North  States  were  still  a  paradise  for 
ducks  and  geese.  Then  the  bird  zone 
gradually  receded,  and  the  lakes  and 
prairies  of  the  Canadian  West  became 
the  chief  breeding  ground  of  the  wild 
fowl.     Presently    the     railroad     came, 


The  Honk  of  the 
Wild  Goose 
The  incessant  cry  of 
the  flock  that  is  wind- 
ing its  way  north  can 
be  heard  for  miles 
when  weather  condi- 
tions are  right,  but  the 
great  "V's"  are  be- 
coming smaller  as  the 
numbers  decrease. 


holds  good  that,  in  the  main,  the  agri- 
cultural development  in  northern  Min- 
nesota, Dakota,  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan, and  northeastern  Alberta,  which 
was  till  then  the  finest  breeding-ground 
for  ducks  and  geese  on  the  continent, 
has  seriously  interfered  with  the  game- 
bird  population  and  has  not  only 
shifted  it  but  greatly  reduced  it. 

The  best  nesting  sites  are  now  in 
the  far  north  of  Alberta  and  Saskatche- 
wan, on  the  southwestern  coast  of 
Hudson  Bay,  around  the  lakes  of  the 
Mackenzie  Territory,  and  along  a  short 
stretch  of  the  Arctic  coast.  The  whole 
region,  the  last  unoccupied  space  in 
America,  is  well  suited  to  aquatic  bird 
life,  but  certain  favored  parts  of  it  are 
especially  so.  The  best  of  it  is  that 
there  is  little  likelihood  of  its  ever 
being  disturbed  by  settlers. 


DlB  Ambush 
Myriads  of  hunters  ly- 
ing in  wait  threaten  the 
extinction  of  our  wild 
ducks  and  geese.  A 
proposed  treaty  with 
Canada  will  cons.-rv. 
the  wild  fowl. 


passing  right  through  the  bird  country, 
and  once  more  the  paradise  receded. 
Two  more  cross-country  railroads  have 
followed  over  this  Canadian  ground  re- 
cently, and  now  the  only  region  left 
to  the  birds,  absolutely  free  from  dis- 
turbance, is  that  north  of  the  rails,  and 
thence  to  the  Arctic. 

There  are  scattered  areas  of  swamp 
land,  of  course,  all  through  the  Middle 
and  Northern  States  that  the  wild  fowl 
still  have,  and  probably  will  always 
have,  to  themselves;  and  in  between 
the  railway  lines  in  Manitoba  and 
Saskatchewan  are  other  areas  that  total 
a    good-sized    acreage.     But    the    fact 


Ducks  and  geese  are  lovers  of  the 
swamp  and  prairie,  and  nest  there 
almost  entirely.  Fortunately  for  them, 
and  for  us,  though  the  prairie  has 
largely  been  preempted,  there  is  much 
swamp  and  marsh  land  in  the  north 
country  where  it  is  too  cold  for  farming. 
The  finest  and  largest  continuous  piece 
of  this  bird  country  is  around  Atha- 
basca and  Great  Slave  Lakes,  including 
all  of  the  Slave  River,  a  hundred  miles 
of  the  Athabasca  River,  and  a  stretch 
of  country  to  the  west  from  fifty  to 
two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  wide. 
Enough  wild  fowl  could  be  bred  there, 
in   an   area  of  some   thirty   thousand 


680 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


square  miles,  to  supply  all  America,  if 
reasonably  protected. 

Away  up  to  the  North,  about  the 
delta  of  the  Mackenzie  and  the  Arctic 
coast  is  the  home  of  the  mallard,  green- 
winged  teal,  and  several  species  of 
geese.  The  wild  Canada  geese  also 
breed  around  Hudson  Bay,  but  east  of 
that  stretch  of  water  the  black  mallard 
is   now,    as    always,    the    chief   native 


game   bird,    the   other   breeds   of   ducks 
being  more  scattered. 

These  birds  pay  no  respect  to  the 
international  boundary,  and  the  ques- 
tion of  their  protection  concerns  all 
America.  If  men  grow  too  greedy  of 
land  and  game,  what  happened  in  the 
South  will  happen  in  the  North.  Con- 
servation, while  the  end  is  still  far  off, 
is  the  wisest  policy. 


TOURING  BY  MOTOR 
CARAVAN 

By    MELVIN    LATHROP 


LUNCH  TIME 


DOCTOR  L.  V.  HARVEY  of 
Upland,  California,  is  about 
to  start  a  motor  caravan  on 
a  tour  which  will  cover 
most  of  the  United  States 
and  a  good  part  of  Europe.    The  auto- 


mobile which  does  the  towing  has  been 
geared  down  to  a  speed  of  five  miles 
an  hour  and  the  three  vehicles  that  will 
travel  in  line  form  a  complete  and  com- 
fortable home  that  cost  about  ten  thou- 
sand dollars.     The  doctor's  wife  and 


TOURING  BY  MOTOR  CARAVAN 


681 


Dining  Car  of  the  Road 

This  car  also  serves  as  kitchen  and  reading  room  of  die  little  caravan. 

It  is  as  complete  as  the  small  rooms  of  any  flat. 


seven-year-old  son  will  accompany  him 
in  his  moving  flat.  The  trip  is  for 
pleasure  and  study. 

The  motor  caravan  consists  of  two 
large  inclosed  wagons,  attached  to  an 
automobile. 
The  two 
wagons  contain 
every  comfort 
and  many  of 
the  luxuries  of 
the  home. 
They  have  elec- 
tric lights,  run- 
n  i  n  g  water, 
screen  doors, 
spacious  beds, 
writing  tables, 
and  a  library. 
Should  he  de- 
cide to  take  an 
auto  tour  about 
any  city  which 
he  has  reached, 
Doctor  Harvey 
can  detach  the 
automobile 
from  the 
wagons  and 
use  it  for  a 
touring  car. 

The  wagons 
are  of  special 
construction 
th  rough  out, 
the  running 
gear  being  of 
the  best,  with 
roller  bearings 
and  springs. 
Air  brakes  are 
used.  The 
floors  are  ma- 
ple, the  frame- 
work of  hick- 
ory and  the  sid- 
ing and  ceiling  of  oak.  The  furniture  is 
built  in  as  a  unit  with  the  body.  The 
couplings  in  the  automobile  are  arranged 
so  that  the  wagons  will  trail  around  cor- 
ners in  the  same  track  as  the  tractor. 


w  \%'*  ^bi:*  /•■«**• 


Comfortable  Beds 

The  travelers  will  enjov  the  same  comforts  en  route  as  they  would  at 

any  hotel,  with  the  added  advantage  that  no  matter  where  they  are 

they  are  always  at  home. 


The  water  system  is  arranged  with 
a  fifteen-gallon  tank  under  the  car, 
connected  to  the  pipes  that  lead  to  the 
air  brakes,  and  the  pressure  forces  the 
water   to    the    sink    for   cooking,    dish 

washing,  and 
drinking.  The 
radiator  of  the 
automobile  is 
also  connected 
to  the  water 
tank  and  is 
kept  constantly 
filled  for  the 
extra  cooling 
needed  because 
of  the  constant 
use  of  the  low 
gear. 

An  air  tank 
on  the  tractor 
is  kept  filled 
with  air  by  the 
pump  on  the 
engines,  from 
which  the  tires 
are  filled,  the 
air  brakes  are 
operated,  the 
water  forced  to 
the  pipes,  the 
horn  blown, 
and  the  motor 
started. 

The  electric 
lights  are  sup- 
plied from  a 
storage  battery, 
which  is  kept 
charged  by  a 
dynamo  on  the 
auto.  This 
supplies  all  the 
different  lights 
in  and  about 
the  caravan. 
Doctor  Harvey  is  a  genius  at  mechanics 
and  spends  "much  time  experimenting 
with  new  devices.  He  has  taken  out 
several  patents  which,  he  hopes,  may  in 
time  bring  him  a  large  income. 


SCIENCE  AVERTS  TELEPHONE 
POLE  FAMINE 


By 
ARTHUR    CHAPMAN 


T 


HERE  are  millions  of  acres 
of  fire-swept  timber  lands  in 
the  West,  hitherto  regarded 
as  practically  valueless, 
which  science  has  just  proved 
of    inestimable    value    to    the 


to    be 
public. 

The  fire-killed  pine  trees  on  these 
barren  tracts  can  be  utilized  for  tele- 
phone poles.  The  United  States  For- 
estry Service  has  just  concluded  elab- 
orate experiments  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  Colorado,  at  Boulder, 
which  have  proved  that  fire-killed 
lodgepole  pine  in  particular  is  superior 


to  live  red  cedar  for  telephone  poles, 
after  it  has  been  treated  with  a  pre- 
servative to  insure  it  against  decav 
through  contact  with  the  soil.  Even 
with  the  expense  of  such  preservative 
treatment,  it  has  been  proved  that 
lodgepole  pine  is  cheaper  than  un- 
treated red  cedar. 

In  the  past,  fire-killed  timber  of  any 
sort  has  been  avoided,  owing  to  the 
common  belief  that  the  forest  fire 
which  stripped  it  of  branches  and  bark 
also  rendered  it  valueless  for  any  com- 
mercial purpose.  This  is  true  so  far 
as    its    availability   as    lumber    is    con- 


THE  UNITED  STATES  HAS  THOUSANDS  OF  ACRES  LIKE  THESE 
Ordinarily,  the  owners  count  forest  lands  that  have  been  burned  over  as  worthless,  as  the  timber  is  badly  checked,  but 

science  is  endeavoring  to  reclaim  the  wood. 

6S2 


SCIENCE  AVERTS   TELEPHONE  POLE   FAMINE 


683 


cerned,  but  it  has  been  proved  that  so  is  quite  comparable  to  the  red  cedar  in 
far  as  preservation  of  the  wood  is  con-  stiffness.  Fire-killed  Engelmann  spruce 
cerned,    timber   which    has    been    thus      was    shown    to    be    inferior    in    all    me- 


killed  and  seasoned  on 
the  stump  is  actually 
superior  in  strength  in 
many  instances  to 
wood  which  is  cut 
green. 

The  manner  in  which 
these  conclusions  were 
reached,  leaves  no 
room  for  questioning. 
Red  cedar,  green 
lodgepole  pine,  and 
fire  -  killed  lodgepole 
and  Engelmann  spruce 
were  subjected  to  tre- 
mendous bending  pres- 
sure, in  a  machine  con- 
structed for  that  pur- 
pose. The  poles,  which 
were  nominally  twenty- 
five  feet  long  and  of 
seven-inch  top  diame- 
ter, were  supported 
about  one  foot  from 
each  end  in  bearing 
blocks.  The  load  was 
applied  by  a  universal 
testing  machine 
through  a  bearing  block 
about  five  feet  from  the 
butt  end  of  the  pole 
and  as  the  pole  was 
gradually  deflected, 
measurements  were 
automatically  re- 
corded   on    a    scale. 

,  ,    .  Testing  Strength  of  a  Pole 

.\l '  >lStUre    Content,  Xh«  forest  product  engineen  put  various  timbers  to  ex- 

nrea     rin/rc.    *^«..    i.-w.K  haustm-  ti-sts  and  found  that  telephone  poles  of  the  future 
age,    rings    per    men,  may  very  well  be  of  hre  killed  timber. 

per    cent    sap,    and 

per   cent    summerwood    were   all    deter- 
mined scientifically. 

As  a  result  of  this  series  of  tests,  it 
was  proved  that  air-seasoned  lodgepole 
pine  is  superior  to  western  red  cedar 
in  all  the  mechanical  properties  deter- 
mined. While  the  fire-killed  lodgepole 
is  only  eighty  per  cent  as  strong  as 
western  red  cedar  at  the  maximum 
load,   it   has   equal   elastic  values  and 


chanical  properties  to 
the  cedar  and  pine. 
Fire-killed  lodgepole, 
after  having  stood  ten 
years,  did  not  show  de- 
terioration to  any  ap- 
preciable extent. 

Telephone   and   tele- 
graph  companies   have 
been   awaiting   the    re- 
sult of  this  test  by  the 
Government     with     no 
little  interest  because  a 
shortage  of  pole  mate- 
rial   has    been    threat- 
ened.     The   rapid    ex- 
tension    of     telephone 
and  power  lines  in  the 
west     has     made     the 
question  of  pole  supply 
in  that  part  of  the  coun- 
try particularly  serious. 
Western  red  cedar  has 
long  been  the  standard 
pole.     It  has   held   its 
place  mainly  on  account 
of  its  durability  in  con- 
tact     with      the      soil, 
though  its  light  weight 
has  also  been  a  desir- 
able feature.     In  addi- 
tion  to  its   use   for 
poles,  it  has  been  ex- 
tensively    used     for 
lumber,     and     espe- 
cially for  shingles  in 
the     northwest.      It 
has  been  felt  that  the 
heavy  drain   on   the 
supply  must  soon  result  in  much  higher 
stumpage  prices. 

The  general  adoption  of  preservative 
treatment  by  telephone  and  railroad 
companies  has  brought  the  lodgepole 
pine  to  the  fore  commercially.  There 
are  abundant  stands  of  this  "white 
pine",  as  it  is  called  by  lumbermen,  in 
the  Rocky  Mountain  States.  Millions 
of  acres  have  been  killed  by  forest  fires. 


FLOCKS  OF  BIRDS  RISING  FROM  THEIR  DESERT  HOME  IN  THE   MIDDLE  OF  THE  GREAT  SALT 

LAKE,  UTAH 
Myriads  ol  gulls  from  the  Pacific  Coast  rear  tlu-ir  young  on  the  island. 


GULLS'  ARID  HOME 


acres  of  absolutely  arid  land,  has  been 
appropriated  by  pelicans,  cranes,  gulls, 
JV4YRIADS  of  sea  gulls  from  the  Pa-     and  other  wild  birds. 

cine   coast    rear   their   young   on    a  Back  in  prehistoric  times  it  is  supposed 

desert  island  in  the  middle  of  Great  Salt  that  the  lake  extended  almost  to  the 
Lake,  eight  hundred  miles  from  the  ocean,  ocean  and  this  probably  explains  how 
This    island,    which    consists    of   forty      the  gulls  happen  to  fly  such   a  great 

distance  over  desert 
country  to  find  a  nesting 
place  for  their  young. 
The  island  is  many  miles 
from  the  nearest  good 
landing  place  on  shore, 
and  just  how  the  birds 
get  sufficient  food  is 
more  or  less  of  a  puzzle. 
Visitors  to  the  island 
have  told  humorous 
stories  of  flocks  of  gulls 
driving  the  young  peli- 
cans so  hard  that  they 
disgorge  the  food  they 
have  eaten.  It  disap- 
pears into  the  hungry 
maws  of  the  young  gulls 
<-  very      promptly.        The 

Seaman  s  Bravery  Saves  Destroyer  ■;        r 

The  torpedo  boat  destroyer  Aylwin  was  injured  by  a  boiler  explosion  off  Dia-  DirOS   are   Very  tame   and 

mond  Shoals  near  Norfolk,  Virginia.    A  member  of  the  crew  waded  through  boil-  a..   .|„c„   t„    >Up    vicitni-Q 

ing  water  and  closed  a  bulkhead,  keeping  the  ship  above  water.  nv    t-KJS>e    lo    ulc    visnuia. 

69* 


TAMPING  THE  YANGTZE 
DYKES 

""THE  primitive  methods  employed 

in  building-  the  "Red 
Cross"  levees  on  the 
lower  Yangtze  River  in 
China  are  due  not  so 
much  to  a  lack  of  labor- 
saving  machinery  as  to 
a  desire  on  the  part  of 
the  Americans  having 
the  work  in  charge  to 
supply  employment  to 
the  starving  inhabitants 
of  the  region.  Owing  to 
the  absence  of  stone  and 
timber  in  the  Yangtze 
basin,  the  restricting  embankments  are 
built  entirely  of  earth  compressed  to  a 
density  sufficient  to  resist  the  action  of 
the  water.  This  density  is  obtained  by  a 
systematic  pounding  of  the  dykes  with  a 
sort  of  sledge. 

The  force  of  men  engaged  in  this  work 
is  divided  into  groups  of  ten,  and  each 
group  is  provided  with  a  stone,  a  foot 
in  diameter,  weighing  about  one  hundred 
pounds.     To  each  stone  are  attached  ten 


It  takes  two  men  to  transport 
the  animal  to  market,  as  one  of 
them  has  to  sit  on  thi-  barrow 
to  balance  the  prospective  veal. 


Ten  Men  and  a  Stone 
Each  man  holds  a  line  running  to  the  one-hundred-pound  boulder,  and  acting  to- 
gether they  tamp  the  dykes  all  day. 


ropes,  one  for  each  of  the  ten  men. 
When  the  workers  all  pull  in  unison,  the 
stone  rises  above  the  level  of  their  heads ; 
a  second  simultaneous  jerk,  while  the 
tamper  is  still  aloft,  brings  it  to  earth 
with  considerable  force.  The  levees  are 
constructed  of  layers  about  a  foot  thick, 
each  of  which  is  thumped  in  this  labo- 
rious  manner  until   it   is   impervious   to 

water. 


685 


686 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


OF  WINDOW 


)BSE^VEI 
MEDIUM 
,  HEIGHT 
/(CURVE  OF 
'GLASS  AND 
POSITION  OFi 
'SHADOW  BOX 
ARRANGED  TO 
INCLUDE  THE 
/ARIOUS  HEIGHT. 
'*JD  DISTANCE: 
,  FROM  THE 
■^WINDOW) 


THE  SHADOW-BOX 
SHOW  WINDOW 
ARRANGED  INSIDE 
OF  AN  OLD  FRONT 
30TTOM  EDGE  OF  THE 
BENT  GLASS  IS  91N.  INSIDE 
OF  OLD  CLASS  LINE  AND 
DRAINAGE  IS  ARRANGED 
|  THROUGH  OLD  FRONT 


rays  of  light  which  strike  this  concave  glass,  instead 
of  being   deflected    into   the   eyes   of   passers-by,   are 
diverted  downward  at  an  angle  of  nearly  ninety  de- 
grees to  the  horizontal,  and  a  shadow  box  and  a  brass 
rail  combined  at  the  bottom  of  the  window   divert  the  rays 
to  a  black  plate  which  absorbs  the  light. 
The  device  allows  persons  to  see  through  windows  with- 
out the  disconcerting  reflecting  effect,  and  to  get  the  full 
value  of  the  window  display.     It  is  expected  that  depart- 
ment-store owners  will  find  in  the  mirrorless  show  win- 
dow an  improved  means  of  making  their  window  displays 
attractive  to  shoppers. 


VINES  TO  DECORATE  FACTORIES 

AN  interesting  custom  in  decorating  work- 
shops promises  to  spread  to  most  of  the  fac- 
tories of  the  little  Dutch  town  of  Holland  in 
Western  Michigan,.  It  is  the  training  of  vines 
over  the  stone  and  brick  walls  of  manufacturing 
plants. 

The  idea  originated  with  a  furniture  factory. 
The  entire  front  of  the  building,  save  the  win- 
dows and  doors,  is  clothed  in  the  creeper  known 
as  Boston  ivy.  Across  the  street,  but  a  block 
distant,  is  an  office  building  so  adorned,  and  in 
another  locality  of  the  same  town  the  front- 
age of  a  big  shoe  factory  is  entirely  covered.  The 
vine  is  easy  to  start  and  makes  rapid  headway. 

In  South  Bend,  Indiana,  many  of  the  factories 
have  adopted  the  same  method  of  transforming 
dull   walls  of  brick  and  stone.     The  movement 


SPOILS  MILADY'S  REFLECTION 

CCIENTIFIC  principles  of  refraction 
of  light  have  been  incorporated  in  a 
new  show  window  for  department  stores, 
but  the  results  are  likely  to  cause  wailing 
among  the  women  of  American  cities. 
The  first  big  window  guaranteed  not  to 
cast  reflections  was  recently  installed  in 
New  York,  and  a  national  selling  cam- 
paign was  proposed  by  the  inventors  of 
the  new  scheme,  which  will  do  away  with 
the  custom  many  women  have  of  using 
show  windows  for  mirrors  to  aid  them  in 
fixing  their  unruly  locks,  or  making  cer- 
tain that  the  "hat  is  on  straight." 

The  new  device  is  merely  the  division 
of  the  show  window  into  an  upper  pane  of 
plain  glass  and  a  lower  curved  pane.  The 


Beautify  Factories 

A  little  Dutch  town  in  Michigan  is  taking  pride  in  having 

them  look  well. 


comes  from  the  Old  World  where  even 
industrial  plants  are  often  in  the  hands 
of  a  landscape  gardener. 


LIKE  A  SHIPS  RIGGING  IS  THIS  MACHINE  FOR  DRIVING  TILES  IN  QUICKSAND 


MACHINE  FOR  DRIVING  PILES 
IN  QUICKSAND 


A  TEXAS 


company  recently  de- 
signed equipment  for  driving 
piles  and  erecting  spans  in  locations 
where,  on  account  of  quicksand,  ordi- 
nary methods  and  temporary  staging 
cannot  be  used.  The  engine  and 
derrick  are  mounted  on  a  rigid 
framework  fifty-four  feet 
long,  provided  with  rollers 
for  ease  and  facility  of 
movement. 

The  length  of  swing- 
ing leads  is  sixty- 
eight  feet;  the  length 
of  boom  is  eighty- 
four  feet  and  of  mast, 
forty-eight  feet.  The 
piles  are  sixty-foot, 
creosoted  yellow  pine, 
with  an  average 
weight  of  three  thousand  pounds 
They  were  driven  in  fifty  feet. 


FOUR-PRONGED  HAY  FORK 

HTHE  two-pronged  hay  fork,  in  com- 
mon use  wherever  hay  is  grown, 
works  poorly  in  clover  hay,  prairie 
hay,  straw,  and  other  short  material 
because  the  hay  fails  to  hold.  This 
difficulty  has  been  overcome  in  the 
four-pronged  fork.  It  has  the 
lightness  and  strength,  the  ease 
of  setting  and  tripping,  and 
the  ability  to  work  on  the 
ordinary  carrier  or 
track  that  have  made 
the  two-pronged  fork 
such  a  labor  saver.  Its 
use  eliminates  entirely 
the  necessity  of  using 
the  inconvenient  sling 
with  prairie  hay  and 
the  old  fashioned 
hand-manipulated  fork 
with  clover.  The 
fork  will  also  handle 
long  hay. 

6S7 


EGGS  AND  BUSINESS  IN  THE 
SCHOOLROOM 


CERTIFYING  THE  DAY'S  PRODUCT 

The  members  of  the  poultry  club  of  Evergreen  Park,  Illinois,  sell  their  eggs  to  Chicago  customers  through  the  school. 


By 
J.    SHARPLESS    FOX 


THE  little  town  of  Evergreen 
Park,  Cook  County,  Illinois,  is 
the  scene  of  one  of  the  most 
interesting  experiments  in  co- 
operative egg  distribution 
that  is  being  undertaken  anywhere  to- 
day. It  is  the  more  interesting  because 
it  is  the  natural  outgrowth  of  the  activ- 
ities of  a  school  poultry  club,  because 
of  its  stimulating  influence  on  the 
school  and  the  community,  and  be- 
cause it  promises  a  plan  whereby  city 
dwellers  may  receive  really  fresh  eggs. 
The  thing  began  when  the  school 
board  offered  three  prizes  of  fifteen, 
ten,  and  five  dollars,  respectively,  to 
pupils  whose  flocks  should  make  the 
best  showing  over  a  period  of  one  year 
with  respect  to  egg  production,  costs, 
condition  of  flocks,  and  housing.  About 
fifty  children  decided  to  go  after  those 
prizes,  and  a  school  poultry  club  was 
formed  which  now  has  sixty  members, 
the  sole  qualification  for  membership 
being  the  ownership  and  management 
of  a  few  chickens.  A  number  of  third 
and  fourth  graders  have  become  the 
proud  proprietors  of  miniature  poultry 
yards,  but  the  bulk  of  membership  is 


in  the  sixth  to  eighth  grades,  and  in- 
cludes not  a  few  girls. 

Nearly  every  family  in  Evergreen 
Park  "keeps  chickens".  In  many  in- 
stances the  flocks  were  turned  over  to 
the  children,  together  with  full  respon- 
sibility for  care — and  feed  bills — and  the 
families  in  turn  agreed  to  pay  for  all 
the  eggs  they  consumed.  In  other 
cases  the  child  was  given  a  half  or 
other  definite  part  interest  in  the  flock 
in  return  for  the  care  and  management. 
Some  of  the  children  had  first  to  earn 
the  money  with  which  to  purchase  chick- 
ens from  the  more  opulent  members  of 
the  club. 

The  marketing  plan  originated  when 
the  problem  arose  of  disposing  of  the 
surplus  production  of  eggs  over  and 
above  family  needs.  At  first  the  joint 
surplus  was  disposed  of  locally  at  a 
little  above  store  prices.  Now,  thanks 
to  the  enterprise  and  energy  of  George 
Farrell,  the  Cook  County  country  life 
director  in  whose  district  the  school 
lies,  a  scheme  is  being  operated  which 
supplies  residents  of  Chicago  with  eggs 
guaranteed  to  be  not  over  thirty-six 
hours  old.    At  the  same  time,  the  chil- 


EGGS  AND   BUSINESS   IN   THE   SCHOOLROOM 


689 


dren  are  furnished  excellent  business 
experience  and  are  learning  the  value 
of  co-operation. 

Every  day  the  club  members  bring 
freshly  gathered  eggs  to  the  school- 
house  and  deliver  them  to  the  receiv- 
ing clerk,  the  bookkeeper  making  the 
proper  entries.  On  each  egg  is  pen- 
ciled the  number  of  the  member  who 
offers  it  and  the  date  of  production, 
followed  by  an  impression  from  a  rub- 
ber stamp  in  this  manner: 

42 — 3 — 9  Evergreen  Park  School 
Poultry  Club. 

The    absolute 
freshness  of  the 
eggs    is    thus        ^jgtM 
guaranteed  ,V- 

by   the  i 


club  by  check,  and  every  Friday  the 
checks  are  cashed,  necessary  marketing 
expenses  are  deducted,  and  each  mem- 
ber receives  his  share  of  the  proceeds 
as  shown  by  the  "books"  of  the  con- 
cern. 

Since  the  poultry  club  was  organ- 
ized the  character  of  school  work  and 
of  school   discipline   has   undergone  a 
transformation.    "The  schools  of  Ever- 
green Park  have  been  dead  for  many 
years,"  said  a  resident  of  the  town ; 
"but  since  this  club  started  last  fall  I 
have  seen  vigorous  signs 
of  life.     The  pupils 
show   intelligent 
interest  in 
their  work 
and  are 


THE  POULTRY  CLUB  AT  AN  OUTDOOR  MEETING 

Most  of  the  youngsters  are  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades,  but  some  are  much  younger.     Eggs  have  fitted  in  so  well 

that  they  are  benefiting  education  by  arousing  natural  enthusiasm. 


individual  members  who  offer  them  and 
is  further  certified  by  the  club.  After 
certification,  the  shipping  clerk  and  his 
assistant  pack  the  eggs  in  cartons  which 
are  then  sent  to  the  consumer  in  Chi- 
cago via  parcels  post. 

Payments  are  made  directly  to  the 


on  sound  friendly  terms  of  understand- 
ing with  their  teachers.  English,  arith- 
metic, and  bookkeeping  are  now  being 
correlated  with  eggs,  and  pupils  are  be- 
ginning to  see  the  use  of  them.  Eggs 
and  education  aren't  as  foreign  to  each 
other  as  some  folks  might  suppose." 


Over  in  Europe  autoists  are  meeting  with  a  new  and 
terrible  peril—  a  peril  that  as  yet  has  not  reached  this  country. 
It  is  keeping  every  chauffeur  and  every  policeman  on  the  alert. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  briefer  articles  in 
August  Technical  World  Magazine. 


THE  NEW  LEAF  AS  OLD  AS 

THE  TREE 


Five  Years 


Nine  Years 


Twenty  Years 


Thirty  Years 


Fifty  Years 


AGE  IN  YEARS 

'As  the  plant  becomes  older  the  multiple  cells  which  carry  the  nourishment  in  the  leaf  become  smaller  in  size  and 
greater  in  number.     At  five  years  the  meshes  are  large,  at  fifty,  small." 


By 
FELIX    J.    KOCH 


THE  newest  leaf  of  an  old 
tree  is  not  really  new  at  all. 
It  is  as  old  in  its  way  as  the 
tree  itself.  Professor  H.  M. 
Benedict  of  the  University 
of  Cincinnati  has,  following  the  belief 
of  nurserymen,  finally  proved  it  be- 
yond dispute,  and  he  can  tell  the 
grower  of  fruit  trees  whether  a  branch 
is  a  cutting  or  a  seedling,  whether  it  is 
really  young  or  old.  No  more  will  the 
fruit  grower  purchase  cuttings  when 
he  desires  seedlings  if  he  is  the  posses- 
sor of  a  magnifying  glass.  The  secret 
of  the  difference  is  disclosed  by  the 
venation  of  the  leaf,  which  becomes 
closer  as  the  plant  grows  older. 

The  discoveries  of  Doctor  Benedict 
are  being  applied  at  the  New  York 
State  Agricultural  Station  at  Geneva. 

"Practical  fruit-growers  have  for 
some  time  insisted  that  cuttings  do 
show  relation  to  the  age  of  the  parent 
tree.  They  observed  this  in  the  bear- 
ing qualities  of  the  tree.  But  botany 
has  always  said  this  was  impossible. 
Now  we  are  able  to  prove  that  the 

690 


practical  nurserymen  are  in  the  right ! 
The  principle  involved  is  that  of 
senility,  or  the  gradual  loss  of  power, 
even  when  all  external  things  are 
favorable.  Senility  applies  to  youth  as 
well  as  age,  in  this  connection,"  said 
Benedict ;  "in  fact  it  is  most  marked 
in  the  earliest  stages  of  some  ani- 
mal forms,  especially  human  beings. 
In  plant  life  the  embryonic  tissue, 
whereby  the  plant  grows,  partakes  of 
the  age  of  the  plant  itself.  This  is  the 
point  which  contradicts  formerly  ac- 
cepted botanical  principles.  In  other 
words,  the  new  twig,  which  presents 
itself  on  the  older  branch  in  the  spring- 
time, is  not  a  new  growth,  as  has  been 
thought;  it  is  as  old  as  the  tree  from 
which  it  springs." 

As  the  plant  grows  older  the  mutiple 
cells  which  carry  the  nourishment  in 
the  leaf  become  smaller  in  size  and 
greater  in  number.  It  was  by  noting 
marked  differences  here  and  establish- 
ing a  more  or  less  uniform  scale  that 
the  botanist  was  able  to  establish  this 
new  principle. 


SAMMY  RAHN,  DEALER  IN 
DETERMINATION 


By 
MONROE    WOOLLEY 


little  immi- 

and  almost 

New    York. 

price   of  a 


IN   the   early   sixties  a 
grant  boy,  friendless, 
penniless,    landed    in 
The  boy   had   not   the 
bed,  a  n  d  w  h  c  n  h  e 
asked  lodging  in  a 
nearby    hotel    as    the 
night   grew   old,    he 
was  rudely  turned 
away    because    he 
could  not  pay. 
His  home  that 
night    was    the 
street.    Just 
twenty  years 
after,  he  returned 
and  paid  spot 
cash   for  the  hotel 
and  the  ground   it 
stood  upon.    At  the 
time    of    his    death, 
not  1  o  n  g  s  i  n  c  e.  he 
owned  one  of  the 
world's  biggest  news- 
papers, rode  in  his  own 
palatial  yacht,   and 
was  rated  a 
multi-million 
aire.    The 


little   boy    was 
Joseph  Pulitzer. 

The  other  day,  figuratively 
speaking,  another  Joseph  Pulitzer  came 
to  us.  Like  his  predecessor  this  little  for- 
eigner came  with  only  the  clothes  on 
his  back,  but  with  all  his  pockets  chock 
full  of  grit  and  determination.  He 
came  into  the  land  of  the  free  and  ihe 
home  of  the  progressive   through   its 


western   door — a   new   entrance   for   the 
aspiring  immigrant. 

Samuel   Kahn — this   is   the  name  of 
the  new  aspirant  to  honors  along  life's 
highway — promises   to  be   a  mil- 
lionaire   some   day.     His    re- 
sourcefulness,   his    deter- 
in  i  n  a  t  i  o  n,  and  pluck 
point  to  nothing  else. 
Although  but  thirteen 
years  of  age,  Samuel 
has  traveled,  alone 
and   without  a  penny, 
almost  ten  thousand 
miles    to     reach    a 
haven  where  a  boy 
of  his  qualifications 
may  dig  in  and 
amount  to  something. 
Luck  attended   the 
young  traveler   along  the 
way,  for  he  was  less  than 
three    months    coming    as 
best  he  could  from  Mos- 


Tkn  Thousand  Miles  to 

Opportunity 
Sammy  Kahn  spent   the  first 
two  days  in  school  after  he 
arrived  from  Russia,  in 
mastering  the  Eng- 
lish   primer.     He 
now  speaks  five 
languages. 


cow  to  Seattle. 
He  followed  the  line  of  the 
Trans-Siberian  railroad — a  feat  any 
hardened  tramp  in  this  country  might 
shun,  owing  to  the  intense  cold  along 
the  route — beating  his  way  on  slow 
freight  trains,  on  passenger  trains,  on 
steamboats,  when  he  was  not  slowly 
plodding  along  on  foot. 

Samuel  Kahn  is  an  orphan ;  when  his 

691 


692 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


widowed  mother,  who  kept  a  small  lace 
shop  in  a  Russian  village  four  hundred 
miles  away  from  the  great  city  of  Mos- 
cow, died,  two  elder  brothers  sold  the 
shop  and  left  their  little  brother  to 
shift  for  himself.  Not  yet  thirteen 
years  old  he  appointed  himself  his  own 
guardian.  He  climbed  into  a  box  car 
and  was  quickly  on  his  way,  eastward 
bound. 

Samuel  was  put  off  trains  during  the 
long,  tedious  journey  from  Moscow  to 
the  Asiatic  port  of  Vladivostok  more 
times  than  he  could  remember.  He 
slept  in  snow  banks,  went  hungry,  and 
suffered  miserably.  But  somehow  he 
lived  and  kept  going.  On  arriving  at 
the  seaport  by  the  merest  luck  he  was 
able  to  stow  away  aboard  ship  and 
make  his  way  across  the  turbulent 
China  sea  to  Nagasaki  and  thence  to 
Yokohama. 

In  Yokohama  the  little  Jewish  lad 
ran  across  a  Russian  woman,  with  five 
children,  who  had  tickets  on  a  Japan- 
ese steamer  bound  for  the  United 
States.  Samuel's  helpfulness  at  once 
appealed  to  the  poor  peasant  woman 
who  was  traveling  alone.     The  little 


man,  who  had  already  picked  up  some 
smattering  of  foreign  tongues,  said  he 
could  help  her  across  the  broad  Pacific 
if  she  could  manage  to  get  him  aboard 
ship.  She  managed  to  smuggle  the 
boy  aboard  and  the  ship  was  well  out 
to  sea  before  his  presence  was  discov- 
ered by  the  ship's  officers — and  then 
they  could  do  nothing. 

Arriving  in  Seattle  Joseph  Pulitzer 
II  went  into  the  streets  in  search  of 
work  and  a  place  to  shelter  himself. 
In  the  end  he  was  taken  into  the  home 
of  a  good  woman  who  conducts  a  little 
store  in  the  suburbs  of  Seattle.  She 
sent  liim  to  school  with  her  own  chil- 
dren. 

The  first  two  days  in  school  he  fin- 
ished with  his  English  primer.  Already 
he  speaks  Russian,  German,  English, 
and  Yiddish.  Some  day  Sammy  might 
make  a  fine  professor  of  languages,  but 
just  now  the  thought  of  such  a  career 
is  distasteful  to  him.  His  sole  ambition 
is  to  get  work-  in  a  big  store  which  he 
can  some  day  own.  He  seems  bound 
to  make  himself  a  second  Joseph 
Pulitzer  at  least  in  so  far  as  finances 
are  concerned. 


MENDING  A  GREAT  WATER 

LEAR 


P 


ART  of  the  Catskill  Aqueduct, 
New  York's  great  water-sup- 
ply system,  was  found, 
after  a  test  for 
tightness,  to 


be  leaking  twenty-six 
hundred  gallons  a 
minute.  In  actual 
service  this  would 
be  over  three  and 
one-half  million 
gallons  daily. 

The  leaky  section 
was  found  upon  in-      *"^ 
vestigation     to     be 
failing  because  of  cracks 


in  the  concrete  lining,  from  the  effect  of 
the  high  pressure  test.  To  repair  the 
ruptured  section  was  a 
problem  that  caused 
much  discussion 
among  the  engineers 
in  charge.  The 
repairs  must  be  of 
sufficient  strength 
to  withstand  great 
pressure,  but  on 
the  other  hand 
they  must  not 

The  Transport  Car 
The   twenty  -  five  -  hundred- 
pound  rings  were  carried  on  a 
special  machine  built  for  the  purpose. 


MENDING  A   GREAT  WATER   LEAK 


693 


obstruct  or  reduce  the  tunnel's  diameter 
to  any  great  extent.  Electrically-welded 
steel  rings  were  finally  employed  and  the 
leakage  was  practically  overcome.  The 
diameter  of  the  tubes  in  the  mended 
section  is  now  twelve  feet  nine   inches, 


position.  Transportation  of  the  welded 
rings  through  the  tube  was  facilitated 
by  means  of  an  erecting  car.  A  chain 
hoist  and  trolley  carried  the  rings  from 
the  work  platform  to  the  erecting  car. 
With   this   system   ten   rings,   on   the 


WHEN  SEVERELY  TRIED  IT  LEAKED 

The  Catskiil  aqueduct  leaked    twenty-six  hundred  (rations  a 

minute  after  it  had  been  put  to  the  high  pressure  tests.    The 

damage  was  not  serious. 


instead  of  fourteen  feet  six  inches,  the 
original  size  of  the  tunnel. 

The  transportation  and  erection  of 
the  rings — each  of  which  weighed 
twenty-five  hundred  pounds — proved  a 
most  difficult  feat,  for  each  one  blocked 
all  further  work  until  it  was  placed  in 


average,  were  erected  daily.  Over  six 
hundred  rings  were  required  to  over- 
come the  leakage. 

The  portion  of  the  tunnel  is  known 
as  the  Round  Out  Pressure  tunnel.  It 
is  located  at  High  Palls,  about  sixty  miles 
from  New  York. 


i 


Can  tramps  in  the  mass  be  regenerated?  Those  towns 
that  display  the  sign  "Bums  Are  Welcome  to  Our  Rock 
Pile"  believe  no.  Walter  V.  Woehlke,  author  of  an  extraor- 
dinary article  in  August  Technical  World  Magazine, 
believes  they  can.     And  he  proves  it,  too. 


694 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Harvest  in  Flooded  Field 
The  maize  had  grown  to  a  height  so  great  that  it  was  possible  to  save  the  grain 
V       even  though  the  water  was  five  or  six  feet  deep. 

MAGNIFIES  TELEPHONE  VOICE     about  ten  feet 


A  WATERPROOF  telephone  trans- 
**  mitter  with  remarkable  powers  has 
recently  been  put  through  a  critical  test. 
The  instrument  was  submerged  in  a  fish 
globe  full  of  water  and  attached  to  a 
long  distance  telephone  line — between 
Chicago  and  New  York.  New  York 
operators  reported  that  conversation  held 
in  the  Chicago  office  was  heard  clearly 
and  distinctly,  the  transmitter  remain- 
ing submerged  all  the  time.  Various 
tests  were  given  to  show  that  very  slight 
sounds  could  be  transmitted  without  the 
use  of  great  electric  power  such  as  is 
necessary  under  ordinary  circumstances. 
Such  a  transmitter  would  greatly  facili- 
tate long-distance  conversations  and 
would  stand  up  under  the  most  severe 
usage  to  which  such  an  instrument  could 
be  subjected. 


HARVEST  FROM  BOATS 

■yY/ll EN  unprecedented 
W  rains  fell  in  Hall 
County,  Texas,  one  hun- 
dred acres  of  milo  maize 
was  submerged  in  water 
five  or  six  feet  deep. 
The  maize  had  been 
planted  in  an  old  lake 
bottom,  which  is  usually 
dry.  This  bottom  had 
been  sub-irrigated  so 
that  at  the  time  of  the 
flood  the  grain  had 
grown  to  a  height  of 
The  farm  hands  seized 
the  opportunity  of  making  a  unique  har- 
vest, built  a  couple  of  broad  scows,  and 
cut  the  grain  above  the  water  level. 
Thirty  tons  were  carried  to  the  banks 
and  saved.  Later  in  the  fall  great  flocks 
of  wild  ducks  gathered  at  the  lake  bot- 
tom, attracted  by  the  rich  forage. 


Fundamentally  Different 
The  new  telephone  transmitter  magnifies  the  voice  so  that  long  distance  con- 
versations are  much  easier. 


Used  in  a  Goldfish  Bowl 

PUMP  OUT  ANTHRACITE 
MINES 


17 OR  every  ton  of  coal  which  is  taken 
from  the  anthracite  mines  of  Penn- 


sylvania, a  ton  of  water 
has  to  be  pumped  out. 
This  ratio  is  not  exact, 
but  represents  the 
amount  of  water  that  it 
is  necessary  to  handle  to 
keep  the  great  mines  dry 
enough  to  work.  The 
pumps  must  always  be 
ready  for  continuous 
operation,  for  at  any  mo- 
ment water  may  start  to 
flow  in  great  quantities. 


DISGUISED  MAIL  BOX  AS  HITCHING 
POST 

■yOU  are  not  obliged  to  disfigure  the  land- 
scape with  a  conventional  R.  F.  D.  mail 
box,  even  if  you  do  happen  to  live  in  the 
country.  After  studying  the  department  regu- 
lations an  insurance  magnate,  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  evolved  a  clever  design  made 
from  a  six-inch  iron  pipe,  that  does  duty  both 
as  a  mail  box  and  as  a  hitching  post  at  his 
suburban  home.  When  first  erected  the  post- 
man refused  to  leave  the  mail  in  it,  claiming 
that  it  was  not  of  "approved  design".  His  de- 
cision was  promptly  appealed  to  the  Washing- 
ton authorities,  and  in  due  time  the  box  re- 
ceived the  official  O.  K.  The  cover  is  of  cast 
iron,  the  pattern  having  been  made  especially 
for  the  purpose.  A  short  piece  of  chain,  at- 
tached to  the  front  of  it,  may  be  put  inside 
through  the  notch  shown,  or  left  hanging  out- 
side as  a  signal  to  the  rural  carrier  to  indicate 
outgoing  mail. 


Hitching  Post  for 

Mam. 
The  Government  up- 
held the  man  who  com- 
hined  the  two  neces- 
>ariis  to  rural  life  al- 
though the  carrier  ar- 
bitrarily objected. 


FIRE  SENTINEL  ON  TOWER 

/^\\'E  of  the  old  customs  still  maintained  in 
^^  the  larger  cities  of  Japan  is  that  of  the  fire 
watchman.  This  picture  was  taken  in  Kyoto 
where,  as  in  all  Japanese  cities,  the  buildings 
are  low,  being  only  one,  or  at  most,  only  two 
stories  in  height.  The  man  on  his  exalted 
perch  has  a  bell,  and  on  seeing  evidences  of  a 
fire  he  strikes  the  bell  a  certain  number  of 
times  to  indicate  the  district  where  the  fire 
appears  to  be.  This  is  our  own  fire-alarm 
system  in  its  primitive  form.  In  many  New  Eng- 
land villages  today  an  old  wheel  rim  is  hung  in 
a  sort  of  gallows,  with  a  sledge  hammer  bal- 
anced near  its  edge  as  a  striker,  to  sound  the 
alarm  that  calls  the  village  volunteer  brigade  to 
duty  as  fire  fighters.  A  locomotive  tire,  with  a 
small  piece  cut  out,  to  give  a  greater  vibration, 
also  is  found  to  make  an  excellent  bell,  and  is  so 
used  in  many  places. 


His  Ceaseless  Vigil 

The  Japanese  fire  sentinel  watches  for  trouble 

from   the  great  wood  tower  which    supports 

the  bell. 

695 


696 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


the  United  States  for  "window  shells"  imported 
from  the  Philippine  Islands.  There  is  also  a 
new  demand  for  them  from  Australia,  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  and  elsewhere.  As  a  result, 
the  American  government  in  the  Philippines 
has  authorized  the  planting  of  beds  of  these 
mollusks — an  idea  never  thought  of  before, 
apparently— in  order  that  there  may  be  enough 
of  the  shells  to  supply  the  market. 

For  centuries  past  the  natives  of  the  Philip- 
pines have  used  these  shells  in  lieu  of  window 
glass  for  their  dwellings.  They  are  so  thin 
as  to  admit  a  fair  amount  of  light,  while  ex- 
cluding the  weather,  and  so  have  served  the 
purpose  reasonably  well.  That  civilization  should 
adopt  them  for  a  similar  purpose  seems  rather 
surprising,  but  it  is  because  they  are  decorative. 


Iust  A  Plain   Chan 

df.likr  When  Not 

Extended 


MOVABLE  CHANDELIER 
A  CHANDELIER  that  can  be  lowered  for 
reading  or  raised  for  use  in  lighting  a  whole 
room  can  be  made  by  attaching  a  pair  of  lazy 
tongs  to  any  fixture.  The  manufactured  device 
is  well  made,  the  wires  being  concealed  and 
insulated  to  prevent  short  circuiting.  It  can  be 
instantly  changed  to  regulation  height  by  a  slight 
push. 


For  Windows 
The  native  Filipinos  use  shells  in  lieu  of  glass. 

SEA  SHELLS  FOR  WINDOWS 

}UITE  curiously,  there  has  recently  come  to  the  lazy-tong  chandelier 

'    «  .,         «  «  j  •  i    „, i   '  It  can  be  attached  to  any  number  of  lights  so 

»    be  a  Considerable  and  growing  demand   in       If,^  the  fixture  may  be  used  as  a  reading  lamp. 


WITH  THE  AID  OF  GALLONS 
OF  SOUP 


The  church  is  not  built  with  foundations  of 
the  liquid  food,  but  with  the  profits  made 
by  women  of  the  congregation  selling  it. 


SOUP  BUILDS  A  CHURCH 

COUP  paid  for  many  of  the  bricks 
which  were  laid  in  the  walls  of  the 
Methodist  church  in  Mahoningtown, 
Pennsylvania.  About  two  thousand 
dollars  in  profits  from  the  sale  of  soup 
has  been  paid  into  the  building  fund 
of  the  congregation.  Every  week  for 
two  years  the  women  members  of  the 
congregation  have  served  soup  on 
Wednesday  at  noon,  each  time  adding 
some  considerable  amount  to  the  sum 
their  organization  had  pledged  to  the 
church  building  fund. 

It  has  become  such  an  established 
thing  in  the 
life  of  Mahon- 
ingtown people 
that  Wednes- 
day noon  is 
soup  dinner 
day  for  almost 
every  family  in 
the  town.  Soup 
is  made  by  the 
gallon — yes,  by 
he    b  a  r  r  e  1 — 

nd  much  of  it  is  carried  away  from  the 
lurch    to    the    various    homes    in    the 
)\vn,     while    the    number    of     regular 
linner  patrons  average  two  hundred. 


Six  Houses  Which  Had  Been  Condemned  Fell  Before  the 
Axes  of  the  City  Employes 


WRECK  AND  BURN 
"FIRE  TRAPS" 

QCEAN  PARK,  California,  which 
was  almost  wiped  out  by  fire  a  few 
years  ago,  is  taking  drastic  measures 
to  prevent  another  conflagration.  The 
fire  limits  were  extended  to  include  a 
row  of  six  shacks  owned  by  a  wealthy 
woman.  After  notifying  the  owner  to 
remove  the  fire  traps,  the  city  took 
matters  into  its  own  hands.  One  morn- 
ing recently,  a  gang  of  city  employes 
appeared  with  axes  and  other  tools, 
ripped  down  the  flimsy  buildings  in  a 
few    hours,    carted    the    lumber    to    a 

vacant  lot,  and 
finished  the  job 
neatly  by  send- 
ing around  a 
portable  fur- 
nace in  which 
all  the  refuse 
on  the  site  was 
burned. 

This  drastic 
procedure  has 
proved  a  warn- 
ing to  other  residents  of  the  town  and, 
as  a  result  of  the  campaign,  practically 
all  danger  of  fire  has  been  avoided  and 
insurance  rates  should  go  down. 

697 


HEROES  CARRY  THE  LINE 


On  the  Arctic  Shork; 
Setting  the  Final 

Point 
Great  Britain's  flag  waved 
beside   the   Stars    and 
Stripes  and  just  be- 
neath were  the  college 
pennants  of  the  bear 
ers,  Princeton   and 
Quebec;  the  cold- 
est   part    of   the 
line  was  run. 


By 
ROBERT    G.    SRERRETT 


IT  is  all  very  well  to  look  into  one's 
geography  and  see  the  definiteness 
with  which  meridians  are  traced 
from  pole  to  pole,  but  surveyors 
could  undeceive  you  as  to  the 
ease  with  which  these  imaginary  lines 
are  laid  out  upon  the  surface  of  Mother 
Earth.  Since  the  international  joint 
tribunal  fixed  the  boundary  line  which 
was  to  divide  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
from  Alaska,  one  of  these  tremendous 
jobs  has  confronted  surveyors. 

The  work  has  been  going  on  steadily 
since  1906,  and  the  worst  part  of  the 
surveying  has  consisted  in  tracing  the 
line  of  the  one-hundred-and- forty-first 
meridian,  west,  which  was  the  only 
section  of  the  frontier  not  disputed  by 
either  the  Canadian  or  the  English 
members  of  the  tribunal.  The  Cana- 
dian and  the  American  surveyors  and 
topographers  had  to  find  the  hundred- 
and-forty-first  meridian  in  order  to 
gain  a  starting  point.  The  Russians 
had  not  planted  any  monuments  along 
that  boundary  when  they  sold  the 
country  to  us,  and  the  Canadians  had 
had    no    particular    interest    in    that 

698 


neighborhood  until  gold  was  discov- 
ered in  the  Klondike.  So  it  was  left  to 
the  explorer-surveyors  to  find  a  base 
from  which  to  work  northward  along 
the  true  meridian  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

The  conditions  they  met  with  in 
their  work  were  often  of  a  most  novel 
character.  One  of  the  curious  things, 
for  instance,  about  this  survey  was 
that  while  some  parts  of  Alaska  are 
terrifically  hot  in  the  summer,  others 
are  as  threatening  and  almost  as  cold 
as  the  Arctic  at  its  worst.  This  ac- 
counts for  a  peculiar  adventure  related 
by  Thomas  Riggs.  leader  of  the  survey 
for  the  Americans. 

"Early  in  August,  I  left  the  White 
River  Valley  with  one  assistant  and 
ascended  Holmes  Creek.  From  there 
we  back-packed  a  week's  supplies,  our 
instruments,  and  bedding  over  the 
Holmes  Glacier  to  a  low  divide  in  the 
Natazhat  range.  We  were  storm-bound 
for  several  days,  but  when  the  snow 
stopped  we  pushed  up  toward  the  sum- 
mit. The  steep  approach  of  the  divide 
was  one  glare  of  ice  terminating  in  a 
sheer  drop  of  several  hundred  feet,  and 


HEROES   CARRY   THE   LINE 


699 


great  care  had  to  be  exercised  in  picking 
our  way.  Steps  had  to  be  cut  for  nearly 
half  a  mile.  On  top  of  the  divide  the 
weather  changed  and  gradually  became 
bitterly  cold.  We  made  our  way  down 
a  long  ridge  of  volcanic  ash  and 
emerged  on  the  badly-broken  Klutlan 
Glacier.  Then  it  began  to  snow — not  a 
mild,  gentle  snow,  but  a  blinding  bliz- 
zard. To  have  retreated  and  recrossed 
the  divide  would  have  been  impossible. 
We  had  to  keep  on  to  where  my  com- 
panion had  a  small  tent  and  cache  on 
the  slope  of  the  mountain.  Finally, 
towards  night  we  arrived  at  the  camp, 
which  was  partly  sheltered,  and  at  an 
elevation  of  about  nine  thousand  feet. 
The  tent  was  down  and  everything  wet 
and  frozen.  Worn  out  and  chilled 
through  we  crawled  into  our  scanty 
bedding  under  the  cover  of  the  little 
A-tent.  In  the  morning  our  housing 
was  almost  completely  buried;  it  had 
snowed  twenty-five  inches  during  the 
night.  All  day  it  snowed  until  three 
feet  had  fallen.  The  weather  was  very 
cold  for  the  season,  and  even  with 
every  hole  in  the  tent  closed  and  the 
coal-oil  lamp  burning  at  full  blast,  the 


thermometer  registered  only  thirty- 
two  degrees.  As  the  ascent  of  the 
mountain  would  now  be  attended  with 
great  risk  on  account  of  avalanches  and 
hidden  crevasses,  the  attempt  was 
abandoned  and  the  start  made  on  a 
homeward  journey.  The  life-line 
bound  us  together  and  frequently  one 
of  us,  breaking  through  the  new  snow 
into  some  crack  in  the  ice,  would  be 
saved  by  the  rope.  It  took  us  three 
days  to  retrace  our  steps  to  the  head 
of  Holmes  Creek,  where  we  arrived 
with  backs  wrenched  because  of  our 
heavy  packs,  and  nearly  blind  because 
of  the  dazzling  snow  which  we  faced  all 
day  long." 

The  great  St.  Elias  itself  had  to  be 
scaled  that  valuable  topographical 
data  might  be  obtained.  Only  a  fort- 
night could  be  given  to  the  climb — 
although  the  Duke  of  Abruzzi,  the 
famous  Italian  mountain  climber  and 
explorer,  gave  a  whole  summer  to  it. 
A  joint  American  and  Canadian  party 
made  the  attempt.  They  worked  their 
toilsome  and  hazardous  way  up  to  an 
altitude  of  sixteen  thousand  five  hun- 
dred feet,  and  the  summit  seemed  but 


A  CREVASSE  THAT  OFKNED  ALMOST  UN1JKK  THE  KKKT  OF  THE  SURVEYORS 
No  sooner  had  the  party  passed  than  the  ico  split  open. 


WILLOWS  FOR  FUEL 
The  Arctic  coast  has  little  to  offer  for  fire  building,  but  there  are  usually  willows  that  help  make  the  steaming  tea  to 
warm  a  cold  body.    Each  of  the  men  has  a  srreat  beard,  as  there  was  little  hot  water  for  shaving,  and  little  desire  to  do 

so  after  a  day's  labor  in  the  wilderness. 


a  short  distance  above  when  down 
upon  them  swept  a  five-days'  snow 
storm!  The  halt  exhausted  their  sup- 
plies, and  they  were  forced  to  beat  a 
retreat. 

At  the  close  of  one  season,  prac- 
tically every  one  of  their  two  hundred 
pack  horses  was  either  dead  or  unfit 
for  the  homeward  journey  because  of 
the  rigorous  work  over  the  trails  that 
had  to  be  broken,  and  for  one  hundred 
and  ninety  miles  the  party  had  to  raft 
it  down  the  White  River. 

The  Canadian  and  American  parties 
approached  the  hundred-and-forty-first 
meridian  from  points  determined  as- 
tronomically east  and  west,  respective- 
ly, of  their  goal.  By  means  of  tele- 
graphic signals  flashed  from  Van- 
couver and  Seattle,  the  local  observed 
time  was  checked  up  by  that  of  these 
definitely-established  cities,  and  thus, 
by  a  comparison,  the  meridian  was 
fixed  to  a  certainty.  From  this  point, 
then,  the  work  of  the  parties  was  to 
follow  northward  directly  toward  the 
geographical  pole,  and  to  see  to  it  that 
the  boundary  was  not  run  falsely  by 
the  deceptive  lure  of  the  magnetic  pole. 
They  did  not  run  the  line  working  side 
by  side  or  independently  throughout 
the  whole  length  of  that  stretch  .from 
Mt.  St.  Elias  onward  to  the  Arctic 
shores.     Each   national   group   busied 

700 


itself  with  separate  sections,  and  the 
field  notes  of  one  were  examined  by 
the  other,  and  by  thus  approving  their 
separate  activities,  the  total  time  con- 
sumed was  shortened  and  a  very 
friendly  spirit  of  co-operation  pro- 
moted. 

It  is  the  custom  with  explorers  to 
follow  the  line  of  least  resistance — 
their  ultimate  goal  is  the  thing  that 
concerns  them  most.  But  with  survey- 
ing parties  running  a  national  boun- 
dary line  and  held  down  by  the  word- 
ing of  treaties  and  august  tribunals, 
it  is  not  possible  to  sidestep  difficulties 
and  to  go  trailing  around  towering 
mountains  because  their  climbing 
might  invite  a  variety  of  hazards.  In 
this  case,  the  Canadians  and  the 
Americans  had  to  keep  to  the  straight 
and  very  narrow  path  prescribed  for 
them,  and  the  worst  of  it  was  that  this 
path  had  to  be  of  their  own  making. 

Up  the  wooded  hillsides  and  mountains 
they  had  to  cut  an  avenue  or  vista 
twenty  feet  wide  right  through  the 
timber,  so  that  adjacent  monuments — 
reared  and  fixed  by  them — could  be 
seen  over  considerable  stretches  in  or- 
der to  serve  as  a  check  in  advancing 
the  boundary  still  further.  Fortunate- 
ly, they  were  not  required  to  climb  to 
the  very  tops  of  the  grandest  of  the 
interposing  mountain  peaks.     Thanks 


HEROES   CARRY   THE   LINE 


701 


to  Nature's  ancient  exuberance  of 
spirit,  many  of  these  had  reared  their 
heads  anywhere  from  twelve  thousand 
to  sixteen  thousand  feet  high,  and  the 
telephoto  lens,  combined  with  a  sys- 
tem of  cross  observations  or  triangula- 
tions,  served  to  establish  these  points 
topographically.  Even  so,  the  survey- 
ors had  perils  enough  to  battle  with 
and  hardships  that  reached  a  climax  in 
injury  and  even  death. 

Both  the  American  and  the  Cana- 
dian   forces   were   divided   up   into   a 
number    of    parties — each    under    the 
leadership  of  a  thoroughly  competent 
surveyor.      Not   infrequently   some   of 
these  field  units  were  not  seen  again 
until  the  end  of  the  working  season. 
The  unheralded  deeds  of  some  of  the 
explorer-surveyors    and    their    associ- 
ates were  heroic,  and  the  reward  for 
their    undaunted    perseverance 
was  not  to  be  the  praise  of  the 
public  but  only  the   conscious- 
ness of  a  work  well  and  accu- 
rately done.    More  than  a  score 
of  times  the  men   risked  their 
lives  in  the   face  of  desperate 
odds    to    save    some    of    their 
fellows. 

In  one  case,  a  small  party  had 
been  isolated  upon  a  little  island 
in  the  path  of  a  frigid,  torrential  stream. 
Their  boat  was  swept  away  before  they 
realized  it.  One  of  the  men  fash- 
ioned a  hasty  raft  out  of  branches,  and 
thus  managed  to  work  his  way  to  the 
main  shore.  Thence,  after  days  of  ex- 
hausting tramping  and  climbing,  he 
reached  a  signal  mark  of  another  party. 
The  man  had  just  strength  enough  left 
before  losing  consciousness  to  derange 
the  pole  with  its  fluttering  flag.  By 
chance,  a  surveyor  some  miles  off,  look- 
ing through  his  field  glasses,  saw  that 
the  signal  was  out  of  plumb,  and  dis- 
patched some  of  his  assistants  to  put 
it  straight.  These  men  arrived  in  time 
to  succor  the  man  they  found  there  and 
afterwards  to  rescue  his  fellows  on  the 
far-away  island.  The  man  who  made 
the  perilous  trip,  however,  became  a 


physical  and  mental  wreck  because  of 
the  ordeal  through  which  he  passed. 

One  man  was  dashed  to  pieces  upon 
an  inaccessible  glacier  at  the  bottom  of 
a  cliff  rising  sheer  for  some  hundreds 
of  feet,  and  his  body  lay  in  plain  view 
for  several  days  until  a  beneficent 
snowslide  buried  him.  A  party  risked 
the  ravages  of  smallpox  in  the  name 


Like  a  Polar  Explorer 
Surveying  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Arctic 
Circle   was    difficult, 
and  absolute  accu- 
racy was  essential. 
Sometimes    the 
line    went    over 
Kreat    moun- 
tains, often 
through     al- 
most    im- 
penetrable 
forests, 
again 
over 
great 
reach- 
es of 
ice. 


of  humanity  while  giving  succor  to  a 
camp  of  Alaskan  Indians  stricken  with 
the  disease.  This  experience  had  its 
humorous  side,  because  the  natives 
were  compelled  to  wash  themselves 
and  to  submit,  much  against  their 
wishes,  to  fumigation.  Nevertheless, 
the  surveyors  were  in  real  danger,  but 
fortunately,  all  escaped  infection. 

The  meridian  line  was  run  in  sec- 
tions between  stations  about  fifteen 
miles  apart,  and  monuments  were 
placed,  after  fixed  points  had  been  es- 
tablished, every  three  miles  or  so;  large 
monuments  at  the  principal  crossings 
of  rivers  and  routes  of  travel,  and 
lesser  ones  at  the  out-of-the-way 
places.  The  big  marks  were  of  alum- 
inum-bronze five  feet  high,  and  the 
smaller  monuments  were  cones  of  the 


702 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


same  metal  three  feet  high.  These 
were  set  in  heavy  bases  of  concrete  so 
that  they  would  endure  for  decades  to 
come.  It  was  no  easy  task  to  get 
these  monuments  into  those  forbid- 
ding wilds,  for  the  men  themselves 
had  to  carry  them  up  the  steep  moun- 
tain sides  where  the  path  or  the  way 
was  too  much  for  pack  animals.  The 
concrete  bases  weighed  fifteen  hun- 
dred pounds,  and  the  sand  and  water 
and  cement  had  to  be  dragged  to  the 
sites. 

When  the  surveyor  and  the  triangu- 
lator  had  finished,  then  the  topograph- 


er had  to  map  out  the  region  after  he 
had  explored  the  ground  thoroughly. 
In  fact,  he  had  to  be  something  of  a 
mountain  climber  himself,  because  it 
was  needful  that  he  should  reach  high 
points  in  order  to  examine  the  neigh- 
boring land  accurately,  plot  its  con- 
tours, and  record  with  considerable 
nicety  the  physical  peculiarities  and 
the  sorts  of  trees  growing  there ;  so, 
later  on,  should  a  monument  disappear, 
it  woidd  be  possible  to  relocate  the 
site  with  comparative  ease  through 
this  descriptive  data  and  thus  avoid  re- 
peating infinite  labor. 


SUBWAY  TELEPHONE  FROM 
BOSTON  TO  WASHINGTON 


THE  new  tunnel  from  Boston 
to  Washington  has  just  been 
finished.  It  is  to  carry  the 
telephone  trunk  lines  be- 
tween these  two  cities  and 
between  those  which  are  reached  en 
route.  Where  a  great  deal  of  traffic 
occurs  between  cities,  it  is  much  more 
economical  to  dig  a  trench  for  the 
wires  than  to  build  a  line  of  poles  even 
though  it  is  necessary  to  re-enforce  the 
vibrations,  with  the  aid  of  Pupin  coils,  at 
brief  intervals  throughout  the  route. 

The  Washington-Boston  conduit  is 
merely  a  part  of  a  chain  of  subways 
which  now  unites  all  our  large  east- 
ern cities.  The  builders  use  a  trench 
digger  which  crawls  along  the  right  of 
way,  leaving  a  trough  large  enough  for 
all  the  cables  that  are  necessary. 
Along  this  cable  it  is  possible  to  con- 
duct ninety-nine  telephone  conversa- 
tions at  once  and  at  the  same  time  to 
send  two  hundred  and  ninety-six  tele- 
graph messages.  Wherever  streams 
are  crossed,  the  conduits  are  carried 
through    creosoted    board    ducts    sus- 


pended from  the  bridges,  or  else  in  iron 
pipes  which  cross  on  the  bridges.  The 
pipes  are  used  only  in  places  where 
the  bridges  are  liable  to  be  submerged 
by  spring  freshets.  In  such  cases  it 
was,  of  course,  necessary  to  use  very 
strong  construction,  but  on  ordinary 
crossings  iron  was  not  used  because  it 
rusts  away  and  is  liable  to  cause  short 
circuits  and  a  breakdown  of  communi- 
cation in  the  course  of  time. 

The  new  construction  is  remarkable 
in  that  it  gives  good  commercial  serv- 
ice over  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles, 
whereas  a  few  years  ago  cables  gave 
satisfactory  service  for  a  distance  of  but 
a  few  miles. 

This  last  link  of  the  telephone  sub- 
way probably  owes  its  existence  to  the 
severe  sleet  storm  which  occurred  in 
Washington  on  March  4,  1909.  On 
the  day  President  Taft  was  inaugu- 
rated, Washington  was  completely  iso- 
lated from  the  outside  world  and  the 
loss  to  the  telephone  companies  was 
enormous  because  the  newspaper  dis- 
patches could  not  be  sent  out. 


TO  GROW 
HARDIER  CORN 


By 

GEORGE    E.    HYDE 

THE  Federal  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry 
has  undertaken  some  interesting  ex- 
periments with  the  much-neglected 
type  of  primitive  maize  which  was 
once  so  familiar  and  useful  to  the 
pioneer  farmers  of  our  western  frontier  under 
the  name  of  "squaw  corn".  Already  the  Bureau's 
"corn  sharps"  have  discovered  in  the  arid  regions 
of  the  Southwest  a  variety  of  this  Indian  corn 
which  possesses  drought-resisting  characteristics 
not  found  in  any  of  the  modern  types  of  field 
corn.  This 
corn  can  be 
planted  at  a 
depth  that 
\v  o  u  Id 
smother 
the  life  out 
of  modern 
corn :  it  bores 
its  way  to  the  sur- 
face and  at  the  same  time 
sends  its  roots  deep  down 
into  the  moist  subsoil.  In 
the  far  North  other  vari- 
eties have  been  found  which 
are  extremely  hardy  and 
rapid  of  growth,  rarely  fail- 
ing to  mature  their  crop  even 
in  Manitoba  and  Saskatche- 
wan, where  the  large-eared 
modern  maize  cannot  be 
grown  successfully. 

This  primitive  type  of 
maize  is  of  many  varieties. 
The  ears  are  usually  quite 
small,  and  the  writer  has  in 
his  collection  one  variety 
which  produces  handsome 
/ell-formed  little  ears  an  inch 
diameter  and  four  inches 
Dng.    The    corn    is    of    all 


What  Cultivation 
Does 
Indian  yellow  corn  has 
but  eight  rows  of  grain 
but  the  kind  that  is  grown 
in  Iowa  and  Illinois  has 
twenty-six  rows. 


One  Third  as  Large 
The  cross  section  of  Ind- 
ian squaw  corn  shows  tin- 
ear  to  be  undersized  com- 
pared with  the  corn  grown 
on  the  same  soil  today. 


colors — white,  black,  and 
different  shades  of  yellow, 
red,  and  blue.  Many  ears  are  spotted, 
having  seeds  of  two  or  more  colors ;  two 
varieties  are  speckled — one  white  with 
little  specks  of  bright  red  or  dark  blue  on 
each  seed;  the  other  with  the  seeds 
handsomely  marked  with  stripes  of  red. 
yellow,  and  white. 

Squaw  corn  is  usually  of  low  growth, 
with  the  ears  close  to  the  ground ;  often 
the  ears  spring  from  the  very  base  of 
the  stalk  and  ap- 
pear to  be  growing 
out  of  the  ground. 
The  plants  are  not 
prolific,  generally 


Wichita  Indian  Corn 
Dark   red  and  pure  white 
seeds  are  on  the  same  ear. 

n  this  instance  most  of  the 

seeds   are   dented,    a    rare 

type  of  Indian  corn. 


WS 


704 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


bearing  two  ears,  sometimes  only  one. 
The  ears  ordinarily  have  eight  rows  of 
seeds,  but  a  few  varieties  have  ten  rows. 
Dent  corn  is  rarely  found ;  almost  invari- 
ably the  seeds  are  of  the  smooth,  un- 
dented type  generally  termed  "flint  corn". 
This  Indian  flint  corn,  however,  is  often 
extremely  soft. 


White,  yellow,  and  red  sweet  corn 
have  been  found  among  the  Indians. 
Like  the  common  squaw  corn,  these 
varieties  of  sweet  corn  are  low  of 
growth  with  very  small  ears;  the  corn, 
however,  is  of  good  quality,  very  hardy, 
and  early  to  mature  and  of  excellent 
flavor. 


REAL  HOMES  IN  THE 
TENEMENTS 


FOUR-ROOM  FLATS  FOR  TWENTY  DOLLARS 

Even  the  exterior  of  the  model  apartments  shows  that  the  interior,  if  in  accord, 

must  be  far  above  the  average  apartments  at  the  price. 

By 
JOHNSON    HARGRAVE 


JUST  north  of  Hell's  Kitchen,  in 
the  four  hundred  block  on  West 
Forty-Fourth  Street,  New  York, 
are  the  Rogers  tenements,  better 
known  as  model  apartments — 
dwellings  that  provide  real  homes  to 
New  Yorkers  who  are  having  trouble 
in  keeping  the  wolf  from  the  door. 
There  is  nothing  cheap,  nothing  that 
smacks  of  charity  about  the  model 
homes,  and  to  residents  of  small  towns 


the  rents  would  probably  seem  high, 
but  to  New  Yorkers  a  comfortable  flat 
of  four  rooms  in  a  decent  district  can- 
not be  rented  for  twenty  or  twenty-two 
dollars,  the  price  charged  for  these 
tenements.  But  that,  of  course,  in- 
cludes steam  heat,  hot  and  cold  water, 
and  most  of  all,  a  common  room,  sup- 
plied with  magazines  and  some  books, 
for  social  intercourse  between  all  the 
tenants. 


THE  ROOF  GARDEN 
The  Rogers  tenements  have  a  playground  lor  the  older  children  and  a  perambulator  room  for  babies. 


Mrs.  John  S.  Rogers,  the  wife  of  a 
prominent  lawyer  of  Xew  York,  em- 
ployed Grosvenor  Atterbury,  a  well- 
known  architect,  to  build  the  two  build- 
ings in  such  a  way  that  they  would  show 
their  improvements  even  from  the  out- 
side by  their  distinctive  construction. 
Xew  York  laws  have  recently  made 
strict  rules  concerning  tenements, 
rules  that  insure  light  and  air  and  a 
reasonable  assurance  against  fire.  But 
the  Rogers  dwellings  are  far  in  ad- 
vance of  these  requirements. 

The  buildings  are  fireproof  with  steel 
and  concrete  floors  and  tile  roofs.  There 
are  two  of  them,  each  five  stories  high, 
connected  by  a  two-story  link.  The 
courts  are  fifty  per  cent  larger  than  is 
required.  Each  apartment  forms  a 
group  of  rooms,  very  different  from  the 
plan  of  the  bowling-alley-hall  arrange- 
ment of  the   New  York  tenement  of 


five  years  ago.  Playgrounds  on  the 
roof  are  furnished  for  children  and 
both  the  first  floor  and  the  basement 
are  provided  with  perambulator  rooms 
for  youngsters  who  have  not  yet  attained 
an  age  to  appreciate  the  roof  playground. 
A  careful  examination  is  made  of  all 
prospective  tenants  to  make  certain 
that  they  are  the  sort  of  people  who 
will  be  congenial,  that  they  have 
not  sufficient  income  to  enable  them  to 
live  decently  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances, and  to  make  sure  also  that 
they  will  enjoy  and  appreciate  the  ad- 
vantages offered  the  Rogers  dwellers. 
Thus  there  is  a  much  greater  likelihood 
of  the  tenants  using  and  enjoying  the 
common  room  and  becoming  ,  real 
neighbors  such  as  those  of  the  farm- 
ing communities — neighbors  willing  to 
help  each  other  and  enjoy  each  other's 
society. 


D    C 


3  □ 


105 


HOW  THE  BLIND  SEE  ANIMALS 


THE  blind  children  of  New 
York  are  being  delighted  by 
visits  to  the  New  York  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History, 
where  they  are  having  their 
first  opportunity  to  "see"  animals. 
After  a  lesson  in  observation 
by  feeling  all  over  the 
animal  with  their 
sensitive 
fingers,  the 
youngsters  are 
put  through  a 
little  quiz  to 
make  sure 
that  they 
have  ob- 
served 
correctly 
and  have 
preserved 
an  idea  as 
to  what  the 
animals  are 
like. 

Answering  a 
question    on    the 
hippopotamus,  one  ^,^ 

of  the  children  re- 
cently wrote:  "This  is 
the  homeliest  beast  you  ever  saw.  Why, 
he's  a  block  long !  He  has  a  big  fat  head 
and  tiny  little  ears  on  the  top  of  his  head. 
He  is  so  fat  that  he  has  a  big  wrinkle  in 
his  neck.  His  eyes  are  very  small  and  are 
on  the  upper  part  of  his  head  so  that 
when  he  wants  to  see  what  is  going 
on,  he  sticks  his  head  out  of  the  water 
just  a  little  bit.  His  mouth  is  very  big. 
It  is  like  a  half-circle.  The  corners 
of  his  mouth  turn  up  and  almost  meet 
his  eyes  and  make  you  think  he  is 
laughing." 

The  little  blind  child  had  received 
a  picture  as  vivid  to  him  as  to  his 
brother  who  can  see,  for  the  fingers 
soon  become  trained  to  take  the  place 
of  the  eye  and,  if  there  is  some  one  to 
tell  the  blind  person  what  the  color  is, 

106 


he  can  get  a  complete  picture  in  his 
mind.  A  New  York  philanthropist  re- 
cently established  a  fund  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  a  series  of  lectures  at 
the  Museum  to  the  sightless  children 
and  for  paying  the  carfare  of  the  children 
and  of  a  guide  to  conduct 
them  to  the  institution. 
Admiral  Peary  re- 
cently lectured  to 
them  on  arctic 
animals  and 
after  the  little 
talk  the 
children 
were  al- 
lowed  to 
examine 
skins  and 
stuffed 
animals 
which  he 
had  de- 
scribed. The 


How  Does  It  Look?" 

The  only  chance  that  the 

blind    have    of    finding    out 

what  an  animal  looks  like  is 

to  feel  of  it.    The   New  York 

Museum  of  Natural  History  has 

en  giving  city  children  a  chance. 


philanthropist,  who  is  blind  himself,  got 
the  idea  on  finding  how  absolutely  igno- 
rant the  blind  child,  especially  of  the 
city,  is  of  common  objects  and  various 
animals  which  are  so  familiar  even  to 
the  average  street  gamin. 

In  conjunction  with  the  new  means  of 
teaching  the  blind  how  things  look,  with 
pictures  drawn  in  relief,  the  education  of 
the  children  by  their  actual  touching  of 
the  stuffed  animals  makes  much  more 
complete  the  outlook  and  perspective  of 
the  life  of  the  blind.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  finger  tips  of  a  person  who  has 
been  blind  for  a  number  of  years  become 
very  sensitive  to  variations  of  shape  and 
surface,  so  that  they  really  "see".  Mod- 
els of  buildings  serve  the  same  purpose 
as  the  stuffed  animals. 


REMARKABLE  TROPHIES  DECORATE  ROOM 
Fact  C  Madeira  has  hunted  big  game  all  over  the  world  and  the  skins  and  heads  make  a  private  collection  that  has 

no  equal. 


WILD  GAME  ROOM 


CKINS   of 
°  Percy  C. 


wild  animals  with  which 
Madeira  has  fitted  up  his 
animal  studio  make  the  great  room  look 
like  a  zoo.  Madeira  spends  a  great  deal 
of  time  hunting  big  game  in  Africa 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  His  estate 
is  at  Ogontz,  Pennsylvania. 


PIER-LESS  BRIDGE  AT 
PANAMA 

J^  PONTOON  railroad  bridge  was  re- 
cently towed  through  the  Panama 
Canal  to  Paraiso.  The  bridge  when  in 
place  at  Paraiso  is  to  swing  on  giant 
hinges  so  that  it  can  be  drawn  back  par- 
allel to  the  Canal  banks. 


•m*MMT  UN0l*weOD  *  UNM*wr>00 

FLOATING  BRIDGE  TO  CROSS  PANAMA  CANAL 
is  of  the  pontoon  type,  built  to  carry  the  railroad  across  the  big  ditch.    It  swings  back  like  a  gate  to  allow  boats 

to  pass. 


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COPYfiffiHT  KISEH  PHOTO  CO. 


IT  IS  LAKE  ELLEN  WILSON 

Secretary  of  the  Interior  Lane  has  named  this  gem  of  the  Rockies  after  the  wife  of  the  President.    It  is  one  of  several 

near  the  Continental  divide  in  Glacier  National  Park.  Montana,  which  is  destined 

to  become  one  of  the  most  popular  tourists'  resorts  in  America. 


GARDEN  PLOT  YIELDS 
STRANGE  CROP 


■THE    teachers    and    pupils    at 
Paul,     Minnesota,     Normal 
recently  built  a  great 
relief  map  of  the 
United   States 
in  the  school 
yard.    Both 
instructors 
and  stu- 
dents 
pitched  in 
and  raised 
mountains 
and    i  n  d  i- 
cated  season 
the     forty     by 
o  n  e-h  undred- 
a  n  d-t  w  e  n  t  y-f  oot 
plot.  The  classes  in 
arithmetic  found 


the    St. 
School 


School  Yard  Map 
It  was  laid  out  to  scale  and  little   hummocks   made 
mountains.    Five  inches  of  yard  were  a  mile. 


many  problems  in  marking  off  the  boun- 
daries by  scale  and  in  determining  areas. 
With  pickaxe  and  shovel,  shore  lines, 
river  basins,  and  mountain  ranges  were 
brought  into  relief  on  the  predetermined 
scale  of  five  inches 
to  a  mile.  De- 
veloping each 
square  with 
regard  to 
its  neigh- 
b  o  r  de- 
manded 
team 
work  and 
many 
references 
to  charts. 
Many  prob- 
lems  for  the 
geography  classes 
were  easily  solved 
with  the  map. 


the 


. 


SHIP  FOR  THE 
JUNK  MAN 

y  1 1  REE   hundred   tons 
of    dynamite    in    the 
hold  of  the  freight 
steamer  Alum-Chine  ex- 
ploded as  she  was  tying 
in      Baltimore      Harbor. 
Eighteen    hundred    tons 
of  steel  became  a  tangled 
mass  and,   eventually, 
the  oxy-acetylene 
torch    carved    the 
remains     for     the 
junk  man. 

The    after   part 
of  the  hulk,   esti- 
mated   at    several 
hundred  tons,  was 
located   by    wreck- 
age experts  just 
outside     the     harbor 
channel,  at  a  depth  of 
thirteen  feet.    The  major 
part  of  the  hull  was  thrown 
to   the    bottom    of   the    harbor, 
thirty-three  feet  below  the  surface. 

To  protect  navigation,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  clear  the  channel  of  this  wreck- 
age. An  eighty-ton  floating  steel  der- 
rick was  sent  from  New  York  to  do 
the  preliminary  work  in  connection 
with  bringing  the  ship's  remains  to  the 
surface.  Strings  of  dynamite  laid  by 
divers  were  exploded  under  water  to 
cut  the  steel  giants  into  pieces  of  a  size 
that  could  be  handled  by  the  derrick. 
These  averaged  from  twenty-five  to 
forty  tons  each,  and  were  disposed  of 
by  the  wrecking  company  to  a  firm  of 
"junk"  handlers,  who  in  turn  sold  them 
to  feed  the  hungry  mouths  of  near-by 
steel  furnaces. 

As  each  piece  was  fished  up  by 
the  derrick,  the  oxy-acetylene  torch 
brought  order  out  of  chaos.  The 
shapeless  masses  were  soon  put  into 
sizes  and  shapes  easily  handled  for 
shipping.  The  oxy-acetylene  plant 
was  mounted  on  a  truck,  long  lines  of 

s  hose  being  supplied  the  operator 


Salvaged  with  the  Aid 

of  oxy-acetylkxe 

Without  the  use  of  the  new 

torch  this  wrecked  steel  ship 

would  have    been  a    total 

loss. 


who  was  thus  able 
to  move  about  freely. 
A   few  years  ago  this 
enormous    collection    of 
steel  would  have  been  a  total 
loss,    because    the    expense    in- 
volved by  hand  cutting  would  have  been 
too    great    to    warrant    an    attempt    to 
save  it. 

J* 

ELECTRIC  DEVICES  FOR 
SCHOOL 

A  GRAMMAR  school  with  such  un- 
usual electrical  devices  as  a 
freight  elevator  and  a  filtering  plant 
for  the  air,  which  is  forced  through  the 
various  parts  of  the  building,  is  the 
Boyle  Heights  School  in  Los  Angeles, 
recently  completed.  The  air  is  drawn 
from  a  point  above  the  roof  by  an  in- 
take pipe,  which  conveys  it  to  the 
filtration  plant  in  the  basement,  where 
it  is  purified  and  thence  forced,  by 
electric  pumps,  through  the  tubes  lead- 
ing to  the  different  class  rooms.  It  is 
maintained  at  an  even  temperature, 
winter  and  summer,  so  that  the  device 
is  a  heating  and  cooling  plant  as  well. 
The  electrically  operated  elevator  is 
used  to  convey  supplies  to  the  different 

709 


HEATS  AND  COOLS  SCHOOLROOM 
A  new  grammar  school  at  Los  Angeles  is  supplied  with  filtered  air  by  this  electric  plant  which  warms  it  in  winter  and 

chills  it  in  the  hot  seasons. 


floors  and  as  the  library  is  on  the  roof 
garden,  it  is  especially  valuable  in  con- 
veying books  to  the  top  floor. 

Cooling  systems  have  rarely  been  in- 
stalled in  school  buildings  because  of  the 
fact  that  they  are  not  used  during  the 
summer.  They  are  more  necessary  in 
California,  however. 


HOW  THE  COAL  MINE  GREW 

TP  in  Nova  Scotia,  one  hundred 
years  ago,  the  settlers  dropped  a 
pioneer  shaft  with  the  aid  of  a  pick 
and  shovel  and  dug  out  enough  coal  to 
heat  their  little  dwellings 
and  to  cook  their  food. 
Today  those  same 
mines,  which  then 
produced  twenty  or 
thirty  tons  a  year, 
are  sending  about 
three  hundred  thou- 
sand tons  to  market 
every  twelve  months. 
The  pick  and  shovel 
and  the  hand-lowered 
bucket  have  been  re- 
placed by  the  air  drill, 
giant  powder,  and 
steam  elevators,  which 
drop  fifteen  hundred 
feet  into  the  bowels  of 
the  earth. 

By  their  primitive 
means  the  settlers  never 
reached    a    level    below 


one  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  There  was 
not  much  need  of  carrying  the  shafts  any 
further,  because  coal  was  little  used 
for  anything  but  heat ;  in  fact,  there 
was  no  need  for  coal  anywhere  except 
where  wood  was  scarce.  This  great 
industry  in  the  Canadian  province 
developed  rapidly  as  soon  as  demands 
began  to  be  made  for  the  new  fuel  and 
now  the  acres  of  the  original  settlers 
are  covered  with  a  maze  of  vast  ma- 
chinery, the  latest  of  which  has  but 
recently  brought  the  daily  output  up 
to  one  thousand  tons  of  the  highest 
grades  of  bituminous  coal.  Nova  Scotia 
now  ships  to  all  parts  of  the 
world,  the  black  stones 
that  helped  make  bear- 
able the  cold  win- 
ters of  pioneer 
days. 


The  Mine  Grew 

Nova  Scotia  settlers  originally  got  their  coal  for  fuel  with  the  aid  of  the  old  oaken 

bucket.     Now  machinery  takes  out  thousands  of  tons  yearly. 


110 


MOTION 
PICTURES 
to  PREVENT 

WRECKS 

By  Charles  Alma  Byers 


Educational  Drama  in  Six  Scenes — (Lesson  1.) 
"A  MISS  IS  NOT  AS  GOOD  AS  A  MILE" 


Characters 


John  Dempsey 
Martin  Samp 


Street  Car  Motorman 
Street  Car  Conductor 


Car  full  of  Passengers  on  an   Interurban  Electric  Road. 

Synopsis 


THE  car  approaches  a  cross- 
ing in  a  railroad  yard  at  full 
speed.  The  motorman  shuts 
down.  The  conductor  steps 
out,  reading  a  newspaper; 
walks  to  the  front,  still  reading;  waves 
car  on.  As  he  looks  up  to  board  the 
car  he  sees  a  switch  engine  thumping 
rapidly  down  the  track.  Horror- 
stricken,  he  drops  paper  and  throws 
up  his  hands  to  signal  motorman.  In- 
side the  car  is  bedlam.  The  passen- 
gers rise  and  rush  towards  the  exit  at 
the   scream   of   the   conductor,    Samp. 


Dempsey  sticks  to  the  controller  and 
turns  on  the  air.  The  car  is  halted 
within  a  foot  of  the  engine,  which 
dashes  by  as  Samp  sinks  to  the  ground 
in  a  faint.     Passengers  rush  out. 

Scenario. 
Scene  I. 
Exterior.  Railroad  and  street  car 
crossing.  Train  of  two  interurbans 
approaches  and  slows  down.  Con- 
ductor Samp  climbs  out,  reading  a 
paper.  He  walks  to  the  crossing; 
waves  car  on. 

in 


712 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Partly  the  Motorman's  Fault 
The  motion-picture  scenarios  graphically  teach  the  man 
at  the  controller  to  slow  down  and  ring  the  bell  when  pass- 
ing a  stopped  car. 


Caught 

Pedestrians  on  the  right  of  way  are  a  menace  to  cars.     It 
is  economy  all  around  to  keep  them  off,  say  the  movies. 


Keep  Off 
It  is  the  trainmen's  business  to  call  attention  to  "no  tres- 
passing" signs. 

II. 

Switch  engine  moving  rapidly  down 

n  /-»L- 


track. 


III. 


Back    to    I.     Samp    about    to 


board 


car.     Glances  up  and  sees  engine  rap- 
idly      approaching.        Drops       paper; 
throws  up  hands;  registers  great  fear. 
IV. 

Motorman's  platform.  Dempsey 
sticks  to  his  post,  struggling  to  stop 
car. 

Bust.     (Close  up) 

Dempsey 's   face   in   horrible   contor- 
tion, showing  great  fear. 
V. 

Interior  of  car.    Passengers,  alarmed 
by  shriek,  rush  for  exits. 
VI. 

Back  to  I.  The  engine  passes  by 
within  a  foot  of  car.     Samp  sinks  to 

ground  in  faint.     Passengers  rush  out. 

******* 

The  group  of  trainmen  who  wit- 
nessed this  little  drama  filed  silently 
from  the  hall  owned  by  the  railroad 
company  of  which  they  are  employes. 
Once  out  they  laughed  and  joked 
about  it,  but,  nevertheless,  it  was  evi- 
dent that  it  had  made  a  lasting  im- 
pression upon  them.  The  "show"  had 
taken  place  in  Los  Angeles  and  was 
staged  by  one  of  the  companies  which 
operates  the  interurban  lines  running 
out  of  that  city.  It  was  part  of  the 
system  which  they  have  developed  for 
training  their  employes  how  to  handle 
and  how  not  to  handle  their  electric 
trains.  Various  companies  have  used 
the  moving  picture  to  show  the  oper- 
ation of  machines  and  various  safety 
devices  on  the  machines,  but  this  is 
the  first  instance  of  a  transportation 
company  teaching  the  right  and  wrong 
ways  of  operating  a  train.  The  results 
of  such  visual  instruction,  coupled  with 
instruction  by  rule  book,  produce  an 
effect  which  is  not  forgotten  in  a  mo- 
ment. The  vivid  impression  of  what 
an  accident  means,  created  by  the  mov- 
ing picture  playlet,  arouses  his  im- 
agination so  that  the  trainman  has 
always  a  clear  mental  picture  of  the  re- 
sults of  an  accident  before  him  as  he 
operates  his  train. 

The  moving  pictures  are  used  to 
illustrate  many  points  about  the  oper- 


MOTION   PICTURES  TO   PREVENT  WRECKS 


713 


ating  of  trains,  but  it  is  in  the  branch 
of  the  instruction  which  relates  to 
safety,  or  the  prevention  of  accidents, 
where  they  are  considered'  most  valu- 
able. They  are  ^used  to  demonstrate 
how  movement  through  interlocking 
plants    should   be    made ;    how    to    oper- 


charging  passengers,  and  when  ap- 
proaching dangerous  road  crossings 
where  there  is  no  flagman ;  the  impor- 
tance of  the  conductor's  remaining  on 
the  rear  end  of  his  car  when  not  en- 
gaged in  other  duties ;  the  danger  of 
giving  the  back-up  signal  without  as- 


ALMOST  TOO  LATE 

After  absent-mindedly  signalling  his  car  on.  the  conductor  realizes  the  danger.     It  makes  a  never-to-be-forgotten  motion 

picture  when-  acted  by  professionals  and  produced  before  trainmen. 


ate  manual  staff  machines;  how  to 
protect  a  train  when  stopped  on  a 
main  track  at  night  in  a  curve ;  how  to 
use  crossovers  on  a  four-track  line  in 
high-speed  territory  where  the  view  is 
obstructed ;  what  to  do  when  one  is  un- 
able to  clear  the  leaving  time  of  an 
opposing  superior  train  according  to 
rule ;  how  to  correct  procedure  at 
steam-railroad  grade  crossings;  to 
couple  and  uncouple  cars ;  to  make  air- 
brake tests.  They  indicate  the  necessity 
of  complying  with  rules  when  approach- 
ing curves  protected  by  the  "slow" 
sign ;  the  proper  action  to  be  taken 
in   passing  other  cars   which   are   dis- 


certaining  if  it  is  safe  for  the  train  to 
back ;  and  so  forth. 

Each  of  these  points  is  demonstrated 
clearly  and  forcibly,  in  some  manner 
similar  to  the  incident  cited  at  the  be- 
ginning of  this  article.  The  scenes  are 
all  preceded  by  stereopticon  slides 
showing  clippings  from  the  ?ifte  book 
governing  these  conditions  and  are  fol- 
lowed by  moving  pictures  showing  the 
correct  procedure  under  the  same  con- 
ditions. Professional  actors  are  fre- 
quently employed,  and  there  is  invari- 
ably some  climax  to  the  scene  which 
makes  a  lasting  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the   trainmen. 


Mf^tiiijui 


TRUCK  TO 

SPEED  UP  THE 

MAIL 

ONE  very  small  truck 
adopted  by  the  Chicago 
Post  Office  is  now  doing 
the  work  of  several  large 
ones  with  the  aid  of  vari- 
ous efficient  devices  which  have  been 
put  to  use.  The  truck  has  an  hydraulic 
arrangement  which,  by  a  few  strokes 
of  the  handle,  lifts  a  load  from  the 
ground.  Each  one  of  the  platforms, 
built  to  carry  a  great  number  of  loaded 
mail  sacks,  forms  a  body  which  enables 
the  little  truck  to  do  the  work  of  sev- 
eral. When  such  a  platform  is  loaded 
to  its  full  capacity  the  operator  slides 
the  truck  underneath,  jacks  the  load  off 
the  ground,  and  speedily  moves  away 
with  it. 

By  the  old  method  it  was  necessary 
to  use  very  large  trucks  and  to  have 
them  standing  around  while  they  were 
being  loaded.  The  new  device  has 
proved  its  value  by  saving  a  great  deal 


With  a  Load 
of  Twenty- 
Seven  Hun- 
dred Pounds 
on  Its  Back, 
the  Powerful 
Little  Ma- 
chine Does 
Not  Falter 

7M 


Sliding   (Iff   with   a  Thousand    Mail  Sacks 
Truck  Proves  It  Is  a  Worker 


of  space  in  the  crowded  Federal  Building. 
The  necessity  for  economy  of  space 
in  the  Chicago  office,  due  to  the  vast 
increase  in  mail-bag  shipments  by  Chi- 
cago firms,  led  to  the  adoption  of  the 
truck.  In  the  past  decade  the  mail  of 
this  character,  sorted  for  shipment  in 
the  office  of  the  firm  which  is  doing 
the  mailing,  has  increased  from  four 
thousand  to  fifteen  thousand  tons  a 
year.  As  a  result,  Chicago  has  become 
the  greatest  supply  point  for  mail  bags 
in  the  world  and  much  study  has  been 
necessary  to  improve  on  the  methods 
of  handling  both  empty  and  loaded 
bags.  The  city's  central  location 
makes  it  possible  to  ship  large 
quantities  of  mail  by  fast  freight 
for  rerouting  out  of  Chicago  and 
this  adds  greatly  to  the  natural 
volume  of  business  of  the  second 
city  on  this  continent. 


Raises  Its  Load  Like  a  Camel 

Tin-  hydraulic  truck  can  lift  a  load  far  biir- 

get  than  itself.    It  raises  materia!  off  the 

floor. 


warn 


DRESSMAKER  TO  HIS 
MAJESTY  THE  DOG 


SHE  is  curly  haired  and  French, 
this  nineteen-year-old  girl  who 
clothes  New  York's  fashion- 
able dogs.  Her  name  is 
Yvonne  M ingot  and  she  works 
in  her  father's  shop  in  the  basement 
of  one  of  the  old  frame  houses  that  still 
stand  between 
Broadway  and 


sole.  At  first  his  majesty  shakes  and 
shakes  to  get  them  off,  but  after  he 
has  been  out  walking  in  them  once  or 
twice,  he  realizes  how  they  protect  his 
feet  from  the  icy  walks.  Ordinary  dog 
shoes  cost  one  dollar  apiece.  The 
hunting  shoes  which  have  projecting 
nails  to  give  better  footing  to  the  dogs 
in  the  rough  country  are  more  ex- 
pensive.    Always    the    dog   has    to   be 


"THEKE  AKI 
MANY 
THINGS  A 
DOG  OF 

FASHION 
MUST  HAVE' 


near  Times  Square,  in  the  very  heart  of 
New  York's  theater  district. 

"There  are  many  things  the  dog  of 
fashion  must  have,"  she  declares 
soberly ;  "first  comes  the  blanket  of 
wool,  or  of  fur,  with  his  initial  on  one 
side  and  a  pocket  for  his  handkerchief 
on  the  other.  The  handkerchief,  three 
inches     square,     must     also     have    an 

» initial.  The  blanket  may  be  of  wool 
or  fur.  It  may  match  the  dog  himself 
in  color  or  it  may  be  red  or  black. 
Made  of  wool  it  will  cost  three  dollars 
and    fifty    cents — of    fur,    ten    dollars. 

I  Some  blankets  are  made  of  cloth  with 
fur  collars. 
"His  shoes  are  of  leather  with  a  stiff 


"The  blanket 
may  be  of  wool 
or  fur.  It  may 
match  the  dog 
himself  in  color 
or  it  may  be  red 
or  black." 


fitted  for  his  shoes  and  his  blanket  just 
like  a  person.  He  does  not  always  like 
to  stand,  but  at  least  he  never  scolds ! 

"The  dog  who  goes  out  to  ride  with 
his  mistress  must  have  goggles  if  he 
sits  on  the  front  seat  with  the  chauf- 
feur where  the  cinders  fly.  They  are 
fitted  with  a  strap  across  the  back  of 
his  head. 

"The  little  Pom  or  King  Charles  who 
cannot  go  out  walking  but  must  have 
air.  needs  a  basket.     This  is  made  of 


716 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


leather,  fur  lined,  and  usually  costs 
thirty  dollars.  It  has  a  handle  and  a 
hole  for  the  dog's  head  at  the  side  from 
which  he  peeks  demurely. 

"Collars,  of  course,  we  make  every 
day  with  a  silver  or  even  a  gold  name 
plate.  A  plain  one  to  hold  the  dog's 
license  tag  and  leash  costs  one  dollar. 
Sometimes  they  are  set  with  stones 
to  match  the  blanket,  and  once  a  lady 
brought  us  six  diamonds  to  put  in  a 
white  leather  collar  for  her  two-thou- 
sand-dollar Pomeranian.  But  most 
dogs,  even  prize  winners,  are  content 
with  a  silver  bell  or  two  by  way  of 
ornament. 

"My  father  has  often  made  articles 
for  other  animals— things  for  which  he 
has  no  models,"  and  Yvonne  turns  with 
a  smile  to  the  father  who  speaks  no 


English.  "He  does  all  the  hard  work 
of  the  leather-sewing  machine,  but 
I  do  the  planning  and  the  talking 
to  customers.  Once  he  made  a  muzzle, 
belt,  and'  reins  for  a  monkey  belonging 
to  an  actress.  Again  he  had  to  invent 
a  muzzle  with  two  side  straps  for  a 
squirrel  that  had  developed  a  bad  habit 
of  biting. 

"We  live  above  the  shop,  and  my 
sister  and  I  help  my  father  while  my 
mother  keeps  house.  In  the  evenings 
we  all  go  to  walk  or  to  the  park  or  the 
moving-picture  show  together.  You 
see  we  are  still  French — we  work  and 
play  together.  And  sometimes  in  the 
afternoons  I  slip  across  to  Fifth  Ave- 
nue to  watch  the  automobiles  roll  by, 
and  the  styles.  But  I  watch  the  styles 
for  dogs !" 


CHOCOLATE  DROPS  IN  THE 
RIVER'S  MOUTH 


MUD  SPRING  AND  ISLAND 
They  never  rise  more  than  seven  or  eight  feet  above  the  sea,  and  they  are  a  peculiarity  of  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi. 


M 


-  UD  LUMPS",  the  experts 
call  them,  and  by  that 
homely  name  they  are 
known  to  the  fishermen 
who  pass  by  them,  but  it 
would  not  take  a  great  deal  of  imagina- 
tion to  see,  in  their  resemblance  to  choco- 
late drops,  a  chance  to  give  them  a  pleas- 
anter  name.  In  reality  they  are  little 
islands  of  tough  clay,  upheaved  in  the 
river  water  off  shore  where  the  Missis- 
sippi empties  into  the  Gulf.  They  have 
never  been  satisfactorily  explained. 
The  mud  lumps  are  peculiar  to  the 


delta  of  this  great  river.  Sometimes 
they  appear  almost  over  night  and 
again  some  of  them  are  gradual  in 
growth,  and  most  of  them  have,  in  the 
center,  a  mud  spring  which  bubbles 
like  a  sanitary  drinking  fountain  but 
which  emits  at  the  same  time  small 
quantities  of  gas  from  which  fact  the 
theory  has  been  drawn  that  the  mud 
lumps  themselves  are  formed  through 
the  action  of  gas. 

The  newest  theory  presumes  that 
the  little  mud  islands  are  created  by  a 
gentle  flow  toward  the  sea,  of  layers 


HOW  HE  HELD  HIS  BREATH 


717 


of  semi-fluid  mud  under  the  land  and 
the  shallow  water  near  the  ends  of  the 
passes  of  the  river.  This  tendency  is 
supposedly  caused  by  the  constant  de- 
posit of  sediment  by  the  active  stream 


Thk  Mm  FLQWS  to  an-  Outlkt 
Pressure  <>n  the  semi-liquid  fluid 
makrs;it  run  in  a  course  likr  a  river, 
so  that  eventually,  when  it  has  a 
charier,  it  forms  islands  out  from 
■bore  in  the  Gulf  oi  Mexico. 


which  carries  the  land  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  farmer  down  to  the  Gulf. 
As  this  flow  of  liquid  clay  reaches  the 
sea  it  buckles  and  forms  the  mud 
springs  and  the  mud  lumps.  The 
stream  of  clay  cannot  flow  against  the 
harder  bottom  of  the  sea,  swept  clean 
by  the  action  of  the  tides  and  the 
waves.  The  new  theory  has  not  been 
absolutely  proved  but  it  is  much  more 


tenable  than  the  older  ones.  It  goes 
hand  in  hand  with  conditions  met  with 
in  railroad  building  through  swamps, 
and  as  yet  has  not  been  refuted. 

The  chocolate  drops  themselves  are 


an  interesting  feature  of  the  landscape 
of  the  bayou  country.  They  are 
usually  located  within  a  mile  of  the 
pass  from  which  the  river  flows,  and 
there  are  in  all  about  fifty  of  them  now 
in  existence.  They  never  rise  more 
than  seven  or  eight  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  seeming  to  stop  their 
growth  spontaneously  after  a  certain 
height  is  reached. 


HOW  HE  HELD  HIS  BREATH 


By 
WILLIAM    BRADY.    M.    D 


OCCASIONALLY  we  'see 
depicted  in  the  photo-play 
a  picture  of  death,  in 
which,  watch  as  closely  as 
possible,  we  can  detect  no 
breathing  motion  of  the  "dead"  man. 
( )f  course  the  period  of  exposure  to  the 
camera  may  be  only  a  few  seconds, 
and  most  people  can  easily  hold  the 
breath  for  thirty  or  forty  seconds. 

But  a  certain  film  soon  to  be  released 
shows  a  scene  in  which  a  man  lies  ex- 
posed for  one  hundred  and  sixty  seconds 
or  two  and  two-thirds  minutes,  during 
which  time  he  takes  no  breath.  How  does 
he  do  it — or  rather,  how  does  he  not 
do  it? 

As  a  matter  of  fact  anybody  can,  with  a 
bit    of    preliminary    practice,    hold    the 


breath  for  two  minutes  by  the  watch, 
even  though  forty  seconds  seems  the 
breaking-point  when  a  man  is  first 
tested. 

The  reason  we  breathe  on  an  aver- 
age of  twenty  thousand  times  a  day  is 
that  carbon-dioxide  gas  accumulates  in 
the  blood  at  a  certain  rate,  and  this  gas 
stimulates  the  breathing  center,  caus- 
ing inspiration  of  fresh  air.  Now  if 
there  were  a  way  to  reduce  the  propor- 
tion of  carbon-dioxide  in  the  blood, 
even  for  a  brief  interval,  one  could  get 
along  nicely  without  any  air  for  a 
while.  And  this  is  just  what  the 
"movie"  actor  did  in  his  one  hundred 
and  sixty  seconds  of  apparent  breath- 
lessness.  Here  is  the  trick.  It  is  per- 
fectly  harmless.     Any   one  may   try   it. 


718 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


You  sit  comfortably  in  a  chair  and 
take  eighteen  deep  breaths  of  air 
through  the  open  mouth  each  minute 
for  two  or  three  minutes.  Don't 
breathe  too  deeply,  and  don't  force  the 
air  out,  but  let  it  rush  out  naturally, 
except  that  the  mouth  is  to  be  kept 
open.  Then  hold  your  breath  and  count 
the  seconds  on  your  watch.  You  can 
stick  it  out  to  the  two-minute  point 
easily;  with  a  few  trials  your  confi- 
dence increases,  and  you  can  go  almost, 
if  not  quite,  to  the  three-minute  mark 
without  taking  another  breath. 

In  drowning,  experts  declare,  as- 
phyxiation commences  after  about  two 


minutes  of  submersion.  By  the  prepa- 
ration described  it  is  a  simple  trick  for 
anybody  to  remain  submerged  for  two 
minutes  or  more  without  even  getting 
short-winded,  provided  no  physical 
exertion  is  attempted. 

To  persons  who  are  not  initiated  into 
the  art  of  holding  the  breath,  it  seems 
almost  uncanny  when  one  shows  a  two- 
minute  record,  especially  if  the  prelim- 
inary forced  breathing  is  kept  secret.  A 
man,  who  had  tested  this  thing  thor- 
oughly and  satisfied  himself  of  the  truth 
of  the  statements  made,  inveigled  some 
friends  into  a  breath-holding  contest  and 
won  out  easily  on  his  two-minute  stunt. 


MAKE  HUGE  STATUES  BY  THE 
PANTOGRAPH 


IN  THE  HANDS  OF  THE  INVENTOR 

Robert  Paine  is  himself  a  sculptor  of  note,  and  his  new  pointing  machine  has 

added  to  his  reputation. 


ROBERT  PAINE,  sculptor,  for- 
mer assistant  to  Augustus  St. 
Gaudens,  has  invented  a  point- 
ing machine,  by  means  of 
which  tiny  models  are  repro- 
duced in  heroic  size  with  greater  speed 


and  accuracy  than  was  ever  possible 
before.  It  is  a  practical  application  of 
the  principle  of  "similar  triangles" 
used  by  sculptors,  since  time  imme- 
morial, to  make  enlargements  of  their 
plastic  models.    It  is  now  used  almost 


MgTO  ITH.I,  tMCi 


FROM  THE  MODEL  BY  MACHINERY 
The  high-priced  sculptor  does  his  entire  work  on  a  small  scale  and  the  lower-priced  man  duplicates  it  with  the  aid 

of  the  pantograph. 


universally,  having  been  recognized  by 
sculptors  in  every  country.  The  result 
is  that  the  majority  of  the  highest-paid 
sculptors  now  working  at  the  San 
Francisco  exposition  mold  only  their 
working  models  and  these  are  enlarged 
by  other  sculptors.  The  reproduction 
is  done  by  one  man  and  is  finished  in  a 
month  or  a  month  and  a  half — just  half 
the  time  spent  in  making  the  working 
model. 

Since  sculptors  ceased  carving  their 
statues  directly  from  blocks  of  stone  or 
marble  and  began  making  plastic 
models  first,  the  method  of  reproduc- 
ing the  model  in  larger  size  has  been 
by  means  of  measured  points  on  the 
surface.  This  is  why  sculptors  have 
called  their  system  "pointing",  and 
whether  done  with  dividers  or  with  the 
pointing  machine,  the  method  is  the 
same. 

The  most  prominent  feature  of  the 
pointing  machine,  invented  by  Paine 
to  supplant  the  laborious  measure- 
ments previously  required  in  enlarge- 
ment work,  is  a  movable  metal  shaft 
swinging  from  a  fixed  point.   Fastened 


to  this  shaft  are  two  small  arms,  mov- 
ing in  unison,  and  each  ending  in  a 
sharp  point. 

The  shaft  and  two  small  arms  are 
so  joined  that  no  matter  how  they  may 
be  moved,  they  remain  in  the  same 
straight  line  with  the  fixed  point,  from 
which  the  shaft  moves  by  means  of  a 
pivot. 

With  the  model  completed  and  the 
points  marked — many  or  few  of  them 
according  to  the  amount  of  detail  on 
the  figure — the  sculptor  constructs  the 
armature  of  the  enlarged  figure  and 
builds  up  the  core.  Then  the  panto- 
graph, as  it  is  called,  is  brought  into 
use. 

The  pointed  arm  of  the  shaft  nearest 
the  model  is  placed  on  a  marked  point 
and  the  other  arm  then  indicates  in- 
stantly and  accurately  the  correspond- 
ing point  on  the  enlarged  figure. 

The  model  and  the  enlarged  figure 
are  mounted  on  vertical  axes  and  the 
mountings  are  so  geared  together  with 
chains  and  sprockets  that  all  parts  of 
both  figures  can  be  reached  by  the 
respective  pointers. 

719 


720 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


WHAT  THE  GRAPES  DID 

THIRTY-THREE  years  ago,  Charles 

West  bought  a  strip 
of  thirty  acres  in  West 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

He  found  a  little  old 
neglected  vineyard  on 
the  place  which,  with 
care  and  attention,  pro- 
duced a  good  yield  for 
him  the  first  season.  He 
found  a  ready  market 
for  his  grapes  in  Des 
Moines  and  that  market 
since  has  always  been  larger  than  he 
could  supply. 

Today,  Mr.   West  has  over  half  of 


In  the  Winter 

When  the  present  owner  bought  the  vineyard  it  looked 

almost  as  barren,  but  his  patient  efforts  have  met  with 

success.     At  present  he  makes  a  net  profit  of  one  hundred 

fifty  dollars  an  acre  from  the  grapes. 


Farmed  for  Thirty-three  Years 

The  vineyard  supplies  grapes  at  wholesale  prices  to  private 

families.    The  business  is  very  profitable. 

his  farm  in  grapes  and  small  fruits.  He 
uses  the  best  conservative  scientific 
methods  and  charges  wholesale  prices. 

S 

HUNTING  THE  SNAPPING 
TURTLE 

TURTLE    hunting    yields    lucrative 

returns    to    a    number    of    men    in 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin.     Turtles  are 
caught    with    a    five-eighths-inch 
steel    rod,    about    seven    feet    in 
length,  with  a  hook  turned  up 
on  the  end,  which  is  jabbed  into 
the  soft  mud  along  the  streams 
in  which  the  turtles  hide  in  the 
fall.    The  hook  imbeds  itself  in 
the  turtle's  back  and  the  animal 
is  hauled  out.    Often' two  hun- 


dred  pounds   of   turtles   have  been   dug 
up  out  of  one  mud  hole. 

The  captives  are  packed  in  sugar 
barrels  and  shipped  to 
market,  a  full  barrel 
weighing  about  three  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five 
pounds.  Inasmuch  as  the 
live  turtles  —  they  are 
packed  in  on  top  of  one 
another  and  live  thus  for 
many  days — find  a  ready 
market  in  Chicago,  Bos- 
ton, Baltimore,  or  New 
York  at  from  six  to 
twelve  cents  a  pound,  there  is  good  profit 
in  hunting  them.  The  meat  of  the  tur- 
tle is  used  for  soup,  while  the  shell  backs 
provide        ^   |  buttons  and  ornaments. 


Out  of  One  Mudhole 
In  the  fall,  skillful  hunters  have  obtained  as  much  as  a  couple  of  hun- 
dred pounds  out  of  a  single  bank.    The  meat  fetches  a  good  price. 


SlidSixty  Feet 
on  Rollers 


TRANSPLANT  THREE-HUN- 
DRED-TON PIER 


JV/IO  VING  a 
three-hundred- 
ton  concrete  bridge 
pier  sixty  feet  from 
its  original  posi- 
tion and  using  it 
as  a  part  of  the 
abutment  of  a  new 
concrete  railroad 
bridge  was  the  feat 
recently  accom- 
plished by  a  rail- 
road company 
whose  tracks  cross 
the  Spokane  River, 
near  Spokane, 
Washington. 

The  pier  was  in- 
tended to  be  used 
in  its  original  posi- 
tion, but  a  change 


The  pier  weighed 
three  hundred 
tons,  but  by  mov- 
ing it  the  railroad 
company  saved 
much  time  and 
expense. 


of  plans  on  the  part  of  the  railroad  made 
the  new  location  necessary.  The  pier 
moved  is  thirty-nine  and  one-half  feet 
high  from  its  foundation  base  to  the 
top.  The  moving  was  done  in  a  man- 
ner somewhat  similar  to  methods  used 
in  house  moving.  It  was  first  raised 
from  its  foundation  by  thirty-five  and 


fifty-ton  ratchet  jacks.  A  bed  of  ties 
was  made  to  support  nine  seventy-five- 
pound  rails  running  lengthwise  to  the 
base  of  the  pier. 
On  this  bed  were 
placed  twenty  steel 
rollers  and  it  was 
not  long  before  the 
concrete  pier  was 
moving  toward  its 
new  location. 

By  using  the 
old  pier,  includ- 
ing the  cost  of  re- 
moval, nine  hun- 
dred and  forty  dol- 
lars was  saved  to 
the  company. 

BAREFOOTED 

JOY  RIDERS 

«DU  B  B  E  R- 

necking"  by 
automobile  is  no  longer  exclusively  an 
American  and  European  custom,  for 
the  Federated  Malay  States  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  globe  have  taken  up 
the  idea  with  great  delight.  There  are 
now  two  motor  buses,  each  capable  of 
carrying  eighteen  barefooted  passengers, 
in  use  at  Kuala  Lumpur. 


BAREFOOT  SIGHT-SEERS 
Sophisticated  enough  to  ride  in  a  rubberneck  auto,  the  Malays  still  enjoy  a  shoeless  state. 


121 


GRADES  THE  ROAD  WITH  ONE  TRIP 
The  machine  which  Kansas  is  using  operates  on  distillate  oil  and,  when  used  after  a  rain,  leaves  a  good  highway 

behind  it- 


HOW  KANSAS  WORKS  HER 
ROADS 

WITH  the  hope  of 

leading  all  the 
Middle  Western  States 
in   the   matter   of   fine 
roads,  Kansas  is  spend- 
ing   a    great    deal    of 
money     grading     dirt 
highways    and   putting 
in    macadam    roads.     A 
traction    engine    is    used 
to  tow  a  grader  of  the  latest 
type  and  all  roads,  which  are 
to    be    improved,    are    worked 
after  every  rain.     The  plan  is 
to  carry  on  this  work  for  three 
years. 

The  grading  machine 
tractor  used  is  propelled  by  a 
forty-horsepower  distillate  oil 
engine,  which  grades  the  whole 
road  in  one  operation ;  al- 
though on  some  trips  it  is 
necessary  to  go  over  it  twice. 
When  grading  out  the  ditches, 
a  machine  of  the  ordinary 
horse-drawn  type  is  attached  to 
the  side.  Thus  the  work  of 
about   fifteen    teams   and    five 

V2 


graders, 


Light  Standards  AT  the 

San    Francisco    Exposi 

tion  Will  Carry  Great 

Nitrogen  Lamps 


which  would  require  from  ten  to 
fifteen   men  to  run   them,   is 
done  by  three  men.     It  can 
easily   be   seen   that   this 
means  a  great  saving  to 
the  county,  as  the  cost 
of  running  the  grader 
is  very  low,  with  dis- 
tillate oil  at   four  and 
three-fourths    cents    a 
gallon.    The  men  carry 
a    camping    outfit    with 
them  and  thus  save  valu- 
able time  as  they  are  able  to 
begin  work  early  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

J* 

TO  LIGHT  THE  EXPO- 
SITION 

CAN  FRANCISCO'S  Expo- 
sition will  be  lighted  by 
ornamental  standards  employ- 
ing the  new  nitrogen  incan- 
descent lamps  which  have  but 
recently  been  placed  on  the 
market.  The  pedestals  have 
been  designed  by  well-known 
artists  and  the  lamps  them- 
selves are  the  most  efficient 
means  of  lighting  possible. 


WIDENING  AN  AUTO  BODY 

TO  carry  eight  passengers  as  a  regu- 
lar load  in  a  small  touring  car,  an 
auto  stage  line  owner  in  California  has 
widened  the  body  of 
the    machine    so    that 
four     persons     could 
ride     comfortably     in 
each  seat.     The  stage 
runs  from  Santa  Rosa 
to  Sonoma,  a  distance 
of    twenty-five    miles. 

The  seats  have  been 
extended  so  that  they 
are    as    wide    as    the 
distance   from   one 
hub    to    the    other. 
An     entirely     new 
body  was  built  and 
mounted   on   a 
chassis    with    only 
the  substitution  of 
heavier   springs   in 
the  rear. 

Most  of  the  cus- 
tomers   are    picked 


Th. 


Five-Passenger  Car  for  Eight 
owner    of    the    machine  widened   the  body  so 


could  carry  more  passengers  on  his  stage  line.    The  auto 
mobile  stands  up  well. 


up  between  the  two  cities,  and  the  busi- 
ness has  grown  to  such  an  extent  in  a 
few  months  that  a  second  auto  made 
larger  in  the  same  way  will  soon  be  in 
operation. 

j* 

FOR  PLAY  EX- 
ERCISE 

J7VERY     muscle     in 
the  body  is  brought 
into  use  by  the  window- 
frame  exerciser   which 
has    been    installed    in 
the    girls'    gymnasium 
of  a  Philadelphia 
school.  The  young- 
sters have  a  great 
deal  of  fun,  climb- 
ing   and    worming 
their  way  about  the 
device,  and  at  the 
same  time  they  ex- 
I      ercisenot  only 
their  arms  and  legs 
but  the  abdominal 
and  chest  muscles. 


USING  EVERY  MUSCLE 
The  window  frame  exerciser  is  lots  of  fun  for  girls  and  the  school  teachers  say  it  develops  them  remarkably. 


V3 


EDUCATION 
as  a  BY-PRODUCT 


G 


By  Charles  P.  Burton 


true    of 
product 


OD  didn't  create  Province- 
town,"  said  an  old  Cape 
Cod-er;  "it  washed 
there." 

Something  similar  is 
Gary,  Indiana.  It  is  a  by- 
of  steel  production.  In  the 
picturesque  language  of  its  first  mayor, 
"Gary  was  conceived  in  a  counting- 
room  and  born  in  a  jungle." 

That  was  only  eight  years  ago.  The 
Gary  of  today  is  an  important  inter- 
urban  center  with  a  world-famous  public 
school  system,  which  during  a  single 
week  in  March  attracted  to  the  city  more 
than  six  hundred  educators  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  a  system  in 
which  the  ordinary  idea  of  education  is 
made  subordinate  to  the  interests  of  the 
community  and  in  which  health,  morals, 
and  a  practical  training  in  well-equipped 
shops  are  regarded  as  of  prime  impor- 
tance. 

The  first  mayor  of  Gary  and  the  first 
and  only  president  of  the  town  board, 


before  a  city  government  was  estab- 
lished, was  Thomas  E.  Knotts,  who 
remained  in  office  until  the  beginning 
of  the  present  year.  One  day  during 
the  early  period  of  the  town  govern- 
ment, Mr.  Knotts  met  by  chance  Wil- 
liam A.  Wirt,  superintendent  of  schools 
at  Bluffton,  Indiana. 

Wirt  had  some  very  original  ideas  as 
to  what  constituted  a  real  education. 
Mayor  Knotts,  who  had  been  a  school 
teacher  himself,  was  greatly  pleased 
with  these  ideas.  Shortly  after,  the 
Gary  Board  of  Education  made  an  offer 
to  the  young  idealist,  which  was  ac- 
cepted. That  was  the  beginning  of 
Gary's  educational  system  and  the  be- 
ginning of  Mr.  Wirt's  fame. 

In  a  short  time  a  forty-room  school 
building  was  erected.  It  was  a  struc- 
ture of  the  most  modern  type,  costing, 
with  ground  and  equipment,  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars.  It  was  named  the  "Emerson". 
A  few  years  later  a  still  larger  school 


INSTRUCTION  IN  TENNIS 
This  is  regular  school  work  and  yet  being  more  like  play  it  is  something  that  ali  children  are  anxious  to  participate  in, 

V4 


Lkarmnc,  to 
Earn  a  Ljvim; 
"The  th*  >pa  In  \n  huh 
Hie  children  ipend  j>;irt 
of  their  time  are  real  work 
shops  and  art-  in  charge  of 
practical  union  mm." 


■ 


was  constructed  at  an  equal  cost,  called  the  "Froe- 
bel".     Next  fall  the  contract  will  be  let  for  a  third 
huge  educational  plant,  to  cost  another  three  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars.     Although  the  credit 
is  largely  due  Mr.  Wirt,  his  efforts  would  have 
been  of  little  avail  without  the  co-operation  of 
Mayor  Knotts.    Whenever  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education  was  appointed,  Mayor 
Knotts  called  him  into  his  private  office 
and  recommended,  in  no  uncertain  terms, 
that  the  superintendent  be   supported  in 
all    his    policies.      For  that    one    thing    a 
monument   should   some   day  be  erected   to   Tom 
Knotts  in  his  home  town. 

Mr.  Wirt,  being  an  unassuming  gentleman,  insists  that  the  Gary  schools  have 
been  very  much  over-advertised ;  that  they  are  not  far  different  from  progressive 
schools  elsewhere.    In  this,  however,  he  seems  over-modest,  for  nowhere  else  has 


Superintend- 
ent William 
A.  Wirt 
He  has  put  the    Gary 
schools  on  a  twenty-seven* 
hundred-hour  basis  although 
most  schools  are  open  but  nine 
hundred  hours  a  year. 


VS 


TAUGHT  BY  A  FOREMAN  AND  ACTUAL  MACHINERY 
"The  printing  shop  does  all  the  school  printing,  even  turning  out  certain  text  books."     Last  year  it  made  a  profit  of  six 

hundred  dollars. 


elimination  of  waste  been  carried  to  so 
successful  an  issue  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  in  any  other  city  the  schools  are 
so  closely  correlated  with  the  community 
life. 

There  are  four  things  which  are 
essential  to  anyone's  success — health, 
intelligence,  industry,  and  reliability, 
and  the  public  schools  are  being 
blamed  because  boys  are  not  turned 
out  with  those  qualifications. 

"But  how  are  you  going  to  do  it?" 
asks  Wirt.  "Why  should  the  schools 
be  blamed  when  they  have  the  children 
only  nine  hundred  hours  of  each  year 
and  one  hundred  of  those  hours  are 
spent  in  unsupervised  recesses?  The 
trouble  is  with  our  modern  city  life 
and  the  inability  of  the  parent,  who 
has  been  brought  up  under  different 
conditions,  to  understand  the  life  of  a 
city  child." 

When  he  is  not  at  school,  at  his 
meals,  or  in  bed,  where  is  the  boy? 
The  "streets  and  alleys"  take  up  a  good 
share  of  this  time. 

How  to  occupy  the  "street  and  alley 
time"  of  the  child  with  wholesome 
activities  is  a  problem  which  the  young 
superintendent  set  out  to  solve  at  Gary, 
where  the  rapid  development  of  this  new 
industrial  city  gave  him  so  rare  an  op- 
portunity. 

The   question   of  cost   would   have  to 

zas 


be  solved  first  of  all.  If  the  taxpayer 
were  alarmed,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  finance  the  work. 

Here  is  where  the  elimination-of- 
waste  idea  came  in.  Ordinarily  an 
eight-room  school  takes  care  of  three 
hundred  and  twenty  children  with 
eight  teachers.  In  Gary,  the  Jefferson 
school,  which  is  an  ordinary  eight- 
room  building,  takes  care  of  six  hun- 
dred and  forty  children  with  sixteen 
teachers.  The  various  Gary  schools 
have  only  half  as  many  study  rooms 
and  only  half  as  many  school  desks  and 
seats  as  there  are  children  enrolled. 
While  one  set  of  children  are  in  the 
school  seats  in  the  study  rooms,  an- 
other set  are  out  on  the  playgrounds, 
in  the  gymnasiums,  in  the  swimming 
pools,  auditoriums,  gardens,  science 
laboratories,  and  workshops. 

By  using  all  the  school  facilities  all 
the  time  the  pupil  capacity  of  the  study 
rooms  is  doubled.  The  per  capita  cost 
of  the  combined  study  room-workshop- 
playground  school  is  less  than  the  per 
capita  cost  of  the  ordinary  exclusive 
study-room  school — a  point  which  tax- 
payers everywhere  will  not  be  slow  to 
appreciate. 

Instead  of  putting  up  new  buildings, 
therefore,  Gary  has  established  play- 
grounds for  less  money,  and  with  less 
cost  of  maintenance.    This  eight-year- 


EDUCATION    AS   A   BY-PRODUCT 


727 


old  city  actually  has  invested  seventy 
thousand  dollars  in  playgrounds  in 
little  more  than  a  year,  issuing  bonds 
to  meet  the  cost. 

Taxpayers  as  well  as  teachers  will 
be  interested  in  the  business  side  of  the 
system,  which  enables  Gary's  schools, 
with  their  exceptional  equipment,  to  be 
run  twenty-seven  hundred  hours  a  year 
at  a  less  cost  per  pupil  than  in  the 
ordinarily  efficient  traditional  schools 
of  neighboring  cities,  which  run  nine 
hundred  hours  per  year. 

Gary's  schools  as  they  stand  cost 
close  to  a  million  dollars.  The  great 
Froebel  building  in  the  foreign  district, 
with  a  capacity  of  more  than  two  thou- 
sand day  students,  is  the  last  word  in 
school  construction.  It  is  a  true  social 
center.  A  day  nursery  looks  after  the 
babies  of  working  mothers  and,  at  the 
same  time,  gives  the  girls  practical  and 
supervised  experience  in  the  care  of 
children.  The  auditorium  will  seat  one 
thousand  people  and  is  as  complete  as 


the  ordinary  theater  of  a  town  of  Gary's 
size. 

With  forty  children  per  teacher,  the 
school  will  accommodate  twenty-seven 
hundred  pupils  at  a  per  capita  cost  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  dollars.  The 
superintendent  hopes  to  reduce  the 
average  number  of  children  per  teacher 
to  thirty  and  the  school  enrollment  to 
two  thousand.  The  per  capita  cost 
then  will  be  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  dollars.  With  forty  pupils  per 
teacher  the  Emerson  Building  also  will 
accommodate  twenty-seven  hundred 
children  and  the  per  capita  cost  is  one 
hundred  and  eleven  dollars.  As  with 
the  Froebel  school,  it  is  planned  to 
reduce  the  enrollment  to  two  thousand 
children  and  thus  increase  the  per 
capita  cost  to  one  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars. 

Of  the  eight  hours  during  which  the 
Gary  day  schools  operate,  four  hours 
of  classroom  work  are  required  five 
days  in  the  week  but  the  school  will 


WITH  REAL  LIQUID  IRON 

When  MM  of  the  shops  begins  to  pay  a  profit  the  money  earned  is  used  to  open  a  new  shop  in  some  other  part  of  the  city 

so  that  more  children  may  have  the  advantage  of  the  training. 


728 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


give  up  the  child  during  any  portion 
of  the  remaining  time  to  any  whole- 
some activity  desired.  By  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  periods  a  parent  can  secure 
the  child  at  almost  any  hour  of  the  day. 
For  example,  should  a  mother  who 
keeps  boarders  need  the  help  of  her 
daughter  during  a  portion  of  the  school 


the  child  business  methods.  The  print- 
ing shop  does  all  the  school  printing, 
even  turning  out  certain  textbooks  ;  the 
cabinet  shop  has  made  many  thousand 
dollars  worth  of  furniture  during  the 
past  year  for  the  Froebel  building;  the 
boys  in  the  blacksmith  shop  shoe  the 
horses  which  belong  to  the  school 
and  do  much  of  the  repair  work. 


day,  the  matter  can  be  arranged.  Sim- 
ilarly, the  child,  is  excused,  for  outside 
instruction  in  music,  for  library  work, 
church  work,  religious  instruction,  or 
home  training.  Anybody  can  have  the 
child  who  can  do  more  for  him  than 
the  school  can. 

The  shops  in  which  the  children 
spend  part  of  their  time  are  real  work 
shops  and  are  in  charge  of  practical 
union  men.  They  do  the  repair  work 
of  the  schools,  thereby  paying  for 
themselves,  and  are  taken  care  of  in 
the  annual  budget  under  the  heads  of 
repairs  and  maintenance.  Each  indus- 
trial department  is  supposed  to  be  self- 
sustaining.  Each  shop  has  a  book- 
keeping system,  incidentally  teaching 


Better  material  and  better  workman- 
ship are  secured ;  the  letting  of  con- 
tracts, with  all  the  attending  delay  and 
expense,  is  avoided,  and  it  is  possible 
to  get  needed  repairs  done  promptly  at 
a  minimum  cost.  The  boys  are  not 
paid  for  their  work;  Mr.  Wirt  believes 
that  would  be  a  wrong  principle. 

The  shops  are  not  allowed  to  make 
a  profit  or  to  do  any  work  outside  the 
schools.  When  a  department  earns  the 
salary  of  the  master  workman,  the  cost 
of  material,  and  ten  per  cent  for  de- 
preciation, a  new  shop  is  opened  in  an- 
other part  of  the  city.  For  example, 
the  printing  department  at  the  Emer- 
son building  cleared  six  hundred  dol- 
lars last  year  and  this  year  a  new  shop 


EDUCATION   AS   A   BY-PRODUCT 


729 


is  being  opened  in  the  Froebel  build- 
ing. During  the  first  three  months  of 
operation  a  new  shop  is  not  productive 
at  all,  being  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture   of    needed      tools. 


The  methods  em-      ployed  in  the  paint 


"The  only  argument  we  ever  had 
with  the  unions,"  he  replied,  "was  over 
the  painting  department.  A  committee 
from  the  painters'  union  waited  on  me 
one  day  and  complained  that  my  boys 


THE  EMERSON  SCHOOL  AT  GARY.  INDIANA 

It  was  th.-  first  nf  tin    greaJ  schools  to  be  built  by  the  city  tbat  grew  over  night  and  it  cost  three  hundred  and  fifty 

thousand  dollars. 


ing  department  will  illustrate  the  gen- 
eral idea.  There  is  work  enough  at  the 
Emerson  Building  to  keep  one  painter 
busy  the  year  round.  The  same  is  true 
at  the  Froebel  Building.  Ordinarily  a 
school  would  employ  twelve  painters 
two  months,  during  July  and  August, 
to  do  the  necessary  painting.  Gary 
employs  two  painters  twelve  months. 
The  wage  cost  is  practically  the  same 
and  the  gain  in  other  directions  is  very 
great. 

With  each  of  these  master  painters 
works  a  class  of  a  half  dozen  boys. 
They  study  the  job,  analyze  the  paints, 
mix  the  colors,  and  put  them  on  under 
expert  supervision.  Here  we  have  the 
apprenticeship  system  under  ideal  con- 
ditions. The  girls,  too,  have  a  part  in 
the  work.  The  girls  in  the  drawing 
room  plan  the  colors  'and  design  the 
stencils.  Moreover  they  have  been 
known  to  climb  step  ladders  and  put 
the  paint  on,  when  the  boys  have  not 
worked  to  suit  them. 

"But,  Mr.  Wirt,"  I  asked,  "how 
about  the  unions?  The  unions  are 
strong  in  Gary.  Will  they  stand  for 
it?" 


were  painting  at  home,  thereby  taking 
work  from  union  men.  I  went  with 
the  committee  to  investigate.  At  the 
first  house  we  called  we  found  that  the 
boy  had  been  painting,  as  the  commit- 
tee had  said. 

"  'Johnny  ding-donged  at  us  and 
ding-donged  at  us,'  explained  the 
mother,  'until  finally  we  bought  some 
paint  and  let  him  go  to  work'. 

"  'Would  you  have  hired  the  work 
done  if  he  hadn't  done  it?'  I  asked. 

"'Hired  it  done?  I  guess  not!  We 
are  wasting  money  as  it  is,  buying  all 
this  paint !' 

"The  union  men  admitted  their  mis- 
take." 

The  boys  from  seventeen  to  eighteen 
years  of  age  are  encouraged  to  give  up 
shop  work  and  devote  all  their  time  to 
mathematics  and  science.  Later,  it  is 
planned  to  add  to  the  industrial  course 
practical  work  at  the  steel  mills,  for 
which  students  will  receive  credits  the 
same  as  if  performed  in  the  class  room. 

The  Gary  schools  are  not  merely  for 
children.  Seventeen  hundred  men,  twen- 
ty  years   of   age   or   older,    attend    the 

( Continued  on  page  780) 


TWENTY-SIX  YEARS  FOR 

A  PEAR 

By 
FRANK    G.    MOORHEAD 


A  FTER  twenty-six  years  of  con- 

/\     tinual      effort,      crossbreeding, 

/    \   eliminating  the  weak,  search- 

I       m     ing  for  new  varieties  which 

■^        *"   would  serve  to  inculcate  a 

new    virtue,    Charles    G.    Patten    has 

finally  succeeded  in  producing  a  pear 

tree  that  will  grow  and  produce  the 

fruit  in  Alaska,  Montana,  or  Ohio.     It 


Charles  G.  Patten 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  contributes  funds  for  his 

experiments,  and  the  Iowa  Legislature -last   year  appro 

priated  five  hundred  dollars  a  year  for  his  use. 

130 


is  a  tree  which  will  stand  a  tempera- 
ture of  from  thirty  to  forty  degrees 
below  zero.  It  is  as  hardy  as  an  oak 
and  it  should  give  a  new  fruit  crop  to 
several  States  of  the  Union  and  pos- 
sibly several  countries  of  the  world. 

Patten  lives  at  Charles  City,  Iowa, 
and  he  is  now  over  eighty  years  old. 
He  has  discarded  enough  trees  to  plant 
an  orchard  the  size  of  a  whole  county 
of  his  State.  He  has  taken  native  pear 
trees,  crossed  them  with  others  from 
Europe  and  the  Orient,  giving  the 
luscious  fruit  of  the  Southern  States 
the  hardihood  of  the  scrub  of  the 
North. 

Patten  conceived  the  idea  over  a 
generation  ago,  when  he  discovered  a 
freak  tree  in  Iowa  which  withstood  the 
most  severe  winter  weather.  When 
working  with  this  variety  he  found  the 
China  Sand,  which  had  been  imported 
and  grown  in  this  country.  The  only 
virtue  it  had  was  the  ability  to  with- 
stand extreme  cold,  as  it  was  a  poor 
fruit  for  commercial  use.  A  little  later 
an  importation  from  Russia  known  as 
the  Orrel,  a  pear  that  grew  in  a  very 
cold  climate  but  which  »vas  of  low 
grade,  was  found.  The  final  results  of 
his  long  years  of  experiment,  orig- 
inated in  these  three  varieties,  blended 
with  big  fruits  from  the  South.  Every 
possible  assistance  was  given  him  by 
the  State  of  Iowa  and  the  national 
authorities  who  were  interested  in  his 
work ;  but  it  was  not  until  last  fall  that 
he  attained  success. 

The  last  session  of  the  Iowa  legis- 
lature officially  recognized  the  service 
Patten  had  done  the  State  and  Nation 
and  an  appropriation  of  five  hundred 


TWENTY-SIX    YEARS   FOR    A    PEAR 


731 


dollars  annually  was  made  to  him  to 
aid  in  his  work.  In  addition,  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture appropriates  fifty  dollars  a  month 
to  carry  on  the  work,  on  which  the 
success  of  the  pear  culture  in  the  ex- 
treme Northern  States 
depends. 

If  Patten  had 
done  nothing 
more  than 
to    give 


ciple  as  the  man  who  is  trying  to  build 
up  an  improved  herd  of  cattle.  He  was 
continually  bringing  new  life  into  the 
trees  by  importing  some  variety  that 
would  add  hardiness  or  flavor  or  color 
or  size  or  some  needed  quality  to  the 
fruit.  It  took  twenty 
■s  to  develop 
Patten's  Green- 
'e 
h 
e 


TO  BE  KNOWN 

BY  ITS  PARENTAGE 


this  hardy,  cold-resisting  pear  to  Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin,  the  Dakotas,  and  the  far 
North,  he  would  have  done  a  great  and 
good  work,  but  it  is  by  no  means  all.  For 
many  years  he  experimented  with  apple 
trees.  The  breeding  of  apple  stock  is 
much  like  the  breeding  of  live  stock. 
Each  year  he  selected  his  best  stock  and 
en  issbred  it  with  better  stock  from  some 
other  region.  He  was  constantly  dis- 
carding the  runts,  using  the  same  prin- 


Such    triM-s    as 

this,  which  Patten 

as  spent    a   lifetime 

in  developing  to  grow  in  a 

northern   climate,  he  would 

hook    as  live    stock  is  booked. 


him  famous,  and  which  has  been  highly 
successful  all  over  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and 
in  parts  of  Wisconsin  and  the  Dakotas, 
adding  great  wealth  to  these  States. 

Patten  was  one  of  the  first  horticul- 
turists in  the  country  to  introduce  the 
"herd  book"  in  tree  culture.  The  farmer 
today  who  buys  a  thoroughbred  tree 
should  be  furnished  its  pedigree  just 
the  same  as  when  he  buys  a  thorough- 
bred bull. 


GOING  THROUGH  THE  MACHINE 
"The  metal  is  unwound  from  a  reel  just  as  is  silk  ribbon  from  a  spool  and  the  loose  end  is  fed  into  a  pair  of  rollers 
that,  gripping  it  tenaciously,  squeeze  it  into  a  tube-shaped  mold."  "»"* 


132 


COMING  OUT  OF  THE  MACHINE 
Each  one  will  turn  out  four  thousand  feet  of  seamless  steel  tubing  a  day  in  round,  square,  or  oval  shapes. 


WELDED  STEEL  TUBING 

By 
MORRIS    J.    WHITE 


OXE  reason  why  millions  of 
people  do  not  own  auto- 
mobiles is  the  high  price 
of  seamless  metal  tubing. 
Because  a  Detroit  in- 
ventor has  had  the  ingenuity  to  turn 
out  a  new  scrt  of  tubing  machine,  au- 
tomobiles  should  be  cheaper;  and  a  de- 
cline in  the  price  of  scores  of  other 
factory-made  products  should  be  brought 
about. 

Tubing  is  used  in  manufacturing 
more  articles  than  can  be  called  to 
mind  at  a  moment's  notice — railings  of 
all   kinds,  pipes  for  all   sorts  of  pur- 


of  work.  Moreover,  neither  an  evenly- 
tempered  tube  nor  one  of  uniform 
thickness  can  always  be  produced  ;  and, 
according  to  experts,  the  waste  in  the 
processes  is  from  twenty  to  thirty  per 
cent.  Yet  the  tremendous  importance 
of  the  industry  may  be  understood 
from  the  fact  that  one  great  tube 
manufacturing  concern  has  about  two 
hundred  million  dollars  invested  in  its 
manufacturing  plants  throughout  the 
country. 

Here  then  we  find  three  great  dis- 
advantages in  the  present  method  of 
carrying  on  the  industry :    slowness  in 


ABSOLUTELY  SEAMLESS 
The  center  piece  has  been  pounded  out  of  shape  to 
show  that  it  will  not  crack  or  break  under  any  treat- 


ment.   The   corner   pieces   are  various    shapes   the 
machine  can  turn  out. 


poses,  adjustable  standards,  vacuum 
cleaners,  racks,  shotguns,  telephones, 
tools,  and  farm  machinery;  even  the 
babies  come  in  on  the  economy  that 
reduced  prices  of  tubing  would  mean, 
for  tubing  is  used  in  baby  carriages. 
Such  is  the  importance  of  one  man's 
contribution  to  the  world  after  three 
and  a  half  years  of  experimentation  in 
his   laboratory. 

Under  the  old  method,  metal  tubing 
is  made  by  drawing  it  from  solid 
ingots,  a  slow  and  laborious  process 
and,  consequently,  very  costly.  About 
a  hundred  different  operations  are 
necessary  to  turn  out  a  finished  piece 


production ;  generally  speaking,  imper- 
fect work ;  and  an  appalling  waste  of 
material.  ■  The  new  process  offers 
speed  in  production,  an  enormous  re- 
duction in  waste,  and  a  higher  quality 
of  output.  The  variation  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  tubing  that  may  be  turned 
out  is  from  one  thousandth  to  one  fifty- 
thousandth  of  an  inch.  Few  but  those 
scientifically  trained  in  this  line,  can 
fully  realize  the  wonderful  perfection 
of  the  process  and  the  tremendous  im- 
portance of  operations  so  delicate. 

In  a  nutshell,  this  is  the  difference 
between  the  old  method  and  the  new: 
Instead  of  drawing  out  the  solid  steel, 

733, 


734 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


the  flat  metal  is  rolled  into  tube  form. 
The  metal  is  unwound  from  a  reel  just 
as  silk  ribbon  is  from  a  spool  and 
the  loose  end  is  fed  into  a  pair  of 
rollers  that,  gripping  it  tenaciously, 
squeeze  it  into  a  tube-shaped  mold.  To 
the  layman's  eye  it  emerges  complete, 
but  an  expert  can  detect  a  crack  down 
the  side  where  the  edges  were  brought 
together;  and  this  crack  must  be 
welded. 

As  the  rollers  continue  shoving  the 
steel  along,  the  tubing  enters  a  vise- 
like apparatus  which  grips  it  with  a 
giant's  might  while  the  biting  oxy- 
acetylene  gases,  melting  the  edges, 
weld  them  together.  This  process 
leaves  a  slight  ridge  or  burr,  which  a 
knife-like  blade  removes  as  the  tubing 
is  forced  along.  As  the  steel  pro- 
gresses the  rollers  never  for  an  instant 
relax  their  grip  on  the  metal  so  that 
from  the  instant  that  the  ribbon  of 
metal  enters  the  rollers  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  process  the  operation  is 
continuous.  There  is,  therefore,  for 
practical  purposes,  no  limitation  to  the 
length  of  the  tube  that  can  be  pro- 
duced by  this  machine.  By  the  old 
method  the  maximum  length  of  a  tube 
is  eighteen  feet. 

The  new  tubing  has  been  criticised 
as  not  being  seamless  tubing  at  all, 
but  as  being  autogenously  welded, 
similar  to  the  brazed  tubings  which 
have  been  on  the  market  for  years — 
better  than  these,  perhaps,  but  still,  in 
substance,  brazed  tubing.  The  ob- 
jection to  brazing  is  that  under  stress 
the  metal  will  crack  at  the  place  of 
brazing.  But,  as  has  been  explained, 
the  new  process  is  a  welding  process. 


And  welding  is  not  brazing.  In  weld- 
ing, the  metal  actually  liquefies  and 
flows,  so  that  when  the  tubing  comes 
out  of  the  machine,  it  is  as  thoroughly 
seamless  as  drawn  tubing.  It  is  even 
better  than  drawn  tubing  for  it  can  be 
made  much  thinner  and,  in  the  case  of 
this  method,  cheaper. 

Under  the  old  method,  the  thinner  a 
tube  is  drawn  the  greater  the  cost,  be- 
cause more  labor  is  required  to  make  it. 
With  the  new  machine,  the  thinnest 
tubing  costs  the  least,  because,  although 
the  number  of  workers  is  not  de- 
creased, less  steel  is  required. 

A  single  machine  will  turn  out  about 
four  thousand  feet  of  tubing  per  day. 
It  needs  but  two  men  to  operate  it.  It 
will  make  tubing  round,  square,  oval, 
or  any  other  shape.  A  one-inch  tube 
can  be  turned  out  at  the  cost  of  a  one- 
inch  iron  pipe,  the  product  being  five 
times  as  strong. 

There  are  many  technical  details 
which  the  inventor  declines  to  let  be 
known  at  present,  for  some  of  his  pat- 
ents are  not  yet  granted,  and  he  in- 
tends to  retain  full  control  of  his  idea. 
Three  patents  on  the  tube  machine 
have  been  granted  and  forty-nine  more 
are  pending. 

The  inventor  does  not  intend  to  go  into 
the  tube  manufacturing  business  him- 
self, but  to  lease  the  machines  to  manu- 
facturers who  need  tubing.  As  a  re- 
sult there  will  be  no  tube  trust.  Every 
manufacturer  can  make  his  own  tub- 
ing, or,  if  his  requirements  are  too 
small  to  make  it  worth  while  for  him 
to  install  a  machine,  he  can  purchase  of 
his  neighbor,  in  small  lots,  at  reason- 
able prices. 


Five  million  people  are  co-operating  in  a  certain  great  busi- 
ness enterprise.  This  is  an  article  you  certainly  cannot  afford 
to  miss.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  among  all  the  valuable 
articles  to  be  found  in  August  Technical  World  Maga- 
zine. 


Pi., wing  THE 
Wireless  Piano 
Operator  Bouteville  of  the 
HtrondeUe,  the  private  yacht 
belonging  to  Prince  Albert  of  Mo- 
naco, plays  tunes  on  his  wireless  key. 


WITH  TWENTY-NINE 
DRAWERS 

FIFTEEN     hundred 
pieces    of    boxwood, 
ebony,   walnut,  and  ma- 
hogany   have    gone    to 
make   a   little   center 
table   which    conceals 
in   its  top   twenty- 
nine  drawers,  two 
shelves,     and     five 
covers.    Among  this 
assortment     of     com- 
partments   is   a   secret    drawer,    the 
location  of  which  no  cabinet  maker 
has  been  able  to  find,  although  many 
experts  have  attempted  it.     It  is  to 
be  shown  to  no  one  but  the  buyer. 

Ernest  Hagberg  of  Medford, 
Massachusetts,  spent  ten  years       — 
in  building  the  little  piece  of 
furniture.     One  of  the  tops      .  J 
is   a   checkerboard,    made   of        / 
squares  of  dark  and  light  f\ 

wood,  and  beneath  that 
cover  is  a  set  of  little 
compartments  for  keep- 
ing various  things,  such 
as  collections  of  pebbles, 
stamps,  or  coins.  These 
compartments     are     re- 


By  changing  the 

number    of    vibra 

tionshecan  send  music 

on    his  instrument    a  dis 

tance  of  two  hundred  miles. 


UKCftWCOO 


vealed  by  touching  a  little  spring. 
Many  of  the  drawers  open  in  the  same 
way,  so  that  the  owner  of  the  table 
would  have  plenty  of  secret 
places  in  which  to  hide  his 
belongings  from  inquisitive 
servants  and  from  intruders 
bound  on  an  errand  of 
discovery. 


PREVENT  FOGS 
WITH  OIL 

YOXS,  France,  is  planning  to  at- 
tempt preventing  fogs  by  cover- 
ing the   waterways   about   the   city 
with  a  film  of  oil.     Scientists  have 
figured  out  that  it  is  feasible  to  sup- 
press the  great  banks  of  vapor 
that    follow   the   lines   of   the 
streams  by  preventing  evapo- 
ration, at  a  daily  cost  of  about 
eight   dollars.     For  two 
months  of  the  year  Ly- 
ons   is    besieged    and 
business     suffers 
greatly  as   a   result. 
Fogs  in  most  places 
roll  in  from  the  sea 
and    cannot    be    so 
treated. 


One  of  Them  Is  Secret 
This  tabic  is  made  of  many  different  kinds  of 
wood  and  it  has  a  great  number  of  drawers 

and  partitions  for  valuables. 


135 


736 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


BY  OX  TEAM  TO  OLD  HOME 

QVERLAND.  by  ox  team,  from  Re- 
gina,  Saskatchewan,  Canada,  to 
Belleville,  Illinois,  a  distance  of 
twenty-five  hundred  miles,  is  the  jour- 
ney being  attempted  by 
Charles  Wasem,  one  of  the 
thousands  of  Illinois  farmers 
trying  their  luck  in  the  north- 
ern country.  Wasem  plans  to 
arrive  in  Belleville  the  night 
of  September  fifth  with  his  ox 
team,  two  days  before  the 
centennial  celebration  of 
the  dedication  of 
the  Belleville  court 
house.  Wasem's 
forbears  were 
participators 
in  the  ceremony 
of  transferring  the  records 
from  the  old  court  house  to  the  new,  at 
that  time,  and  the  idea  in  choosing  an  ox 
team  to  pull  his  prairie  schooner  to  the 
celebration  was  suggested  to  Wasem  by 
the  fact  that  an  ox  team  was  used  on 
that  occasion.  Although  the  present  ox 
team  started  out  in  regulation  harness, 
the  old-fashioned  yoke  will 
be  adopted  before  the 
trip  is  completed. 


Eliminates  Batter- 
ies 
The  diaphragm  sounder 
also  increases  the  sound 
of  the  Morse  code  on 
relay  instruments. 


Mayor 
of  'Re 
h  a  n  d  e 
a   per- 

Martin         _^T 

gina  snh  I  j 

At         / 

i 

1          i\ 

i          t            ■■VSASR, 

sonally  written  letter 
to  Wasem,  addressed 
to  Mayor  Duval  of 
Belleville,  extending 
greetings.  Wasem 
expects  to  deliver 
the  letter  on  sched- 
u  1  e  time  if  the 
weather  and  the 
roads  are  good. 


DIAPHRAGM 

FOR  TELEGRAPH 

INSTRUMENT 

ITSING  a  type, 
writer  to  take 
down  messages  coming  into  a 
telegraph  office  over  a  relay  has 
been  greatly  facilitated  by  a  new 
device  which  utilizes  a  diaphragm  on  the 
principle  of  the  phonograph.  Ordinarily 
it  is  necessary,  while  using  the  noisy 
typewriter,  to  employ  a  number  of  bat- 
teries on  a  relay  in  order  to  make  the 
Morse  code  audible.  The  new  instru- 
ment, which  can  be  attached  to  any  relay 
in  a  few  minutes,  does  away 
with  the  use  of  sup- 
plementary bat- 
teries and 
gives  a  loud 


Back  to  the  Home  of  II is 
Forefathers 
One  hundred  years  ago  his  an- 
cestors helped  build  the  courthouse 
in  a  little  Illinois  town.  He  is  trav- 
eling by  ox  team  twenty-five  hun- 
dred miles  to  be  at  the  centennial. 


POUR  MUD  INTO  A  MEDIEVAL 
MOAT 

IX    feudal    times    a    castle    without    a 

moat  was  much   like  a  ball  ground 

without  a  fence.   Walled  cities,  too,  had 


TO  CARRY  WARNINGS 

A  LL  the  up-to-date  lighthouses  pos- 
sess  fog  signals   for  warning  the 
mariner  of  the  presence  of  rocks  and 
other  dangers.    The  larger  ones  are  so 


MUD 
FOR 
THE 

MOAT 


their  surrounding  trenches.  There 
were  no  torpedoes,  dynamite  guns,  or 
hand  grenades  in  those  days  and  such 
fortifications  were  necessary  to  keep 
the  enemy  off,  if  the  blunderbusses 
failed. 

Centuries  ago  the  Spaniards  built  a 
gigantic  wall  of  solid  masonry  around 
what  is  now  known  as  old  Manila,  and 
the  Spanish  engineers  surrounded  the 
city  with  a  moat.  This  was  filled  with 
water  deep  enough  to  drown  a  man. 
Lift  bridges,  working  on  cumbersome 
chains,  provided  access  to  and  from  the 
outside  and  these  bridges  were  drawn 
up  when  the  enemy  approached. 
But  Americans  were  not  long 
in  Manila  when  it  was  seen 
that  the  moat,  no  longer  serv- 
iceable, was  causing  valuable 
real  estate  to  go  to  waste.  A 
deeper  harbor  was  needed  in 
the  bay  and  it  was  an  econom- 
ical idea  to  fill  the  old  moat 
with  the  mud  dredged  from  the 
bay.  In  that  way  the  moats 
were  wholly  reclaimed  and  now 
many  of  the  most  important 
new  buildings  stand  on  or  near 
the  waterway  which  was  for- 
merly the  habitat  for  typhus 
germs,  snakes,  and  lizards. 


The  walled 
city  of  Ma- 
nila was 
surround- 
ed by  water 
as  were 
the  old 
castles  of 
Europe. 
Pumped 
full  of 
mud  the 
trench  will 
be  valua- 
ble real 
estate. 


powerful  that  their  blasts  can  be  heard 
twenty-five  and  even  thirty  miles  out 
at  sea. 

The  sirens  are  blown,  as  a  rule, 
every  ninety  seconds,  the  actual  blast 
lasting  from  two  to  three  seconds. 
Such  an  installation  virtually  means 
that  about  five  hundred  horsepower  is 
expended  on  the  production  of  these 
warning  blasts.  The  tremendous  size 
of  this  foghorn  can  be  imagined  by 
comparing  the  man  in  the  photograph 
with  the  megaphone  through  which  the 
sound  is  directed  over  the  waters  from 
the  lighthouse. 


Thk  Foghorn's  Voice 

This  yiant  megaphone  is  fastened  to  the  foghorn  so  that  the  latter 

may  be  heard  thirty  miles  away. 

?.>7 


DETECTIVES 
to  TRAIL  DISEASE 


By  Bailey  Millard 


NEW  YORK  CITY  is  about  to 
inaugurate  one  of  the  most 
important,  the  most  inspir- 
ing, and  the  most  far-reach- 
ing public  health  movements 
ever  undertaken  in  the  civilized  world. 
The  city  is  going  to  establish  health 
centers  in  various  districts,  from  which 
will  radiate  antennae  in  the  shape  of 
disease  detectives  who  will  go  forth 
into  the  highways  and  by-ways,  the 
broad  avenues  and  the  narrow,  and  the 
dirty  cul-de-sacs,  to  search  out 
sickness;  and  when  it  is  found, 
it  will  be  treated  by  city  physi- 
cians and  nurses  in  the  home, 
just  as  it  is  treated  in  free  public 
hospitals. 

This  new  movement  is  based 
upon  the  disconcerting  discovery 
made  not  long  ago  that  despite 
the  spending  of  about  eighteen 
millions  last  year  for  the  public 
health,  despite  all  the  city's  free 
hospitals,  free  sanitariums,  free 
clinics,  free  dispensaries,  and  all 
its  strenuous  campaigns  of  pub- 
licity against  tuberculosis  and 
other  maladies,  the  dread  mon- 
ster Disease  still  breeds  in  count- 
less hidden  places. 

Forth  from  these  secret  places 
have  gone  sufferers  from  tuber- 
culosis and  other  fatal  infections 
to  mingle  with  street  throngs,  to 
rub  shoulders  with  passengers  in 
crowded     subway     and     surface 


Of  the  New  Aldermanic  Type 

George  McAneny  is  President  of  the  Board  of 

Aldermen  of    Manhattan  and    he  is  helping 

push  the  health  center  idea. 

73S 


cars,    scattering   hostile    bacteria   every- 
where. 

Though  poor,  many  of  these  walking 
disseminators  of  disease  never  dream 
of  taking  advantage  of  the  clinics  pro- 
vided by  the  city.  Careless  of  the  fact 
that  their  neglect  to  take  their  illnesses 
seriously,  for  their  own  sakes,  is  in 
itself  a  flagrant  offense,  they  are  still 
more  careless  as  to  how  their  condition 
may  affect  those  with  whom  they 
come  in  daily  contact. 


DETECTIVES  TO  TRAIL  DISEASE 


739 


\ 


X 


John  Purroy  Mitchel 
N.  w    York's  youthful   Mayor    be- 
lieves that  the  public  health  is  pur 
I  bttabJe  and  that  it  ln-hooves  tb 
city  to  purchase  it. 


Dr.  S.  S.  Goldwater 
Tie  n.w  Health  Commissioner  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  health 
center  idea  which  will  make  for  new 
efficiency  in  keeping  the  poor  in 
l!ood  health. 


The  problem  of  the 
Health  Department  of 
New  York,  therefore,  is 
not  only  to  apply  rem- 
edies but  to  hunt  out 
those  to  whom  they 
should  be  applied.  That 
is  the  big  luminous  idea 
of  the  health  center.  If 
disease  hides  itself  away 
it  must  be  sought  out ;  it 
is  hard  to  fight  an  enemy 
that  skulks  under  cover 
and  lurks  in  hidden  re- 
treats, but  this  is  what 
New  York  is  going  to 
do.  It  is  going  to  de- 
clare war  on  hidden 
sickness.  It  is  going  to 
treat  disease  as  a  crime ; 
for  as  such  many  health 
theorists   now   regard   it 


740 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


— any  preventable  evil  being,  in  their'  estimation,  a  crime.  New  York  is  going 
to  arrest  and  imprison  disease,  to  scourge  and  annihilate  it. 

The  present  administration  of  municipal  affairs  which  is  proceeding  on  the 
general  plan  of  efficiency  first,  efficiency  last,  and  efficiency  all  the  time  deserves 
the  credit  for  the  new  movement.  With  such  men  as  John  Purroy  Mitchel  in 
the  Mayor's  chair ;  George  McAneny  as  President  of  the  Borough  of  Manhattan ; 
Dr.  S.  S.  Goldwater,  as  Health  Commissioner,  and  with  the  able  assistants  they 
have  chosen,  the  health  center  idea  was  a  natural  outcome  of  the  concentration 
of  their  clear  brains  upon  the  evolution  of  a  program  of  public  good. 

The  health  center  idea  has  been  favorably  passed  upon  by  the  Health  Depart- 
ment and  there  is  nothing  in  the  way  of  putting  it  through  except  the  raising  of 
money,  and  that  is  an  easy  matter  with  New  York,  even  though  it  is  now  paying 
interest  charges  of  over  thirty-five  millions  a  year  on  a  colossal  funded  debt  of 
a  billion  and  a  quarter. 

"Public  health  is  purchasable,"  is  the  new  slogan  of  the  New  York  Health 
Department,  with  the  added  motto,  "Within  natural  limitations  a  community  can 
determine  its  own  death  rate."  Mayor  Mitchel  believes  in  this  sentiment,  and  he 
shows  great  eagerness  to  carry  it  out.  It  means  economy,  too.  In  the  first  place 
it  will  lop  off  a  ten-million-dollar  expenditure  for  a  new  Bellevue  Hospital.  In 
the  next  place  it  will  prevent  the  spread  of  disease  and  consequently  of  countless 
payments  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  patient  per  day  in  hospital,  which  is 
the  way  most  of  the  eighteen  millions  a  year  is  going. 

Mayor  Mitchel  has  learned  that  about  one-tenth  of  the  sick  people  in  the  tene- 
ments go  to  hospitals  and  get  medical  treatment  of  one  kind  or  another,  and  that 
more  than  one-sixth  of  all  the  tenement  folk  are  sick  every  year  outside  the 

r       hospitals.     But  nobody  can  tell  him  what  he  would  most  like 
to  know  about  this  one-sixth — what  becomes  of  them  ?     It  is 
likely  that  most  of  them  get  some  sort  of  care,  but  of  really 
K         effective  treatment,  they  get  little  or  none.    A  probing  com- 
S&        mittee  from  the  Health  Department  found  recently  that  in 
the  East  Side  district  there  were  many  cases 
whose   external   characteristics   plair ' 
cated    tuberculosis,    which    never      ^ 
had    had    the    attention    of    any      jj 
medical  person  and  were  being     1 
treated  with  home  remedies  or      * 
neglected     entirely.     There       ^ 
were  fifty  who  had  fevers     *-* 

The  Disease  Detective 

Illness  must  be  ferreted  out  in  ^^* 

the  tenement    district.     Many 

people  actually  do  not  know 

that  they  are  seriously  ill 

when  they  have  virulent 

infections. 


DETECTIVES  TO  TRAIL  DISEASE 


741 


or  infections  who  were  getting  no  med- 
ical attention  of  any  kind. 

As  a  first  step  in  its  new  health 
center  work  the  Health  Department  of 
New  York  has  made  a  careful  calcula- 
tion of  sickness  at  home  in  two  sec- 
tions of  the  city.  House-to-house  can- 
vasses were  made  among  the  poor  of 
the  lower  East  Side  and  also  of  that 
part  of  the  West  Side  lying  between 
the  Hudson  River  and  Sixth  Avenue  and 
between  Fourteenth  and  Fortieth 
Streets.  This  was  a  big  job,  but  it  was 
done  and  it  was  done  thoroughly. 
Thousands  of  people  were  seen  and 
closely  questioned.  Here  are  some  of 
the  questions : 

"Have  you  been  ill  lately,  or  is  there 
now  any  illness  in  your  family?" 

"Have  you  had  a  doctor?" 

"Have  you  gone  to  the  public  clinic?" 

"Have  you  gone  to  the  hospital?" 

"Has  your  house  been  fumigated  or 
quarantined?" 

Social  inquiry  was  also  made.  Sexes 
and  ages  of  patients  were  noted,  the 
condition  of  the  dwelling-place,  the 
number  in  the  family,  and  the  number 
of  rooms  occupied  by  the  family. 

The  public  altruists,  working  on 
these  lines,  made  the  poor  people  see 
that  the  city  in  whicli  they  lived,  or 
rather  existed — for  many  of  them  were 
found  in  places  unfit  for  human  habita- 
tion— was  extending  over  them  its 
paternal  care.  These  unhappy  ones, 
looking  out  along  their  dull  brick  per- 
spectives, were  given  a  hint  that  that 
city  life,  under  whose  cold  penumbra 
they  had  shivered  and  suffered  so  long, 
might  yet  work  for  their  positive  good. 
They  were  interested ;  they  were 
aroused ;  and  yet  they  could  but  half 
believe.  Was  not  this  after  all  only  a 
new  way  of  putting  some  old  abuse 
upon  the  poor?  But  they  gave  the  in- 
formation, and  that  for  the  present  was 
all  the  altruists  were  after. 

"We  went  into  the  rottenest  parts 
of  New  York,"  said  one  of  the  search- 
ers :  "we  went  into  places  where  the 
dwellers  were  so  thick  as  to  be  falling 


over  each  other — places  where  you 
held  your  breath  because  of  the  close- 
ness and  the  foulness  of  the  air.  If 
you  can  picture  any  worse  conditions 
of  human  life  than  we  found  in  Eld- 
ridge  and  Rivington  Streets  you  have 
a  good  imagination.  There  were  dark 
rooms  with  no  means  of  ventilation  or 
light  save  the  door.  Others  had  small 
windows  opening  on  closed  shafts. 
Filth  and  discomfort  were  everywhere. 
Most  of  the  houses  had  but  one  sink 
and  one  toilet  on  each  floor,  used  in 
common  by  all  the  families.  Within  a 
certain  two  blocks  we  found  that  there 
had  been  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
confinements  during  the  year.  This, 
for  the  population  of  3.375  made  a  birth 
rate  of  37.4  to  the  thousand.  Nearly 
all  the  births  took  place  in  the  homes. 

"We  found  nearly  every  kind  of  dis- 
ease under  the  sun.  There  was  tuber- 
culosis, rheumatism,  grippe,  diphtheria, 
scarlet  fever,  chronic  heart  trouble, 
bronchitis — everything.  We  found  ten 
cases  of  pneumonia,  some  of  them  in 
the  last  stages.  Of  course  these  ex- 
treme cases,  as  well  as  all  the  others. 
were  immediately  reported  and  aid  was 
given  to  the  stricken  ones.  Our  in- 
vestigations showed  the  positive  need 
of  just  such  an  institution  as  the  health 
center  will  be  when  it  is  in  full  swing." 

The  chief  complaints  made  by  the 
people  of  this  section  to  the  field  in- 
vestigators were  that  the  regular  med- 
ical dispensaries  were  so  overcrowded 
that  patients  had  to  wait  for  hours, 
that  the  examinations  they  received 
were  superficial,  and  that  relief  was 
seldom  obtained.  In  some  of  the  dis- 
pensaries fifteen  or  twenty  patients 
would  be  crowded  into  one  small  room. 
The  physician  rushed  from  one  to  an- 
other, making  hasty  examinations  and 
writing  prescriptions.  He  was  doing 
his  very  best,  but  one  man  can  not  do 
the  work  of  twelve. 

The  first  health  center  is  planned  to 
be  located  in  the  Bellevue  Ambulance 
District.  This  is  so  that  the  work  as- 
signed   to    the    Bellevue    Department 


742 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


may  be  supervised  by  the  officers  of 
Bellevue  Hospital  and  also  that  the 
patients  discharged  from  the  hospital 
and  those  in  attendance  at  the  Bellevue 
Out-Patient  Department  may  be  as- 
signed to  the  physicians  and  nurses 
of  the  health  center  for  subsequent 
care.  The  building  is  to  be  selected 
^^^  by  the  Health  De- 
S^      ^  partment 


physicians  and  nurses?  Hardly;  for 
the  circumstances  of  the  family  will  be 
carefully  inquired  into  by  a  shrewd 
social  nurse  whose  business  it  will  be 
to  detect  such  imposition.  Being  con- 
fined to  a  small  district  in  which  she 
will  speedily  become  acquainted  with  a 
great  many  of  the  residents  she  will  be 
the  better  able  to  report  upon  their 
condition  on  short  notice.  This  will 
eliminate  to  a  large  degree  the  great 
objection  to  home  treatment. 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  nearly 


PRACTICAL  HYGIENE  IN  THE  MAKING 

By  beginning  young  on  the  teaching  of  the  care  of  the  body  many  of  the  poor  are  saved  to  lives  of  usefulness  although 

without  the  early  teaching  they  would  be  but  a  drag  on  society. 


in  it  will  be  a  tuberculosis  clinic,  a  child 
hygienic  clinic  and  milk  depot,  and  a 
dental  clinic  for  children.  It  will  also 
have  inspectors  of  contagious  and  infec- 
tious diseases,  visiting  nurses  associated 
with  that  work,  and  inspectors  and 
nurses  in  charge  of  the  inspection  of 
school  children. 

Think  what  this  will  mean  to  the 
poor  in  that  first  favored  Bellevue  Dis- 
trict and  to  all  the  districts  in  which 
health  centers  shall  afterward  be  estab- 
lished !  Their  streets  will  be  patrolled 
and  inspected  and  as  soon  as  illness  is 
discovered  the  doctor  and  nurse  will 
come  and  take  care  of  it. 

But  will  not  people  who  can  afford 
to  pay  for  medical  services  impose 
upon   the   city  by  calling  in   its   free 


ninety  per  cent  of  sickness  takes  place 
in  homes  rather  than  in  hospitals. 
Under  the  health  center  plan  it  is  pro- 
posed to  reach  all  cases  of  the  needy 
sick  wherever  possible,  which  would 
cut  down  still  further  the  proportion  of 
hospital  sick. 

Does  the  health  center  plan  smack  too 
strongly  of  paternalism?  Why,  police 
protection,  free  libraries,  free  schools 
are  of  the  nature  of  paternalism,  and 
what  of  it?  Think  you  that  this  new 
service  is  not  really  the  city's  business? 
Well,  then,  let  me  assure  you  that  there  is 
nothing  in  this  world  so  much  a  city's 
business  as  seeing  to  the  health  of  its 
residents  in  both  a  preventive  and 
curative  way ;  and  how  much  better  can 
it  be  done  than  by  the  health  center? 


PHOTO-SCULPTURING 


MAKING  A  RECORD  PHOTOGRAPH 
A  screen  is  projected  on  the  sitter's  head  and  pictures  taken  of  him  which  enable  a  sculptor 
who  has  never  seen  him  to  turn  out  an  accurate  likeness. 


By 


CAROLYN    WILSON    SUMMERS 


H 


IS  studio  and  his  materials 
may  be  thousands  of  miles 
away  from  his  sitter  when 
the  sculptor  of  the  future 
starts  to  work  on  the  pro- 
duction of  a  bust  from  life.  The 
camera,  with  the  aid  of  a  screen  which 
measures  accurately  the  proportions  on 
the  face  and  head  and  even  on  the 
complete  form  of  the  model,  will  save 
the  sitter  from  the  tiresome  task  of 
maintaining  a  position  that  the  artist 
may  work  from.  The  sculptor  may 
work  at  any  time,  whether  the  subject 
lias  made  his  appointment  or  not,  for 
the  work  will  be  done  from  a  series  of 
photographs  which  were  taken  on  the 
same  day  and  which  the  photographer 
turned  out  in  a  few  minutes. 

The  subject  is  quickly  photographed 
from   different   angles   by   the   "stero- 


metricon",  as  the  inventor,  Professor 
J.  Hammond  Smith,  of  the  University 
of  Pittsburgh,  has  named  his  appa- 
ratus. The  exact  form  of  any  object 
can  be  recorded  for  all  time  without 
touching  the  object  itself,  and  these 
record  pictures  may  be  sent  to  the 
artist,  making  possible  a  better  result 
than  ever  could  be  done  with  the 
present  method. 

The  sitter  is  seated  in  an  arm  chair 
on  a  rotating  central  stand  and  a 
screen  image  projected  upon  him  from 
one  of  the  cameras  by  means  of  a 
strong  light.  "Record  photographs"  of 
the  object,  with  the  screen  images 
upon  it,  are  taken  by  another  camera. 

The  name,  "record  photograph"  is 
given  because  these  photographs  em- 
body an  accurate  record  of  the  form  of 
the  object  photographed.     These  rec- 

143 


744 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Ordinary 
Photograph  of 
Dr.  Brashkar 


model.     When  focused  correctly,  so  that 

the  features  exactly  correspond  in  both 

projected   photograph  and  stone   statue, 

the  effect  is  startling  and  to  all 

appearances,  the  flesh  and  blood 

model  appears  before  you.     It 

is  just  as  if  the  statue  had 


orcls  can  be  used  at  once, 
or  laid  away  for  future  use, 
as  they  last  indefinitely 
and  can  be  used  again  and 
again.  The  size  of  the  pro- 
duction may  be  varied  in 
any  ratio  by  simply  vary- 
ing the  distance  of  the 
camera  projectors  from 
the  central  stand  in  a  radial 
direction,  the  nearer  the 
stand,  the  smaller  the  re- 
production, and  vice  versa. 

After  the  records  are 
made,  the  carving  of  the 
statue  is  a  very  simple 
process,  and  it  is  remark- 
ably accurate.  Every  pose 
and  expression,  every  line 
of  the  profile,  even  every 
hair  is  produced  exactly  as 
in  life. 

An  unusual  effect  can 
be  produced  by  this  method, 
which  consists  of  the  com- 
bination of  the  statue  like- 
ness with  the  photographic 
likeness  by  an  illuminated  effect  that  is, 
at  first,  very  startling  as  it  seems  to  the 
beholder  that  the  actual  living  person  has 
suddenly  appeared.  This  amazing  appari- 
tion is  produced  by  projecting  colored 
photographs,  taken  by  the  record-photo- 
graphic   machine,    on    the    bust    of    the 


Thk  Record  Photograph  of 

Dr.  Brashear  from  Which 

the  Sculptor  Works 


The  Completed  Bust  II 
i.uminated  by  the  pho- 
TOGRAPH,  Projected    on 
the  Cast 


Bust  of  Dr.  John  R. 

Brashear  by  the  New 

Process 


suddenly  come  to  life.  The 
idea  is  most  ingenious 
and  the  practical  usefulness 
of  this  invention  is  varied 
and  far  reaching;  besides 
the  productions  from  liv- 
ing models,  with  the  mar- 
velous illuminating  effects, 
copies  of  works  of  art  can 
be  made  so  that  they  could 
be  reproduced  in  case  of 
loss  or  destruction,  copies 
of  architectural  carvings  or- 
ornaments,  which  can,  of 
course,  be  photographed  any- 
where. It  can  be  used  also 
in  the  mechanic  arts,  modifying  and 
altering,  when  desired ;  and  in  the  appli- 
cation of  the  illuminated  effects  there  are 
wonderful  possibilities  in  the  way  of 
scenic  effects,  stage  illumination  and 
decoration,  show  window  advertising; 
besides  yet  unthought-of  applications. 


5rj*>*«C«C! 


StrvMt 


(ink   hundred   dollars 

an  Acre  for  Weeds 

The  experiment  patch  of 

drugstore  plants. 


BIG  PROFIT  FROM  DRUG 

WEEDS 


OXE  hundred  dollars  an  acre 
growing  weeds  which  have 
medicinal  properties,  may 
be  realized  by  any  farmer  or 
amateur  gardener,  accord- 
ing to  Professor  E.  Kremer,  of  the  State 
Agricultural  College  of  Wisconsin, 
who  has  a  four-acre  demonstration 
patch  near  Madison  on  which  he  has 
proved  his  theories. 

Catnip,  boneset,  spearmint,  pepper- 
mint, sage,  horehound,  and  tansy  weed 
are  the  principal  drug  weeds  from 
which  this  side-line  profit,  now  alto- 
gether ignored,  may  be  made.  There 
is  a  ready  and  steady  market  for  all  of 
these  products,  many  of  which  grow 
luxuriantly  and  with  no  more  care  or 
attention  than  timothy  hay.  The  fact 
that  the  dried  and  cured  leaves  of  these 
plants  may  be  sold  for  from  three  to 
eight  cents  a  pound,  while  timothy  hay 
is  high  at  one  cent  a  pound,  shows  the 
possibilities  in  their  culture. 

The  four-acre  experimental  patch 
which     Professor     Kremer     cultivated 


shows,  in  the  background  of  the  accom- 
panying photograph,  alternating  rows 
of  light  foliage  and  dark,  the  former 
being  white  coriander  in  blossom,  the 
latter  being  Indian  hemp.  At  the  ex- 
treme left  is  a  small  row  of  milfoil,  or 
yarrow,  in  blossom.  The  plants  in  the 
left  foreground  are  horehound;  in  the 
right  foreground  varieties  of  mints. 

Spearmint  is  one  of  the  neglected 
weed  crops  which  Professor  Kremer 
believes  can  be  grown  with  profit.  It 
is  in  steady  demand  by  large  manufac- 
turers of  chewing  gum  and  is  grown  on 
wet,  soggy  ground  otherwise  useless. 

The  finest  quality  of  catnip  can  be 
sold  for  eight  cents  a  pound,  while  sage 
and  peppermint  present  good  possibil- 
ities of  profit.  The  boneset  is  a  wild 
plant  usually  growing  in  marsh 
ground.  It  may  be  planted  broadcast 
like  timothy  and  the  dried  plants  are 
worth  from  five  to  six  cents  a  pound. 
Horehound,  tansy  weed,  and  Indian 
hemp  have  been  grown  with  profit  on 
the  Wisconsin  experimental  plot. 

7*5 


746 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


SEA  WORM  HABITAT  GROUP 

A   HABITAT   group   portraying  the 
marine    worms    of    the    Atlantic 
Coast   is   one   of  the   new   exhibits   ar- 
ranged at  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory,   New    York,    to   teach    and    em- 


They  Eat  Them  Boiled 

When  a  Chinese  epicure  has  a  bird's  nest  and  a  sea  weed  fruit  he  is 

ready  to  serve  an  emperor. 


phasize  certain  biological  principles, 
and  to  show  the  struggle  for  existence 
which  must  be  waged  by  all  living 
creatures.  The  group  shows  the  ani- 
mals of  a  portion  of  the  sea  bottom  of 
our  Atlantic  Coast  where  the  conditions 
of  life  are  favorable  to  the  existence  of 
those  curious  forms,  the  marine  worms. 
The  locality  is  the  Greater  Harbor  of 
Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts.  In  the 
upper  part  of  the  group,  a  distant  view 
of  the  wharves  and  buildings  of  the 


United  States  Fish  Commission  is 
shown  on  a  colored-glass  transparency 
six  feet  in  length. 

Below  the  surface  of  the  water, 
which  is  here  represented  as  if  in 
section,  the  border  of  an  extensive 
patch  of  eelgrass  growing  in  the  mud 
is  shown  to  the  left  and  is  con- 
tinued into  the  transparent 
background.  Here  is  seen  the 
animal  life  to  which  such  con- 
ditions are  favorable.  Lurking 
at  the  edge  of  the  eelgrass  is 
a  green  crab,  while  just  beyond 
its  reach,  mud  minnows  are 
nibbling  at  the  seaweed.  A 
whelk  crawls  over  the  sand, 
searching  for  the  clams  and 
other  bivalves  which  form  its 
food.  A  scallop  disturbed  by 
their  maneuvers  "jumps"  in  its 
awkward  flopping  fashion  into 
the  eelgrass.  Hermit  crabs,  mud  snails, 
and  shrimps  are  busily  fulfilling  their 
duty  as  the  street-cleaning  department  of 
the  shallow  waters,  while  mud  crabs  hide 
in  every  crevice.  Finally,  below  this  zone 
of  shallow-water  life,  there  is  shown 
still  another  world  composed  of  dwell- 
ers beneath  the  sea  bottom  itself. 
These  are  the  marine  worms  which  bur- 
row in  the  mud  below  the  eelgrass,  tun- 
neling in  the  sandy  mud  of  the  open 
spaces. 


STRUGGLE  FOR  EXISTENCE 
This  remarkable  artificial  group  shows  graphically  how  the  various  worms  and  smaller  sea  creatures  protect  themselves. 

There  is  a  city  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean. 


horsehair  in  this  method 
of  trout  fishing  but 
sometimes  he  uses  a  fine 
violin  wire  which  is 
stronger  and  never 
breaks  as  the  horsehair 
occasionally  does  under 
severe  strain. 


Don't  Let  the  Fish  See  Yoc 

Slip  the  noose  over  his  head  as  the  current  carries  him  down  stream. 


LASSO  FOR  TROUT 

VY/I I  EN  trout  do  not  leap  to  the  arti- 
W  ficial  fly,  M.  T.  Cunniff,  a  vet- 
eran fisherman  of  Riverside,  Cali- 
fornia, says  he  can  always  make  a 
catch  with  a  stout  horsehair.  Cunniff 
learned  many  secrets  about  fishing 
from  the  California  Indians  when  he 
was  a  boy,  and  this  is  one  of  them. 
He  takes  a  horsehair  and  makes  a  slip- 
noose  in  one  end,  and  with  this  he 
literally  lassos  the  unsuspecting  fish. 
"A  trout  always  lies  with  his  head 
upstream,  against  the  current,"  says 
Cunniff.  "The  pools  are  usually  not 
deep.  When  I  locate  my  fish,  I  sta- 
tion myself  so  as  not  to  be  seen  by 
him.  Then  I  drop  my  horsehair  noose 
into  the  water  upstream  and  let  it 
drift  down  upon  him.  With  a  little 
skill  it  is  possible  to  direct  the  noose 
so  that  it  will  encircle  the  trout's  body 
about  the  middle.  Then  I  give  a  quick 
little  jerk  to  the  horsehair  and  the 
trout,  feeling  the  tug,  backs  down 
stream  an  inch  or  two.  The  noose 
slips  forward  and  catches  in  his  gills, 
pulling  tight  around  his  head.  Then 
the  fight  begins." 
Cunniff  does  not  always  rely  on  a 


APPEALS  TO 
PLAY  SPIRIT 

WORKERS  for  a 
"dry"  town  at 
Madison,  Wisconsin, 
utilized  a  telling  motor- 
cycle advertisement  in 
the  recent  campaign  in 
that  city.  A  machine, 
equipped  with  a  side  car, 
spent  several  days  running  around  the 
city  carrying  a  slogan  reading:  "There 
is  more  fun  in  a  gallon  of  gasoline  than 
in  a  barrel  of  booze." 


nms  MOM  fuh 

I  IN  A 

I  GALLON  °/GA$QUHE 

I  THAN  4 

Barrel  <* 


Speaks  for  Itsklf 
The   motorcycle  was  used  in  a  campaign   made 
"drys"  of  Madison,  Wisconsin 


by  the 


741 


748 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


JOISTS  AND  CLAPBOARDS 
OF  CEMENT 

Dy  reproducing  the  parts  of  a  frame 
house  in  cement,  a  building  was 
constructed  in  Los  Angeles,  California, 
recently  which  should  prove  an  eco- 
nomical method  of  cement  construc- 
tion. On  a  poured  concrete  foundation, 
two    by    fours    of    reinforced    concrete 


latter  were  of  concrete,  but  this  prob- 
lem was  solved  in  a  simple  manner: 
a  strip  of  wood  was  wired  on  the  out- 
side of  the  frame,  and  these  strips  were 
just  heavy  enough  to  receive  and  hold 
firmly  the  nails  driven  through  the 
clapboards.  The  parts  for  the  stair 
frame  were  all  poured  in  the  same 
way ;  in  fact  the  amount  of  wood  re- 
quired in  the  structure  was  negligible. 


A  NEW  CONCRETE  CONSTRUCTION 
The  joists  and  clapboards  were  made  from  forms  and  much  less  material  was  needed  in  comparison  with  that  used 

in  poured  concrete  houses. 


were  set  up  and  the  frame  constructed 
in  all  details  as  if  the  parts  were  of 
lumber  instead  of  cement.  The  boards 
were  poured  in  molds  that  received 
half  a  dozen  lengths,  and  the  thin  clap- 
boards were  strengthened  by  a  rein- 
forcement of  wire  mesh.  Holes  were 
made  in  the  cement  boards  while  the 
mixture  was  soft,  so  that  nails  could 
be  driven  through  them.  The  nails 
were  not  received  by  the  joists,  as  the 


Without 
Cata- 
logues or 
Photo- 
graphs 


# 


The  salesman 
carries  a  supply 
of  heavy  auto 
accessories, 
which  without 
this  little  car,  it 
would  be  impos- 
sible for  him  to 
show. 


The  result  is  an  absolutely  fireproof 
building,  very  light  yet  substantial  in 
construction,  and  with  an  air  space  in 
the  walls  to  equalize  the  temperature. 
The  great  advantage  claimed  for  this 
system  over  poured  concrete  walls  is 
the  vast  saving  in  material. 


SAMPLE  CASE  ON  WHEELS 

A  LIGHT  car  fitted  up  with 
^^  a  complete  line  of  samples 
of  auto  accessories  is  used  by 
a  Philadelphia  firm,  and  has 
been  found  so  practical  that  a 
second   machine  of  the   same 
description  is  being  prepared 
for  out-o  f-town 
work.     The     sales- 
man thus  equipped 
has  a  great  advan- 
tage, as  he  does  not 
have   to   depend 
upon    a    catalogue 
or   photographs   to 
demonstrate  his 


wares  but   can    show   the   goods   them- 
selves.    The  body  of  this  show  case  on 
wheels   is  arranged   with   swinging  sets 
of  shelves  that  permit  easy 
adjustment.     Of  course 
in  this  line  a  smaller 
sample    case 
would  be  out  of 
the  question  as 
the   goods 
are    bulky 
and  heavy. 
The  speed 
with 
which   a 
town  may 
be    cov- 
ered  by  a 
salesman, 
and  the 
convincing 
nature  of  his 
display    tend 
to  make  this  an 
excellent    invest- 
ment.    Such   a   small 
can  be  shipped  from  town 
to  town,  if  desired. 

The   ALLEGHANY   Observatory 


vided    these    do    not    also    show    flaws. 
After  polishing  such  a  telescope  lens  with 
a  soft  cloth  until  it  is  almost  perfect,  the 
final  work  is  done  by  a  skilled 
workman  with  the  palm 
of  his  hand.     He  re- 
lies  on   his  touch 
to     detect     the 
imperfections 
which    es- 
c  a  p  e  d   the 
cloth     and 
the    last 
polishing 
with   the 
palm  of 
his  hand 
removes 
these  com- 
pletely. 
The  Ob- 
servatory, 
which  cost  one 
hundred   and 
twenty     thousand 
dollars,  is  to  be  of  the 
latest   type,   with   a   re- 
volving floor  which  moves 
up  and  down  under  power. 


It  is  of  the  latest  type  with  revolv- 

inu  and  rising  floor,  the  instrument  1  he    telescope    Will    IOllOW 

working  by  clockwork  to  keep  al  ,  ■  t         i       i  i 

wavs  wiiii  the  stars.  the  stars  by  clockwork. 


SEVENTEEN- YEAR  WAIT 
FOR  LENSES 

""THE  Alleghany  Observatory 
has  been  waiting  for  sev- 
enteen years  for  two  lenses 
which  are  to  be  used  in  its  tele- 
scope. Nearly  ten  years  ago 
the  first  lenses  arrived  from 
Germany,  where  they  were 
made,  but  after  four  or  five 
months'  work  of  polishing,  these 
developed  a  flaw,  which  made 
them  worthless  to  the  Observ- 
atory. They  were,  therefore, 
sent  back.  The  new  ones,  or- 
dered from  a  French  firm,  have 
just  arrived.  In  the  course  of 
five  or  six  months  they  will  be 
finished  by  the  astronomers 
themselves   and   mounted,   pro- 


Four  Hundred  and  Fifty  Pounds  of  Lk.nsi b 
It  took  seventeen  years  to  produce  them  satisfactorily  because  the 


first  set  failed  to  serve  the  purpose. 


749 


That  the  NATION 


MAY  HAVE 
BETTER  BREAD 


By  Harlan  D.  Smith 


KANSAS,  champion  wheat 
State,  assumes  the  role  of 
bread  maker  for  the  nation. 
First  in  wheat  production, 
first  in  the  number  of  high- 
grade  flour  mills,  and  second  only  to 
Minnesota  in  flour  output,  the  Sun- 
flower State  takes  upon  itself  the  respon- 
sibility of  raising  the  standard  of  the  na- 
tion's most  important  food — bread. 

That  is  the  reason  it  established  the 
country's  first  four-year  course  in  mill- 
ing in  its  agricultural  college  only  a 
few  weeks  ago.  That  is  the  reason, 
too,  which  caused  the  building,  this 
year,  at  its  agricultural  college,  of  a  small 
model  mill — the  first  of  its  kind 
in  the  United  States — by  means  of 
which  it  is  hoped  that  the  standard  of 
flour  will  be  raised  by  thorough  tests 
in  experimental  milling.  The  same 
motive  has  resulted  in  the  development 


of  experimental  breeding  of  wheat 
until  that  State  now  leads  all  other 
experiment  stations  in  this  work.  And 
it  was  the  same  feeling  that  led  the 
champion  wheat  State  to  send  one  of 
its  entomological  experts  on  a  trans- 
continental, transoceanic  bug  chase 
not  long  ago  when  a  few  housekeepers 
over  in  London  complained  that  some 
of  Uncle  Sam's  flour  had  bugs  in  it. 
How  the  bug  man  followed  some  Kan- 
sas flour  from  the  wheat  field  to  the 
very  back  door  of  Mrs.  John  Bull  and 
later  discovered  for  the  world's  benefit 
the  most  successful  method  of  exter- 
minating mill  insects  is  a  story  that 
comes  later  on  in  this  article. 

In  the  good — but  sometimes  in- 
sanitary— old-fashioned  days,  the  im- 
pression prevailed  pretty  generally 
that  to  be  a  miller  one  need  only  wear 
a  white  suit  and  cap  with  flour  liberally 


THE  TEST  OF  GERMINATED  FLOUR 

The  loaf  on  the  left  was  made  without  any  of  this  flour,  the  loaf  on  the  right  entirely  of  it,  and  the  others  of  mixtures. 

Such  flour  is  valueless  for  bread  making,  and  often  explains  the  mysterious  failures  which  perplex  the  housewife  who 

really  can  make  good  bread  with  proper  materials. 

7.50 


THAT  THE  NATION  MAY  HAVE  BETTER  BREAD 


751 


dusted  over  all,  not  excluding  the 
whiskers.  There  was  no  need  of  a 
knowledge  of  chemistry  and  crops  and 
baking  to  be  a  miller  then.  Wheat  was 
wheat  and  flour  was  flour.  And  if  the 
bread  wasn't  good  sometimes,  it  was 
just  because  of  "bad  luck". 

But  science  knows  better  now.     It 
knows  that  if  men  grow  good  wheat 
and  handle  it  properly  and 
millers  who  know 
their  business 
grind  it,  and  bak- 
ers use  brains  in 
baking  the  flour, 
bread  always  will 
will  be  good. 

Other  profes- 
sional men  re- 
quired college 
training. 
Weren't  millers 
engaged  in  one 
of  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  occu- 
pations? Kansas  an- 
swered that  they  were, 
and  the  pioneer  school 
in  milling  was  found- 
ed. In  the  four  years' 
course  instruction  is 
given  in  grains  and 
grain  inspection,  ex- 
perimental milling, 
flour  mill  designing, 
wheat  and  flour  test- 
ing, baking,  and  in 
actual  milling  practice 
in  the  model  mill.  In 
addition  to  these  there 
are  the  necessary  related  subjects  in 
chemistry,  mathematics,  engineering,  en- 
tomology, crops,  and  the  cultural  courses 
that  go  to  make  up  a  broad  course.    ' 

It  isn't  expected,  of  course,  that  the 
graduates  of  the  milling  school  will  be 
expert  millers.  Like  the  products  of 
engineering  schools  they  must  have  a 
few  years  of  practical  experience  to 
supplement  their  theory  before  they 
will  be  qualified  to  take  charge  of  mills. 
But    the   training    the    college    course 


Work  of  an  Insect 
This  enlarged  picture  of  kernels  of  wheat 
shows  the  destruction  wrought  by  the  An- 

goumois  grain  moth. 


The  Scourge  of  the  Mills 

Tli''  Mediterranean  flour  moth  is  the  most 

dangerous  of  the  pests  which  millers  have 

to  contend  with.    About  four  times  natural 

size. 


offers  will  give  them  a  foundation 
knowledge  that  will  assure  their  suc- 
cess. 

"The  milling  industry  offers  several 
lines  of  attractive  work  for  young 
men,"  said  L.  A.  Fitz,  head  of  the  new 
school  at  the  Kansas  college,  recently. 
"A  student  either  may  take  the  regular 
course  with  the  intention  ultimately  to 
operate  a  mill,  or  he  may  fit 
himself  for  other 
branches  of  the  work. 
He  can  special- 
ize in  the  engi- 
neering end,  in- 
spection work, 
or  in  the  chem- 
istry side  of  the 
business.  All 
these  lines  offer 
excellent  op- 
portunities for 
young  men." 
The  millers  of 
Kansas  are  be- 
hind the  new 
school ;  in  fact  they 
gave  much  advice  and 
help  in  establishing  it. 
A  committee  repre- 
senting them  helped 
Professor  Fitz  to  work 
out  the  plans  for  the 
model  mill,  which,  in 
addition  to  serving 
for  much  experimental 
work,  is  to  be  a  place 
of  training  for  the  stu- 
dents. Though  com- 
paratively small — a 
daily  capacity  of  seventy-five  barrels  of 
flour — only  the  most  modern  equipment 
was  installed.  It  is  arranged  in  the  most 
up-to-date  way,  too,  precautions  being 
taken  to  make  it  sanitary  and  as  nearly 
insect-proof  as  possible.  The  equipment 
is  worth  fifteen  thousand  dollars. 

Three  grades  of  flour  will  be  made 
and  offered  for  sale  under  appropriate 
brands.  Because  of  the  varied  work 
that  the  mill  must  do  it  is  not  expected 
that  it  will  operate  at  a  profit,  though 


752 


it  is  thought  that  enough  flour  will  be  sold 
to  pay  for  all  the  wheat  used  and  for 
the  miller's  salary.  This  model  mill 
began  operation  April  first. 

From    now    on    there    need    be    no 
guesswork  among  Kansas  millers  con- 
cerning the  milling  and  baking  qual- 
ities of  their  flours.     The  college  mill 
a   well-equipped   baking   kitchen,   and 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


A  Cornhr  „,  THK  m.lung  Dkp.Sent,  Kan,as  Agricu,.turu 
Althoorf,  not  op,„  until  September,  students  ta„  beeB  taking  speda,  ^ 


Hydrocyanic  Acid  for  Insects 
an^btt  Etf?S&tfj£  ttt^M  £  «".<?  the  Kas  which 
Professor  Dean  di^vcnStL™  ^"brtKSSr0'  **  *** 


laboratories  for  analyzing  wheat,  flour 
and   by-products   are   available   to   the 
millers  of  the  State  for  these  tests  at 
all  times     As  a  new  crop  is  harvested, 
tests  will  be  made  of  the  various  types 
and  qualities  coming  from  various  sec- 
tions of  the   State  and   reports  made 
from  them.     By  means  of  this  service 
millers  will  be  enabled  to  work  out  the 
best   methods   of   clean- 
ing, tempering,  and  mill- 
ing each  particular  type 
of  wheat.    The  effects  of 
different      methods      of 
harvesting  and  handling 
of  the  grain  on  the  mill- 
ing and  baking  qualities 
also  may  be  studied  by 
use  of  the  experimental 
mill.     In  fact,  the  value 
to  millers  for  tests  alone 
of    this    new    establish- 
ment at  the  agricultural 
college  can  hardly  be  es- 
timated. 

The     college    kitchen 
has    also    tested    germi- 
nated    wheat,     that     is, 
wheat  which  has  sprout- 
ed, to  prove  its  relation 
to  the  problem  of  baking 
bread.      The    value    of 
such     wheat     has     been 
much     discussed.       The 
question   seems  to  have 
been  finally  settled,  for 
the    tests    showed    that 
bread    made   from   ger- 
minated     flour      simply 
would  not  rise  and  the 
resultant  loaf  resembled 
the      hardtack      biscuit 
which   the  young  bride 
has  made  famous.      Six 
loaves,  the  first  contain- 
ing no  germinated  flour, 
the   next    four   with    in- 
creasing amounts  of  the 
substance,    and    the    last 
entirely      of      it,      were 
baked.     The    first    loaf 
was  good.    The  remain- 


THAT  THE  XATIOX  MAY  HAVE  BETTER  BREAD 


753 


ing  loaves  were  more  or 
less    inferior,    according 
to    their    proportion    of, 
flour  made  from  germi- 
nated wheat. 

As  the  final  judge  of 
new  strains  of  wheat 
which  constantly  art- 
being  tested  out  on  the 
agricultural  college's  big 
wheat  -  breeding  farm, 
the  mill  also  is  expected 
to  be  of  great  value. 
Samples  of  the  best  va- 
rieties developed  by 
years  of  breeding  can 
be  given  the  "acid  test", 
to  speak,  by  a  trip 
through  the  mill,  the 
analytical  laboratory,  and 
the  baking  ovens. 

The  service  of  the 
Kansas  college  in  the 
control  of  mill  insects, 
hinted  at  in  the  begin- 
ning of  this  article,  has 
been  one  of  its  greatest 
achievements  for  a 
cleaner  national  loaf. 
Until  George  A.  Dean, 
entomologist  at  the  Kan- 
>a>  college,  started  on 
his  famous  bug  chase 
a  few  years  ago,  the  mill  insect  fam- 
ilies in  this  country  did  just  about  as 
they  pleased.  There  was  no  satisfac- 
tory method  of  controlling  them,  once 
they  became  entrenched  in  a  mill. 
About  a  hundred-million-dollars'  worth 
of  United  States  flour  and  grain  were 
destroyed  by  these  insects  every  year. 

Then  came  the  complaint  of  the 
London  housekeepers  that  Uncle  Sam's 
flour — from  Kansas — was  "buggy". 
That  complaint  was  electric  in  its 
effect  on  Kansas  which  guarantees 
every  one  of  its  ten  and  one-half  mil- 
lion barrels  sent  out  every  year.  It 
started  an  immediate  investigation 
that  didn't  stop  until  the  Kansas  en- 
tomologist had  seen  bug  service  in 
most  of  the   United   States,   in   Great 


L.  A.  Fitz 
Head   of    the    milling    department. 
Kansas    Agricultural     College,    who 
will  have  charge  of  the  students  tak- 
ing the  course. 


Dkivks  Them  Out  with  Heat 

After  chasing  down  the  mill  insects 

for  years.  G.  A.  Dean,  entomologist 

of  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College, 

learned  how  to  destroy  them. 


Britain,  and  Western  Europe.  As  a 
representative  of  the  agricultural  col- 
lege, the  Southwestern  Millers'  League, 
and  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  he  accompanied  a  cargo 
of  ninety  carloads  of  Kansas  flour 
from  the  wheat  fields  of  that  State  to 
the  consumers  in  London.  His  mission 
was  to  place  the  responsibility  for  the 
bugs.  Were  the  millers  to  blame?  Or 
was  it  the  railroads,  the  American 
warehouses,  the  steamship  lines,  or  the 
European  warehouses?  All  pleaded  not 
guilty  and  welcomed  the  investigation. 
Dean  watched  the  millers  prepare 
the  flour  for  shipment :  he  saw  the  rail- 
roads handle  it ;  he  followed  it  into  the 
warehouses  at  New  Orleans,  and 
trailed  it  out  again  when  it  was  loaded 


754 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


onto  an  ocean  freighter.  He  rode  with 
the  cargo  of  ninety  carloads  from  New 
Orleans  to  London  and  saw  it  taken 
to  warehouses  and  then  distributed  to 
retailers.  He  was  with  that  flour, 
watching  for  bug  infestation,  over 
every  mile  of  its  journey. 

But  that  didn't  end  the  bug  hunt. 
Dean  inspected  scores  of  flour  mills, 
grain  storage  houses,  and  warehouses 
all  over  Kansas  and  the  United  States ; 
he  visited,  two  or  three  times,  all  the 
ports  along  the  Gulf  States,  the  At- 
lantic seaboard,  and  the  Great  Lakes, 
through  which  flour  and  grain  are 
shipped.  He  inspected  nearly  one  hun- 
dred large  ocean  freighters  in  Ameri- 
can and  European  waters.  Then  he 
made  a  number  of  experiments,  trying 
various  methods  of  killing  the  mill 
pests.     One  was  very  successful. 

Then  the  bug  chase  ended,  and  the 
expert  reported  that  he  had  found 
what  he  sought.  First,  he  said,  the 
bugs  were  the  fault  of  the  millers 
themselves — not  the  railroads,  or  ware- 
houses, or  steamship  lines,  nor  even 
the  London  grocers.  Non-infested  flour 
went  through  to  London  undamaged. 
And,  second,  he  had  found  that  heating 
the  mills  in  summer  with  their  own  heat- 
ing systems  to  one  hundred  and  eighteen 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  degrees 
would  kill  every  kind  of  mill  pest. 

Dean    had   proved    the    method   one 


hundred  per  cent  effective  in  a  number 
\:  F""sas  mills.  One  mill,  a  fifteen- 
hundro-  -carrel  concern  at  Wellington, 
was  fumigated  with  hydrocyanic  acid 
gas  one  summer — then  the  only  way 
of  combating  the  insects.  This  treat- 
ment cost  two  hundred  and  twenty-five 
dollars  and  a  shut-down  of  three  days. 
In  a  few  months  the  common  mill  in- 
sects again  were  abundant  and  the 
Mediterranean  flour  moth  was  doing 
serious  injury.  The  next  summer,  after 
installing  some  additional  radiation  at 
an  expense  of  not  more  than  that  of 
one  fumigation,  this  same  mill  was 
heated  from  Sunday  morning  until 
midnight  the  same  day.  A  careful 
examination  the  next  day  showed  that 
no  insect  escaped  death  on  the  floor 
where  the  temperature  ranged  from 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  to  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  degrees.  No  part  of 
the  mill  was  injured  by  the  heat. 
Examination  a  year  later  showed  that 
the  Mediterranean  flour  moth  was 
completely  eradicated.  Tests  in  other 
mills  were  as  conclusive ;  nearly  every 
one  showed  that  the  new  method, 
when  applied  properly,  killed  all  the 
insects.  Though  the  discovery  yet  is 
new,  it  has  been  tried  and  found  suc- 
cessful in  Kansas,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Ne- 
braska, Iowa,  Indiana,  Canada,  South 
Africa,  and  New  Zealand.  It  is  thought 
that   it   will    replace   all    other   methods. 


MOVABLE  CHAIRS  MAKE 
BETTER  PUPILS 


By 
FRANK    C.    PERKINS 


T 


is  the 


HE  chief  difference  between 
an  old-fashioned  schoolroom 
and  one  that  has  ■  been 
planned  according  to  the 
ideas  of  modern  educators 
installation  of  adjustable  seats 


for  the  pupils.  To  compel  a  child  to 
sit  all  day  in  one  of  those  hard  un- 
comfortable seats  of  the  screwed-down 
variety  was  not  only  cruel  to  the 
child;  it  was  undoubtedly  injurious  to 
his  normal  physical  development. 


MOVABLE   CHAIRS    MAKE  BETTER  PUPILS 


755 


Until  recently,  from  the  time  the 
child  was  six  or  seven  years  old  until 
he  left  school,  he  spent  five  or  six 
hours  five  times  a  week  seated  on  a 
stiff  straight  bench  which  may  have 
been  so  high  that  his  feet  could  not 
reach  the  ground,  or  so  low  that  he 
was  forced  to  bend  over  and  double  up 
his  legs  beneath  him.  The  rigid  seat- 
ing arrangements  were 
typical  of  the  rigid  for- 
mality of  the  old  school- 
room, and  the  '  result 
often  was  that  interest 
was  killed ;  the  young- 
ster became  discouraged 
and  soon  grew  to  hate 
his  task  of  getting  an 
education.  The  impor- 
tance of  sup- 
plying more 
comfortable 


ion  can  be  seated  where  he  can  see. 
The  latest  investigations  have  proved 
that  proficiency  in  school  is  in  direct 
ratio  to  the  physical  comfort  thus  at- 
tained. 

A  new  system  of  discipline  is  neces- 
sary to  the  schoolroom  that  is  equipped 
with  modern  desks.  The  first  inclina- 
tion of  the  child,  who  has  been  accus- 


'  Tin-  schoolroom  with  mov 
able  scats  is  more  readily  adapt 
able  as  a  social  center."  Th 
child  likes  it  better  in  the  day 
tune  also. 


eats     for     the     children     has    be- 
gua  to  dawn  on  those  who  are  study- 
ing efficiency  in  education. 

The  newest  school  seats  are  not 
screwed  to  the  floor;  they  are  not  only 
adjustable  to  the  various  lengths  of 
limb,  so  that  each  child  can  arrange 
his  own  seat  at  the  height  which  is 

'  -t  comfortable — usually  just  the 
distance  from  knee  to  heel,  from  the 
floor — but  they  are  movable  so  that 
the  youngster  who  is  of  defective  vis- 


One  Class  Facing  thf.  Board 

Movable  chairs  for  school  children  make  them  more  efficient  and 

preserve  their  vitality  by  giving  greater  bodily  comfort. 

tomed  to  use  a  seat  that  is  screwed  down,  is  to 
abuse  his  new   freedom ;  and  he  is  tempted  to 
take  every  opportunity  of  making  noise  with  the 
chairs.      But    it    is   possible   for   the   teacher    to 
overcome  this  difficulty  by  developing  discipline 
and  order  in  the  handling  of  the  chairs,  as  in 
other   things.      When   the   alternate   periods   of 
physical    exercise    occur,    the    children    can    be 
taught  to  move  their  desks  to  one  side  of  the 
room,  to  clear  a  space  within,  as  easily  as  an 
artillery  troupe  handles  a  big  guri  and  a 
team  of  horses.    There  is  no  need  what- 
ever of  disorder  nor  lengthy  period  of 
noisiness. 

The  school  building,  when  equipped 
with  movable  seats  is  more  readily 
adaptable  as  a  social  center.  The  jan- 
itor can  remove  the  chairs  and  leave 
space  for  other  furniture;  the  rooms 
may  be  equally  available  for  the  meet- 
ings of  the  sewing  circle  or  the  danc- 
ing parties  of  the  young  people. 


The  BIOLOGISTS 
NOAHS  ARK 


By  Edward  I.  Pratt 


LEANING  over  a  binocular  micro- 
scope in  a  small  whitewashed 
room  sits  a  slender,  keen-eyed 
.  man.  In  the  laboratory  and 
~"^  in  the  studio  outside,  the  smell 
of  formalin  and  plaster  of  Paris  is  in  the 
air.  In  bottles  and  vials  all  around 
are  creatures  from  every  imaginable 
source,  the  "red  snow",  a  tiny  alga  of 
the  ice-covered  mountains,  pond  scum 
from  the  pools  in  the  park,  diatoms 
from  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  micro- 
scopic plant  and  animal  skeletons  from 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  plants  from  the 
dunes  on  Lake  Michigan,  plants  from 
the  desert,  from  the  steaming  forests 
of  Java,  from  India  and  South  America, 
and  there  in  a  little  compartment  by 
itself,  a  pet  specimen — the  hookworm, 
a  dozen  of  the  creatures  looking  like 
a   few   small   hairs   in   the   bottom   of   a 


The  Finished  Sweet  Potato 

Everything  from  the  blossom  to  the  grown  vegetable  is 

shown  so  realistically  that  microscopic  examination  would 

hardly  reveal  the  delusion. 


vial.  On  the  microscope  slide  is  some 
tiny  living  thing.  "To  preserve  them 
as  in  life  for  the  generations  to  come," 
this  man  is  saying,  and  the  words  from 
Genesis  come  to  me,  "to  keep  them 
alive." 

Such  is  the  life  work  of  this  quiet 
taciturn  biologist,  B.  E.  Dahlgren :  the 
presentation  of  the  life  of  the  yester- 
days and,  today,  so  that  it  can  be  seen 
in  the  tomorrows  just  as  it  is  today 
and  so  that  "he  who  runs  may  read"  the 
translation  into  visible  form  of  our 
biological  knowledge.  No  longer  there 
confront  vis  tiresome  rows  of  cases 
with  dead  remains,  dry  as  dust ;  but 
actuality,  with  all  the  wonderful  color 
of  the  rose,  the  phantasy  of  the  liver 
blossoms,  the  fringe  of  spinning  cilia 
of  the  microscope  wheel, 
the  suction  pump  and 
dreaded  stinging  appa- 
ratus of  the  mosquito, 
all  labeled  for  the  visit- 


ALL  ABOUT  THE  BREAD 
FRUIT  F AMILV 


THE  BREAOFRlfTS 


A  treatise  covering  many  pages  would  not 
give  so  clear  an  idea  of  this  plant  as  does 
this  exhibit  in  a  six  by  eight-foot  case. 


or's  delectation.  Dahlgren's  "Noah's 
ark"  is  to  be  a  wonder  storehouse  mu- 
seum. 

In  beginning  this  work  Dr.  Dahl- 
gren  gathered  around  him  in  some  attic 
room  of  the  wonderful  Field  Museum, 
in  Jackson  Park,  Chicago,  a  corps  of 
assistants  as  interested  as  they  were 
skilled,  and  they  prove  to  be'  our  old 
friends,  the  draftsman,  the  painter,  the 
glass-blower,  the  molder,  the  metal 
worker,  the  plaster  man,  and  the  spin- 
ner of  silk  and  cotton. 

There  are  sources  of  information  on 
which  to  start  in  the  building  of  repro- 
ductions of  any  plant.  First,  the  liv- 
ing thing  itself;  second,  photographs 
of   the    plant,    with    pencil,    pen,    and 


water-color  sketches  of  the  growing 
plants;  the  color  and  appearances  of 
all  its  parts;  and  third,  samples  or 
whole  specimens  preserved  in  alcohol 
or  formalin.  Sometimes  expeditions  to 
far-off  countries  bring  home  complete 
data  of  many  subjects,  some,  necessar- 
ily, very  fragmentary — perhaps  only  an 
alcohol-soaked  piece  of  a  branch,  al- 
most without  shape  or  color.  From 
these  interesting  records  gathered 
under  trying,  even  hazardous  circum- 
stances, the  life-like  model  must  be 
built  up  so  accurately  that  when 
placed  beside  the  actual  living  speci- 
men, you  or  I  cannot  pick  out  the 
passing  real  from  the  lasting  counter- 
feit.   And  yet  the  reproduction,  to  be 

7S7 


758 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


worth  while,  must  be  proof  against 
the  ravages  of  time  and  attacks  of  in- 
sects, for  even  glass  encased  museum 
subjects  are  seldom  safe  from  destroy- 
ing worms  and  bugs.  Then  also,  to 
be  of  value,  color  must  withstand 
light,  not  fading  in  much  more  than 
our  allotted  three  score  years  and  ten. 
Then  there  is  the  mu- 
seum caretaker's  bug- 
bear, breakage,  to  be 
guarded  against,  making 
the  most  workmanlike, 
durable  construction 
necessary. 

It  is  not  only  life  of 
the  present  that  must  be 
reproduced.  The  living 
things  of  prehistoric 
ages  must  be  brought 
back  to  earth. 

Of  the  thousands  of 
forms  of  extinct  vegeta- 
ble and  animal  life,  of 
the  billions  and  trillions 
of  individuals,  there  are 
today  only  scattering, 
fragmentary  bits  to  tell 
the  wondrous  history. 
Even  of  more  recent  ex- 
tinct species,  the  telltale  fossils  are, 
for    the    most    part,    in    fragments.    A 

thousand 
forces  are  at 
work  to  oblit- 
erate  their 
feeble    tracks. 


The  Desmids 
These  cells  are  modeled  from  the  liv- 
ing plant  in  glass,  highly   magnified, 
of  course. 


Insects  and  animals  first  attack  them ; 
then  the  weathering  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face, the  sun's  heat  and  cold,  wind,  and 
rain  all  acted  to  break  up  the  records  of 
that  countless  host  that  has  gone  so 
long  before.  Those  that  were  saved 
in  the  bony  skeleton  or  calcareous 
shell,  preserved  in  fossils,  are  the  few 
able  to  withstand  the  de- 
structive forces  and  kept 
intact  by  slowly  accumu- 
lated layers  of  silt  or 
sand  covering  them 
safe  from  all  these 
agents  of  destruction. 
The  bits  that  are  un- 
earthed today  are  labo- 
riously saved  and  studied 
in  the  museums.  When 
enough  remains  are 
found  the  entire  animal 
is  reconstructed  for  the 
enrichment  of  knowl- 
edge and  in  order  that 
the  life  of  the  past  may 
be  vividly  spread  out  be- 
fore us. 

Animals      that      were 
known   a   generation   or 
two  ago  but  which  are 
already  extinct  find  a  glad  welcome  here. 
The  last  few  eggs  of  the  great  auk  are 
deposited  in  the  museums.     The  bones 
of  the  dodo,  the  great  pigeon,  which 
swarmed   over   Mauritius   when   navi- 
gators   first    landed    there,    are    now 
being  carefully  searched  out  and  gath- 
ered in  and  the  skeletons  of  the  birds 
reconstructed.      The    buffalo    is    on    the 
way    to    join    our  wild   pigeon.     The 
flamingo  has  departed  from  our  land. 
The  societies  for  the  preservation  of 
ife  are  doing  all  that  they  can, 
to  stem  the  tide  of  dis- 
appearing life,  to  prevent 
needless      extermination 
of    our    rarest    animals 
and  choicest  flowers  of 
the  forest  and  field.  The 
natural  history  museums 
anticipate  the  disappear- 
ance by  adding  them  to 


THE   BIOLOGIST'S   NOAH'S   ARK 


759 


their  collections  before  they  have  become 
extinct. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  these  museum 
men  to  present  an  epitome  of  the  world 
of  Nature,  to  compress  into  a  few  great 
halls  a  synopsis  of  the  history  of  life 
itself,  so  that  in  the  course  of  an  after- 
noon stroll,  or  in  the  course  of  a  few 
dozen    visits,    we    may    get    a 


glimps 


elementary 


perfection  and  beauty.  Placed  in  a 
jar  of  alcohol  to  become  a  collector's 
pickle,  it  is  little  better.  Filmy  and 
exquisite  animals  which  make  you  hold 
your  breath  in  admiration  as  you  view 
them  from  your  glass-bottomed  boat, 
become  in  a  few  minutes  blubber-like 
ugly  masses  when  transferred  to  the 
formalin  bottle.  Then  there  is  the 
host  of  tiny  things  which  escape  or- 
dinary vision.  How  are 
you  going  to  be  able  to 
see  them  yourself  with- 
out becoming  a  micro- 
scopist  carrying  your  in- 
strument     about      with 


you 


?     It    has    been    the 


THE  Glass  Worker 

"These  fine  glass  bits  are  set  in  cement  and  wax  or  fused  with  flame  and  are  strong 

enough  to  withstand  all  ordinary  handling." 


notion  of  the  tremendous  range  and  vari- 
ety of  forms  in  animate  and  in  inanimate 
creation.  They  are  trying  to  enable  us 
to  read  the  story  of  the  Aztec  and  of  the 
pigmy,  of  the  fossilized  fern  plant  which 
yields  us  our  coal,  the  story  of  the 
yeast  plant  and  the  mold,  of  the  strug- 
gle of  the  cactus  to  survive  in  the 
desert,  of  the  home  life  of  the  heron  in 
its  cypress  swamps,  of  the  transforma- 
tion of  the  eel  and  its  long  journey ; 
of  the  evolution  of  wheat  and  of  Indian 
corn. 

Thus  every  visitor  to  the  museum  who 
stops  before  these  carefully  prepared 
cases — and  nearly  every  one  does  so  stop 
if  only  for  a  brief  moment — is  made  to 
understand  in  an  easily  comprehensi- 
ble form,  the  tremendous  import  to 
all  of  us  of  the  various  processes  of 
Nature. 

Bat  how  is  this  possible?  You 
bring  a  fungus  from  the  woods  and  in 
a  few  hours  it  is  a  shriveled  and  use- 
less thing,  giving  no  idea  of  its  former 


task  of  the  biologist  and 
the  artist  to  devise  a 
means. 

Whenever  possible, 
plaster  of  Paris  molds 
are  made  of  the  actual 
plants  or  parts  of  speci- 
mens. With  very  tiny 
objects,  working  draw- 
ings are  built  up  from 
the  microscope  scale.  Heavy  branches 
are  made  with  a  core  of  steel  tubing, 
more  slender  ones  of  galvanized  iron, 
wire  made  of  german  silver,  or  phosphor- 
bronze  wire  with  cotton  or  silk  fiber 
deftly  wrapped 
around  it,  covered 
with    boiling   hot 


With  Modern  Instru 

mknts 

The  airbrush  is  used  to 

color  wax  models  of  petals. 


760 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


beeswax  or  a  mixture  of  beeswax,  gums, 
and  rosins.  Finer  wire  makes  ribs  for  the 
leaves  while  the  delicate  veins  and 
tracery  of  their  surface  is  reproduced 
by  the  use  of  molds.  So  skillful  are 
the  builders  that  the  peculiar  fuzzy 
under-surface  of  leaves  and  blossoms  is 
most  accurately  reproduced. 

As  indicated,  the  sexual  organs  of 
flowers  and  the  exquisite  blossoms  are  of 


Dr.  Dahlgren  will  show  you  today 
branches  of  a  tea  plant  or  of  a  coffee 
bush  in  full  flower  and  fruit  which, 
though  neither  of  them  grew  in  the  trop- 
ics, are,  in  color,  shape  and  texture, 
exactly  as  they  were  in  the  living 
prototype  which  now  hangs  dusty 
and  dry  on  the  wall.  Or  he  will 
show  you  a  minute  speck  of  potato 
blight    or    the    antenna    of    an    insect 


'   ESCAPING   ZOOSPORES. 


A    BRANCHING  GREEN    ALGA. 

(Cladophora  Sp.u 

The  green  algae  of  this  genus  are  found  in  salt  as  well  as  in  fresh  Reproduction  takes  place  by  means  of  spo 

water  and  are  fairly  common.      Each  plant  consists  of  branched  fila-  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  contents  of  any  of  the  vegetative  cells.    The 

meats  of  many  cylindrical  cells  united  end  to  end  into  a  plant  body.  shown  above,  escaping  from  the  plant,  are  the  so-called  zoospores ;  th( 

The  whole  alga  is  anchored  by  its  basal  cell  (not  shown  above)  and  are  ciliated  and  free-swimming  and  usually  conjugate  befor    *- 

growth  takes  place  by  division  of  the  terminal  cells.  new  plants.      Male  and  female  reproductive  cells,  formed  in 

Each  vegetative  cell  contains  a  cylindrical  chlorophyll  body  together  manner,  are  similar  to  these  but  differ  somewhat  in  size. 
with  several  nuclei  and  other  bodies. 


SET  UP  IN  GLASS,  BEING  MODELED  FROM  THE  ORIGINAL  PLANT 


delicately  spun  and  blown  glass.  These 
fine — some  almost  microscopic — glass 
bits  are  set  in  cement  and  wax  or 
fused  with  flame,  and  so  are  strong 
enough  to  withstand  all  ordinary 
handling,  elastic  enough,  hard  and 
rigidly  enough  constructed  to  keep 
their  shape  under  the  severest  tem- 
perature conditions. 

A  sweet  potato  vine,  with  roots,  tubers, 
branches,  leaves,  and  blossoms,  is  in  a 
big  case.  What  materials  are  used  to 
produce  the  effect  ?  Soldered  wire,  purest 
beeswax,  silk  and  vegetable  fibres,  glass 
and  mineral,  dyes,  the  whole  so  inti- 
mately interwoven  and  worked  together, 
that  you  see  only  the  lifelike  production. 


which  grew  in  the  glass-blower's  fires. 
The  production  of  this  chocolate  flower 
or  that  cardamon  plant  has  meant 
years  of  hard  work  in  study,  in  experi- 
mental work,  in  perfecting  his  own 
skill,  in  training  assistants,  in  search- 
ing out  what  materials  could  be  used 
and  what  combinations  of  materials 
would  be  as  permanent  as  human 
beings  could  make  anything  perma- 
nent and  yet  really  produce  an  accu- 
rate reproduction  of  the  original  or  a 
model  to  show  its  hidden  structure. 

The  varied  and  intricate  ways  of  pol- 
lination are  thus  shown.  Here  is  one 
strange  plant,  whose  long  name  would 

(Continued  on  page  794) 


REMARKABLE  TREE 
KANGAROO 

"THE  first  tree  kan- 
garoo to  be  seen  in 
America     has     arrived 
from    Australia    and    is 
now    at    the    New    York 
Zoological      Garden.      The 
animal    exhibits    several 
striking    differences     from 
the  ordinary  kangaroo.     In 
the   first  place   he  makes  his 
home  in  the  trees,   instead  of 
on  the  ground.     In  the  second 
place   he   is    without    the   short 
fore  legs  and  massive  tail  of  his 
cousin.   Moreover,  his  coat  is  black 
and    quite    thick    and    his    tail, 
though  long  and  furry,  does  not 
serve  him  as  a  prop,  as  in  the 
case  of  his  cousin.     The  fore 
legs  are  slightly  shorter  than 
the  hind  ones  and  are  armed 
with     powerful     claws     by 
which   he   clings   to   bark 
and  branches  in  climbing. 
In  his  wild  state  these  claws 
are   used   as   weapons   of   de 
fense. 


Flirts  Among 

the  Tree  Tops 

This  kangaroo    is    a  little 

cousin     of    the     one    that 

boasts  a  powerful  tail  and 

leaps  great  distance*. 


CHINESE  USE  SUN  KILNS 

""THE  kilns  of  China's  lumber 

industry    are    open    yards 

and  the  heat  is  that  of  the  sun. 

Every   other   country   of  the   world 

uses  artificial  heat,  which  does  the 

work  with  comparative  rapidity  in 

forms   which  prevent   warping  of 

the  wet  timber  while  drying. 

The  Chinese  lumber  hands  stake 

out  the  lumber  to  be  dried  on  an 

open  lot,  so  that  a  small  amount  of 

timber   covers   a   very   large    space. 

Each  plank  is  set  on  edge  to  give  it 

the    full    benefit    of    the    sun    and 

wind.    Warping   is   prevented   by 

bamboo    pegs    which    are    driven 

into  the  ground  along  the  pieces 

of  wood,  parallel  to  the  planks  on 

edge.     For  most  lumber  it  is  only 

necessary   to   use    four   stakes    for 

each  piece,  as  the  greatest  warping 

force  is,  of  course,  at  the  ends. 

It  is  possible  to  use  this 
method  because  unskilled  la- 
bor is  cheap  in  China.  In  gen- 
eral it  is  better  to  use  many 
laborers  where  one  American 
machine  would  do  the  work. 


STOPPING  THE  WAKP 
In  tfae  sun  kilns  of  China's  lumber  yards  the  planks  are  tied  to  bamboo  stakes. 


76/ 


WEIRS  FROM  BRUSH 
Fish  of  all  kinds  and  sizes  can  be  caught  with  a  trap  like  this,  which  is  easy  to  make.    They  are  not  able  to  find  their 

way  out  when  once  in. 


FISH  TRAPS  OF  BRUSH 

P*ISH  are  a  great  deal  like  chickens. 
When  they  get  into  an  enclosure,  no 
matter  what  the  size  of  the  opening  or 
gate,  they  never  seem  to  know  how  to 
escape.  This  fact  makes  it  an  easy  mat- 
ter to  trap  them.  Traps  made  of  brush 
interwoven  about  sticks  driven  into  the 
water  are  effective  structures  for  the  cap- 
ture of  fish  of  all  kinds  and  sizes.  Of 
course  traps  made  of  this  light  material 
will  not  hold  many  of  them  at  a  time  but, 
if  they  are  emptied  regularly,  several  tons 


may  be  caught  in  a  season.  The  huge 
salmon  traps  used  on  the  Pacific  coast 
have  to  be  made  of  much  more  substan- 
tial material  and  are  designed  to  hold 
thousands  of  fishes. 

J* 

CACTUS  CATTLE  GUARD 

l—IOW  the  cactus  plant  may  be  utilized 
1  *■  in  railway  construction  is  illustrated 
by  the  device  of  a  section  foreman  on  an 
Arizona  railroad.  It  is  a  cattle  guard 
made  of  cactus,  and  not  only  is  it  the 
cheapest  and  simplest  cattle  guard  ever 


STOPS  THE  CATTLE 
The  cactus  grows  and  produces  a  crop  of  thorns  that  the  animals  know  well.    Natives  claim  that  none  have  ever  crossed 

the  guard. 

762 


constructed,  but  its  efficiency  is 
said  to  be  superior  to  much 
more  elaborate  and  expensive 
guards. 

The  first  cactus  guard  was 
put  into  service  about  six 
months  ago,  and  it  is  said  that 
no  animal  has  ever  crossed  it. 
It  consists  of  a  bed  of  cactus, 
planted  in  a  few  inches  of  sand 
in  the  bottom  of  a  box.  It  is  a 
variety  of  small  cactus  that 
grows  abundantly  along  that 
portion  of  the  line.  Its  thorns 
are  thoroughly  familiar  to  the 
horses  and  cattle  of  that  region,  and  they 
naturally  keep  their  distance  from  it. 


Too  Steep  for  Traffic 

Kansas  City.  Missouri,  park  commissioners  took  over  the  street  and 

made  a  beautiful  terrace  out  of  it. 


TERRACED  STREET 

I£ANSAS  CITY  is  noted  for  high  hills 
A*-  which   are  often   of  too  extreme  a 
grade  for  wagon  traffic.    One  such  street 
has  been  taken  over  by  the  park  depart- 
ment, and  treated  from  an  artistic 
rather   than   a   utilitarian   point  of 
view.    This  street  leads 
from  a  new  boulevard 
up  to  Observation  Park. 
It  consists 
of   a    series 
of    terraces 
and  steps. 


LIFE  JACKETS  TO  FLOAT 
CHILDREN 

CI'ECIAL  life-saving  jackets 
^  for  children  are  to  be  placed 
on  all  ocean-going  liners  in  the 
future.  Delegates  to  a  conven- 
tion of  the  maritime  powers 
signed  a  charter  of  safety  which 
is  to  govern  all  passenger  steam- 
ships and  one  of  the  provisions 
specifies  life  preservers  designed 
especially  for  children.  Some  of 
these  have  already  been  placed 
on  the  market,  the  one  shown  in 
the  illustration  being  guaranteed 
to  keep  a  child  afloat  indefinitely. 


Childress  Like  Jackets 
All  passenger  steamships  in  the  future  are  to  carry  special  life  pre- 
servers for  youngsters. 

163 


SEVENTY  YEARS  AGO 
A  SHIP  OF  THE  LINE 


The  Portsmouth  was  built  at 

Portsmouth,    New    Hamp- 
shire  in   1843,  and  then 
became  one  of  the  most 
famous  boats  of  the 
old    navy,   most  of 
which    was 
scrapped  in  1882. 


UNCLE  SAM- JUNK  SELLER 


By 
DAVID    A.    WASSON 


IN  the  magnitude  of  his  business, 
Uncle  Samuel  is  second  only  to 
John  Bull  in  the  junk  traffic. 
Every  vessel  of  the  navy  is  sur- 
veyed at  least  once  in  three  years 
by  a  competent  board  of  officers  desig- 
nated by  the  Bureau  of  Navigation 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  Its  official  name  is  the 
Board  of  Estimate  and  Survey,  and 
when  it  reports  a  probable  cost  of  re- 


pairs  which  appears  disproportionate 
to  the  ship's  value  to  the  navy  a  higher 
authority  is  called  in.  Uncle  Sam  has 
no  intention  of  letting  go  of  any  useful 
property. 

After  passing  through  a  number  of 
intermediate  boards,  the  report  finally 
gets  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  If 
he  thinks  it  best  he  orders  the  sale — 
and  the  law  says  that  the  ship  must  be 
sold  if  she  can  not  be  profitably  used. 


UNCLE  SAM-JUNK  SELLER 


765 


Some  are  remodeled  for  merchant  serv- 
ice, some  become  "the  pride  of  the 
navy"  of  some  diminutive  republic,  and 
more  are  broken  up  or  burned  for  the 
costly  metals  used  in  their  construc- 
tion. 

The  Act  of  Congress  of  August  5, 
1882,  which  established  the  foregoing 
course  of  procedure  with  unserviceable 
ships,  struck  from  the  navy  list  at  one 
fell  swoop  forty-seven  vessels,  all  vet- 
erans of  the  Civil  War.  Of  these, 
twenty-four  were  sold  for  $384,753, 
this  probably  being  the  biggest  sale  of 
condemned  material  on  record.  Five 
years  later  seven  more  obsolete  fighters 
brought  in  a  total  of  $125,705. 

Occasionally  an  old  ship  with  an  un- 
usually brilliant  war  record  may  be 
saved  from  the  shopbreakers  by  a 
special  Act  of  Congress,  providing  the 
public  becomes  imbued  with  the  spirit 
awakened  by  "Old  Ironsides".  Few 
of  the  ancient  wooden  fighters,  how- 
ever, are  destined  to  the  fortune  of  the 


Constitution,  whose  name  is  written  so 
deeply  in  history. 

The  latest  of  these  old  frigates  to  be 
disposed  of  was  the  Wabash  of  glori- 
ous Civil  War  memory.  She  was  sold 
for  some  twenty-two  thousand  dollars, 
and  was  towed  to  Eastport,  Maine,  and 
burned  for  the  metal  in  her.  The 
San  tee,  long  used  in  connection  with 
the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis, 
brought  thirty-six  hundred  dollars,  and 
was  burned  at  Boston.  The  Nipsic,  sole 
survivor  of  the  typhoon  at  Samoa  in 
1889,  was  sold  and  converted  into  a 
floating  salmon  cannery  in  Alaskan 
waters.  The  old  Independence,  famed 
for  her  fighting  record  in  the  Mexican 
War  of  1847,  is  expected  to  bring  about 
five  thousand  dollars,  which  the  people 
of  Vallejo,  California,  may  subscribe 
that  she  may  be  preserved  as  a  relic.  The 
archaic  frigates  Jamestoztm  and  St. 
Mary's  met  fiery  fates  a  short  time  since. 

Our  new  navy  has  now  reached  an 

{Continued  on  page  796) 


MISTRESS  OF  THE  SEA  -  FORTY-FIVE  YEARS  AGO 

Sh.  b  tli.-  frigate  Omaha,  and  she  carried  fourteen  (runs.    San  Francisco  harbor  takes  care  of  the  old  vessel  now  and 

us.  s  In  r  as  a  disinfecting  hulk  at  the  quarantine  station. 


Do  They  Do  This 

Traffic  seethed  around  them  as  they  stood 
on  a  downtown  corner  and  waited  for  the  car. 


"Wait  a  minute,  Helen,  here  comes  a  car 
with   a   higher   step." — Pelican. 

Did  He  Know 

"But  I  don't  know  you,  madam,"  the  bank 
cashier  said  to  the  woman  who  had  presented 
a  check. 

The  woman,  however,  instead  of  saying 
haughtily,  "I  do  not  wish  your  acquaintance, 
sir,"  merely  replied,  with  an  engaging  smile : 

"Oh,  yes,  you  do,  I  think.  I'm  the  'red- 
headed old  virago'  next  door  to  you,  whose 
scoundrelly  little  boys  are  always  reaching 
through  the  fence  and  picking  your  flowers. 
When  you  started  for  town  this  morning  your 
wife  said :  'Now,  Henry,  if  you  want  a  dinner 
fit  to  eat  this  evening  you'll  have  to  leave  me 
a  little  money.  I  can't  keep  this  house  on 
plain  water  and  10  cents  a  day.'  " — Philadelphia 
Public  Ledger. 

Had  to  Eat 

"Who  are  you?"  demanded  a  Juarez  saloon- 
keeper of  a  man  who  had  been  hanging 
around  for  several  days. 

"I  am  the  rebel  army." 

"That  may  be.  But  you'll  have  to  keep 
away  from  my  free-lunch  counter." 

"That  is  impossible,  senor.  It  is  my  base 
of  supplies." — Kansas  City  Journal. 


True  Enough 

go   into   the   garden," 


he    said,   as 


"Let   us 
the   twilight   hour   approached. 

"I'm  afraid  you'll  want  to  sit  in  the  ham- 
mock with  me  and  hold  my  hand." 

"I    swear   I   won't." 

"Then  what's  the  use?" — Detroit  Free  Press. 


Necessary 

John  Henry  was  keeping  company  with 
Myrtle  Marie,  and  when  the  father  of  the 
latter  returned  from  the  office  one  evening  he 
was  timidly  approached  by  his  pretty  daughter. 

"Papa,"  said  the  fair  one,  "did  John  Henry 
call   on  you   this   morning?" 

"Yes,"  answered  the  paternal  one,  "but  I 
couldn't  make  out  much  of  what  he  said." 

"Couldn't  make  out  what  he  said!"  returned 
Myrtle  Marie,  wonderingly.  "What  do  you 
mean  ?" 

"As  near  as  I  could  understand,"  explained 
papa,  "he  said  he  wanted  to  marry  me ;  that 
you  had  enough  money  to  support  him,  and 
that  we  had  always  loved  each  other,  so  I 
told  him  to  go  home  and  write  it  out  in  plain 
English." — Washington  Post. 

It's  an  111  Wind,  Etc. 

"There's  one  thing  about  these  tight  skirts," 
she  remarked  victoriously,  "the  wind  can't  blow 
them  up  in  the  air." 

"It  doesn't  need  to,"  said  the  simp.— /crter. 

Pleasant  for  Aunty 

The  rich  maiden  aunt  was  calling  on  her 
poor  relations.  "And  where  is  little  Tommy?" 
she  inquired,  looking  around  for  her  favorite. 

Little  Tommy  was  brought  in  carrying  a 
large  tumbler,  from  which  he  refused  to  be 
parted. 

"Do  drink  this,  auntie,"  he  said. 

"And  why  should  I  drink  it,  dear?" 

"Because  I  want  to  see  you." 

"And  why  do  you  want  to  see  me  drink  it  ?" 

"Because  papa  says  you  drink  like  a  fish." — 
London  Mail. 


766 


BLOWING   OFF    STEAM 


767 


Hard  on  the  Ancestors 

Mrs.  HoYLE-''My  ancestors  came  over  in 
the  Mayflower,  I'd  have  you  know  " 

Mrs.  DoYLE-'That  may  be,  but  they 
wouldn't  be  allowed  to  land  today."— Wash- 
ington Star. 

Litfht  Labor 

Papa— "But   hasn't  your  fiance  got   a  job"' 
Daughter— "Not  yet,  but  he's  going  to  get 

one  at  $25,000  a  year."  g 

Papa— "Indeed !    Glad  to  hear  of  it !    What 

is   he   doing? 

Daughter-"  Well,  he  read  in  the  paper  of 
some  man  who  is  paid  $50,000  a  year  by  the 
Hankers  Association  not  to  forge  checks,  and 
George  is  going  to  do  it  for  half  that."— Phila- 
delphia Public  Ledger. 

Wasn't  Enough  Cake 
"Bridget,  were  you   entertaining   a   man   in 

the  kitchen   last  evening?" 
"Well,  mum,  that's  for  him  to  say.    Oi  done 

me  best  wid  the  materials  at   hand,  mum."— 

London  Tit-Bits. 

Real  Charity 

First  Charity  Visitor— "How  did  you  find 
poor    Mrs.    Holcomb?" 
Second  Charity  Visitor— "Nearly   frozen." 


>* 


tU 


JL 


First  Charity  Visitor— "Nearly  frozen? 
thought   St.   Andrew's   Helping  Hand   Society 
sent   her  a  lot  of  clothes?" 

Second  Charity  Visitor— "It  did;  and  she 
had  them  all  on— seven  peekaboo  waists  and 
four  slit  skirts. — Life. 

Considered  Essential 

Phi  Betta  Knickel— "I  am  thinking  of 
marrying.  I  come  of  a  marrying  family,  you 
know. 

Uhatei.  U.   BETT-"Yes?  I  do,  too. 

All  my  ancestors  insisted  on  it."— Cornell 
II  idow. 

A  Landmark 

Two  women  who  had  not  seen  each  other 
for  many  years  met  unexpectedly  in  the  street. 

'How  do  you  do?"  exclaimed  one,  effusively 

"Now,  this  is  delightful!"  said  the  other, 
who  was  the  elder.  "You  haven't  seen  me  for 
eleven  years,  and  yet  you  know  me  at  once!  I 
cannot  have  changed  so  dreadfully  in  all  that 
time.     It  flatters  me!" 

"Oh,  I  recognized  your  hat!"  said  the  first. 
— Pathfinder. 


Tactfully  Put 

"My  dear,  a  burglar  fired  a  revolver  at  a 
Boston  man,  and  the  bullet  struck  a  button 
thus   saving  his   life."  ' 


"Well,  what  of  it?" 

"Only  this :  A  man  could  shoot  at  me  with 
a  shotgun  and  never  hit  a  button."— Louisville 
C  ourter- Journal. 

Essential  Point 

At  a  negro  wedding,  when  the  clergyman 
read  the  words,  "love,  honor,  and  obey,"  the 
bridegroom  interrupted  and  said:  "Read  that 
again,  sah !  Read  it  once  mo',  so's  de  lady  kin 
ketch  de  full  solemnity  ob  de  meanin'  I'se 
been  married  befo'."—  Argonaut. 

Wait  Till  Summer 

Oscar— "Say,  you  ought  to  go  out  for 
track.     You  re  good  and   skinny  " 

Storr— "I'm  thin  all  right,  but  I'm  not  thin 
enough  to  run."—  Tiger. 

Anything  to  Oblige 

"Not  long  ago,"  relates  Ex-Speaker  Can- 
non, a  young  couple  came  in  from  the  sub- 
urbs to  New  York  City,  to  see  the  Hippo- 
drome. They  arrived  very  early  and  decided 
to  have  a  lunch.  They  visited  a  tea-room,  and 
had  the  place  all  to  themselves. 

"In  serving  them,  the  waitress  omitted  to 
supply  a  teaspoon,  and  the  fair  young  bride 
whispered  the  fact  to  her  husband. 

"Summoning  the  waitress,  the  young  man 
asked : 

"  'May   we   have   a   spoon  ?' 

'"Why,  certainly,'  replied  the  girl,  'I  am 
just  tidying  up,  and  you  can  have  the  whole 
room  to  yourselves  in  a  minute  or  two."— 
Ltpfincott's. 


"THE  TORTOISE"  OF  THE  OLD  ROMANS 

A  pageant  representing  the  ancient  conquerors  of  England  will  be  a  feature  of  the  military  tournament  of  London  this 

summer.    This  rehearsal  shows  how  the  men  of  Rome  attacked  fortifications  with  small  loss  of  life. 


A 

■ 

•m 

•i 

1 

• 
1 

mjpSf. 

Li 

*4 

■MU 

- 

■ 

COmWHT— - UNDERWOOD  It   UNDER  WOOD 


TRYING  TO  SCARE  THE  SUPERSTITIOUS 

The  world's  newest  and  greatest  steamship,  the  Vatcrland,  proved  too  much  for  New  York  harbor  on  her  first  trip  when 

she  ran  ashore,  drifted  a  mile  down  stream  and  was  finally  captured  by  a  fleet  of  tugs. 

%8 


BY  OUR  READERS 


Each  month  the  best  and  most  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  'will  receive  the  first  prize  of  twenty  dollars;  the  second 
best,  ten  dollars;  the  third  best,  five  dollars;  and  the  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prizes  will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  paid  for  such  material. 
Good  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value  of  your  item  and 
will  increase  its  chances  for  a  first  prize.  Items  not  'winning  prizes  but  considered 
worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our  regular  rates.  There  is  only  one 
restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete:  Professional  writers  are  not  eligible.  You 
need  not  be  a  subscriber  to  compete. 

Enclose  return  postage  if  you  desire  to  have  your  contributions  returned. 

Address  all  communications  to  Technical  World  Magazine,  "Made  by  Our 
Readers"  Department.  CHcago 


Fir.t  Prize,  Twenty  Dollan 

LIGHTS  THE  PEN  t'OTNT 

ryCTAGRAPH  and  secret  service 
work  is  to  be  aided  by  the  storage- 
battery  light  which  enables  the  detective 
to  illuminate  his 
pen  or  pencil  point 
and  put  down  his 
valuable  notes,  the 
while  shielding  the 
little  spot  of  light 
with  his  free  hand, 
even  though  he 
may  be  in  the  dark- 
ness of  a  night  in 
♦he  open  cr  in  a 
ticklish  position  in- 
side a  house  of 
mystery. 

The    small    elec- 
tric   bulb    is    pro- 


For  the  Detective,  Amateur  or  Professional 

The  pen  point,  lighted  by  a  little  electric  lignt,  is  for  use 

in  dictagraph  work  and  in  making  mining  records  below 

the  surface. 


tected  by  a  metal  cover  and  mounted  on 
a  circular  prong  so  that  it  can  be  slipped 
onto  any  writing  pen.  The  bulb  is  con- 
nected to  a  small  flash-light  battery  by 
a  silk  electric  cord. 

The  new  light 
has  been  used  in  a 
business  way  by 
miners  working  be- 
low the  surface  to 
keep  records  of 
excavations  and  of 
course  is  valuable 
for  anyone  who  has 
occasion  to  write 
in  the  dark.  Special 
delivery  letter  car- 
riers and  messenger 
boys  will  find  it 
invaluable. 

Arthur  J.  Lipson. 
Pensacola,  Florida. 

769 


770 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar,  i 

DANCES  POWER  FOR 

EXPERIMENTS 

IT  is  a  sort  of  dance  that  I  do  on  a  little 
platform,  rigged  to  transmit  power  to 
a  dynamo,  which  in  turn  furnishes 
power  for  experiments  and  charges  a 
battery  which  will  run  a  small  electric- 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

BOX  FOR  SHIPPING 
COLLAPSES 

A   CANVAS  and  leather  goods  manu- 
facturer  of   Trenton,   New   Jersey, 


The  Dancing  Platform 


the 


light    circuit.     Incidentally,    I    get 
same  exercise  that   I   would  if  I   were 
riding  a  bicycle. 

The  foot-pedal  arrangement  is  attached 
to  the  frame  of  an  ordinary  bicycle  from 
which  I  have  taken  the  front  wheel  and 
which  I  then  place  on  end.  A  number 
of  bricks  in  the  spokes  of  the  rear  wheel 
make  the  weight  necessary  to  turn  it  into 
a  flywheel.  The  levers  leading  to  the 
pedals  are  fastened  to  two  hinged 
platforms.  Standing  on  these, 
swaying  the  body  back  and 
forth  to  shift  the  weight 
and  sometimes  giving  full 
strokes  as  in  rid- 
ing, I  drive  the 
dynamo  which  is 
belted  to  the  rear 
bicycle  wheel  and 
thus  obtain  electric 
power. 

Charles  R.  Zickler, 
Yonkers.  New  York. 


The  Box  Opened  Up 
A  water-tight  folding  box.  built  of  steel  and  canvas,  prom- 
ises well  for  shippers. 

has  just  received  patent  rights  on  a  col- 
lapsible canvas  box,  reinforced  with  a 
steel  frame,  that  he  believes  will  revolu- 


The  Machine 

in  Profile 
The  old  bicycle, 
drivt-n  by  the 
dancing  plat- 
form,  drives  the 
dynamo  and 
gives  power  for 
the  experi- 
ments. 


MADE    BY    OUR    READERS 


771 


tionize  present-day  methods  of  sending 
fragile  merchandise. 

The   contrivance,   when   extended,   re- 


E 


^3 


Folded 

sembles  a  canvas  box  with  a  lid  of  the 
same  material.  The  canvas,  such  as  is 
used  for  mail  bags,  is  stretched  over  a 
steel  frame,  hinged  together  and  held  in 
place  by  catches  and  a  series  of  canvas 
flaps.  The  receptacle  is  water-tight  and 
end  frames  lock  the  box  to  prevent 
buckling. 

C.  Harold  Levy.  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar.) 

THE  HENS'  SUBWAY 

\Y/I-  fenced  the  orchard  in  for  the  hens 
but  their  coops  were  across  a  lane. 
It  was  an  uncomfortable  task  night 
and  morning  to  drive  the  flock  from  one 
place  to  the  other  until  we  built  the  sub- 
way. We  dug  a  trench  a  foot  deep  and 
two  feet  wide,  sprinkled  it  with  corn  as 
bait,  and  then  covered  it  with  boards 
heavy  enough  to  hold  up  the  passing 
vehicles.  The  hens  learned  very  quickly 
that  the  run  was  entirely  for  their  benefit 
and  we  haven't  been  bothered  with  them 
since. 

Newton  L.  Rideout,  Garland,  Maine. 


WATCH  FOR  BOXING 
CONTESTS 

INTENDED  to  record  the  minutes,  the 

rests,  and  rounds  in  boxing  contests, 

a  new  watch  has  a  special  dial  of  two 

circles    of    minutes.    The    outer    circle 


Keeps  Time 
for  THE 
Referee 


This  watch  was  de- 
veloped to  be  used 
in  boxing  matches 
to  keep  accurate 
count  of  the  rounds 
and  the  round  time. 


shows  the  three-minute  rounds  with  the 
one-minute  rest  in  black. 

The  watch  is  operated  in  the  following 
manner:  Just  before  the  boxing  contest 
the  stop  is  set  when  the  second  hand  is 
at  60.  The  minute  hand  is  then  set  at 
the  long  mark  at  the  top  of  the  dial. 
When  the  gong  sounds  the  slide  is  pushed 
up  and  the  watch  will  count  up  the  exact 
number  of  rounds  as  they  come  along. 
When  one  of  the  boxers  is  knocked  out 
the  watch  may  be  stopped  at  the  exact 
time  when  the  referee  says  ten. 

Robert  Nathan,  New  York  City. 


Orchard 


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v '■■■'■■  .. 


,ra~ 


=rf 


4^ 


?•; 


.henhouse. 


GOING  OUT  TO  FEED 
The  hens  spend  the  night  in  a  coop  in  the  barnyard  and  in  the-  morning  they  all  troop  through  the  subway  to  the  orchard 

where  they  like  to  scratch  around. 


772 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Tacking  Across  the  Rivzs 
Just  as  a  yacht  beats  against  the  wind,  the  current  boat  can 
a  cable  by  the  force  of  the  running  water. 

(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

TACKING  ACROSS  RIVER 
A  STEEL  cable  is  stretched  across  the 
^^  Klickitat  River  in  Southern  Wash- 
ington. Two  pulleys,  fastened  by  means 
of  a  board  at  a  fixed  distance  apart, 
traverse  the  cable.  From  the  ends  of 
this  board  ropes  run  to  two  pulleys  in 
the  boat.  When  swung  at  an  angle  to  the 
current  the  lateral  pressure  of  the  water 
forces  the  boat  sidewise,  and  guided  by 
the  cable,  it  crosses  the  river.  When  it 
is  desired  to  re-cross,  the  rope  in  the  bow 
is  allowed  to  run  out  until  the  bow 
swings  around  to  become  the  stern.  This 
propels  the  boat  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Charles  B.  Beery,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

TABLE  BOX  FOR  AUTO 

I  RECENTLY  made  a  food 
box  to  ride  on  the  fender  of 
the  automobile,  which  will  serve 
for  a  table  during  the  camping 
hours.  It  is  made  of  seasoned 
lumber,  brass  bound  and  has  a 
hinged  cover.  Shelves  within 
protect  various  articles  which 
would  be  injured  by  tumbling 
around  in  the  box,  and  handles 
on  the  ends  make  an  easily  trans- 
portable box  out  of  it  when  the 

:rosson        tjme    fof    the    tr;p    from    the    ma_ 

chine  to  the  picnic  ground  arrives. 
The  legs  are  set  at  an  angle  to  insure 
solidity     and    can     be     taken     off     and 


Rkady  for  a  Ride  on  the  Fender 

The  brass-bound  automobile  lunch  carrier  is  a  table  in 

disguise. 


As  the  Table  for  Picnics 

When  the  food  has  been  taken  out  the  box  can  be  set  on 

Legs  which  are  easily  detachable. 

slipped  into  the  box  for  packing.  There 
is  a  compartment  for  a  water  tank  for 
use  when  going  where  the  supply  of 
drinking  water  is  doubtful.  It  can  be 
made  any  size,  but  mine  is  twenty-five 
inches  long,  ten  inches  wide  and  twenty 
inches  deep. 

Since  the  day  of  the  old  wicker 
hamper,  which  was  part  of  the  equipment 
on  the  first  rear  door  machines,  many 
attempts  have  been  made  to  produce  a 
suitable  lunch  table  and  carrier,  compact 
and  not  too  conspicuous.  We  have  found 
my  device  almost  ideal. 

Horace  W.  McCurdy,  Port  Townsend,  Washington. 


MADE   BY   OUR   READERS 


773 


Telephones  to  Mother 

The  baby,  deeping  outdoors,  has  a  telephone 

at  hand  ao  thai  when  anything  goes  wrong,  the 

mother  is  bound  to  know  it  very  soon. 


Third  Prize.  Five  Dollar>) 

TELEPHONE    NURSEMAID 
DROBABLY   the  youngest  child  to 
use   a  telephone   habitually   is  to  be 
found  at  the  present  time  in  Guernsey, 
England,      where      a      four-months-old 
baby  sleeps  every  fine  day  in  the  open 
air  with  a  telephone  transmitter  at  his 
side  by  which  he  calls  his  mother  on 
awakening.    Thus  a  problem  is  solved 
which  has  troubled  many  a  busy 
mother   who,   having  no   nurse- 
maid,  cannot   spare  time  to  be 
constantly  outside  looking  after 
baby  and  yet  is   not  willing  to 
deprive  her  child  of  the  benefits 
gained  by  allowing  him  to  sleep 
in  the  open  air. 

The  baby  here  referred  to  be- 
longs to  the  engineer-in-charge 
at  Platte  Fougere  Lighthouse 
Station  who,  in  order  to  allow 
his  boy  to  benefit  by  the  breezes 
blowing  in  from  the  Atlantic, 
contrived  this  method.   Inside  the 


baby's  carriage  is  a  cigar  box  containing  the 
telephone  transmitter  and  a  small  clock.  Wires 
running  up  to  the  house,  twenty  yards  away, 
enable  the  mother  in  the  intervals  of  her  work  to 
hear  the  baby's  cry. 

The  clock,  although  its  use  is  not  at  first  ap- 
parent, forms  an  essential  part  of  the  device,  for 
the  sound  of  its  ticking  provides  the  necessary 
proof  that  the  telephone  is  transmitting  sounds 
correctly.  This  employment  of  the  telephone  as 
nursemaid  has  proved  completely  successful  and 
is  in  daily  use.  A  rain  alarm  has  also  been 
evolved  to  give  warning  by  causing  an  electric 
bell  to  ring  when  a  shower  comes  on. 

James  Maclntyre,  San  Francisco,  Cat. 
Jl 
(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

REMOVABLE  OVEN  SHELF 

""TO  aid  the  housewife  in  removing  the  various 
dishes  from  the  oven  of  her  stove,  without 
burning  her  hands,  the  new  oven  shelf  works 
on  a  lever.  With  this  new  device  the  user  merely 
operates  the  handle  on  the  side  of  the  stove, 
which  brings  the  center,  or  rack  of  the  oven  out 
to  the  front ;  it  is  perfectly  rigid,  being  suspended 
by  the  arms  of  the  device  and  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  any  other  means  of  support. 

The  shelf  has  a  parallj  movement 
which  is  accomplished  by  a  series  of  four 
levers,  and  a  short  motion  of  the  handle 
brings  the  rack  out  a  considerable  dis- 
tance. It  should  prove  indispensable 
when  the  basting  of  a  fowl  is  in  process. 
Owing  to  the  simplicity  of  the  fixture, 
the  operating  parts  will  wear  as  long  as 
the  stove. 

James  H.  Moore,  Hamilton,  Canada. 


Don't  Burn  Your  Finger? 

The  lever  on  the  right  actuates  the  oven  shelf  and  makes  it  possible 

for  the  housewife  to  baste  meat  in  safety. 


774 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


COLORADO  PLAYS  THE  RED    GAME 

( Continued  from  page  653) 


They  intended  to  do  it  through  the  ballot. 
Since  miners  make  up  the  big  bulk  of 
the  workers  in  Colorado  and  since  the 
workers  were  setting  out  to  control  the 
state  government,  nothing  is  more  nat- 
ural than  that  the  miners'  union  should 
set  out  deliberately  to  gain  political 
mastery.  That  is  precisely  what  was 
done.  But  the  common  miners  knew 
little  of  this  plan.  They  were  more 
interested  in  earning  their  daily  bread 
than  in  anything  else.  Their  leaders  had 
worked  out  for  them  all  the  details. 

When  the  union  deliberately  decided 
to  enter  a  contest  for  the  political  mastery 
of  Colorado — through  the  unionizing  of 
the  mines — the  two  men  who  are  its 
master  spirits  were  put  in  charge.  They 
were  Frank  J.  Hayes,  vice-president, 
and  William  Green,  secretary-treasurer. 

In  every  detail,  they  showed  skill  and 
ability.  For  instance,  the  headquarters  of 
the  striking  miners  were  located  at  Lud- 
low. This  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State.  Northern  Colorado  had  withstood 
a  strike  of  these  same  miners  for  four 
years.  This  eliminated  it  from  the  pos- 
sibilities as  western  headquarters.  To 
pitch  the  camp  in  the  southern  field 
would  not  only  open  a  new  district  to  the 
union  but  it  would  fire  the  zeal  of  the 
strikers  in  the  northern  section.  To  have 
two  strikes  going  on  at  once  might  arouse 
the  whole  State. 

Then,  too,  Ludlow  is  not,  strictly 
speaking,  a  mining  town.  The  nearest 
mine  is  several  miles  away.  By  selecting 
Ludlow  as  their  home,  the  recruits 
were  not  mustered  and  armed  on  mining 
property.  They  did  not  iniude  the  field ; 
they  merely  camped  on  the  edge  of  it. 

However,  no  strike  breakers  could 
enter  that  field  without  coming  into  con- 
tact with  Ludlow.    That  is,  strike  break- 


ers would  most  likely  enter  from  the 
east.  They  had  choice  of  many  routes 
to  Pueblo  or  Trinidad,  but  only  the  Colo- 
rado and  Southern  cut  through  the  coal 
field,  from  Pueblo  on  the  north  to  Trini- 
dad on  the  south.  Ludlow,  halfway  be- 
tween the  two,  commanded  the  railroad 
key  to  the  mining  district.  The  mere 
presence  of  strikers  at  that  point  would 
intimidate  any  intending  intruder. 

The  strategy  of  this  location  is  not  un- 
derstood until  this  is  considered.  The 
camp  was  not  on  mining  property. 
Therefore,  if  the  state  militia,  which  had 
orders  only  to  protect  property,  ever 
should  attack  this  camp,  it  would  have 
to  move  off  mining  property  to  do  so. 
That  would  be  a  violation  of  orders  and 
a  mere  statement  to  that  effect  would 
arouse  public  sympathy  for  those  as- 
sailed.   That  would  win  the  strike. 

The  cleverness  of  this  planning  does 
not  appear  at  once.  If  this  camp 
were  not  attacked,  strike  breakers  would 
be  scared  away  and  the  strike  would  be 
won.  Either  way,  the  camp  at  Ludlow 
promised  to  win  for  the  union.  And, 
success  for  the  union  meant  only  union 
men  in  the  Colorado  mines.  This  would 
mean  also  a  labor  party  in  Colorado. 

The  leaders  of  the  Colorado  strikers, 
therefore,  were  not  seeking  to  gain  their 
ends  by  violence.  Flagrant  disregard  of 
the  labor  law  of  the  State  so  far  as  it 
affected  miners,  could  not  be  remedied 
merely  by  unionizing  the  labor  forces. 
A  strong  union  meant  a  strong  organi- 
zation— an  organization  that  could 
quickly  be  converted  into  a  political  labor 
party.  If  the  men  in  office  could  not  or 
would  not  enforce  the  laws  the  miners 
purposed  to  elect  men  who  would.  That 
is  the  issue  that  has  fired  Colorado  and 
the  nation. 


m  c 


3    EJ 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


775 


There's  "An  Ocean  Of   Comfort"  In  B.  V.  D. 

You  wear  a  coat  and  a  smile  with  B.  V.  D.  On  land  or  sea, 
in  city  or  country,  outdoors  or  in  the  office,  B.  V.  D. 
takes  the  bite  out  of  the  "dog-days".  It  keeps  you  cool. 
Being  loose-fitting  in  drape,  it  lets  invigorating  air  at  your  pores. 
Being  light-woven  in  fabrics,  you  hardly  feel  that  you  have  it 
on.     If  you  dance,  B.  V.  D.  leaves  you  arm,  leg  and  body-free. 


For  your  own  welfare,  fix  the  B  V.  D. 
Red  Woven  Label  in  your  mind  and 
make  the  salesman  shoiu  it  to  you.  That 
positively  safeguards  you.  On  every 
B.   V.   D.    Undergarment    is    sewed 

7«>  Kid  W(rvm  tahtl 

rMADE~FORTHE* 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


776 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


{Continued 

individual  estimates  that  day,  and  a  man 
toiling  under  the  sun  is  to  be  advanced 
and  another  demoted  who  little  dreams 
what  the  sharp  blue  eyes  of  the  Colonel 
have  seen.  But,  whatever  things  he  has 
seen  and  decisions  he  has  made,  Colonel 
Goethals  is  up-to-date  on  all  the  work- 
ings of  the  great  project  under  his  con- 
trol, and  by  the  same  time  tomorrow  he 
will  have  another  day's  estimate. 

That  is  his  idea  of  administration,  of 
executive  ability.  The  common  defini- 
tion of  the  term  is  "the  power  success- 
fully to  plan  and  delegate  labor".  That 
is  only  half  a  definition  in  the  Goethals 
dictionary.  He  adds,  "and  to  oversee  all 
details  and  personally  attend  to  as  many 
as  waking  hours  will  permit." 

And  then  there  are  his  Sunday  inter- 
views. 

These  affairs  are  positively  feudal  in 
their  aspect  and  method.  They  explain 
more  than  anything  else  can  why  Goe- 
thals attends  to  everything  about  the 
canal  digging  and  its  administration  and 
why  he  is  the  supreme  court  in  every- 
thing personal  about  the  job.  Nothing  is 
too  small  or  too  large  for  him  to  handle 
and  settle,  and  on  Sunday  morning  his 
"grievance  parlors"  are  filled  with  every- 
body from  division  superintendents  to 
negro  laborers.  The  Colonel  sees  all  in 
turn,  listens  patiently  to  all,  and  renders 
final  judgment.  There  are  no  lower 
courts  than  he;  no  appeals  from  him. 

To  have  made  Goethals  the  first  gov- 
ernor of  the  zone  wasn't  a  reward,  and 
I  don't  believe  he  considers  it  so.  It  was 
recognition  and  valued  by  the  Colonel 
chiefly  because  it  gave  him  an  opportunity 
to  set  the  great  machinery  of  the  canal  in 
motion,  to  keep  his  best  men  in  the  per- 
manent organization,  to  put  a  polish  on 
the  great  work  and  set  its  foundations  in 
the  rocks  of  eternity.  When  this  is  done, 
Goethals  will  gladly  leave  Panama. 

He  worked  out  the  administration  of 
the  canal  construction  work  like  a  mathe- 
matical problem,  but  he  did  not  fail  to 
remember  that  his  elements  were  human, 


from  paet  661) 

not  arithmetical.  Therefore,  while  trains 
always  left  on  time  and  lazy  and  dis- 
tinguished visitors  were  often  left  be- 
hind ;  while  punctuality  was  impressed 
throughout  the  service  and  men  were 
expected  to  render  their  own  account 
of  themselves,  Goethals  instituted  a 
medal-and-publication  system  to  promote 
healthy  rivalry.  Those  who  remained  on 
the  job  for  two  years  were  given  the 
right  to  wear  a  little  medal  on  which  a 
bar  was  placed  for  every  additional  two 
years  spent  in  the  work.  That  medal, 
once  lost,  could  never  be  replaced ;  it 
became  a  sacred  badge  of  honor,  as  cher- 
ished as  the  Victoria  Cross.  The  records 
of  teams  in  excavation  work  were  all 
published  in  the  Canal  Record  in  parallel 
column,  and  the  gang  left  behind  one 
week  forged  ahead  under  the  sting  of 
shame  the  next. 

Goethals  took  all  the  responsibility  and 
exercised  all  the  power.  He  bossed  firm- 
ly; he  demanded  results  and  judged  by 
them  in  their  relation  to  the  completion 
of  the  work.  If  a  man  did  his  task  and 
spent  the  allotted  time  upon  it,  the 
Colonel  was  satisfied.  He  never  meddled 
with  the  reasonable  pastimes  and  pleas- 
ures of  his  varied  helpers  when  they  were 
off  duty.  He  jailed  or  deported  undesir- 
ables, but  he  never  closed  traffic  into  the 
cities  of  Panama  and  Colon — which  are 
under  the  flag  of  the  Republic  of  Panama 
— so  long  as  those  who  went  into  the 
cities  returned  in  condition  to  do  their 
labor.  He  handled  a  heterogeneous,  ad- 
venturous population  by  methods  at  once 
easygoing  and  firm. 

Therefore,  by  the  logic  of  his  own 
mathematics,  the  major  glory  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  United  States  at  Panama  must 
come  to  Goethals.  For  if  tomorrow  the 
great  water-bridge  should  collapse,  and 
ruin  should  blot  out  the  long,  patient 
years  spent  under  the  tropic  sun  and 
stars,  the  anathema  of  the  nation  would 
fall  on  the  broad  shoulders  of  George 
W.  Goethals,  and  he  would  uncomplain- 
ingly square  them  to  the  load. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


777 


Napoleonic  Inlay  Enamel  Monogram 


The  New  Triumphs 

of  the  Master  Goldsmiths 


The   latest  products  of  the 
craft.  Exquisitely  beautiful. 
The  very  newest  art  de- 
signs. Your  own  initials 
handsomely  engraved 
on  the  suberb  fold 
strata  case — guar- 
anteed for  twen' 
five  years. 


The  masterpiece  of    watch 
manufacture —  1 9  j  e  w  e  I  s , 
adjusted  to  the  second — 
adjusted  to  positions — ad- 
justed to  temperatures — 
adjusttd  to  tsochronism. 
Open  face  or  hunting 
case,  ladies'  cr  jen- 
i:  man's  sizes 


Eiaabethean  Inlay 


Ribbon  Monogram 


Diamond  Initial 


A    Special    Offer! 

The  Superb  Burlington  Watch  now  at  the   /^~Mmm  Watch  £L 
direct  rock-bottom  price — the  same  price  that  even     /     mn  st.  and  Marshall  Blvd. 

.,  7      7  J        •  1  \Ll_  2  L.  /       Dept.l23Y  Chicago.  1U. 

the  wholesale  jeweler  must  pay — either  tor  cash     /  piea*.  send  me  (without  obii- 
.  50  a  month  on  this  great  special  offer !     We  send    /  ^^  "witc^T^Tin'e" 

/    planation   of  your  cash   or  $2.50  a 
/     month  offer  on  the  Burlington  Watch. 

/ 

r     Name - — 

/     Address - - 


the  watch  on  approval,  prepaid.     Not  a   cent   to  risk. 

Write  For  New  Book  of  Designs 


Learn  the  inskle  facts  about  watch  prices,  and    the 
reason  for  our  direct   stupendous    rock-bottom  offer. 


Burlington  Watch  Co. ,  jjffd8'  jjjrtjj|  Chicago     / 


/ 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


778 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


Only*I5|2tfh0,! 


Height  of  engine  15  inches; 
weight  of  engine  45  lb*.    Can  be 
carried  in  a  suit  case. 

Just  the  thing  tor  running  a 
lathe,  drill,  saw,  washing  machine,  fan, 
sewing  machine, ice  cream  freezer, auto 
air  pump,  vacuum  cleaner,  horse  clipper. 

This  engine  fills  a  long-felt  want,  a  smal' 

power  engine  for  the  workshop,  doing  the  work  of  an 
electric  motor  for  one-third  the  cost. 
No  workshop  is  complete  without  power  and  no  workshop  can 
afford  to  be  without  power  when  the  EMPIRE  can  be  purchased 
for  almost  nothing.  A  child  ten  years  old  should  learn  to  oper- 
ate it  in  thirty  minute?. 

DESCRIPTION 

The  EMPIRE  is  a  two-cycle,  jump  spark  engine.  Is  made  alnmr  simple  and 
practical  lines  bo  that  it  is  n<jt  difficult  to  handle.  The  crank  shaft  ia  made  of 
best  drop  forge  eteel.  The  piston  has  two  rings,  being  also  made  of  the  best 
obu.in.ible  material.  The  fly-wheel  >ind  pulley  are  cast  In  one  piece  and  are 
keyed  to  the  crank-Bhaft  with  a  Woodruff  key.  The  water  hopper  is  of  ample 
capacity  to  keep  "he  -ngine  at  the  proper  running  temperature.  The  fuelis 
k  pt  m  the  base  of  the  engine  an  i  is  mixed  with  the  lubri -ating  oil,  this  doing 
away  with  unnecessary  sight-feed  oilers,  at  the  same  tim.-  insuring  proper 
lubrication.  The  speed  is  variable,  from  300  to  1000  R.  P.  M..  and  can  be 
changed  while  the  engine  is  in  motion.  Engine  shipped  complete,  including 
batteries,  spark  coil  and  all  equipment  necessary  to  operate. 

GUARANTEE 

We  unconditionally  guarantee  that  every  pound  of  material  used 
in  the  EMPIRE  3-4  H.  P.  is  free  from  defect  in  material  or  work- 
manship, and  will  replace  any  time  within  three  years  from  date 
of  purchase  any  parte  showing  defect  from  either  cause  above 
stated.  OUR  PROPOSITION 

We  will  ship  one  of  these  engines  complete  upon  receiptor »15.00 
money  order  or  bank  draft,  to  any  address,  or  will  make  a  time 
proposition  as  follows:  810.00  money  or  bank  draft  with  order 
and  $2.00  per  month  for  five  months,  or  820.00  In  alt. 
This  $15  price  is  special  and  holds  good  for  a  limited  time 
only.  Betterordertoday.  Exclusive  agency  given  to  live  wires 

I    EMPIRE  NOVELTY  CO.,  Depr.  B,  Waterloo,  Iowa 


THE  CLIPPER 


There  are  three  things  that  destroy 
your  lawns— Dandelions,  Buck  Plan- 
tain, and  Grab  Grass.  In  one  Beason 
the  Clipper  will  drive  them  all  out. 

Your  dealer  should  have  them  — If 
he  has  not,  drop  us  a  line  and  we  will 
eend  circulars  and  prices. 

CUPPER  LAWN  MOWER  CO. 

Box  15    Dixon.  III. 


The  "WASHBURNE" 

Paper  Fastener 
of  "O.K."  fame.     Brass,  3  sizes, 
in  brass  boxes  of  50  &  1 00  each. 

Your  Stationer,  1 0  6c  20jrf.    Send   1C** 
for  sample  box  of  50. 

Yearly  SaleOver  100  Million 
Booklet  of  oar  3  "O.K."  office  necessities 
Free.    Liberal  Discounts  lo  the  Trade. 
THE  0.  K.  MFG.  CO.,  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  U.S.A. 


DIJf*K'r£  Big  325   p.  Electrical 


Wireless  Catalog 


Mailed  lor  8e,  s tamp-  or  coin,  which  you  rimy  derinct  mi  first  order  of  $1.00. 
Great  eosfc  of  catalog  and  low  prices  prohibit  distribution  except  to  those 
really  interested.  Most  elaborate  catalog  of  its  kind  published.  Catalog: 
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STEEL  LINES  TIE  AFRICA  TO 
WORLD 

{Continued  from  page  612) 

placed  at  over  three  hundred  million 
dollars.  This  is,  however,  by  no  means 
the  most  extraordinary  feature  of  this 
railroad,  for  it  traverses  a  remarkable 
water-power   region.     Africa's   proverb- 


A  Cape  to-Cairo  Freight  Car 
The  negroes  arc  carefully  watched  as  they  load  such  valu- 
able commodities  as  elephant  tusks. 

ially  heavy  rainfall,  together  with  its 
abundant  supply  of  lakes  and  rivers, 
produces  numerous  waterfalls  where 
huge  volumes  of  water  descend  over 
earth  or  rock  formation  to  lower  levels. 
For  instance,  at  the  Ripon  Falls  on  the 
Victoria  Nyanza  the  flow  of  water  is 
recorded  as  pouring  at  the  rate  of 
eleven  million  gallons  a  minute,  while 
the  breadth  of  the  falls  is  only  eight 
hundred  and  fifty  feet — offering  wonder- 
ful power  possibilities.  Engineers  have 
already  discovered  more  than  five  thou- 
sand of  these  waterfalls — water-power 
centers — along  the  route  of  the  Cape-to- 
Cairo  Railroad. 

Railroads  in  Africa  are  the  per- 
manent highway  between  mid-Africa, 
with  its  genuinely  tropical  fertility, 
and  the  outside  world ;  and  they  are 
the  greatest  monument  of  the  noble 
work  of  civilization.  By  their  means 
vast  territories  have  been  rapidly 
brought  under  control,  the  slave  trade 
has  become  a  thing  of  the  past,  and 
they  have  proved  themselves  unques- 
tionably the  most  potent  factor  in 
guaranteeing  peace  and  prosperity  to 
the  savage  races  over  whom  the  white 
man  has  accepted  or  forced  suzerainty. 


TECHNICAL   WORLD  MAGAZ1M 


779 


Why  Internal  Bathing 

Is  Essential  to  Health 

By  C.  GILBERT  PERCIVAL,  M.D. 


Xo  matter  how  well  or  how  regular  you 
think  you  are,  unless  you  are  entirely  differ- 
ent from  seventy-five  million  other  Ameri- 
cans, you  do  not  eat  the  food  nor  perform 
the  manual  labor  that  will  permit  your  sys- 
tem to  rid  itself  of  all  the  waste  which  it 
accumulates,  without  any  assistance. 

This  waste,  accumulating  a  little  at  a  time 
in  the  colon  (lower  intestine),  is  proven 
almost  the  sole  cause  of  our  feeling  dull  and 
heavy,  and  lacking  in  ambition,  initiative 
and  keenness  on  some  days,  especially  if  the 
atmosphere  be  heavy  and  the  day  unpro- 
pitious. 

As  you  probably  know,  there  is  nothing 
more  poisonous  than  this  waste,  and  the 
blood,  in  circulating  through  the  colon,  takes 
up  and  distributes  just  enough  of  it  through- 
out the  body  to  rob  us  of  much  of  our 
normal  efficiency,  and  pull  us  down  below 
"concert  pitch." 

Of  course,  the  more  the  accumulation,  the 
more  serious  the  effect,  and  any  physician 
will  tell  you  that  95  per  cent,  of  all  diseases 
would  be  absolutely  prevented  if  the  colon 
were  kept  free  from  waste. 

Invariably,  as  you  know,  the  very  first 
step  every  physician  takes  in  a  case  of  real 
illness,  no  matter  what  its  nature,  is  to  give 
a  laxative  to  get  rid  of  the  waste. 

If  we  can  consistently  eliminate  the  waste 
all  our  functions  work  properly  "and  in 
accord — there  are  no  poisons  being  taken 
up  by  the  blood,  so  it  is  pure  and  imparts 
strength  to  every  part  of  the  body  instead 
of  weakness — there  is  nothing  to  clog  up 
the  system  and  make  us  bilious,  dull  and 
nervously  uncertain  in  our  work. 

You   will   never  thoroughly   realize   how 


altogether  bright,  clear  and  perfectly 
healthy  you  can  feel,  until  for  a  time  you 
have  been  entirely  free  from  this  accumu- 
lation. 

The  best  way  to  be  rid  of  it,  is  the  most 
natural  way,  with  the  least  strain  on  the  sys- 
tem, and  nothing  could  be  more  simple  or 
thorough  than  warm  water,  if  properly 
applied. 

Dr.  Charles  A.  Tyrrell  of  New  York  has 
specialized  on  Internal  Bathing,  and  made  it 
his  study  for  25  years,  and  the  "J.  B.  L. 
Cascade"  for  Internal  Bathing  is  the  finished 
result  of  his  experiments  and  experience. 
This  has  been  steadily  growing  in  favor  and 
use  for  the  past  15  years. 

Physicians  are  taking  it  up  more  widely 
and  generally  every  day,  and  it  seems  as 
though  everyone  should  be  informed  thor- 
oughly on  a  practice  which,  though  so 
rational  and  simple,  is  so  effective  in  its 
results. 

A  most  interesting  little  book  has  been 
written  by  Dr.  Tyrrell  called  "Why  Man  of 
Today  Is  Only  50  Per  Cent.  Efficient," 
which  gives  much  valuable  information  of 
his  researches  and  experience,  and  will  be 
sent  to  anyone,  without  cost,  who  writes 
Charles  A.  Tyrrell,  M.  D.,  134  W.  65th  St.. 
New  York  City,  and  mentions  having  read 
this  in  Technical  World. 

This  is  a  subject  which  is  little  under- 
stood generally,  and  seems  to  be  of  suffi- 
ciently vital  importance  to  deserve  a  more 
intimate  knowledge.  You  will  find  that  this 
book  treats  the  subject  so  clearly  and  in- 
timately as  to  be  most  instructive,  and  is 
well  worth  the  reading. 


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EDUCATION  AS  A  BY-PRODUCT 

{Continued from  page  129) 

night  public  schools.  More  men  go  to 
school  nights  in  Gary  than  there  are 
boys  enrolled  in  the  day  classes. 

The  schools  are  in  truth  social  cen- 
ters, in  the  best  meaning  of  the  term. 
Each  of  the  larger  schools  contains  a 
branch  of  the  public  library  and  the 
library  board  is  planning  to  put  a  spe- 
cial high  school  reference  library  in  the 
Emerson  Building  next  Fall.  The 
shops,  playgrounds,  gymnasiums,  swim- 
ming tanks,  etc.,  are  open  to  all,  under 
proper  restrictions.  Anybody  in  the 
city  can  go  to  any  school  shop  at  night 
and  make  whatever  he  needs  for  his 
own  use,  entirely  free  of  charge,  except 
as  to  the  cost  of  material.  The  audi- 
toriums are  available  for  public  and 
neighborhood  use.  The  auditorium  at 
the  Froebel  Building,  which  seats  one 
thousand,  is  filled  twice  each  Sunday 
afternoon;  once  with  children  listening 
to  some  entertainment  furnished  by  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association ; 
afterward  with  adults  who  hear  many 
fine  concerts  and  strong  speakers.  This 
school  is  in  the  foreign  section  of  the 
city  and  it  is  a  great  sight  to  see  that 
motley  audience,  brought  together  for 
better  citizenship,  from  nearly  every  na- 
tion of  the  globe. 

In  his  earlier  school  experiences  Mr. 
Wirt  found  a  different  spirit,  a  spirit 
which  said  that  everything  new  was  for 
some  reason  bad,  but  at  Gary  it  has  been 
different.  When  he  established  play- 
grounds and  athletic  fields  he  was  not 
told  that  these  became  dens  of  iniquity 
because  the  boys  used  bad  language,  for 
it  was  admitted  that  this  habit  was  picked 
up  on  the  streets,  not  on  the  playgrounds. 
Without  the  new  feeling  born  at  Gary 
it  would  have  been  impossible  for  him 
to  hope  to  realize  the  great  vision  which 
has  shaped  itself. 

"We  need  a  new  type  of  municipal  in- 
stitution," he  says,  "securing  the  organ- 
ized co-operation  of  churches,  library, 
schools,  and  homes,  to  the  end  that  the 
city  may  become  a  fit  place  for  the 
rearing  of  children." 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


781 


■NMMflP 

«  ■*&sssssi/s//maus///ssss/ssss*s* 

p^-f^j  ft*""*-** 

For  the 
Mother 


For  the 
Child 


Protection  For  The  Home 

The  strongest  desire  of  husband  and  wife  is  the  welfare  of  their  children.  The  husband  works 
hard  to  provide  for  them,  and  would  be  glad  to  tnow  how  best  to  safeguard  them.  The  wife  works 
hard  too — in  the  home  —  and  is  equally  interested  with  her  husband  in  sound  insurance-protection. 

Net  Cost  is  Low  in  the  Postal  Life 


Because:     1st.  Commission-Dividends  ranging, i 
Whole  Life  Policies,  up  to 


40% 


of  the  premium  go  to  Policy holders 
the  first  year. 


2nd.     Renewal-Commission      Dividends 
Off  ice- Expense  Savings  covered  by  the 


and 


9i 


o 


guaranteed  dividends,  go  to  Policyholders  in 
subseoJent  years. 


Beginning  at  the  close  of  the  accord  year,  the  Usual  contingent  Policy -dividends, 

based  on  the  Company's  earnings,  still  further  reduce  the  cost  each  year  after  the  first. 

The  woman's  interest  in  insurance- protection  and  health- conservation  in  the  home  is  not 

less    than  her  husband's.      Nowadays  sensible  people  talk  these  things  over  together. 


Why  Not  Investigat 

The  Postal  Life  issues  all  the  standard  forms — 
Whole  Life,  Limited-Payment  Life, 
Endowment,  Joint-Life,  Child's  Wel- 
fare and  Industrial :  all  these  are  yours  to 
choose  from ;  but  it  is  probable  that  you  will 
be  most  interested  in  a  Monthly  Income 
Policy — the  Contract  that  will  provide  a 
regular  monthly  income  for  life. 
^  lite  the  Company  for  Official  Information, 
giving  date  of  birth  of  both  husband  and  wife, 
also  occupation.  The  Company  will  send 
full  particulars,  and  then  you  can  talk  it  over 
together.     Pleas*  mention  TECHNICAL 

World  for  My. 

No  Agent    will  be  sent  to  visit  you : 

the   benefit  of  his  commission  goes  to   you 
because  you  deal  direct. 


e? 


STRONG  POSTAL  POINTS 

First:  Standard  policy  re- 
serves now  nearly  $10,000- 
ooo.  Insurance  in  force 
nearly  $50,000,000 
Second :  Old-line  legal  re- 
serve insurance—  not  fra- 
ternal or  assessment. 
Third:  Standard  policy- 
provisions,  approved  by  the 
State  Insurance  Depart- 
ment. 

Fourth:  Operates  under 
strict  State  requirements 
and  subject  to  the  United 
States  Postal  Authorities. 
Fit  I  h:  High  medica  /stand- 
ards in  the  selection  of  risks. 
Sixth:  Policyholders' 
Health  Bureau  arranges 
one  free  medical  examina- 
tion each  year  if  desired. 


Postal  Life  Insurance  Company 


WM.  B.  MAIONE,  President 
35  Nassau  Street  W  *XQTBX. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


THE  TRUTH  OF  THE  MATTER 


M 


R.  TIBERIUS  HALF- 
PENNY, who  is  the  wealth- 
iest citizen  of  a  small  Mis- 
souri town,  was  for  many 
years  an  ardent  collector  of 
works  on  history.  History  was  his  fad 
and  he  spent  a  large  portion  of  his  in- 
come in  buying  histories  of  all  sorts. 

One  summer  afternoon  Mr.  Tiberius 
Halfpenny  was  sitting  in  his  library 
reading  a  new  work  on  the  history  of  the 
French  Revolution,  when  he  heard  a  shot 
just  outside  of  his  window.  He  hastily 
pressed  the  button  on  his  table  and  in- 
structed the  servant  who  appeared  to  go 
out  and  ascertain  what  was  the  cause  of 
this  shot  as  well  as  what  its  results  had 
been.  The  servant  being  gone  some 
time,  Mr.  Halfpenny  despatched  another 
servant  and  the  second  not  returning  he 
despatched  in  rapid  succession  a  third 
and  a  fourth.  Presently  they  began  to 
return  and  each  one  gave  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent account  of  the  proceedings  he  had 
been  sent  to  investigate.  After  listening 
to  the  last  one  he  ordered  his  entire 
library  of  history  carted  out  to  a  vacant 
lot  and  burned. 

All  of  which  is  just  another  way  of 
saying  that  it  is  tremendously  difficult  to 
get  at  the  actual  facts  of  any  matter.  We 
meet  one  man  who  declares  that  he  has 
seen  the  mayor  of  a  large  city  in  a  state 

SB? 


of  intoxication  and  another  man  who 
declares  that  he  has  known  this  public 
man  all  his  life  for  a  complete  abstainer. 
One  man  tells  us  that  the  people  of 
Mexico  are  sunk  in  superstition  and 
ignorance ;  another  equally  credible  wit- 
ness declares  that  they  are  polished,  cul- 
tured, and  intelligent  people  whose  ideas 
of  government  are  so  different  from  ours 
that  we  cannot  understand  them  or  they 
us.    And  so  it  goes. 

For  these  reasons  the  task  of  Tech- 
nical World  has  always  been  particu- 
larly difficult.  Our  name  Technical 
World  has  never  been  intended  to  signify 
that  the  contents  of  our  magazine  were 
obscure  or  filled  with  puzzling  formulas. 
We  have  used  the  word  "Technical"  in 
its  broad  meaning,  which  is  merely  that 
things  are  accurate,  correct.  In  other 
words,  we  attempt  to  give  you  the  kind 
of  thing  that  you  yourself  would  give 
were  you  reporting  the  facts  of  a  particu- 
lar case  by  letter  to  some  friend. 

Take  for  example  a  short  article  that  is 
to  appear  in  our  August  issue.  It  seems 
that  in  a  certain  part  of  Europe  bandits 
have  acquired  the  merry  practice  of 
stretching  heavy  wires  across  roads  at 
night  to  wreck  automobiles,  and  that  an 
inventor  comes  forward  with  a  device 
which  will  enable  automobilists  to  avoid 
this  danger.     This  story  might  give  one 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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[na«e  I  AMERICAN  TECHNICAL 

I  audkhss...... |  SOCIETY 

|  Occupation 

L reference I      HWi  Street  and  DreKl  Avenue 
iMaaaiaaaaaBHiaBaBaaaaJ  CHICAGO.  Illinois 


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784 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


person  the  impression  that  European 
roads  were  infested  by.  bandits ;  it  might 
give  another  person  the  impression  that 
Europe  was  lawless;  and  still  another 
person  might  get  the  idea  that  European 
roads  were  very  narrow  and  dark.  This 
does  not  alter  the  fact,  however,  that  we 
have  given  the  main  facts  accurately. 

In  a  certain  African  seaport  there  is 
an  aerial  cableway  that  transports  people 
and  produce  from  the  temperate  to  the 
tropic  zone  in  a  very  short  time.  The 
reason  for  this  cableway,  the  various 
uses  to  which  it  is  put,  and  many  other 
details  make  an  extremely  interesting 
article,  particularly  when  you  consider 
that  all  of  the  statements  are  plain  facts. 
Were  you  to  send  four  or  forty  servants 
to  investigate  the  matter,  we  are  quite 
sure  that  they  would  not  give  as  accurate 
a  report  as  that  which  you  will  read  in 
our  August  issue. 

Ask  a  man  the  color  of  his  new  spring 
suit  and  if  he  replies  that  it  is  blue,  what 
idea  do  you  get  ?  Almost  certainly  your 
mind  will  immediately  think  of  a  very 
dark  navy  blue  that  looks  black  at  night. 
Ask  a  man  the  color  of  a  robin's  egg  and 
he  will  also  respond  that  it  is  blue.  But 
you  don't  think  of  the  same  blue  at  all. 
This  is  true  of  all  the  primary  colors. 
There  are  infinite  numbers  of  shades  and 
mixtures,  but  until  very  recently  there 
have  been  no  standard  names  for  them. 
Now  all  this  is  to  be  changed.  A  scientist 
in  the  employ  of  the  Government  at 
Washington  has,  after  years  of  experi- 
ment, elaborated  a  most  remarkable  and 
perfect  system'  for  overcoming  this  diffi- 
culty. His  system  will  enable  merchants 
and  shippers  or  anyone  else  to  write  or 
telegraph  describing  precisely  any  shade 
of  a  color  that  may  be  wanted,  and  they 
may  be  absolutely  sure  that  they  will  get 
exactly  that  shade,  because  the  Govern- 
ment will  have  it  on  record  under  a 
given  name  and  number  just  as  it  has  a 
standard  foot  or  a  standard  yard  by 
which  all  instruments  may  be  tested. 
Thus  are  we  making  increased  accuracy 
possible  for  the  historian.  To  say  that 
Napoleon   Bonaparte  wore  a  blue  coat 


means  practically  nothing.  To  say  he 
was  five  feet  two  inches  in  height  tells 
us  something  very  definite.  In  time  to 
come  the  statement  that  in  the  year  1914 
Woodrow  Wilson's  hair  was  slate  gray 
may  mean  something  just  as  definite  as 
a  precise  statement  of  his  height  or 
weight.  But  you  must  read  this  article 
giving  all  of  the  details.  It  is  not  only 
very  interesting  but  very  important. 

We  shall  also  tell  about  a  new  method 
of  dressing  granite  that  greatly  decreases 
the  death  rate  of  the  workers  in  this  dan- 
gerous trade. 

Were  you  to  see  the  high  officers  of 
the  United  States  Navy  squatted  upon 
the  floor  shaking  dice  and  moving  little 
bits  of  wood,  what  would  you  think  about 
it  and  what  kind  of  an  account  do  you 
think  Mr.  Halfpenny's  messengers  would 
bring  him  ? 

Well,  we  believe  that  we  are  giving  the 
correct  account  of  this  peculiar  phe- 
nomenon. These  people  are  playing  a 
very  old  and  very  important  game  and 
they  are  in  deadly  earnest. 

Read  all  about  it  in  the  August  issue. 

Out  at  the  crowded  bathing  beach  the 
cry  goes  up  that  a  man  is  drowning. 
Almost  instantly  from  a  shed  some-  dis- 
tance away  a  long  thing  on  wheels 
swings  suddenly  forward,  runs  at  a 
racing  gait  to  the  water's  edge,  flings  a 
life  preserver  at  the  end  of  a  line  to  the 
drowning  person,  whilst  a  man  plunges 
after  him.  After  the  rescue  one  of  sev- 
eral devices  for  resuscitating  the  victim 
is  put  into  action  and  probably  a  life  is 
saved.  This  new  device,  which  has  so 
far  been  installed  on  one  bathing  beach. 
is  something  that  you  want  to  know 
about,  particularly  in  the  months  of  July 
and  August  when  most  of  the  drownings 
occur.  It  is  fully  described  in  the  August 
issue,  on  the  news  stands  July  17. 

The  August  issue  looks  interesting  to 
us  and  we  know  that  every  item  is  as 
accurate  as  it  is  possible  to  make  it.  You 
had  better  make  a  memorandum  to  buy 
the  August  issue  and  try  the  entire  menu. 
We  can  at  least  promise  it  will  produce 
no  mental  dyspepsia. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


785 


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173  Big  Business  Men 

Reveal  llTieir  Inside  Methods 

For  the  first  time  the  world's 
keenest  and   most    successful 

business  men  have  written  out  their 
ideas  and  experiences,  and  have  revealed 
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millionaire  merchant;  or  R.  H.  Ingersoll,  of  the 
Ingersoll  watch;  and  having  these  masters  of 
business  tell  you  how  they  rose — what  ideas 
and  methods  have  helped  them — how  they 
prepared  themselves  for  bigger  opportunities — 
how  they  organize  and  manage — how  they 
plan  advertising  and  selling  campaigns — how 
they  keep  down  expenses  and  increase  profits! 

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-Selling  Plans 


— Office  Systems 

— Short-cuts  and  methods  for 

every  line  and  department. 
— Position-Getting 
— Position-Holding 
— Business  Generalship 
— Competition  Fighting  and 

hundreds   and   hundreds 

of  other  vital  business 

subjects. 


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Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


FOR  HIS  HIGH 
NESS.  TOtf 
KHEDIVE 


The  train  is  made  up  of  two  gasoline   motor  cars  which 
^^^^^^  apply  their  power  through  electric  dynamos  which 

i^       ^^^^^^^^  drive  motors.    The  chimney  is  for 

■^*»,^.  thuyas  exhaust. 


lllllliiiiiiiiiNiu 


Nil 


KHEDIVE'S  TRAIN 

AN  electric  train  lately  built  for  the 
Khedive  of  Egypt  and  his  court  is 
made  up  of  two  similar  motor  cars, 
and  these  are  equipped  on  the  com- 
bined gasoline  motor  and  electric  sys- 
tem ;  that  is,  a  gasoline  motor 
runs  a  dynamo,  and  the  current 
goes  to  electric  motors 
which  run  the  car.  Each 
of  the  two  cars  has  a  com- 
plete outfit  composed  of  a 
gasoline  engine  and  electric 
motors,  and  the  train  can 
be  run  from  the  motor- 
man's  post  at  either  end. 
The  car  frame  extends  for 
some  distance  beyond  the 
car  body  at  the  front,  so 
that  the  motor  which  is 
mounted  here  can  easily  be 
looked  after  by  removing 
the  cover,  somewhat  as  in 
an  automobile.  The  vertical 
chimney,  which  is  seen  against 
the  car,  houses  the  exhaust  gas 
pipes  of  the  motor  and  also  the 
pipes  connecting  the  motor  to 
the  radiator,  this  latter  being 
placed  on  the  front  end  of  the 
car  roof.  Cars  of  this  type 
have  been  built  for  short  hauls 
in  America  but  have 
never  been  put  to 
use  on  such  an 
extensive 
scale  up  to  ^ 
the  pres- 
ent time. 

786 


PROJECTS  MICROSCOPIC 

VIEW 

DHOTOGRAPHIC    slides    of    what 
can  be  seen  through  a  microscope 
have  long  been  in  use  and,  of  late,  even 
moving  pictures   of  what   takes   place 
under     the     microscope 
have   been   made,   but  a 
London  optician  has  re- 
cently  perfected   an   in- 
strument   that    actually 
throws  magnified  objects 
onto    a    screen    without 
the  use  of  the  camera  as 
a  medium. 

The     apparatus     con- 
sists   of    a    high-power 
inverted    microscope    to 
which    is    attached    a 
strong  arc  light.    The 
material  on  the  slide 
appears    on     a    little 
screen,   a   foot   square, 
in  front  of  the  instru- 
ment, magnified  ac- 
cording  to    the   power 
of  the  microscope.  The 
device  will  be  exceed- 
valuable    in    the 
class  room,  for  it  will 
enable  the  instructor 
in  botany,  for  in- 
stance,   to    show 
his  specimens 
on  the  screen 
and    explain 
them    in 
detail  to 
the   pupil. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE  787 

The  Spirit  of  1914 

nHE  spirit  of  advancement  and  ac- 
■*■       complishment  is   exemplified   by 
the  Technical  World  Magazine. 

In  the  East,  the  standard  fiction  magazines 
are  pre-eminent:  but  in  the  Middle  West  and  the 
Coast  States  where  the  realities  of  life  are  the 
things   they  want — people  read 

TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 

It  grips  its  readers  with  true  stories  of  man's 
right  to  conquer  the  forces  of  nature;  with  its 
accounts  of  hopes  fulfilled  and  ideals  realized. 
Its  heroes  are  real  men  who  are  actually  doing 
big  things  to  speed  up  the  progress  of  the  world. 

Every  member  of  the  family  is  interested  in 
Technical  World  stories  because  everybody  ap- 
preciates real  heroes,  real  bravery,  real  progress 
and  real  intelligence. 

Over  150,000  families  read  it. 

Nearly  seventy  per  cent  of  these  families  are  in  the 
middle  and  far  West. 

Such  readers  should  interest  every  wide-awake  ad- 
vertiser. 

Advertising  rate:  $160.00  per  page  and  pro  rata  down 
to  seven  lines. 

Technical  World  Magazine 

Chicago.  U.  S.  A. 

Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  whet:  writine  advertisers. 


788 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


BY  SHIP.  FRENCH,  AND 
ENGLISH  TIME 

A  DEPARTURE  in  time  telling  which 
**  co-ordinates  land  and  nautical  time, 
extends  the  counting  hours  to  differen- 
tiate day  from  night,  and  includes  both 
the  twelve-hour  and  the  twenty- 
four-hour  system,  has  just 
been  invented.  The  time 
is  indicated  on  a  com 
bination  clock  dial 
by  the  usual  hour 
and  minute  hands. 
Three  circles 
within  a  fourth 
divide  the 
dial.  The 
outer  circle  is 
divided  into 
minutes,  carry- 
ing the  num- 
bers from  1  to 
60.  The  second 
circle  has  the 
numbers  from  13 
to  24,  representing 
the  hours  after  noon, 
and  recording  the  time  by 
the  new  French  system.  The 
third  circle  has  the  numbers 
from  1  to  12,  and  represents 
the  forenoon  time.  The 
inner  circle  designates  the 
nautical  time  by  ship's  bells. 
Nautical  time  is  divided 
periods  of  four  hours  each, 
being  struck  by  an  even  number  of  bells, 
and  the  half  hours  by  the  succeeding 
odd  number.  Eight  bells  is  the  greatest 
number  struck,  and  occurs  thrice  in  each 


twelve  hours.  If  the  minute  hand  were 
at  60  and  the  hour  hand  at  6  on  the  dial, 
the  time  would  be  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  or  six  o'clock  in  the  evening, 
by  the  old  way  of  reading  time- — four 
bells  by  nautical  time,  six  or  eighteen 
o'clock  by  the  new  system. 


WEIGHS  LOAD  OF 
BELT 
CONVEYORS 


A 


What  Time  Is  It  in  France? 
This  clock  will  tell  you.  and  it 
will  tell  you,  too,  how  many 
bells  it  is.  (That's  the  way  they 
count  time  on  shipboard.) 


into    three 
the  hours 


MACHINE 

c  a  1 1  ed     a 
"poidometer" 
has    been    con- 
st r  u  c  t  e  d  for 
weighing     and 
regulating    the 
flow  of  materi- 
als traveling  in 
a     continuous 
stream     over     a 
belt  conveyor.     It 
can  be  attached  to 
any  hopper,  bin,   or 
elevator  spout,  and  de- 
livers  the   material  to  a 
conveyor  in  an  even,  regular 
flow,   weighing  and  record- 
ing the  amount  handled. 

A  belt  travels  over  pulleys 
and  idlers  and  is  similar  to 
that  used  on  a  regular 
conveyor.  At  one  end  dl  the  weighing 
mechanism  is  a  roller  over  which  the 
loaded  conveyor  belt  runs.  The  pressure 
on  this  roller  regulates,  by  means  of  the 
proper  mechanism,  the  amount  of  mate- 
rial allowed  to  flow  from  the  hopper. 


''.'i^'A^-'v'-iVVfj^jsKa^fiBeKJKSSKKJK^a^^ftMrJ^/v:;'  S^'i^MSafeSvSS;^:^  ^.-^''^SSiSJsR^ 


WEIGHS  AND  REGULATES 

The  poidometer  is  attached  to  belt  conveyors  so  that  the  operators  can  tell  just  how  much  material  is.  passing.    It  can 
he  set  to  st  p  automatically  after  a  certain  amount  has  been  carried. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


789 


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prepared  for  the  business  man  who  would  attain  the  highest  efficiency—  for  the  superintendent  who  wants  to  know  how  every  department  is  conduct- 
ed— for  the  executive  who  wants  to  be  able  to  guide  and  check  his  departments — for  the  ambitious  man  who  is  training  himself  for  advancement— 
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Contents:    Everything  A  Business  Man  Should  Know 


Vol.  I—  Business  Organization,  Advertising,  Sales,  Collections.  Credits, 
Shipping,  Export  Shipments,  Business  Statistics,  etc. 

Vol.    II— Purchasing  and   Stores,    Catalogues,    Time    Keeping,    Cost 

Analysis,  Shop  Management,  Practical  Manufacturing  Methods,  etc. 
T»l.    Ill  —  Commercial    Law,    Banking,    Clearing    House    Methods, 

Partnerships,  Corporations,  Securities,  Contracts,  Leases,  etc. 
Vol.  IV--Methods  of  Bookkeeping.   Principles  of  Accounting,  Trial 

Balance,  Corporation  Methods,  Voucher  Systems,  etc. 
▼•I.  V— Special  Accounting.  Systems.   Inventories,  Stock  Brokerage, 

Recording  and  Billing,  Handling  Bankruptcy  Proceedings,  etc. 

THIS  MAtiMlKINT  SET  is  bound  in  substantial  half 
red  American  Morocco  leather,  with  22  carat  gold  titles  and  deco- 
riimns,  and  marbled  edges.  The  reading  matter  is  set  in  c,lear  readable 
type,  and  printed  on  a  good  quality  of  book  paper.  The  drawings, 
photographs,  tables,  forms,  etc.,  used  to  Illustrate  the  text,  were  pre- 
pared iWjjlil  lllW  i'jr  use  in  this  work  Every  business  man  will  want 
to  own  one  of  these  attractive  sets,  so  send  in  your  order  today  and  take 
advantage  of  the  very  liberal  reduction  now  in  effect.  Remember; 
the  ■iiJJrliil  price  In  only  9~4.80,  regular  price,  #50.00. 

Mail  This  Coupon  for  FREE  Examination 

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for  seven  whole  days.  If  you  keep  them,  pay  $2.00  down  and  $2.00 
per  month  until  the  introductory  price  of  f>24.80  is  paid.  The  regular 
price  of  this  great  library  is  $50  00  but  on  this  Introductory  offer, 
the  special  price  is  only  $24.80.  The  fait  that  you  can  return  these 
books  If  not  satisfactory  is  our  absolute  guarantee  that  they  are  all  we 
•-tn  to  lie.  Just  fill  out  the  coupon  and  mail  it  to  us  at  once — 
while  tins  ■pedal  offer  is  open.  Signing  tl  e  coupon  does  not  obligate 
you  to  pay  one  cent— the  bonks  can  be  returned  at  our  expense. 

American  Technical  Society,  Chicago,  U.S.  A. 


Vol.  VI  —  Auditing,  C.  P.  A.  Requirements,  Corporation  Corporate 
Business,  Specialized  Forms  for  Corporation  Auditing,  etc. 

Vol.  VII— Banking.  Savings  and  Safety  Deposit  Accounting,  Publishers' 
Accounting,  Installment  Sales  and  Collections.  Advertising  and  Sub- 
scriptions, Practical  Accounting  Problems,  Magazine  Records,  etc. 

Vol.  VIII— Brewers"  Accounts,  Retail  Store  Accounting.  Mail  Order 
Business,  Follow-up  Systems,  Stock-keeping,  Classifying  Costs,  etc. 

Vol.  IX— Insurance,  Real  Estate,  Loans,  Rentals,  Abstracts,  Contract- 
ors' and  Insurance  Accounts,  Cost  Keeping,  Agency  Organization,  etc. 

V«l.  X— Department  Store  Accounts,  Store  Management,  Hotel  and 
Club  Accounting,  Commission  and  Brokerage,  Trade  Discounts,  etc. 


Free  Examination  Coupon 

AMERICAN  TECHNICAL  SOCIETTt 

Please  send  complete  set  of  Cyclopedia  of  Commerce,  Account- 
ancy, and  Business  Administration  for  7  days*  free  examination.  I 
will  send  $2.00  within  7  days  and  $2.00  a  month  until  1  have  paid 
$24.80;  otherwise  1  will  notify  you  and  hold  the  books  subject  to 
your  order.     Title  not  to  pass  until  fully  paid.  T.W.  7-14 

Nam  i- 

Address 

Occupation 

As  I  have  had  no  previous  dealings  with  you,  I  refer  you  to 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


Oppprtunit^;G)lumns 


AGENTS   WANTED 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  MAN  OR 
WOMAN  $12.50  to  distribute  100  FREE  pkgs. 
Perfumed  Borax  Soap  Powder  among 
friends.  No  money  required.  U.  Ward 
Company,  218  Institute  Place,  Chicago. 


HONEST  MAN  WANTED  in  each  town  to 
distribute  free  advertising  premiums;  $15  a 
week  to  start;  experience  unnecessary:  ref- 
erences required.  Address  McLean,  Black 
&  Co..  10  8.  Beverly  St.,  Boston.  Mass. 


AGENTS— 500%  PROFIT,  FREE  8AM- 
ple  Gold  and  Silver  Sign  Letters  for  store 
fronts  and  office  windows.  Anyone  can  put 
on.  Big  demand  everywhere.  Write  today 
for  lil>eral  offer  to  agents.  Metallic  Letter 
Co.,  401  N.  Clark,  Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


ANCIENT  EGYPTIAN  SECRET— Royal 
Incense.  Most  astonishing  uses,  a  necessity 
and  convenience.  Is  attractively  fragrant. 
A  mystery  of  centuries.  Large  metal  box 
25c.  If  not  satisfied  your  money  re- 
turned. No  free  samples.  Agents  wanted 
—every  town.  The  Traffic  Co.,  1137R  Shef- 
field Street,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


AGENTS— A  NEW  ONE.  Concentrated 
soft  drinks.  Every  home,  church-fair, 
picnic,  lawn-fete,  ball-park,  stand,  etc.,  buys 
them.  Whirlwind  sellers.  Great  profits. 
Small  package  makes  32  glasses— orangeade, 
grape,  raspberry,  etc.  Hurry— don't  wait — 
be  ready  for  the  hot  season.  Write  quick. 
American  Products  Co.,  3094  Sycamore  St., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


AGHNTS-RICH-LOOKING  IMPORTED 
rugs,  36x68.  sell  quickly  in  every  home. 
Either  write  for  descriptions  and  terms  to 
agents  or  else  send  98c  for  sample  rug  pre- 
paid.  H. Condon,  Importer.  Stoningtoii.  Me. 


AT    LAST!      A   VACUUM    CLOTHES 

washer;  washes  tub  of  clothes  in  3  minutes. 
Washday  now  a  pleasure.  Women  grab  it 
at  $1.50.  Agents  price  50c  in  quantities. 
Wendell  Co.,  343  Oak  St..  Leipsic.  O. 


AGENTS  — SALARY  OR  COMMISSION. 

Greatest  seller  yet.  Every  user  of  pen  and 
ink  buys  on  sight.  200  to  500  per  cent  profit. 
One  agent's  sales  $620  in  six  days;  another 
$32  in  two  hours.  Monroe  Mfg.  Co.,  X-3, 
LaCrosse.  Wis. 


BE  INDEPENDENT!     START    MONEY- 

making  business  at  home-  five  new  formulas 
for  25c.  The  Anjo  Co.,  Box  497,  Galesburg, 
111. __J ' 

AGENTS-Become  Christyized.  Get  into 
a  permanent  business  selling  guaranteed 
household  necessities  saving  consumer  four- 
fifths.  Enormous  profits.  Big  Special  In- 
troductory Offer.  Investigate  immediately. 
Arthur  N.  Christy  &  Co.,  Dept.  L,  Newark, 
New  York  State. 


ANALYSIS 


CHEMICAL  AND  MICROSCOPICAL  AN. 
alysesof  Technical.  Household  and  Toilet 
Preparations.  Practical  working  formulas 
developed.  Correspondence  invited.  J.  C. 
Dunnican,  Analytical  Chemist,  230  Electric 
Ave.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


AUTOMOBILES  AND  AUTOMOBILE  BOOKS 


USE  AN  AIR-FRICTION  1914  MODEL 
"C."  Increases  power  and  economy  of 
motor  one-half.  Absolutely  impossible  to 
choke  or  load.  Uses  distillate,  gasoline  or 
half  kerosene  with  finest  results.  Starts 
easy  in  coldest  weather.  We  fit  all  motors, 
guaranteeing  definite  results  or  refund 
money.  Exclusive  county  rights.  Liberal 
exchange  on  other  carburetors  or  old  stvle 
Air-Frictions.  The  Air-Friction  Carbure- 
tor  Co.,  Dayton.  Ohio. 

WAITED— PARTIES  INTERESTED  IN 
reducing  fuel  cost  of  operation  of  automo- 
biles and  trucks  to  secure  particulars  eon- 
cci-iiinc  G  ARBUTT'  S  ECON  ( >  M 1Z I E 1 1 S . 
Sold  on  a  positive  guarantee  to  give  more 
mileage  per  gallon  and  increase  efficiency 
of  motor.  Patent  allowed  April  17,  1914. 
A.  G.  Garbutt.  Statenville,  Ga. 


AUTOMOBILES  AND  AUTOMOBILE  BOOKS 

(Continued) 


OYCLECAR  — all  parts.  Motors,  Frames, 
Steering  Gear,  Hubs,  Spokes,  Rims,  Tires, 
Parts.      Catalogue    free.      Palmer    Bros., 

Coscob,  Conn. 


$8.50  GAS  ENGINE  LIBRARY  FOR  $3.00. 
The  library  presents  all  phases  of  gas  engine 
work.  The  periodica]  included  means  ap- 
proximately 1300  pages  of  current  education- 
al matter.  This  i» the  LIBRARY:  "GasEn- 
gine  Troubles  and  Remedies."  $1.00;  "Ig- 
nition, Timing,  and  Valve  Setting,*'  $1.00; 
"Suction  Gas,"$1.00j  "Girl  and  the  Motor," 
$1.00;  "Farm  Gas  Engines,"  $1.00;  "Ques- 
tions and  Answers,"  $1.50:  "Gas  Engine 
Foundations,"  50c;  "Gas  Engine  Calcula- 
tor. '50c;  "THE  GAS  ENGINE."  96  pages, 
monthly;  one  year  or  renewal,  $1.00.  Sample 
free.  A  big  $H.50  value  for  $3.00.  The  GaB 
Engine  Publishing  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O. 

USED  CARS  can  be  quickly  sold  through 
these  columns.  Very  low  rate.  Write  Ad- 
vertising Manager,  5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago, for  information. 


BOOKS 


BOOKS,  ALL  KINDS.  CATALOGUE 
free.  Mention  subject  or  language.  O. 
Kigene  Co..  K2441  Post  St.,  San  Francisco. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  WOMAN  $250.00 
for  distributing  2000  FREE  packages  Per- 
fumed Soap  Powder  in  your  town.  No  mon- 
ey required.  U.  Ward  A  Co.,  218  Institute 
Place,  Chicago. 

I  MADE  A  FORTUNE  IN  MAIL-ORDER 
business.  From  small  beginning  my  sales 
now  total  close  to  One  Million  Five  Hundred 
Thousand  Dollars  annually.  Whycan'tyou 
do  as  well?  Get  my  free  booklet — "How  To 
Make  Money  In  The  Mail  Order  Business." 
Randolph  Rose,  234  Rose  Bldg.,  Chattanooga, 
Tenn. 

CASH  FOR  YOUR  BUSINESS  or  real 
estate.  I  bring  buyers  and  sel  iers  together. 
If  you  want  to  buy.  sell  or  trade,  address 
Frank  P.  Cleveland,  1311  Adams  Express 
Bldg.,  Chicago.  111.    Established  1881. 

A  PRACTICAL  business  offer.  Shop  right 
orexclusive  territory  on  profitable  concrete 
specialties,  concrete  marble,  decorative 
concrete,  sanitary  flooring,  etc.  No  machin- 
ery, small  investment;  homework.  Increase 
your  income.  Art  Stone  Co.,  Box  H, 
Waynesboro,  Pa. 

LEARN  THE  REAL  ESTATE  BUSINESS. 

Our  complete  instruction  book  teaches  list- 
ing, appraising,  management,  salesmanship, 
insurance,  brokerage,  advertising,  renting 
agency,  forms,  etc.  121  subjects.  Excels 
$20.00  correspondence  course.  Buckeye  cover 
75c.  Silk  cloth  $1.00,  postpaid.  Realty  Book 
Company,  6001  Euclid  Ave.,  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

START  AN  ORIGINAL  MAIL  ORDER 
or   Parcel    Post    business.      Honest,    inde- 

Eendent,    small    capital.        New    Methods. 
lig  money.     W.  Clement  Moore,  Business 
Specialist,  New  Egypt,  N.  J. 

I  MADE  $50,000  IN  FIVE  YEARS  WITH 

a  small  mail  order  business;  began  with  $5. 
Send  for  free  booklet.  Tells  how.  Heacock, 
Box  648.  Lockport,  N.  Y. 


IF  YOU  EARN  LESS  THAN  $40  PER 
week  our  proposition  will  be  valuable  to 
you.  We  have  hundreds  of  representatives 
in  all  parts  of  the  world  earning  handsome 
incomes.  Permanent,  attractive,  dignified 
work.  Sales  possibilities  unlimited.  Costs 
you  nothing  to  investigate. 

Write  today.  H.  SancheAOo.,  Dept.  C-44, 
4W9  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

WE  HAVE  BEST  PROPOSITION  IN 
U.  S.  for  right  party  with  few  thousand 
Dollars  and  services.  Pioneer  Mfg.  Co., 
Bentley,  111. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES  -Continued 


ARE  YOU  PLANNING  TO  ENTER  THE 
mail  order  field?  You  can  reach  750,000 
readers  through  these  columns  at  an  un- 
usually low  rate.  We  will  gladly  prepare 
your  copy  and  give  you  any  information  or 
advice  desired.  Write  Advertising  Manager, 
5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  for  particulars. 


CAMERAS 


HAVE  YOU  A  CAM  ERA?  Write  for 
samples  of  my  magazine.  American  Photog- 
raphy and  Popular  Photography,  which 
tell  you  how  to  make  better  pictures  and 
earn  money.  F.  R.  Fraprie,  629  Pope  Build- 
ing, Boston,  Mass. 

SAVE  40%  ON  PHOTO  PAPER-FROM 
factory.  INSTANTO  prints  quicker,  ban- 
died easier,  shows  better  detail.  Bend  25a 
for  three  doz.  postals  4x6.  Mon-' 
guarantee.  The  Photo  Products  Co.  (Mire.), 
6117  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

BUY  ENGLISH  POCKET  CAMERAS  IN 
Canada.  Nine  stylesof  real  pocket  cameras 
not  sold  by  other  dealers  in  America;  high 
grade;  finest  lenses;  send  for  particulars. 
R.  F.  Smith,  Montreal.  Canada. 


COINS   AND   STAMPS 

$4.25  EACH  paid  for  U.  S.  Flying  Eagle 
Cents  dated  1866.  Keep  all  money  dated  be- 
fore lNKi,  and  send  10c  at  once  for  New  Il- 
lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  mav 
mean  your  fortune.  Clarke  A  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers,  Box  142.  Le  Roy,  N.  Y. 

STAMPS  FREE  — 100  DIFFERENT  FOR 
the  names  of  two  collectors  ami  tw>>  oenta 

fiostage.  10  different  foreign  coins  1  ">.■■.  20 
tussian  stamps,  10c.  Lists  free.  Toledo 
Stamp  Co.,  Toledo,  Ohio. 

8T  AM  PS  — 105  CHINA,  ETC.,  STAMP 
Dictionary  and  list,  2c.  Billiard,  Sta.  A4. 
Boston. 


CORRESPONDENCE  SCHOOLS 


COLLEGE!! -WHY  NOT  GO?  WE  CAN 
easily  and  quickly  prepare  you  for  entrance 
to  a  school  of  Medicine,  Dentistry,  Phar- 
macy, Bacteriology,  Osteopathy,  Law,  Engi- 
neering, or  a  University.  Investigate  ami 
New  Method  Residential  and  Home  Study 
Courses;  also  Self -Help  Plans.  Send  today 
for  Booklet  telling  how  to  successful lv  pre- 
pare for  1914  registration.  Brooks  Classical 
School,  Dept.  T-W,  Schiller  Bldg..  Chicago. 

YOUR  HANDWRITING  GREATLY  IM- 

S roved  by  mail.     Short  time.     Small   cost. 
ou rnal    free.    Francis   B.  Courtnev.   Box 
B-492,  Detroit,  Mich. 


DRAWING   MATERIALS 


DRAWING  MATERIALS.  BIG  CATA- 
logue  free.  Stevenot  Company,  14  Cooper 
Union,  New  York  City, 


HELP  WANTED 


LOCAL  REPRESENTATIVE  WANTED 

—Splendid  income  assured  right  man  to  act 
as  our  representative  after  learning  our 
business  thoroughly  by  mail.     Former  vx- 

Eerience  unnecessary.  All  we  require  is 
onesty,  ability,  ambition  and  willingness 
to  learn  a  lucrative  business.  No  soliciting 
or  traveling.  All  or  spare  time  onlv.  This 
is  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  a  man  in 
your  section  to  get  into  a  big  paying  busi- 
ness without  capital  and  become  independ- 
ent for  life.  Write  at  once  for  full  par- 
ticulars. National  Co-Operative  Realty 
Company.  L-136,  Marden  Building,  Wash. 
ington,  D.  C. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


791 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS-Continued 


HELP  WANTED  — Continued 


FREE  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK  tells  of 
about  300.000  protected  positions  in  U.  S. 
service.  Thousands  of  vacancies  every  year. 
Than  is  a  big  chance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pay.  lifetime  employment.  Just 
ask  for  booklet  B-2.  No  obligation.  Earl 
Hopkins,  Washington.  D.  0. 

I  WILL  8TAKT  YOU  earning  $4  daily  at 
home  in  spare  time,  silvering  mirrors;  no 
capital:  send  for  free  instructive  booklet, 
giving  plans  of  operation.  G.  F.  Kedmond, 
Dept.  B-P.  Boston.  Mass. 

BKPORT  INFORMATION.  NEWS, 

NAM  EK.  etc..  to  us.  No  canvassing  — spare 
time.  We  have  established  markets.  Par- 
ticulars  for  stamp.       "NI80O"  —  HOF  — 

Cincinnati. 

GET  CASH  FOR  NAMES.  IDEAS,  FOR- 
mulas,  information.  Booklet  for  stamp. 
Information  S-tcm.  725,  Marietta,  Ohio. 

BE  A  DETECTIVE.      BIG    SALARIES: 

nice  work;  needed  everywhere;  experience 
unnecessary  Write  Wagner.  1243  Lexington 
Ave.,  New  York,  Dept.  326. 

ANY  INTELLIGENT  PERSON  MAY 
earn  steady  income  corresponding  for  news- 

gnpent.    Experience  unnecessary.    Address 
Tese  Corresponding  Bureau.  Washington, 
1).  C. 


MEN  OF  IDEAS  and  inventive  ability 
■houl'l  write  for  new  "Lists  of  Needed  In- 
vention*," "Patent  Buyers*'  and  "How  to 
Get  Your  Patent  and  Your  Money."  Advice 
FREE.  Randolph  A  Co..  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept.  36,  Washington.  P.  C. 


MEN  AND  WOMEN  WANTED  FOR 
Government  Jobs.  S66to$LVlmonth.  Parcel 
Post  and  Income  Tux  making  hundreds  ap- 
pointments. Vacations.  LifeJobs.  "Pull" 
unnecessary.  Common  education  sufficient. 
List  of  positions  available  sent  free.  Write 
immediately  Franklin  Institute,  Dep'tH29, 
Rochester.  N.  Y. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


GRANDFATHERS  CLOCK  WORKS. 
ST). mi.  Slightly  shopworn,  quantity  limited, 
others  with  chimes,  all  prices;  also  several 
nice  grandfathers  cliHk  cases,  exceptional 
bargains.  Clock  Company,  1690  Cayuga  St., 
Philadelphia.  Pa. 


MACHINERY 


INVENTORS:  We  manufacture  metal 
articles  of  all  kinds,  to  order.  Also,  special 
machinery,  tools  and  dies,  punchiugs,  lathe 
and  screw  machine  work,  metal  spinnings, 
castings,  plating,  wood  and  metal  patterns, 
etc.  Send  sample  for  estimate  and  expert 
advice,  free.  THE  EAGLE  MFG.  OO., 
Dept.  E,  Cincinnati.  O. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


MAGAZINES.  LOWEST  BATES  GUAR- 
anteed.  Catalog  free.  American  Magazine 
Agency.  Rox  1222,  Atlanta.  Ga. 


INSECTS  WANTED.  ALL  SALABLE. 
Rarities  SI. 00  to  $T>,0OU.  Get  instruction  book. 
Send  stamp.  J.  Sinclair,  D*20,  Los  Angeles, 
Cal. 


LANGDAGE8!      CONVERSATIONAL 
one  of  4000  words  in  a  short  time.     Easiest, 

?uickest,  best  method  for  self-instruction 
n  French,  German,  Spanish  or  Italian. 
Nearly  a  million  successful  users.  Refer  to 
any  language  student.  Complete  course, 
each  language,  including  correction  of  les- 
sons and  exercises.  10  parts  $5.00.  payable 
COO  down.  $1.00  monthly.  The  Rosenthal 
Method,  92  Putnam  Building,  2  West  46th 
Street,  N.  Y. 


BREED  MINK.    BIG  RETURNS.    PAR- 

ticulars,  stamp.     George  F.  Norton,  Pleas- 
antvllle,  N.  Y. ___ 

35  YEARS  OF  NERVOUSNESS  AND 
How  It  Was  Mastered,  by  The  Man  Who  Did 
■  n  with  Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox's  New 
Thought  booklet  and  three  months*  trial 
sulffw-ription  to  Nautilus  magazine  of  self- 
help,  for  10  cents.  The  Elizabeth  Towne 
Co.,  Dept.  776.  Holyoke,  Man. 


MISCELLANEOUS-Contlnued 


SELL  HERBS  BY  MAIL.  NEW  IDEA 
Instruction  book  worth  dollars,  only  10c. 
Indiana  Herb  Gardens,  Box  M,  Hammond, 
Ind.  (1) 


125  BOND  LETTERHEADS  AND  125  EN- 
velopes,  white,  pink,  blue  or  green,  printed, 
$1  prepaid.  Samples.  W.  Kinnear,  Box  206, 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y. 


"SEXUAL  PHILOSOPHY,"  12c.  CLEAR, 
specific,  authoritative,  complete.  Satisfies. 
Teaches.    Fred  E.   Kaessmann,  Lawrence, 

Mass. 


HISTORICAL  BATTLE  OF  GETTY8- 
burg.  22x28  in  colors,  sent  prepaid  for  50c. 
Silver  Gem  Novelty  Co.,  Box  471,  Helper, 
Utah. 

TOWNSEND'S  SUPERIOR  GUMMED 
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Co..  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


MUSIC 


BLACK  PANSY  MARCH  FOR  NAMES 
of  music  buyers  or  dealers.  Catalog  free. 
Lester  Miexel),  Covington,  Va. 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 


BUSINESS  GOES  WHERE  INVITED 
and  stays  where  well  treated.  My  27  years 
of  personal  attention  has  procured  patents 
forsuccessful  inventorsand  manufacturers. 
Grasp  this  opportunity  to  get  the  same  ser- 
vice. Write  and  send  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges.   630    Barrister  Bldg.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  Send 
sketch  for  free  expert  search  and  report  as 
to  patentability.  Books  on  inventions  and 
IHtcintl.  and  book  of  references  from  con- 
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ventors sent  free.  John  S.  Duffle  A  Co., 
606  F.  8t.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  If,  0. 


PATENTS   AND   PATENT   ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 


PATENTS  without  advance  attorney's 
fees.  Send  sketch  for  free  report.  Books 
free.    Fuller  A  Fuller,  Washington,  D.  O. 


PATENTS  — HERBERT  JENNER,  pat- 
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St.,  Washington,  D.  O.  I  report  free  of 
charge  if  a  patent  can  be  had  and  its  exact 
cost.    Send  for  circular. 


PATENTS  THAT  PROTECT.  Adviceand 
booksfree.  Highest  references.  BestresultB. 
Send  sketch  or  model  for  free  search. 
Watson  E.  Coleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  624  F 
Street,  Washington.  D.  0. 


PATENT  YOUR  INTENTION.  $10,000 
offered  for  inventions  wanted.  Booklet  and 
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WRITE  FOR  "Words  of  Value  to  In- 
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"PATENTS  AND  PATENT  POSSIBIL- 
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about  patents,  v.  hut  to  invent  and  where  10 
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MECHANICAL  IDEAS  OFTEN  MAKE 
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PATENTS  WANTED  AND  BOUGHT  BY 
manufacturers.  For  interesting  and  valu- 
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large  Illustrated  paper  Visible  Results  and 
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INVENTORS-WRITE  FOR  OUR  SPE- 
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for  FREE  SEARCH.  Wm.  N.  Moore  ACo., 
706  Loan  A  Trust  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  0. 

INVENTIONS  DEVELOPED  BY  PRAC- 
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PHOTOGRAPHY 


COLOR  PHOTOGRAPHY.  PRINT  YOUR 
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FROM  PRODUCER  TO  CONSUMER 


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792 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS-Continued 


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TECHNICAL   BOOKS  — Continued 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


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AMERICAN      / 

TECHNICAL  /  Name 

SOCIETY       / 


Chicago, 
U.S.A. 


ADDRESS 

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794 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


m """ "1 

J.' ROGERS  WARNER     Bo(falo  N.  Y. 

837  Lockwood  BUM [  .  of  y<)ur  private 

I  should  like  *°  8n™°o8rf  And  10c  toward  for- 
Havana  cUfa".    Enclosw ^  (       ,  Llght ,...., 
warding  expenses.       v 
Dark  cigars.  

Home  

Address 

I  <f '«r«Sriead  oHStnH  cafai 


Smoke 
Five  Free 

I  make  this  offer  espe- 
cially to  men  accustomed  to 
smoking  10c  and  two-for- 
25c  cigars. 

For  these  are  the  men  who 
most  appreciate  the  exquisite 
flavor  of  my  private  Havana. 

The  leaf  is  from  a  mountainous 
district  in  Cuba.  It  is  selected 
for  me  by  a  resident  expert.  Then 
made  up  especially  for  me  under 
my  monogram  band.  In  40  years 
of  smoking  I  have  never  found  so 
mild  and  sweet  a  smoke. 

I  want  you  to  know,  as  thousands  al-  ] 
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$5  per  hundred  are  the  peer  of  any  10c 
cigar  you  ever  smoked,  the  trial  will  have 
cost  you  nothing, 

/")££__.    Send    me   10c    toward 


J. 


E  ;7 


R.WJ 


Aba 


kN 


My 


shipping  expenses  and 
I  will  send  you  trial  cigars.  Then  you  i 
can  get  future  supplies  at  my  low  price  ! 
— $5  per  hundred,  $2.60  for  fifty,  all 
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\i*Wt 


THE  BIOLOGIST'S  NOAH'S 
ARK 

{Continued from  page  1601 

not  help  you  to  remember  it,  whose 
peculiar  blossom  is  a  veritable  cage 
for  the  bee  who  carries  the  pollen.  At 
the  proper  time  this  blossom  opens 
wide  and  in  comes  Mr.  Insect.  Getting 
in  is  easy  and  it  is  a  most  attractive 
place,  but  the  slender  prongs,  pointing 
inward  at  the  entrance  are  easy  to 
crawl  over  but  impossible  to  pass 
when  going  out.  So  Mr.  Bug  is  a  pris- 
oner and  in  his  efforts  to  escape,  crawls 
carefully  over  every  part  of  his  pretty 
prison.  So  doing  he  fertilizes  the 
plant.  In  due  course,  the  bars  that 
hold  him  in  droop  and  he  can  leave. 
The  fertilization  is  complete,  the 
new  life  assured,  but  his  perfumed  cell 
is  pretty  no  longer,  wilting  when  its 
duty  is  performed. 

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of  glass  of  true  proportion,  shape,  and 
markings.  Only  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
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Ninety-nine  per  cent  of  medical  and 
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vastly  increased  enthusiasm  about  life, 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


795 


MODERN 

AMERICAN 

HOMES 


THIS 
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"pfhaniral,  Kr*>rhand.  Prnpertlre  sad  Artblteetaral  Drawing,  letter- 
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american  technical  society,  chicago,  u.  s.  a. 
"free'plan  book  coupon 


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Address 

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What  Men  Know 
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In  4  Years  One  Has  Out-Distanced  All 

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3  Out  of  Every  4 

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G001>f§YEAR 

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you  to 


UNCLE  SAM-JUNK  SELLER 

(Continued  from  page  765) 

age  at  which  its  pioneers  are  beginning 
to  wear  out  and  even  many  of  the  newer 
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798 


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HINDUS  CLING  TO  OLD 
IMPLEMENTS 


of    the     wooden     teeth ;      and     on     the 
right,  is  a  "cultivator",  which,  in  oper- 
ation, is  dragged  on  the  surface  of  the 
OW-CASTE  Hindus  stubbornly  resist      ground  to  mangle  weeds.   Occasionally 
most  attempts  made  by  Europeans      the  cultivator  has  been  known  to  up- 
to  better  their  condition.     In  a  district      root  the  weeds  but  so  long  as  any  dirt 
close  to  Bombay  a  modern  steel  beam      still   clings  to   them   they  continue   to 


plow  lay  rust- 
ing by  the  road- 
side while  in 
the  adjoining 
field  were  be- 
ing used  inef- 
ficient instru- 
ments of  old 
native  type. 

The  central 
implement  of 
the  photograph 
is  a  plow 
which  is  made 
of  wood  with  a 
sharpened 
point  protected 
by  a  flat  piece 
of  steel ;  to  the  left  is  the  harrow, 
where    steel    again    protects    the    points 


Thk  Hindu  Likes  His  Own  Tools  Best 

Primitive  farming  tools  satisfy  the  low-caste  Oriental  and  he  usual) 

objects  strenuously  to  an  American  plow. 


flourish.  The 
blade  of  the 
cu  1 1  i  vator  is 
roughly  hand- 
forged  from 
iron. 

The  quer n, 
or  hand  mill,  in 
the  foreground, 
is  popular 
everywhere. 
Not  a  native 
village  is  with- 
out the  device 
— which  is  an 
improvement 
on  the  stone 
bowls    and 

hand  mill-stones  used  by  the  American 

Indians  to  grind  their  maize. 


GROCER'S  BOY  TO  THE  RESCUE,  AT  SAN  JOSE,  CALIFORNIA 
He  relieved  the  motorist  from  the  swarm  of  honey  makers  that  lodged  in  the  car's  "honeycomb"  radiator. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


799 


The  ONE  Bench 
Drill  with  Auto- 
matic Friction 
and  Ratchet  Feed 

Thisis  the  newest"  Yankee." 
It  is  more  convenient,  en- 
tails less  labor,  gives  more 
speed,  has  a  larger  capacity, 
than  any  other  bench  drill — 
and  it  saves  drills. 

The  Automatic  Friction- 
and-  Ratchet  Feed,  with  its 
knock-off  lever  adjustment, 
makes  the  "Yankee1'  Bench 
Drill  absolutely  accident- 
proof.  Screw  threads  cannot 
be  jammed  or  stripped,  nor  jwjp 
gear  teeth  broken.     Feeding   te»I. 


This  LEVER  controls' 
the  Feed.  I-)  hori- 
zontal position,  the 
Ratchet-feed  oper- 
ates continuously 
and  uniformly,  until 
thrown  off  by  con- 
tact of  lever  with 
knock  -  off,  at  ex- 
treme down  or  op 
position.  Friction  - 
Teed  moves  the  drill 

ihe  work. 

Speed  Shifter. 
On  No.  1006. 
This  pin  moved 
to  pro;  er  notch, 
control*  speed1 
fast  or  sf  — 
locks  di 
removing  or  in- 
serting of  drill- 
ing t  o  o  I  a  in 
chuck.  Change 
for  alow  or  fast 
can  be  made 
with  drill  in 
work. 

Three-  Jaw 

Chuck,  Tooi- 
ateel.  hard- 
ened. Holda 
round   a hank 


Knock-off  throws  the  lever, 
when  set  for  Ratchet-Feed, 
changing  f  e  e  d  i  ng  from 
ratchet  to  friction. 

Lower  Knock-off  for  throw- 
ing lever  on  downward 
movement.    Prevents    jam- 


Jow  Speed. 
These  i  n  s  i  u  e 
gears  drive — 
one  revolution 
o  f  spindle  to 
one  revolution 
of  handle. 

Past  Speed. 
These    outer 

fear  a  drive— 
1-2  revolu- 
tions of  Bpindle 
to  one  revolu- 
tion of  handle. 


This  nut  holda 
table  bracket  in 
position.  Table 
■s  adjustable  to 
different 
heights  and 
aim  lea. 


pressure  is  uniform  and 
controlled  independently 
of  operator. 

It  is  strong  and  rigid. 
Careful  machining  and 
finish  of  every  detail,  en- 
sures speed  and  accuracy  in 
working,  and  reduces  frk> 
tion  to  a  minimum. 

North  Bros.  Mfg. 


Made  in  two  sizes- 
No.  1003  for  drills  up 
to  X  inch, — onespeed. 
No.  1005 holds  round 
shank  drills  up  to  % 
inch  diameter  —  2 
speeds  —  quickly 
changed  by  moving 
shifter  pin. 


YANKEE"  Vise  No.  990 

Designed  for  holding  small  work 
on  'Yankee"  Bench  Drills,  and 
can  be  used  on  its  sides  as  well  as 
base.  Swivel,  steel  jaw  to 
hold  taper  work.  Opens  to 
3  inches  without  swivel  jaw; 
—2%  inches  with  it. 

Your  Dealer  Can  Supply  You 

"'Yankee'  ToolBook" 

for  mechanics  and 

handymen  and 

"'Yankee'  Tools  in  the 

Garage"  for  motorists 

-FREE 

CO.,  Philadelphia 


HESSMMLOCKER 

The  Only  Modern, Sanitary 
STEEL  Medicine  Cabinet 


1    ev,Ti; 
I  ED  ft    \%a    plate 


locker  finished  in  snow-white,  baked 

tsting  enamel,   inside   and   out. 

tiful  beveled  mirror  door.    Nickel 

brass  trimmings.    Steel  or  glass 

helves. 

Costs  Less  Than  Wood 
Never  warp?;,    shrinks,    nor    swells. 
Dust  and  vermin  proof,  easily  cleaned. 

Should  Be  In  Every  Bath  Room 

Four  styles — four  sizes.    To  recess  in 
wall  or  to  hang  outside.    Send  for  illus- 
trated circular. 
The  Recessed  Steel  HESS,  911  LTacoma  Bldg.,  Chicago 
Medicine   Citbiue-t  Makers  of  Uteel  Furnace*.  Free  Booklet- 


Waterman  PORTO  Does  It 

Makes  any  boat  a  motor  boat.  1914  Model,  3  H.  P. 
Weight  59  lbs.  Sold  direct  from  Factory  to  you, 
freight  paid.     Save  Agent's  profit. 

The  Waterman  PORTO  is  the  original  out- 
board motor.  9th  year — 25,000  in  use.  Guar- 
anteed for  life.  Fits  any  shaped  stern;  has 
Carburetor — not  "mixing  valve;"  3  Piston 
Rings  instead  of  1;  Removable  Phosphor 
Bronze  Bearings;  Solid  Bronze  Skeg.  protect- 
ing 10^4x16  in.  Propeller.  Steers  by  rudder 
from  any  part  of  boat;  Water-cooled  Exhaust 
Manifold;  Noiseless  under-water  Exhaust; 
Bronze  Gear  Water  Pump;  Spun-copper  Water 
Jacket;  any  ignition  equipment  desired. 
DEMAND  these  essentials  in  an  out- 
board motor,  or  you  won't  get  your 
money's  worth. 
Write  Today  for  Free  Engine  Booh. 
WATERMAN  MARINE  MOTOR  CO.,  240  Mt.  Elliott  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


Treatment 


For  Liquor  and  Drug  Users 

A  scientific  treatment  which  has  cured  half  a  million 
in  the  past  thirty-four  years,  and  the  one  treatment 
which  has  stood  the  severe  test  of  time.  Administered 
by  medical  experts,  at  the  Keeley  Institutes  only.  For 
full  particulars  write 

To  the  Following  Keeley  Institutes: 


Blrnlnrtian,  Ala.  Harlon,  lad. 

Hot  Hprrno,  Ark.  FiainnHd,  Iod. 

J.w  Antrim  r»l if-  Mar-h-Htrnnritldr.  Crab  Orchard.  Ky. 

Man  tfaneiseo,  Calif.,  Dougta*  Hid*.  Portland,  Main*. 

Atlanta.  <ia.  flreeiwboro,  H.  C. 

1>».*M,  111.  Colnmbua,  Ohio 


Oklahoma  City.  Okla.,  91ft  If.  Stiles  81. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Hid  N.  Broad  St. 

PitUbarr,  I'*-,  4240  Fifth  An. 

Columbia,  8.  C. 

Dalian,  Texaa 

Salt  Lake  City,  I '  tah 


Seattle,  Wash. 
Waukeoha,  Wis. 
Winnipeg.  Han* 
Ciuntemata  City,  Guatemala 
Pueblo,  Heiieo 
Fiondoa,  Eiig-land 


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800 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


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favor  but  a  record  for  faithfulness.     He's  the  sort  who  has  to  ask — yes,  who  virtually  has  to  beg 

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Technical  World  Magazine 

Contents  for  August,  1914 


Cover  Design John  B.  Woodruff 

The  Porterhouse  Heaven  and  the  Hobo       .     .  Walter  V.  Woehlke 

By  the  porterhouse  heaven"  Mr.  Woehlke  means  the  emancipa- 
tion of  the  itinerant  workman  from  the  soup  kitchen.  He  points 
out  that  where  ten  years  ago  the  hobo  demanded  work,  today  he  is 
demanding  union  hours  and  union  pay 808 

Our  Twelve  Great  Scientists Arthur  B.  Krock 

Mr.  Krock  has  lived  in  Panama,  next-door  neighbor  of  the  great 
sanitary  expert  who  made  the  Canal  possible — William  C.  Gorgas. 
His  story  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  man  and  his  work 816 

Mile-a-Minute  Life  Guards C.  L.  Edholm 

Racing  on  a  motorcycle  across  the  wet  sands  of  the  beach,  the  life 
guards  with  their  buoy  and  pulmotor  snatch  bathers  from  the  grasp 
of  the  Pacific  surf  and  put  breath  into  the  lungs 822 

Defending  the  America's  Cup Harold  Cary 

America's  three  greatest  designers  have  put  their  best  efforts  into 
three  monster  sloops,  one  of  which  will  compete  against  the  latest 
English  creation,  SHAMROCK  IF 828 

Farmers  Build  Electric  Lines F.  G.  Moorhead 

Community  power  lines  are  being  built  and  put  to  use  by  our  rural 

citizens.      It  gives  them  power  and  modern  conveniences 838 

Swinging  Freight  Over  the  Sea .       David  Gove 

The  shallow  beach   at  Nome,    Alaska,  prevents  the   docking  of 

steamers.      Freight  and  passengers  ride  in  a  sort  of  breeches  buoy 840 

Making  Cripples  into  Workingmen Louise  E.  Dew 

An  Eastern  doctor  has  established  a  free  trade  school  in  which  he 

will  teach  any  cripple  a  profitable  occupation 842 

Changing  Sand  Hills  into  Forests Arthur  Chapman 

The  great  desert-like  reaches  of  sand  in  Nebraska  are  being  meta- 
morphosed by  pine  forests  grown  by  man 848 

Glass  Plates  for  Motion  Picture  Film  ....    A.  Frederic  Collins 

'The  inventor  of  the  new  movie  camera  which  uses  plates  guaran- 
tees to  take  out  the  flicker 854 

Bandits  Stop  Autos  with  Wires  .     .     .    Theodore  M.  R.  von  Keler 

A  new  danger  confronts  the  European  automobilist,  but  he  is  de- 
vising means  to  obviate  the  difficulty 856 

Schools  That  Make  Real  Workmen Frank  Parsons 

The  railroads  of  America  are  endeavoring  to  build  up,  through  an 

apprentice  system,  a  class  of  skilled  artisans 860 

What  Mutton  Means  to  You Monroe  Woolley 

If  the  American  farmer  would  produce  more  muiiuH  you  and  I 

could  live  cheaper 868 


Coldest  Spot  on  Earth Lillian  E.  Zeh 

There  is  a  place  in  Siberia  where  people  eke  out  their  existence  in  a 

temperature  which  is  unbelievably  severe 871 

Playing  the  Naval  War  Game William  N.  Taft 

Gray-hairtd  officers  sitting  on  the  floor  in  a  government  building 
battle  against  each  other  for  hours  at  a  time  with  toy  ships  as  chess- 
men. It  is  their  preparation  for  the  grin  battle  of  wits  and  war- 
ships with  some  foreign  power  in  the  future 876 

Paper  That  Prevents  Eye  Strain August  Robins 

Glossy  paper  puts  a  severe  strain  on  the  eyes  of  a  magazine  reader 882 

By  Cable  to  the  Tropics H.  J.  Shepstone 

The  greatest  commercial  cableway  in  the  world  carries  travelers 
and  freight  from  sea  level  and  a  tropic  climate  to  the  Usutnbara 
Plateau  and  a  temperate  clime 883 

Fighting  the  Granite  Death Irving  Crump 

Workers  in  the  deadly  granite  dust  are  now  being  protected 890 

Teaching  Cities  to  Plan William  A.  Corey 

A  traveling  exhibit  is  teaching  thi  municipalities  of  the  country  how 

to  provide  for  the  future 892 

Builder  of  Miniature  Houses 

She  visualizes  the  architect's  plans 897 

Women  Keepers  for  Women  Prisoners   .     .     .    Charles  W.  Person 

When  the  new  jail  is  built  no  New  York  woman  will  see  the  inside 

of  a  police  station 898 

A  Palace  for  Cats  . E.  I.  Farrington 

It  is  the  owner  s  hobby  for  her  Angoras  and  the  kitties  appreciate  it 900 

American  Machines  for  India  Jute  Mills      .     .    Lewis  R.  Freeman 

The  age  old  industry  is  being  revolutionized 902 

Saving  the  Fingers 

A  vacuum  handle  is  the  means 903 

The  Last  of  the  Cities George  H.  Cushing 

Are  we  about  to  realize  the  decline  and  ultimate  fall  of  the  dty? 

Mr.  Cushing  thinks  that  present-day  conditions  tend  to  that  result 908 

Co-Operation  Among  Five  Million     .....      Frank  Morton 

American  farmers  are  uniting  to  standardize  their  products  and  so 
guarantee  them.  It  will  give  them  greater  profit,  and  the  consumer 
better  value 917 

Motor  Trucks  Invade  Logging  Camps 

The  self-propelled  vehicle  has  gone  even  into  the  northern  woods  to 

compete  with  the  horse 924 

Blowing  off  Steam 

The  best  humor  found  in  our  contemporaries 926 

Made  by  Our  Readers 

Our  readers  receive  forty-five  dollars  in  prizes 929 

Technical  World  Magazine  should  be  on  the  news-stands  on  the  17th  of  the  month  preceding  the  date  of  issue.  Patrons  unable  to 
get  the  magazine  on  the  17tn  will  confer  a  favor  by  notifying  the  Circulation  Manager.  News-stand  patrons  should  instruct  their  News- 
dealer fi  reserve  their  copy  of  Technical  World,  otherwise  they  are  likely  to  find  the  magazine  "sold  nut." 

TLRMS:  *1.50  a  year:  75  cents  for  six  months;  15  cents  a  copy.  Foreign  postage.  J1.00  additional;  Canadian  postage.  25  cents 
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TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 

R.   T.   MILLER.  Jr..  Publisher 
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|iiiiiiiiiiiiiim''iiiiiin!»iinniiiiiiii: 


TECHNICAL 

WORLD 

MAGAZINE 

VOL  XXI    •  AUGUST  -    1914    •    NO.6 


/fEL  outdoors,  the  breath  of  the 
/~l  salt  spray,  is  present  in  this 
number;  driving  that  spray 
is  the  wind  that  sings  the  song  of 
achievement.  Here  is  the  story  of  a 
complex  civilization  which  is  push- 
ing, driving  ahead .  We  have  caught 
the  note  even  in  this,  the  playtime  of 
the  American  people. — The  Editors. 


The  PORTERHOUSE 


By  Walter 


- 


For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  America,  an  insurrection  of  agricultural 
laborers  was  put  down  with  bayonet  and  bullet.  A  little  later  a  horde  of  "worth- 
ies/' hobos  organized  themselves  into  a  co-operative  working  force  for  the  mutual 
benefit  of  the  members.  Not  only  did  they  organise  but  they  worked — worked 
persistently,  energetically,  efficiently.  "Does  the  hobo,  the  itinerant  laborer,  really 
hate  work  or  does  he  only  hate  the  conditions  under  which  he  is  forced  to  live 
zvhile  working ?"  That  is  the  gist  of  this  powerful  article  by  Walter  V.  Woehlke. 
— The  Editors. 


WELL-FED  Respectability 
was  uneasy  last  winter. 
Beyond  the  drawn  cur- 
tains, out  in  the  street,  the 
unemployed  were  mutter- 
ing. Their  complaint  was  not  novel. 
The  wail  of  the  submerged  tenth  never 
ceases;  to  sympathetic  ears  it  is  audible 
at  all  times.  Nor  was  there  a  flavor  of 
novelty  in  the  soup  kitchens  and  bread 
lines.  They,  likewise,  are  hoary  institu- 
tions doing  business  every  year,  varying 


only  in  the  size  of  the  kettle  and  the 
length  of  the  line.  The  plaints  of  the 
idle,  the  soup  kitchens,  the  reeking 
emergency  shelters  are  shopworn  parts 
of  the  social  equipment  almost  as  com- 
monplace as  hospitals,  jails,  and  courts. 
Still,  Respectability  was  uneasy,  indig- 
nant. 

The  reason  for  this  uneasiness? 

Soup  kitchens,  bread  lines,  foul  emer- 
gency shelters  no  longer  satisfied  the  idle 
workers.     They  asked  for  more.     They 


HEAVEN  X  HOBO 


V  Woehlke 


WAITING  AT  AN  EMPLOYMENT  AGENCY   FOR  A  CHANCE  TO  WORK 


threatened  to  take  what  they  wanted. 
They  refused  longer  to  imitate  the  ass  be- 
tween the  two  bundles  of  hay — to  starve 
decorously  in  the  midst  of  abundance. 
They  did  not  kiss  the  hand  that  gave  the 
loaf  of  bread  ;  they  cursed  it.  The  humble 
outstretched  palm  of  former  years  was 
changed  to  a  clenched  fist.  The  deputa- 
tions of  the  unemployed  did  not  beg  for 
charity;  they  demanded  union  jobs  at 
union  wages  and  hours  as  their  natural 
right,  just  as  though  Nature  had  ever 
conferred  special  privileges,  special  sym- 
pathy, and  porterhouse  guarantees  upon 
the  under  dog. 

Two  decades  ago  almost  three  million 
men  were  out  of  work.  In  the  four 
years  between  1893  and  1897,  there  were 
only  a  few  short  periods  when  the  idle 
workers  aggregated  less  than  a  million. 
Last  winter,  according  to  the  Department 


of  Commerce  and  Labor,  less  than  half  a 
million  men  were  idle,  despite  the  larger 
total  of  wage  earners  in  the  country. 
The  term  of  their  enforced  idleness 
rarely  exceeded  five  months.  Last  win- 
ter's distress  was  a  pin  prick  compared 
with  the  deep  economic  knife  wound  in- 
flicted by  the  panic  of  1893,  yet  well-fed 
Respectability  trembled,  was  afraid  of 
the  smaller  number. 

In  1894,  Coxey's  Army,  asking  merely 
for  work  that  its  members  might  live, 
was  received  with  food  and  sympathy. 
In  1914  Kelly's  Army,  commandeering 
food,  threatening  violence,  demanding 
three  dollars  for  eight  hours'  work,  was 
dispersed  with  pick  handles,  fire  hose, 
and  clubs.  Conditions  have  changed 
since  1894.  The  under  dog  no  longer 
whines,  and  feebly,  gratefully  wags  his 
tail.    He  is  snarling,  showing  his  teeth. 


810 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Does  the  Hobo  Hate  Work? 
"Or  does  ho  only  hate  the  condi- 
tions under  which  he  is  forced  to 
live  while  working?"  Perhaps  he  is 
as  human  as  you  and  I. 

"It's    the    agitators' 
fault !"    shouts    indig-   ._ 
nant  Respectability. 
"The    ranters    and 
spouters   are   poisoning 
t  li  e    m  i  n  d    of   honest 
labor.     Throw  the  agita- 
tors   into    steel    cells    and 
keep  them  there!" 

That's  where  they  put 
"Rlackie"  Ford  and  Fred  Suhr 
— into  the  penitentiary,  for  life 
They  were  found  guilty  of  inciting 
twenty-eight  hundred  agricultural  labor- 
ers into  a  conspiracy  to  commit  murder. 
A  district  attorney,  a  deputy  sheriff,  two 
alien  workers  died  as  a  result  of  that  con- 
spiracy among  agricultural  laborers. 
There  was  rioting,  shooting;  the  militia 
had  to  be  called  out.  Ford  and  Suhr  are 
serving  their  time  now. 

Do  you  grasp  the  significance  of  these 
facts?  Rioting,  bloodshed,  the  militia 
called  out  to  suppress  an  uprising  of  ag- 


ricultural laborers  on 
American  soil !  It  is  the 
first  time  such  a  thing 
ever  occurred  in  the 
United  States.  Perhaps 
the  story  of  the  hop  riots 
at  Wheatland,  California, 
will  show  the  source  of 
the  poison  that  is  rapidly 
permeating  the  body  of 
unskilled  seasonal  labor- 
ers, employed  or  unem- 
ployed. 

The  Sacramento  Valley 

in    August    is    very    hot, 

very  dry.    Given  sufficient 

water,  though,  the  worker 

is  not  endan- 

Igered  by 
t    h    e 
M 


Builders  oe 
WaterPower  Stations 
Bands  of  what  we  have  called  hobos  for  a  century,  move 

from  job  to  job,  doing  the  hard  labor  of  America! 


heat.  But  an  ample  supply  of  water  is  a 
physical  necessity  when  the  thermometer 
rises  to  a  hundred  degrees  between  the 
rows  of  tall  hop  vines.  When  picking 
began  on  the  hop  ranch  of  the  Durst 
brothers,  no  water  was  supplied  to  the 
men,  women,  and  children  in  the  fields. 
"By  noon  the  children,  many  of  whom 


THE  PORTERHOUSE  HEAVEN  AND  THE  HOBO 


811 


were  very  small,  were  in  a  pitiable  con- 
dition for  lack  of  water.  Numerous  in- 
stances of  sickness  and  partial  prostration 
among'  children  from  five  to  ten  years  of 
age  were  mentioned  in  the  testimony," 
says  Dr.  Carleton  H.  Parker,  Secretary 
of  the  California  State  Commission  on 
Immigration  and  Housing,  who  is  also 
professor  of  Economics  at  the  University 
of  California.  "Durst  had  let  a  lemonade 
Concession  to  his  cousin,  'Jim'  Durst. 
who  ottered  lemonade  in  the  fields 
at  this  period  at  five  cents  a  glass. 
A  concession  to  sdl  stew  had  been 
sold  and  a  stew  wagon  went  about 
among  the  pickers  at  noon.  If 
stew  was  purchased,  a  glass  of 
water  could   be  obtained   with   it." 

Twenty-eight     hundred     pickers, 
among  them  a  thousand  women  and 
children,     were     encamped     on     the 
ranch,  fifty  per  cent  of  them  arriving 
practically     penniless.     Only     fifteen 
hundred  pickers  could  be  employed  at  a 
time :  their  output  filled  the  dry-kilns  to 
capacity.     More  than  a  thousand  sur- 
plus pickers  had  only  an  intermittent 
chance  to  earn  money.     They  were 
paid  ninety  cents  a  hundred  pounds, 
plus  a  bonus  of  ten  cents  per  hun- 
dred,   but    the    picker    who    left        A 
before    the    last    day    of    tin1  M 

season  lost  this  accumulated  j^ 

bonus. 

"Taking    the    'bonus' 
or  forfeitures  of 
previous  years  as 
a  standard," 
says    Dr. 
Parker 


in 


his     report     to     the     Governor 


of 

California,  "the  'bonuses'  accruing  to 
Durst  through  the  leaving  of  discontent- 
ed workers  must  have  been  one  hundred 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  a  day." 
Twenty-eight  hundred  men,  women, 
and  children,  half  of  them  Americans 
from  city  and  country — the  other  half  a 
mixture  of  twenty  alien  races  and  na- 
tionalities— were  camped  on  the  ranch. 
Even  in  camp,  where  tents 


Ford— Serving  a  Lifk  Skn- 
:knck  for  Inciting  a  Riot 

"Which  leader  shall  the 
hobo  follow  ?  Blackie 
Ford,  who  proposes  to 
dynamite  the  gates  of 
tin-  po  rterhonse  heaven, 
or  Henry  Pauly,  who 
raises  the  white  banner 
of  self  help  and  inde- 
pendence?" 


812 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


could  be  rented  for  seventy-five  cents  a 
night,  water  was  a  luxury.  Two  of  the 
available  wells  often  were  pumped  dry 
by  sunrise  and  the  campers  were  forced 
to  walk  into  town  or  to  the  wells  among 
the  distant  ranch  buildings  for  water. 

"Food   and   refuse   were   thrown   out 
beside  and  behind  the  tents  and  even  in 


good  enough  for  them.  They  never  ob- 
jected, except  dumbly.  No  one  felt  re- 
sponsible for  the  migratory  workers' 
health  or  comfort.  Few  of  the  hop 
ranchers  gave  the  welfare  of  their  pick- 
ers more  than  a  passing  thought. 

Can  we  blame  them  for  this  attitude? 
Have  you  ever  gone  to  the  home  of  the 


TINDER  AND  SPARKS— FIRE  IS  INEVITABLE 
"There  is  not  one  sizable  labor  camp  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  that  lacks  fanatical  agitators  ready  to  sacri- 
fice liberty  and  even  life  for  the  chance  to  'start  something'." 


the  paths.  The  toilets  were  used  as  gar- 
bage receptacles.  .  .  .  This  absolute 
want  of  garbage  disposal  without  doubt 
accounts  for  a  dangerous  epidemic  of 
dysentery  which  had  run  through  the 
camp  by  Saturday  of  that  week,"  says 
the  report. 

These  are  shameful,  sorry  facts.  But 
why  point  the  finger  of  scorn  at  the  ranch 
owner  who  allowed  them  to.  exist?  Is 
Durst's  ethical  crime  so  black,  so  uncom- 
mon that  he  deserves  to  be  singled  out 
for  scathing  censure? 

Consider  the  case  in  its  broader  as- 
pects. 

The  hop-picking  season  is  short.  It  is 
over  in  three  or  four  weeks;  the  pickers 
vanish  and  are  forgotten  for  a  year.  While 
they  are  at  work,  the  cheapest  accommo- 
dations   have    always    been    considered 


widow  who  does  your  scrubbing  to  find 
out  whether  she  and  her  baby  had  plenty 
of  air,  sunlight,  and  food?  Haven't  you 
taken  it  for  granted  that  the  men  who 
clean  your  backyard  in  spring,  the  Ital- 
ians who  dig  your  sewer  trenches,  the 
Slavs  who  lay  your  pavement  will  some- 
how, somewhere,  find  quarters  and  sus- 
tenance suitable  to  their  purse,  station  in 
life,  and  previous  condition  of  servitude? 
Have  you  ever  felt  any  responsibility 
for  the  unkempt  men  who  drill  your  tun- 
nels, build  your  roads  and  canals,  who 
quarry  your  stone,  construct  your  rail- 
roads, dams,  levees,  bridges?  Why, 
then,  blame  Durst,  or  other  hop  ranchers 
for  an  indifference  that  is  universal  ? 

Conditions  in  the  hop  fields  were  not 
unique.  The  same  squalor,  dirt,  and 
wretched  misery  had  always  prevailed  in 


THE  PORTERHOUSE  HEAVEN  AND  THE  HOBO 


813 


a  great  many  of  the  Western  fruit  camps, 
around  the  canneries  of  Michigan  and 
New  York,  in  the  cranberry  marshes  of 
New  England,  behind  the  oyster  can- 
neries of  the  Gulf  Coast,  wherever  un- 
skilled labor  gathered  in  large  numbers 
for  short  periods  of  work.  If  the  em- 
ployers considered  the  worker  at  all,  they 
argued  that  he  could  stand  it  for  a  little 
while.  But  the  employers  forgot  that  the 
migratory  worker  leaves  one  camp  only 
to  go  to  another  of  the  same  kind,  that 
the  very  nature  of  his  calling  compels 
him  to  spend  the  best  part  of  the  year  in 
temporary  shacks,  in  vermin-infested 
bunk  houses,  in  leaky  tents,  or  under  the 
open  sky,  the  miserable  chain  being 
broken  only  by  the  fetid  ten-cent  lodging 
of  the  winter. 

Strikes  of  common  laborers  on  tem- 
porary jobs  out  in  the  country  have  been 
rare  in  the  past.  The  men  lacked 
cohesion,  organization,  leadership.  The 
hop-picking  hordes  had  worked  uncom- 
plainingly under  unchanging  conditions 
for  twenty  seasons.  There  would  have 
been  no  riot  last  year,  if  a  new  element 
had  not  stirred  the  Wheatland  camp  into 
action. 

Professional  agitators,  fanatical  ene- 
mies   of    the    social   order,   lifted   their 


When  the  Hobo  Gets  a  Chance 
A    majniincent  road  built    by  itinerant   labor  in  Arizona 
The  jobless  flock  to  warm  climates  in  winter. 


heads  in  the  camp,  scenting  trouble. 
They  watched  the  growing  discontent  of 
the  pickers  with  an  unholy  joy.  They 
began  to  work.  They  carried  the  flame 
of  reckless  hatred  from  tent  to  tent. 
Though  barely  a  score  of  them  carried 
the  verbal  torch,  they  worked  rapidly, 
thoroughly.  Picking  began  on  Wednes- 
day ;  by  Saturday  the  camp  was  aglow 
with  smoldering  rancor.  There  were 
mass  meetings  in  the  evening,  harangued 
by  sulphurous  effective  spouters.  De- 
mands were  formulated,  threats  uttered. 
On  Sunday  the  polyglot  meetings  con- 
tinued. "Blackie"  Ford,  self-constituted 
leader,  was  fanning  the  glow  of  hatred, 
counseling  force,  urging  armed  resist- 
ance, when  the  ranch  owner  and  the  sher- 
iff's posse  appeared  upon  the  ground  in 
automobiles. 

The  sheriff  shouldered  his  way  through 
the  throng,  reached  out  for  the  soap-box 
speaker.  The  mob  snarled,  surged  for- 
ward, trampled  the  sheriff  underfoot, 
kicked  him  into  insensibility.  A  country 
constable — "to  scare  the  crowd" — fired  a 
shot  into  the  air.    Instantly  guns  barked, 

{Continited  on  page  938) 


ENGLAND  WINS  AT  POLO 


Americans  at  Practice 
This  picture  was  taken  during  a 
comparatively  slow  moment,  but, 
nevertheless,  the  leading  pony 
shows  tremendous  strain  as  he  is 
checked  to  enable  his  rider  to  strike 
the  ball.  The  pony  just  behind 
and  to  the  left  is  loping  rapidly, 
but  his  whole  figure  is  one  ol  ease. 
The  game  depends  in  a  large  meas- 
ure on  the  animals,  but  the  Brit 
ish  players  themselves  wen-  plainly 
superior  to  the  American  in  both 
the  engagements  that  resulted  in 
the  lifting  of  the  cup,  without  tak 
ing  the  mounts  into  consideration. 


Monte  Waterbury 
He  has  always  been  a  popular  hero 
and  he  filled  his  place  at  number 
two  almost  faultlessly.  The  other 
members  of  the  American  team 
were  Reno  La  Montague,  one;  L. 
Water  bury,  three:  Devereux  Mil 
burn,  back. 


.W 


Hero  of  the  British  Army 
Team 

Captain  L.  St.  G.  Cheape,   at 
the  right,  is  as  good  a  polo  play- 
'  n  as  has  ever  been  developed, 
and    his  work  was  largely  in- 
strumental in  the  overwhelm 
ing  defeat   that  his  team 
meted  out  to  the  Yankee 
players. 


A  Practice  Melee 
The  two  decisive  wins,  8H-3  and  A-1%. 
were  landed  by  the  visitors  at  Meadow 
brook.  Long  Island,  after  a  tremendous 
battle  in  which  good  sportsmanship  was 
uppermost,  but  English  superiority  pat- 
ent. The  lean  Englishmen,  with  their 
race  horse  ponies,  were  never  in  danger 
of  losing*. 


Major  F.  W.  Barrett.  Lkadkr  ok 
the  Britains,  Numukr  Three,  The 
Othkr  Members  ov  His  Team  Were, 
Two.  Captain  Cheape:  One,  Captain 
H.  T.  Tompkinson;  Back.  Captain 
V.   Lockett 


L    V 

/4i 

£yJ 

1 

v* 

iff 

\^^^W 

615 


OUR  TWELVE 
GREAT  SCIENTISTS 

IV  SURGEON-GENERAL 
WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS 

By  Arthur  B.  Krock 

This  article,  the  fourth  in  the  series,  "The  Twelve  Great  Scientists," 
is  an  intimate  study  of  the  remarkable  surgeon  and  sanitarian.  As  has  been 
previously  explained,  twelve  names  were  selected  as  the  greatest  American  scien- 
tists, by  a  thousand  of  their  most  distinguished  colleagues.  This  vote  was  taken 
at  the  special  request  of  the  editors  of  Technical  World  Magazine.  In  order, 
so  far,  the  following  have  been  covered:  Professor  A.  Michelson  Dr.  Alexis 
Carrel,  and  Colonel  Goethals. — The  Editors. 


A  T  first,  I  tried  to  find  out  things 
/%     about  Gorgas  from  Gorgas,  but 

/  \  I  gave  it  up.  I  beheld  in  him  a 
/  %  man  who  could  not  talk  about 
himself.  Then  I  asked  friends 
about  him  (he  has-  no  enemies,  at  least 
none  who  will  confess  the  fact)  ;  and 
they  at  once  fell  to  talking  about  his 
charming  manner,  his  love  of  humanity, 
his  sympathy  with  suffering  and  sorrow. 
It  was  difficult  to  get  them  off  this  strain, 
but  at  length  one  man-  who  had  worked 
with  the  little  army  doctor  for  ten  years 
said,  thoughtfully: 

"He  is  the  most  thorough  man  I  ever 
knew." 

That  started  the  character  clinic. 

"He  never  loses  sight  of  his  objective," 
analyzed  another. 

"He  is  absolutely  unmoved  by  slights, 
praise,  success,  defeat — anything  except 
sickness  and  suffering,"  spoke  up  a  third. 

"He  loves  his  joke ;  and  folks  would 
rather  go  to  his  house  than  anywhere 
else  on  the  Zone,"  chimed  in  a  fourth. 

816 


Well,  here  was  the  personality  of  the 
"man  who  made  the  canal  possible" 
coming  out  at  last.  The  quiet,  white- 
haired,  white-mustached  army  doctor, 
with  the  bronzed  wrinkled  face  and 
gentle  voice  was  a  positive  sort,  after  all. 
He  had  interests,  apparently,  other  than 
the  mosquito,  the  rat,  and  the  tropic  house 
fly.  And  I  began  to  take  an  interest  in 
William  C.  Gorgas,  the  man,  where  be- 
fore I  had  only  been  concerned  with 
Surgeon-General  Gorgas,  the  greatest 
sanitarian  in  the  world's  history. 

As  everybody  knows,  there  have  been 
personal  controversies  in  Panama.  Be- 
tween Sibert,  who  built  the  permanent 
structures  on  the  Zone  at  Gatun,  and 
Goethals,  who  supervised  all  the  work, 
no  love  is  lost.  The  dead  Gailliard  had 
his  differences  with  Goethals,  too.  And 
these  differences  permeated  the  lives  of 
the  men  and,  although  they  did  not  inter- 
fere with  the  work  or,  in  any  particular, 
affect  the  loyalty  of  the  organization  to 
the  country,  they  disturbed  the  several 


A  Sewer  Aqueduct  atCulebra 
Built  of  concrete,  it  becomes  a 
factor  of  safety,  one  of  the  reasons 
why  the  death  rate  in  the  Zone  has 
been  lowered  to  an  astounding 
degree. 


Crude  Oil  to  Burn  Grass 

The  ditch  must  he  clean  and  offer 

no  haven  of  refuge  for  insects. 


ill 


ur.lUi-7— u-DtRWOOD    i     UNL(BAOOO 


WILLIAM  C  GORGAS. 
SU  RGEONGEN  ERALU.S  A. 


81& 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


819 


engineers  and  developed  groups  of  parti- 
sans. 

"Gorgas  had  his  troubles,  too,  but  he 
never  paid  any  attention  to  them,"  said 
one  of  his  colleagues  on  the  Zone.  "He 
kept  his  goal  in  mind  and  proceeded 
straight  toward  it.  On  he  went  with  his 
mosquito  bars,  his  tile  drains,  and  his 
scavenger  squads.  Was  someone  else's 
work  written  up  more  glowingly  than 
Ins  ?  It  did  not  bother  Gorgas.  Did 
congressional  committees  quarrel  with 
him  because  of  the  money  he  was  spend- 
ing for  sanitation?  He  secured  ay  nearly 
as  he  could  what  he  thought  necessary 
a  n  d  went 
ahead." 

Gorgas  al- 
ways had  to 
meet  the  ques- 
tion of  money 
in  P  a  n  a  m  a. 
You  couldn't 
see  the  results 
of  his  expendi- 
tures readily 
and  visiting 
congressmen 
did  not  realize 
that  the  groups 
of  blooming 
children,  the 
healthy  workers,  the  clean  floor  of 
the  Zone  were  concrete  illustrations  of 
what  Gorgas  had  done.  Sibert  could 
point  to  the  giant  structures  of  Gatun ; 
'  lailliard,  to  the  deepening  chasm  of 
I  uk'bra;  and  Williamson  could  show  the 
locks  at  Miraflores  and  Pedro  Miguel 
as  proof  of  where  the  money  went. 
Gorgas  could  have  organized  an  excur- 
sion through  the  French  cemeteries  as  a 
concrete  negative  proof  of  what  he  was 
accomplishing,  but  he  didn't  do  that.  He 
patiently  plugged  ahead,  trying  to  make 
the  committees  understand,  and  slowly 
but  surely  winning  their  understanding 
and  appreciation  and  the  undying  grati- 
tude of  the  American  people. 

Tn  sanitation,  particularly,  genius  is 
the  capacity  for  taking  infinite  pains,  and 
Gorgas  is  a  genius.     I  \\±  work  was  thor- 


Sl  RGEOS-GENERAL  WILLIAM  C. 
GORGAS 

Born  Mobile,  Alabama,  1854;  graduated 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  (New  York 
I  nirersity)  1S79;  appointed  Surgeon  United 
States  Army  1880;  Major-Surgeon  1898; 
Chief  Sanitary  Officer  of  Havana  and  in  charge 
of  sanitary  tvork  there  1898-1902;  appointed 
Chief  Sanitary  Officer,  Panama  Canal,  1904; 
member  of  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  1907; 
Surgeon-General  United  States  Army,  with 
rank  of  Brigadier  General,  1914. 


ough.  His  system  differed  from  that  of 
Goethals  in  this:  Goethals  supervised 
everything  himself  and  attended  to  thou- 
sands of  minute  details ;  Gorgas  worked 
out  a  general  plan  and  put  the  respon- 
sibility for  its  details  into  the  hands  of 
those  whom  he  could  trust.  Both  sys- 
tems were  successful.  That  is  one  of  the 
wonders  of  Panama.  While  Goethals  was 
always  in  supreme  command,  Gorgas  was 
a  departmental  head  and  ranked  Goethals 
in  the  army  so  that  his  authority  in  his 
work  was  as  great  as  was  that  of  the 
chief  engineer  in  all  the  work. 

The  achievements  of  this  patient  philo- 

sophical  kindly 

doctor  were 
based  upon  the 
experience  of 
Walter  Reed, 
the  army  doc- 
tor who  cleaned 
Havana  by  at- 


tacking mos- 
quitoes. 
Gorgas  was 
one  of  Reed's 
assistants  in 
Cuba  and  to 
him  fell  the 
task  of  apply- 
ing the  discov- 
eries of  this  doctor  in  the  Canal  Zone. 
The  result  is  the  Panama  Canal,  built  on 
the  failures  of  four  hundred  years  and  at 
a  cost  of  human  life  marvelously  small  in 
comparison  with  the  tremendous  sacrifices 
of  the  French.  The  Havana  campaign  was 
Gorgas'  raw  material  He  forged  the 
tools  that  purified  the  Zone  and  that  will 
forever  rob  the  tropics  of  their  terror 
for  the  white  man. 

First,  he  kept  the  American  workers 
in  the  Zone  alive.  That  was  the  greatest 
of  his  exploits.  Then  he  made  the  Zone 
a  sanitary  paradise  and  attracted  to  it 
the  best  and  most  efficient  workmen  of 
the  world. 

During  the  nine  years  of  the  prosecu- 
tion of  canal  work  by  the  French,  1041 
persons  died  of  yellow  fever  in  Ancon 
Hospital  alone.     As  the  Jamaica  negro 


820 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


is  not  susceptible  to  yellow  fever,  these 
figures  apply  only  to  the  whites,  mostly 
Frenchmen.  Throughout  the  Isthmus, 
during  those  nine  years,  at  least  twice 
as  many  Frenchmen  died  of  the  disease. 
The  French  averaged  1606  white  em- 
ployes at  any  one  time  on  their  rolls,  and 
General  Gorgas  believes  they  lost  in  the 
nine  years  not  only  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  per  cent  of  their  average 
force  (as  the  figures  indicate),  but  prob- 
ably many  more. 

What  is  the  record  of  death  under 
Gorgas  ?  The  average  white  force  of  the 
Americans  has  been  6449.  Had  the  ratio 
of  the  French  prevailed,  4433  white  men 
would  have  been  in  their  graves  on  those 
crawling  hillsides  at  the  end  of  five  years 
of  digging. 

Still   Colonel   Goethals   says  that   the 
Zone  is  not  a  white  man's  country. 
»  "We  get  lazy  here  after  a  while,"  he 
said  to  me  as  he  busied  himself  with  the 
thousand  details  of  his  daily  job. 

"You  don't  look  it,"  said  I. 

"Well,  I  get  away  some — and  I  was 
born  in  a  keener  climate,"  he  replied  with 


a  laugh ;  "but  a  generation  of  American 
children  born  here  would  become  as  lazy 
as  the  natives,  if  they  remained  all  their 
lives."  But  you  cannot  induce  William 
C.  Gorgas  to  say  that  the  Canal  Zone  is 
not  a  white  man's  country.  "The  tropical 
zone  is  man's  natural  latitude,"  says  Gen- 
eral Gorgas,  when  you  ask  him  about  the 
marvelously  reassuring  vital  statistics  of 
that  ten-mile  strip  in  the  stinking  steam- 
ing jungle.  "Before  he  found  fire  and 
furs  he  would  have  considered  conti- 
nental United  States  a  beastly  cold,  bar- 
ren, and  uninhabitable  country.  The 
temperate  zones  have  only  become  living 
places  for  man  since  he  discovered  arti- 
ficial means  of  comfort.  I  have  been  in 
the  tropics  at  work  since  1898,  when  I 
went  to  help  clean  up  Havana,  and  my 
conclusion  is  that  latitude  has  nothing  to 
do  with  health." 

The  tropic  climate,  of  course,  plays  its 
part  in  enervation ;  it  is  advisable  for  all 
"white  folks",  say  the  doctors,  to  come 
into  a  more  bracing  atmosphere  at  least 
every  two  years.  But  the  fevers  and 
plagues  of  ten  years  ago  have  vanished 


GORGAS  AND  HIS  MEDICAL  STAFF 


HOW  THEY  FILLED  THE  FRENCH  CEMETERY 
Th.s  ma  sewer  on  a  residence  street    Colon.  Canal.  Zone,  is  a  typical  object  in  view  of  the  work  of  Coras     In  the 
tropical  zone  at  least  it  means  death  to  the  white  man  ^oras.    in  the 


as   the   mists   on   Toboga   Island   vanish 
when  the  sun  rises  in  the  Pacific. 

Gorgas  says  now,  looking  back  on  his 
ten  years  in  the  Zone,  that  the  Panaman 
and  West  Indian  learned  early  what  was 
required  of  them  in  the  sanitary  line.   His 
real  troubles  came  with  his  superiors,  he 
says,  in  securing  co-operation  and  sup- 
port.   After  that,  aside  from  the  gigantic 
amount     of     manual     labor     involved, 
Gorgas  professes  that  his  job  with  Nature 
and  human  beings  was  easy.     But  the 
task  he  tackled  with  the  fever  immunes 
of  Panama  and  the  West  Indian  islands 
was  not  child's  play.     Although  it  has 
long  since  been  proved  that  fevers  come 
from  mosquito  bites  and  not  from  dirt, 
it  was  necessary  to  'general  health  and 
working    conditions    that    the    Panaman 
and    West    Indian    be    kept    clean,    and 
Gorgas  achieved  that  miracle.    Gradually 
the  fearful  smells  that  used  to  desecrate 
the   soft   tropic   airs   of   that   land   have 


been  dissipated  in  Panama  and  Colon; 
the  zones  of  repulsion  in  the  streets  of 
the  cities  and  around  the  thatched  huts 
of  the  jungle  are  almost  gone. 

To  clean  the  West  Indian,  who  is  im- 
mune from  fevers,  was  a  triumph  of  in- 
telligence, tact,  and  vigor.  In  the  first 
place  the  negro  preferred  his  loosely- 
constructed  shack,  full  of  bunks  and 
rooms,  to  the  sanitary  converted  freight 
cars  and  bungalows  provided  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. To  the  shack  he  could  bring 
his  wife  and  get  the  food  he  liked;  in 
the  government  lodging  he  had  to  cook 
for  himself  and  was  ill-nourished  often 
as  a  consequence.  Again  he  liked  the 
freedom  of  his  own  kind  of  hut  and 
gladly  let  the  jungle  grow  around  it  to 
shut  out  the  prying  eye  of  the  white 
inspector.  It  was  a  toilsome  task  to 
make  these  thick-skulled  children  of  the 
jungle    understand    that,    while    Yellow 

{Continued  on  page  940) 


821 


MILE-<rMINUTE 
LIFE    GUARDS 


By  C.  L.  Ed  holm 


CEASELESSLY  the  tower  man 
at  Redondo  Beach  sweeps  the 
horizon  with  his  glass.  Half 
a  mile  away  three  bronzed 
men  in  close-fitting  bathing 
suits  lounge  about  the  bathhouse  beside 
a  queer  looking  motorcycle.  Far  out  in 
the  surf  the  bathers  stop  their  play ;  their 
hands  go  to  their  eyes  to  shade  them 
from  the  blinding  sun ;  anxious  faces  are 
turned  toward  a  particular  spot.  A  mo- 
ment before  a  man  was  there  swimming 
easily  through  the  rollers.  Now  he  is 
gone.  The  lookout,  eyes  close  to  his 
binoculars,  reaches  for  the  push  button. 
The  dark-skinned  life  guards  leap  to  the 
cycle  and  with  warning  calls,  are  down 


Thk  Mile  a  Minute 

Life  Guards 
"Though  it  has  been  in 
use  only  one  season,  the 
motorcycle  life-saving 
outfit  has  fifteen  res 
cues  to  its  credit,  and 
has  answered  about 
twenty-five  call 
month.  ' 


the  beach  at  terrific  speed,  possessors  of 
the  right  of  wav.  bent  on  an  errand  of 
life. 

Seated  behind  the  driver,  the  man  who 
is  to  do  the  actual  rescue  work  buckles 
on  a  life  belt  as  the  fireman  rushing  to  a 
blaze  on  the  swinging  fire  truck,  slides 
into  raincoat  and  boots.  He  takes  a 
metal  buoy  from  the  side-car  and  sits 
poised,  ready  to  leap  from  the  machine 
and  dash  into  the  surf  the  moment  the 
point  of  vantage  is  reached.  As  the 
rescuer  dashes  into  the  surf,  his  fellow 
unrolls  the  reel  of  wire  rope  attached 
to  the  buoy.  People  in  the  crowd  assist 
to  get  out  the  pulmotor  and  blankets. 
Bandages  are  laid  out  in  case  the  rescued 
person  should  have  been  swept  against 
piles  or  rocks.  The  stretcher  is  ready, 
if  necessary,  to  rush  him  to  the  hospital 
on  the  side-car.  The  mile-a-minute  life 
guards,  with  the  most  efficient,  most 
rapid  service  of  the 
kind  in  the  world, 
are  at  work  to  cheat 
the  grim  specter. 


S22 


MILE-A-MINUTE   LIFE    GUARDS 


823 


Redondo  Beach,  Cali- 
fornia, is  one  of  the 
attractive  coast  resorts 
near  Los  Angeles  and 
thousands  indulge  in 
surf  bathing  there  the 
year  round.  Not  only 
the  near-by  beach  but  in- 
viting stretches  of  sand 
for  several  miles  in  both 
directions  tempt  the 
pleasure  seekers  and  it  is 
precisely  because  the  dis- 
tant beaches,  as  well  as 
those  near  the  little  city, 
are  so  popular  with 
swimmers  that  it  became 
necessary  to  equip  the 
life  guards  with  a  minia- 
ture ambulance  capable 
of  great  speed. 

George  Freeth,  a 
famous  life  saver  of  the 
was  the  designer  and  the  first  to  put  to 
use  the  cycle  saving  device.  It  consists 
of  a  high  power  twin-cylinder  motor- 
cycle, good  for  a  speed  of  seventy  miles 
an  hour,  and  a  side-car,  the  body  of 
which  is  a  six-foot  box  about  four- 
teen inches  wide.  The  lid  of  this  box 
forms  a  stretcher  on  wheels  on' which 
the  unconscious  victim  can  be  carried  to 
the  emergency  hospital. 

Outside  the  box  is  a  metal  buoy,  cigar 
shaped  and  capable  of  sustaining  two 
men  in  the  water.     To  this  is  attached  a 


Packing  Up  After  the  Call 

The  motorcycle  carries  first  aid  apparatus  of  every  kind,  the  side-car  makes  a 

stretcher  for  rushing  patients  to  the  hospital,  the  pulmotor  restores  the  patient's 

breath,  the  tin  buoy,  with  its  reel  of  wire,  makes  it  possible  to  save  people  who 

would  otherwise  be  lost. 


Pacific  Coast, 


leather  belt,  which  the  life  saver  buckles 
about  his  body,  and  a  fine  wire  cable, 
light  but  strong,  which  is  wound  about  a 
hand  reel  that  is  supported  on  the  side- 
car frame.  Though  this  steel  cable  is 
fifteen  hundred  feet  long,  it  is  neither 
bulky  nor  heavy  and  is  easily  handled  on 
a  comparatively  small  reel.  This  device 
saves  precious  seconds  for,  if  the  surf  is 
heavy  or  the  tide  running  out,  it  is  a 
difficult  matter  to  swim  ashore  with  a 
half-conscious  person,  and  still  harder  if 
the  victim  is  crazy  with  fear  and  clings 
desperately  to  the  rescuer.    Supported  by 


AT  THE  SCENE 
A  IHaarer  "-it~  poised,  ready  to  leap  from  the  machine  and  dash  into  the  surf  the  moment  the  point  of  vantage 

reached." 


824 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


the  metal  buoy,  however,  and  rapidly 
reeled  in  like  a  couple  of  huge  fish,  the 
life  guard  and  the  rescued  man  are 
brought  upon  the  sand  in  short  order. 

Meanwhile    the    spectators    have    un- 
packed the  contents  of  the  side-car  body 


out  of  the  surf,  three  miles  distant,  and 
landed  in  the  hospital.  By  the  old  meth- 
ods it  would  have  taken  the  life  guards 
longer  than  that  to  arrive  at  the  scene 
of  danger  and  then  they  would  have  been 
fatigued  even  before  the  hard  work  of. 
battling  with  undertow  or  tide  rip  be- 
gan. 

Though  it  has  been  in  use  only  one 
season,  the  motorcycle  life  saving  outfit 
has  fifteen  rescues  to  its  credit,  and  has 
answered  about  twenty-five  calls  a 
month,  though  of  course  many  of  them 
were  needless  alarms.  It  has  traveled 
six  hundred  and  seventy  miles.  Its  long- 
est trip  was  about  fifteen  miles  to  the 
city  of  Long  Beach  when  the  Auditorium 


"Emptying"  the  Patient 
"The*  first  move  is  to  turn  the  half- 
drowned  man  over  the  knee  of  one 
of  the  life  guards  to  expel  the  water 
from  his  lungs." 


and,  by  the  time  the  vic- 
tim is  out  of  the  water, 
the  apparatus  is  ready 
for  use.  The  first  move 
is  to  turn  the  half 
drowned  man  over  the  knee  of  one  of  the 
life  guards  to  expel  the  water  from  the 
lungs.  Then  the  patient  is  laid  on  his 
back,  the  pulmotor  mask  slipped  over  his 
face,  and  respiration  restored.  In  case 
he  has  been  cut  or  torn,  dashed  against 
rocks  or  barnacle-covered  piling,  the 
gauze  and  bandages  which  are  carried 
in  the  box  on  the  side-car,  may  be  needed 
for  hasty  stanching  of  the  blood.  Some- 
times the  work  on  the  beach  and  a  stimu- 
lant from  the  flask  in  the  medicine  chest 
will  be  sufficient  but,  if  matters  are  more 
serious,  the  patient  is  wrapped  in  the 
blanket  and  rushed  to  the  emergency  hos- 
pital in  the  bathhouse. 

In  practice,  within  fifteen  minutes  after 
an  alarm  was  turned  in,  a  man  was  pulled 


After  the  Rescue 
The  pulmotor  carried  by  the  motorcycle  is  for  work  on  the 
beach  when  the  body  has  been  brought   ashore.   After- 
wards the  resuscitated  person  is  hurried  to  a  hospital. 


collapsed  under  a  crowd  of  pleasure 
seekers,  killing  and  maiming  a  large 
number.  This  was  an  extension  of  its 
service  not  designed  in  the  first  place. 

An  essential  part  of  this  system  for 
long-distance  work  is  the  alarm,  and  it  is 
planned  to  extend  this  and  perfect  it  in 
the  vicinity  of  Redondo.  At  present  the 
calls  from  all  points  but  one  come  in  by 
telephone,  which  is  not  always  prompt. 
Sometimes  the  nearest  telephone  is  too 
far  from  the  scene  of  trouble,  or  time 
may  be  lost  in  getting  central  or  the 
proper  connection. 


TWO  SIDES  TO  TRAVEL 


FIRST  OCEAN-GOING  VESSEL  SAILS  THROUGH  THE  PANAMA  CANAL:   THE  ALLIANCE 

THE    GREAT  WOUND  IN  THE    TRANSATLANTIC  LINER  NEW  YORK   WAS    INFLICTED    BY  THE 

PRETORIA   IN  A  FOG  OFF  OUR  COAST 


WfYWHT— W.MKWOOO 


li  UWGMwooQ 


<yj 


TO  CONQUER  THE  OCEAN 


rHOIOSCOrYRiaKT^IMURNATIONAL  NEWS 


GETTING  THE  WANAMAKER  TRANSATLANTIC  FLYER  READY 

The  great  aircraft  with  her  seventy-two  foot  win?  spread  was  remarkably  successful  on  her  trials.    The  start  across  tin 

Atlantic  from  Labrador  will  be  made  as  soon  as  the  last  tests  are  completed. 

m 


Mvi.k>  AT  CHAMPAONB 
Mi>s  Katberinc  Lasson, 
sponsor  of  the  America 
-it  tin-  humcbtng,  could 
not  bn-ak  the  bottle. 
Ueatenant  Porte  tried 
nil  tim.s  and  finally 
nsid  a  sledge  hammer. 


I. II  E0TBNANT  POKTE 

English  airman  will  pi. 
lnt  the  machine,  with 
the  assistance  of 
Gcorife  linllett.  Allleri- 
can  expert. 


sn 


DEFENDING 
//te  AMERICAS  CUP 


By  Harold  Cary 

Resolute  Leading  Vanitie  IN  A  Trial 
Vanitie  is  plainly  the  larger  and  she  has  the  cutter  rig.  the 
other  yacht  using  a  single  jib  and  flying  jib.   It  is  thought  that 

Shamrock  /Kwill  also  use  the  cutter  rig. 


OF    the    three   candidates    for 
the  defense  of  the  America's 
cup,  none  has,  in  the  trial 
races,     lost    a    spar.    This 
somewhat  enigmatical  state- 
ment     regarding     those     magnificent 
yachts,  Vanitie,  Defiance,  and  Reso- 
lute,   products    of    the    three    really 
great     designers     of    the     United 
States,   Gardner,   Owen,   Herres- 
hoff,  is  made  to  show  the  differ- 
ence   between    cup    defenders 
of  today  and  those  of  yester- 
day.    Every  yacht  built  in 
recent  years  for  a  trial  in 
the  classic  has,  on  some 
occasion,     been     towed 
home    by    a    tug,    her 


Thk  Beautiful  Yacht 

from  hk  u  u  kshoff's 

Hands 

The  Resolute's  best  point 
is  beating  against  the  wind, 
and  she  will  be  handled 
ably  by  an  amateur.  Fran 
cis  P.  Adams  II. 


DEFENDING    THE    AMERICA'S  CUP 


829 


great  mast  a  piece  of  worthless  wreckage- — a 
victim  of  speed. 

For  speed  means  taking  chances,  whether  it 
be  in  an  automobile  race,  a  transcontinental 
whirl  on  a  railroad  train,  or  a  dash  in  a  motor 
boat.  The  old  rules  demanded  a  racing  machine 
built  lighter  than  the  factor  of  safety  permitted, 
lighter  than  the  materials  at  hand  really  per- 
mitted. The  new  rules,  under  which  the  three 
yachts  now  racing  off  the  Atlantic  Coast  and 
the  Shamrock  IV  were  built,  have  demanded, 
through  clauses  with  meaning  only  to  the  expert 
or  the  naval  architect,  that  the  America's  cup 
should  not  be  sailed  for  by  a  machine,  by  a 
yacht  that  was  good  for  only  one  season  of 
trials  and  one  series  of  races.  The  old  salts 
turned  up  their  noses  at  the  mention  of  the 
Reliance  which,  in  1903,  so  gallantly  defended 
against  Shamrock  III.  She  was  a  scow,  they 
said,  a  tub — a  tub  that  carried  more  sail  than 
any  yacht  of  relative  size  had  ever  been  loaded 
with — and  she  leaked  like  the  proverbial  sieve. 
But  not  so  the  Vanitie,  Defiance,  or  Resolute. 
They  are  long  and  lean,  it  is  true ;  they  carry  a 
tremendous  spread  of  canvas  for  their  inches  ;  a 
great  load  of  lead  at  the  keel ;  but  they  are 
wolfhounds,  not  whippets.  They  are  genuine 
additions  to  the  fleet  of  racing  yachts  of  the 
United  States  for  years  to  come. 

A  cup  defender  must  be  built  light.  There 
is  more  strain,  compression,  and  torsion  on  the 
hull  of  such  a  yacht,  for  the  weight  of  the 
materials  which  have  gone  into  the  making  of 
it.  than  on  any  other  structure  ever  built  by 
man.  With  from  eight  to  ten  thousand  square 
feet  of  heavy  canvas  crushing  the  thin  hull  into 
the  rollers,  with  the  power  and  drive  of  thou- 
sands of  foot-pounds  pushing  the  mass  of  metal 
and  wood  against  the  wind  and  sea,  with  the 
pull  of  the  stays  trying  to  force  the  great  spar 
through  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  with  sudden 
shocks  from  puffs  of  wind  and  from  changes  of 
course,  the  plates  and  planking'are  subjected  to 
the  last  bit  of  strain  which  they  are  capable  of 
resisting.  A  little  more  weight  and  the 
America's  cup  is  lost,  a  little  less  and  it  is  also 
lost ;  a  breakdown  is  inevitable.  One  more 
factor  counts:  Should  the  finely  drawn  lines 
of  the  yacht  be  disturbed,  her  speed  is  killed. 
You  who  have  seen  racing  yachts  and  examined 
hulls  have  seen  boats  that  are  hogged,  their 
lines   destroyed   by   waves   and   pull   of   stays, 


~f 


I      ! 


The  Cup  Defender  Seems  All  Spars 

The  tiny  figures  above  the  spreaders  show  the 
size  of  the  mast  of  the  Vanitie,  but  the  Sham- 
rock's will  be  taller,  as  she  has  been  built  with 
a  very  high  narrow  rig.  This  has  been  instru- 
mental in  the  decisive  defeats  she  has  meted 
out  to  her  trial  horse — Shamrock  III.  The  lat- 
ter never  was  a  cup  defender  but  is  a  fast  rac- 
ing yacht  of  the  same  size. 


Captain 

Dennis, 
Who  Was 
to  Have 
Sailed 
the 
Vanilic 


Vanitte. 
Slim  Beauty 
from  the  Hands 
of  Gardner 
When  the  official  trials 
are  being  run  she  will 
probably  be  the  largest 
of  the  three  candidates 
for  the  defense.  Her 
mast  is  stepped  far  aft. 
just  the  opposite  from 
the  Defiance.  The  man 
at  the  crosstrees  has  a 
good  place  to  watch  for 
coming  puffs  of  wind. 


The  Defiance 

Hn  Tri.i- 

Sbe  was  built  with  a. 

eoormotu     inainsai 

wry   much    in    effect 

-      Sisee 

Hmm    picture!   were 

taken    Imt    sail    area 

en  greatly  nit 

down. 


M*T0t   »#Ttr|-T Ml 


One  of  the  World's 
Greatest  Sportsmen 
Sir  Thomas  Lipton  at  the 
christening  of  his  new  chal- 
lenger. Captain  Burton, 
who  will  sail  her,  is  at  the 
left  wearing  a  cap. 


The  Queer  Shaped 

Challenger 
Shamrock  IV  is  larger 
than  any  of  the  possible 
defenders  and  her  lines 
are  straight  and  awk- 
ward. The  designer  has 
worked  out  a  theory  that 
may  make  a  yacht  faster 
than  any  yet  built,  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  the 
theory  may  fail 
miserably. 


NTCRMLT.    NEWS 


because  this  is   an   inevitable   result   of 
ight   construction   and   hard   racing   for 
years.     Once  this  happens  to  a  boat 
she  is  ruined. 
Differences  between  the  three  boats 
are  remarkable,  even  though  built 
by  men  of  the  same  school,  men 
who  have  pitted  their  skill  against 
each    other    for    years.     In    at 
least  two  things  the  yachts  are 
identical :    displacement  and 
water    line    length,    for 
these  are  penalized  un- 
der the  new  rule 
which    brought    out 
the  four  seventy-five 
footers     (seventy- 
foot    water-line) 
with   the   classic 
in    direct    view. 
Changes  have 
been     made     in 
each   as   they 
have    been 

(Continued  on  page  942) 


S32 


ANTI-WORRY   INSURANCE 
POLICIES 

C1  \  ERY  golfer,  and  especially  every 
amateur  golfer,  is  in  more  or  less 
fear  while  on  the  links  that  he  may 
injure  someone  with  a  sliced  ball.  It 
has  been  decided  in  the  courts  that 
though  a  player  may  shout  "fore"  un- 


you  accidentally  put  out  a  man's  eye 
or  break  his  nose  or  otherwise  injure 
him  with  a  golf  ball,  the  insurance 
company  will  relieve  you,  in  return  for 
the  previous  four-dollar  policy,  of  all 
liability  for  such  damage.  The  con- 
tract is  free  from  technicalities  and  in- 
cludes lawyer's  fees  and  judgments  up 
to  five  thousand  dollars  for  one  person 


w 


jfljlfe  H-  I  ;    I 


,.     "*- 


ON  THE  ROUTE  OF  THE  CAPE  TO  CAIRO  RAILWAY  THROUGH  CENTRAL   AFRICA 
Njoro  Lake,  in  the  Uuanda  country.  forms  one  of  the  beautiful  bits  of  scenery  that  greet  the  eye  of  the  traveler.    Native 

hcruVrs  everywhere  eara  for  the  cattle. 


til  he  is  hoarse,  if  a  ball  he  drives  in- 
jures someone  who  had  a  right  to  be 
there  at  the  time  he  was  struck,  the 
victim  can  collect  damages. 

A  new  form  of  insurance  policy  has 
been  put  out  in  New  York  whereby, 
for  four  dollars  a  year,  the  company 
guarantees  the  payment  of  damages  to 
anyone  injured  by  a  ball  driven  by  the 
policy  holder.    This  means  that  should 


and   ten   thousand   dollars   for   two  or 
more  persons. 

Another  policy  which  the  company 
gets  out  is  one  which  insur.es  you  from 
loss  in  case  your  pearls  are  stepped  on. 
Unlike  other  precious  gems,  pearls  are 
decidedly  fragile.  It  frequently  happens 
that  the  string  breaks  and  the  pearls 
scatter  on  the  floor.  In  a  ballroom  the 
chances  are  they  will  be  broken. 


834 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Once  Drudgery  for  Three 
The  old  slate  quar- 
ries were  worked 
with  a  hand  drill 
and  a  pair  of  sledge 
hammers. 


STEAM  FOR  QUARRY 
HAMMERS 

CUROPEAX  slate  quarries  are 
changing  their  methods  of  cutting 
and  recently,  the  modern  steam  and 
compressed  air  jack  hammers  have 
begun  to  replace  the  old  hand  drills 
which  required  infinite  labor  to  pro- 
duce small  results.  The  Diamond  slate 
quarries  at  West  Pen  Argyl,  England, 
and  the  Harvarth  Quarry  at  Nagy- 
harsany,  South  Hungary,  have  installed 
throughout  the  newest  drills.  The 
steam  drills  are  only  slightly  larger 
than  the  old  hand-hammer  drills  and 
their  connection  to  the  boiler  is  merely 
by  means  of  a  rubber  steam  hose,  so 
that  they  can  be  transported  about  the 
quarry  with  ease. 

WHERE  THE  MEN  AND 
WOMEN  ARE 

IN  Alaska  there  are  three 

men  to  one  woman  and  i 
most  of  the  women  A 
there  are  natives,  but  S* 
down  in  Central  Africa  Am 
there  are  1045  women 
to     every     1000    men. 

On  only  two  conti- 
nents are  there  more 
women  than  men  :  these 
are  Europe  and  Africa. 


In  the  United  States  there  are  three  and  a 

half  million  more  men  than  women.    If 

every     man     and     woman     in     this 

'\     country    were    mated    there    would 

still  be  left  over  more  men  than 

there  are  inhabitants  in  the  en- 

£,      tire  State  of  Missouri. 

Altogether,  it  has  been 
estimated,  there  are  about 
five  and  a  half  million 
more  men  than  women  in 
the  world  and,  as  three 
and  a  half  million  of 
these  extra  men  are  in 
this  country  and  as  Asia 
and  Australia  have  more 
men  than  women,  the 
shortage  of  men  falls 
upon  Europe  and  Africa.  In  Europe 
the  division  is  more  nearly  equal  than 
anywhere  else,  there  being  1027  women 
to  each  1000  men. 

The  most  recent  estimate  of  the 
world's  population  places  it  at  1,700,- 
000,000.  St.  Gulischambarow.  the  in- 
vestigator, found  it  possible  to  secure 
facts  concerning  the  sex  of  1,038,000.- 
000  of  these.  Of  this  number  he  says 
there  are  521,700.000  men  and  516,- 
300,000  women,  making  the  majority 
of  men  5,400,000.  This  gives  us  990 
females  to  every  1000  males  in 

the  world.     Fif-  teen   years 

ago  it  was  esti-      ^^^^k  m  a  l  e  '1    that 
Africa    had  B  more 


One  Man  and  a  Machine 

The  little  device  hammers  out  the  slate  with  one  man  to  guide  it  and  without  the 
slow  pounding  of  the  hand  method. 


men  than  women  but  it 
was  not  a  very  authentic 
estimate. 

The  ratio  in  America 
is  964  women  to  each 
1000  men;  in  Uganda. 
Africa,  there  are  1467 
women  for  every  1000 
men  and  possibly  the 
women  are  not  to  be 
blamed  for  approving  of 
polygamy.  In  this  coun- 
try there  is  a  shortage  of 
women  in  the  West  and 
in  Western  Canada, 
while  there  are  a  few 
more  women  than  men 
in  New  England.  In 
Alaska  there  are  only 
369  women  to  every 
1000  men  and  there  is 
little  prospect  that  the 
percentage  of  women 
will  increase  to  any  great 
extent  in  X  o  r  t  h  e  r  n 
Alaska.  But  to  the 
woman  who  would 
marry,  Alaska  is  an  in- 
fallible cure  for  the 
spinster  state. 

TWELVE  LESSONS 
AT  ONCE 

IXSTEAD  of  teaching 
Cincinnati  school  chil- 
dren to  swim  by  indi- 
vidual instruction,  the 
same  lesson  is  given  to  twelve  boys 
at  once  instead  of  only  one.  This 
innovation  is  made  possible  by  a  new 
apparatus  known  as  the  "water  merry-go- 
round",  recently  invented  and  installed 
in  public  schools  having  bathing  pools. 
An  oval  track  suspended  from  the  ceiling 
over  the  pool  is  equipped  with  twelve 
trolleys  and  from  each  depends  a  rope 
with  a  belt  attached.  The  twelve  boys 
fasten  belts  around  their  waists  and 
begin  to  kick  and  paddle  in  the  water. 
A  swimming  instructor  instructs  in  the 
usual  way  from  around  the  edge  of  the 


Water  Merry  go  Round 

TweWc  trolleys  form  the  apparatus  which  enables  one  instructor  to  teach  many 

pupils  to  swim  at  the  same  time. 


pool.  "Sailor  fashion"  is  taught  the 
youngsters,  on  account  of  its  simplicity. 
Advanced  pupils  learn  the  "Australian 
crawl"  in  addition. 

This  new  swimming  apparatus  is  being 
installed  in  all  Cincinnati  schools  which 
are  equipped  with  a  swimming  pool. 
The  device  makes  it  impossible  for  the 
pupils  to  sink,  thereby  removing  all  fear 
and  the  pupil  has  his  mind  entirely  on 
his  swimming  lesson.  They  learn  in 
three  lessons  and  hundreds  of  boys  and 
girls  are  now  being  taught  how  to  swim 
as  a  part  of  their  school  education. 

S35 


836 


TECHNICAL   WORLD   MAGAZINE 


ENORMOUS  HOIST  ON  BALL 
BEARINGS 

■"THERE  has  just  been  made  in  Berlin 
for  the  Krupp  Gun  Works  the 
largest  hoisting  machine  in  the  world. 
The  hook  is  a  perfect  swivel  and  is 
ball-bearing;  the  steel  balls  which  get 
the  direct  force  of  the  lifted  weight  are 
larger  than  a  man's  fist.  It  is  operated 
by  means  of  sextuple  pulleys  through 
which  run  woven  steel  cables  four 
inches  in  diameter.  The  lifting  appa- 
ratus is  operated  by  means  of  elec- 
tricity and  the  machine  is  guaranteed 
to  lift  a  weight  of  more  than  four  hun- 
dred and  sixty-two  thousand  tons.  Each 
ball  thus  supports  tremendous  weight  in 
its  turn. 


The  Great  Hoist  Used  in  the  German  Works  of  the  Gun- 
makers  Has  Ball  Bearings  as  Big  as  a  Man's  Fist.     The 
Cables  Are  Four  Inches  in  Diameter 


WINDOWS  FOR  EASY 
CLEANING 

DECAUSE  lives  are  often  lost 
through  the  necessity  of 
cleaning  windows  from  the  out- 
side, since  with  the  use  of 
belts  and  ropes  there  is  the 
chance  of  something  giving 
way,  and  because,  in  fastening  or 
unfastening  the  snaps,  a  misstep 
will  precipitate  the  cleaner  to  the 
street  below,  the  window  which 
opens  inward  in  addition  to  oper- 
ating on  a  slide,  will  be  a  factor 
in  the  skyscrapers  to  be  built. 

This  mechanism  allows  the 
ordinary  double-hung  sliding 
window  to  be  swung  quickly  and 
easily  into  the  room  to  be  cleaned 
and  as  quickly  and  easily  swung 
back  into  place,  without  in  any 
way  preventing  the  sliding  of  the 
windows  up  and  down  in  the 
usual  manner. 

The  sash  is  fastened  to  the 
frame  by  an  automatic  hinge 
that  operates  when  it  is  desired 


to  swing  the  sash  in.  The  action 
of  swinging  the  sash  into  the 
room  disconnects  the  cord  and 
leaves  it  fastened  to  the  frame. 
The  sash  is  then  free  and  swings 
in.  The  upper  sash  operates  in 
the  same  manner.  A  window 
thus  swung  into  the  room  can  be 
cleaned  at  night,  and  by  the 
woman  cleaner.  The  annoyance 
that  the  cleaning  of  windows 
inflicts  upon  the  occupants  of  an 
office  or  room  in  the  daytime  is 
thus  eliminated.  Furthermore, 
only  half  an  ordinary  sliding 
window  can  be  opened.  With 
this  arrangement,  the  entire  win- 
dow space  is  available  for  air 
and  the  price  of  labor  for  clean- 
ing is  greatly  reduced. 


For  Railway  Employes 
Hospital  cars  have  been  built  out  of  freight  cars  for  use  of  men  in- 
jured while  at  work. 


FREIGHT  CAR  HOSPITAL 

A  FREIGHT  car  hospital  is  the  latest 
thing  for  the  care  of  railway  em- 
ployes who  are  either  taken  ill  while  on 
duty  or  who  meet  with  accidents.  A  car 
of  this  kind  is  used  by  a  western  railroad 
and  wherever  men  are  employed  in  re- 
pairing or  constructing  its  right  of  way, 
one  of  these  cars  is  at  hand. 

An  ordinary  freight  car  is  used,  but 
changed  so  as  to  meet  the  necessary 
requirements  of  the  service.    It  is  divided 


A  Hospital  Car 

The    railway    company's  surgeon    is  in  charge  and 
operation  maybe  made,  if  necessary.    All  the  equipment  of  a  small 
hospital  is  provided 


into  two  sections,  with  the  entrance  in 
the  middle  of  the  car.  One  section  is 
provided  with  an  operating  table,  hot  and 
cold  water,  and  all  necessary  instruments. 
The  other  section  is  equipped  with  the 
double  spring  berths  for  the  patients. 

The  inside  of  the  car  is  painted  white, 
and  neat  white  curtains  are  hung  at  the 
windows.  A  company's  surgeon  is  in 
charge  of  the  car,  and  operations  either 
of  minor  or  of  major  importance  are  per- 
formed when  the  occasion  demands. 
Thus  many  a  life  may  be  saved  that 
would  otherwise  be  lost  while  the  injured 

person  was  being  taken  to  some 

city  Hospital. 


FALSE  HAIR 

QOLD-ANCHORED  hair  is  a 
^"^  cure  for  baldness  that  is  ad- 
vocated by  a  Hungarian  doctor. 
It  is  really  just  concealment  of 
the  fact,  however,  and  it  is  an 
extremely  expensive  operation. 
A  very  fine  hair  is  twisted  with 
both  ends  free  about  a  bit  of  thin 
gold  wire.  The  doctor  runs  the 
wire  under  the  scalp,  twists  it 
and  thus  anchors  it.  The  oper- 
ation is  repeated  until  five  hun- 
dred to  the  square  inch  are  placed. 


immediate 


MBIW  :">r 


ELECTRICITY  IS  ADDING  TO 
THE  COMFORT  OF  FARM  LIFE 
The  transmission  line  brings  power  to  the  door-  the  motor  turns 
•"  the  grindstone  that  the  youngster  used  to  sweat  over,  and  half  the 

Ifti^  other  disagreeable  chores  are  now  performed  by  the  same  agent. 

FARMERS  BUILD  ELECTRIC 

LINES 

By 
F.    G.    MOORHEAD 


E ELECTRIC  light  and  power,  in- 
i  stalled  on  a  basis  similar  to 
I  that  of  rural  telephone  lines, 
j  is  what  is  being  accomplished 
for  farmers  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Griswold,  in  Western  Iowa, 
where  twenty-three  farmers,  owning 
their  own  transmission  systems,  are 
setting  an  example  which,  it  is  pre- 
dicted, thousands  of  others  will  shortly 
follow. 

Two  systems  are  in  vogue  in  install- 


ing and  maintaining  the  power  and 
light  lines  which  serve  the  farmers 
near  Griswold.  One  three-mile  line 
cost  the  farmers  securing  service  there- 
from one  hundred  dollars  each, 
this  being  the  pro  rata  share  , 
of  the  original  cost  of 
installing  poles  and 
stringing  w  i  re  s 
from  the  city 
limits  to 
the    fur-    -i 


LIGHT  FOR  THE  BARNYARD 
An  electric  lamp  over  the  back  door  of  the  house  and  one  at  the  corner  of 
the  barn  give  illumination  at  any  hourof  the  night.    The  farmers'  trans- 
mission line  makes  this  possible. 


S3) 


FARMERS    BUILD    ELECTRIC    LINES 


839 


Tl 


tliermost  farm.  After 
the  line  was  built  it  was 
turned  over  to  the  local 
electric  light  and  power 
company,  the  farmers 
who  built  it  simply  pay- 
ing for  their  current  as 
if  they  lived  in  town,  the 
company  maintaining 
the  line. 

The  other  syste m, 
which  is  proving  even 
more  popular,  extends 
still  further  into  the 
country.  The  farmers 
erected  this  line  and  the 
Griswold  electric  com- 
pany installed  a  meter  at 
the  city  limits,  selling 
the  current  to  the  farmer 
customers  at  six  cents  a 
kilowatt.  The  farmers 
keep  up 
their  own 
line  and 
make  addi- 
tions to  it 
as  fast  as  they 
are  wanted.  The 
original  cost  of 
installation  was 
charged  up 
pro  rata  to 
those  served. 
N  e  w  mem- 
bers  of   the 

system   pay   the   same   sum 
and    their    payment    is    re- 
funded    to     the     original 
members  pro  rata  accord- 
ing to  their  investment.     There 
is    some   loss   in   transmission 
to  the  country  districts  and 
the   farmers 
who   get   the 
unusually  low 
six-cent    rate 
make    good 
this     loss    to 
the  company. 
The  price  of 
the  current, 


A  Power  Plant  for  Farmers 
■y  are  supplied  with  electricity  from  a  common  transmission  lii.e  which  they 
built,  sharing  the  cost  pro  rata. 


Tut: 
The  neijihh 


The   Light   on   the    GABLI  0» 
the  House 


Farmer  Installed  Power  Driven  Tools 
ors  for  miles  around  come  to  have  various  johs  done. 

on  an  average,  is  ten  cents  per 
kilowatt  hour,  which  is  still  cheaper 
than  the  cost  for  town  service  in  most 
places  the  size  of  Griswold,  of  one 
thousand  population.  The  average  cost 
to  the  farmer  patrons,  for  lighting 
home  and  barn,  is  about  a  dollar  a 
month  the  year  around. 

The  farm  home  of  George  Stone, 
three  miles  north  of  Griswold,  is 
typical.  The  pro  rata  share  of  the  in- 
stallation cost  was  one  hundred  dollars. 
In  addition  Stone  paid  fifty-eight  dol- 
lars for  wiring  his  house  and  barn,  now 
having  fifty-seven  lights.  He  also  has 
equipped    his    wife's    sewing   machine 


840 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


with  a  small  motor,  adjusting  the  ma- 
chine at  three  speeds,  regulated  by  the 
foot  of  the  operator.  Another  motor, 
of  one-fourth  horsepower,  operates  a 
washing  machine,  and  also  pumps  cis- 
tern water  to  a  gravity  tank  on  the 
roof,  thus  supplying  the  kitchen,  bed- 
rooms, and  bathroom  with  soft  water. 
Extending  from  the  gable  of  the  house 
is  a  goose-neck  pipe  with  a  high 
candle-power  light.  Another  light,  of 
equal  power,  is  similarly  installed  on 
the  gable  of  the  barn. 

If  Stone  wants  to  go  to  the  barn  at 
night  he  simply  turns  a  switch,  which 
lights  the  rear  light  on  the  house  and 
the  front  light  on  the  barn,  making  the 
intervening  space  as  bright  as  any  city 
street.  Twelve  droplights  in  the  barn 
and  one  each. in  the  hen  house,  wood- 
house,  coal  house,  and  cyclone  cave  add 
to  the  conveniences. 

Stone  has  used  his  power  still  fur- 
ther, equipping  a  workshop  where  he 


does  his  own  repair  work  and  many 
odd  jobs  for  the  neighbors,  all  his  ma- 
chinery being  power  driven.  Neigh- 
bors coining  in  from  many  miles  around, 
with  odd  jobs  and  broken-down  auto- 
mobiles, are  always  directed  to  the 
Stone  house,  where  Stone's  proficiency 
with  tools  and  ready  power  makes  his 
repair  shop  a  source  of  profit  to  him. 

Not  the  least  advantage  of  the  Stone 
lighting  system  is  that  it  minimizes  the 
danger  of  fire  in  the  barn,  where  the 
old  "hay  burners" — as  the  old  style. 
open  lanterns  were  called — have  been 
responsible  for  many  a  disastrous 
blaze. 

Another  advantage  is  the  protection 
the  service  affords,  particularly  against 
thieves.  Chicken  houses  lighted  by 
electricity  are  seldom  visited  by 
chicken  thieves,  for  with  a  switch  in 
the  house  and  a  globe  in  the  chicken 
house,  the  farmer  has  quick  and  ready 
means  of  identification.' 


SWINGING  FREIGHT  OVER 

THE  SEA 


By 
DAVID    GOVE 


THERE  is  no  harbor  at  Nome, 
Alaska,  the  water  being  too 
shallow  to  allow  vessels  to 
approach  nearer  than  two 
miles  from  the  shore.  As  a 
result,  for  several  years  freight  was 
taken  off  by  hand  from  lighters  that  were 
pulled  up  close  to  the  beach,  and  long- 
shoremen were  paid  one  dollar  per  hour 
for  unloading  them,  thus  making  freight 
discharging  a  very  costly  process.  More- 
over, the  steamers  were  often  delayed 
many  days  at  a  time  on  account  of  the 
surf. 

To    overcome    the    difficulty    of    un- 


loading at  the  beach,  the  idea  of 
an  aerial  cableway  was  considered  to 
be  the  most  feasible.  In  order  to  make 
use  of  this  method  it  was  necessary  to 
lay  a  foundation  for  a  tower  that  would 
stand  the  enormous  pressure  of  the  ice 
in  Bering  Sea.  The  eccentric  movement 
of  the  ice  during  the  winter  months 
demolished  everything  in  the  way  of  dock 
construction.  A  caisson  was  built  sixty 
by  forty  feet  at  the  base,  tapering  to 
fifty-five  by  thirty-five  at  the  top,  and 
thirty-two  feet  in  height.  This  caisson 
was  simply  a  huge  wooden  box  weighing 
seventy   tons.      It  was   shod   with   three 


— 


Hauled  Out  on  the  Frozen  Surf 

The  caisson  weighed  seventy  tons  and  was  sunk  through 

the  ice  oS  N"im\  Alaska,  to  make  the  base  for  the  aerial 

cableway  tower. 

big  timbers  for  runners,  and  thirty-two 
horses  hauled  it  over  the  ice  for  a  dis- 
tance of  a  thousand  feet  to  where  the 
tower  was  to  be  built.  A  hole  was  cut 
through  the  ice  large  enough  to  admit 
the  caisson.  When  it  was  launched,  an- 
other box  was  built  inside  of  it.  The 
space  between  the  outer  caisson  and  this 
inner  caisson  was  filled  with  tightly- 
rammed  concrete,  while  the  inner 
box  was  filled  with  hundreds  of 
tons  of  broken  rock.  The  whole, 
with  its  heavy  load,  sank  to  the 
bottom  of  Bering  Sea. 

The  cableway  has  two  towers, 
a  sea  tower  and  a  shore  tower. 
The    huge    block    of    concrete 
formed  an  ideal  foundation  for 
the  sea  tower ;  the  shore  tower 
was  built  five  hundred  feet  back 
from    the   beach,    making   the 
span     fifteen     hundred     feet. 

A    duplex    carrier    is    sus- 
pended   from    a    fixed    cable, 
which     has     a     capacity    of 
seven    tons,    but    in    emer- 
gencies as  much  as  fourteen 
tons  have  been  lifted  at  one 
time.     The    towing    cables 


The  Tom  kk  Con- 
struction 
The  double  walled  rais 
son  after  brink'  lined 
with  concrete  and  tilled 
with  hundreds  of  tons 
of  rock  was  sunk.  It 
Withstood     tfie     violent 

ice  movement  of  Bering 
Sea. 


Over  Bering  Sea 
The  way  passengers  and  freight  are  carried  ashore. 

are  kept  apart  by  automatic  spreaders 
that   are    released    when    the    carrier 
goes    out    and    taken    up    when    it 
comes  in. 

So  firm  did  the  huge  concrete  block 
become    imbedded    in    the    floor    of 
liering   Sea   that   it   withstood   the 
enormous  ice  pressure  during  the 
winter  months  without  being  dam- 
aged.    Passengers,  mail, 


bullion,  .,»ss 
freight    are    taken 


b  a  s  S  a  g  e, 


and 
over 

the  cableway  with  econ- 
omy and  efficiency  even 
when  there  is  consider- 
able surf  running. 

m 


MAKING  CRIPPLES  INTO 
WORRINGMEN 


B  y 
LOUISE    E.    DEW 


VER  four  hundred  thou- 
sand men  are  killed  or 
maimed    annually    in    the 


O  United  States  alone,  in 
mines  or  factories,  or  on 
railroads.  Seventy-five  per  cent  of  this 
number  are  crippled  for  life  and  so 
incapacitated  for  the  trade  they  have 
been  accustomed  to  follow  that  they 
wind  up  in  the  gutter  or  almshouse. 
Many  such  are  to  be  seen  on  our  streets 
selling  pencils,  shoe  laces,  or  some 
trivial  commodity  under  the  guise  of 
earning  a  living,  where  in  reality  they 
are  nothing  but  licensed  beggars  pick- 
ing up  coins  from  sympathetic  passers- 
by.  "       " 

To  lift  all  cripples  from  such  an  ap- 
palling state  and  to 
make  them  self-sup- 
porting self-respecting 
members  of  society  is 
the  chief  aim  in  life  of 


For  a  Onf.-Armed  Man 

The  youth  wanted  to  work  in  glass  mosaics  and  it  was  but 

a  short  time  before  the  doctor  had  arranged  a  toot-clamp 

machine  that  has  enabled  him  to  learn  the  trade.    He  is 

now  making  a  name  for  himself  at  the  trade  he  loves. 

842 


Dr.  Charles  H.  Jaeger,  the  cripples'  friend, 
who  is  also  professor  of  orthopedics  in 
Columbia  University  and  the  head  of 
the  German  hospital,  in  New  York.  By 
the  fraternity,  Dr.  Jaeger  is  affection- 
ately spoken  of  as  "the  Lorenz  of 
America",  because  of  his  work  under 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Lorenz  of  Vienna. 

Dr.  Jaeger  first  conceived  the  idea 
of  a  Trade  School  for  Cripples  when 
he  was  just  starting  out  in  his  profes- 
sion at  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured 
and  Crippled,  in  New  York.  He  opened 
a  trade  school  under  the  name  of  the 
Hospital  of  Hope.  Here  any  boy  or 
man  between  the  ages  of  sixteen  and 
thirty-five  is  received  and  taught  a 
trade  according  to  his  particular  dis- 
ability, absolutely  free  of  charge. 

Dr.  Jaeger  has  never  yet  found  a 
man  so  badly  crippled  that  he  could 
not  provide  a  trade  for  him.  Tf  he  is 
deprived  of  his  feet  or  legs  or  arms  the 
doctor  soon  ascertains  what  his  par- 
ticular mental  bent  is  and,  if  there  is 
no  other  way,  he  invents  a  machine  to 
supply  the  deficiency  of  the  missing 
members.  For  example,  there  was  a 
lad  of  eighteen  whose  good  right  arm 
was  amputated  at  the  shoulder  after 
an  injury.  The  boy  had  an  artistic 
bent  and  desired  above  everything  else 
to  enter  the  mosaic  class,  but  this  work 
only  seemed  to  be  for  men  whose  feet 
or  lower  limbs  were  missing  and  who 
had  strong  torsal  members. 

The  bits  of  broken  glass  in  rainbow 
colorings  donated  by  the  big  ecclesias- 
tical factory  were  so  alluring  to  the 
lad's  color  sense  that  he  often  picked 
them  up  in  his  left  hand  and  let  the 
fragments  slip  through  his  fingers  in 


MAKING  CRIPPLES  INTO  WORKINGMEN 


843 


the  sunlight  just  to  see 
the  prismatic  effects. 

Dr.  Jaeger,  observing 
him,  straightway  devised 
a  foot-controlled  clamp 
machine,  the  right  foot 
taking  the  place  of  the 
missing  right  hand, 
while  the  left  hand  held 
the  glass  in  the  forceps 
as  it  was  being  cut. 

That  this  boy  was  not 
mistaken  in  his  choice  of 
a  vocation  was  proved 
by  the  beautiful  objects 
he  has  already  orig- 
inated. Among  others  is 
a  coffee  or  tea  pot  tray 
with  a  white  tile  mosaic 
border  and  in  the  circle 
a  bunch  of  grapes  in  all 
their  delicate  pastel 
shadings  to  rich  royal 
purple.  It  was  his  own 
idea  and,  as  he  modestly 
explained : 

"A  bunch  of  grapes 
ain't  all  purple ;  it's 
sprinkled   with   a  lot  of 


other  shades,  a  little  harder  to  see." 
Three  months  ago  there  came  to  the 
Trade  School,  from  a  little  cotton  mill 
town  in  Connecticut,  a  young  lad  who, 
as  a  result  of  infantile  paralysis,  was 
still  on  crutches.  A  few  weeks'  exer- 
cise on  one  of  Dr.  Jaeger's  big 
mechano-therapy  machines,  like  that 
imposed  on  all  the  other  cripples,  put 
the  lad  in  condition  to  work.  Mean- 
time, he  has  learned  a  trade  which  he 
will  follow  when  he  returns  to  the  little 
mill  town. 

Dr.  Jaeger  introduced  these  mechano- 
therapy  machines   to   New   York   and 

(Continued  on  page  936) 

Preparing  to  Cheat  the  Crutches 

Dr.  Jaeger  brought  from  Europe  some  mechanotherapy 

machines  which  in  this  case  almost  cured  the  infantile 

paralysis  cripple  while  he  was  learning  a  trade. 


844 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


QUAIL  SETS 
UNDER  PLANER 

IN  the  very  center  of 
the  Plaza  de  Panama, 
the  main  square  of  the 
Panama-California  Ex- 
position at  San  Diego,  is 
a  temporary  planing 
mill,  probably  the  nois- 
iest place  on  the  grounds. 
But  its  operations  have 
resulted  in  the  accretion 
of  thick  piles  of  soft 
shavings,     and     late     in 


April  there  arrived,  from  the  near-by 
canyon,  one  of  the  myriad  wild  quail  that 
dwell  there.  She  built  her  nest  on  the  top 
of  a  small  pile  directly  under  the 
"table"  along  which  the  planed  boards 
are  carried — her  back  actually  touching 
the  stationary  plank.  Fourteen  eggs 
she  laid — and  all  fourteen  hatched — 
thanks  to  the  carpenters  who  refused 
to  allow  the  removal  of  the  shavings 
until  the  mother  and  her  fourteen 
chicks  rolled  down  the  pile,  stalked 
across  the  plaza  and  joined  the  other 
quail  in  the  canyon.  The  carpenters 
considered  it  the  most  extraordinary  of 
the  exposition  exhibits  but  it  will  not  be 
there  for  coming  visitors. 


In  from  the  California  Woods 
The  bed  of  shavings  made  a  splendid  nest 
even  though  the  planer  was  roaring  an  inch  or 
two  above  the  quail's  nest.  The  chicks  paraded 
back  to  the  fields  with  the  mother  when  they 
hatched  out. 


RIVET  GLASSES  TO  CAP 

LASSES  riveted  to  the  visor  of 
the  cap  and  working  on  a  hinge 

have  been  adopted  by  baseball  players. 

"  en  not  needed  to  shield  the  eyes, 
the  glasses,  which  are  smoked,  rest 
against  the  peak  of  the  cap.  When  a 
ball  is  hit,  the  fielder  wearing  them 
simply  touches  his  cap;  the  glasses 
fall  down  in  front  of  his  eyes  and  give 
him  a  chance  to  see  the  approaching 
ball  while  looking  directly  into  the  sun. 

The  new  glasses  have  two  advan- 
tages: There  is  no  chance  for  them 
to  fall  off  and  the  fielder  does  not  have 
to  look  through  dark  glasses  all  the 
time  as  he  does  when  he  wears  the  old 
style  of  "specs".  They  were  invented 
by  Fred  Clarke,  manager  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh team.  They  are  also  fine  for 
automobilists  motoring  in  the  face  of 
Old  Sol  and  can  even  be  used  by  fans  of 
the  bleachers. 


WHITECAPS   TO   ORDER 

IF  you  are  fond  of  bathing  or 
boating  and  like  to  "take  the 
rollers"  while. in  the  water,  it  is 
possible  now  for  you  to  order 
just  the  kind  of  waves  you  like 
most  for  your  sport. 

There  is  a  new  and  odd  look- 
ing machine  which  will  make 
any  one  of  a  half  dozen  different 
kinds  of  waves  for  you.  This 
machine  is  one  of  the  new  things 
at  summer  resorts  this  season 
where  lakes  have  heretofore 
maintained  a  placid  surface  with 
but  a  ripple  showing. 

Some  one  invented  this  ma- 
chine to  change  all  that  and  give 
you  a  real  Atlantic  City  surf,  or 
any  one  of  the  varieties  of  waves. 
The  process  of  making  is  easy. 
If  you  want  long  rolling  billows, 
the  four  plungers  are  worked  in 
unison.  If  you  want  short  choppy 
waves,  the  plungers  are  worked 
up  and  down  in  the  water  inde- 
pendently of  each  other.  If 
whitecaps  are  preferred,  two 
plungers  are  worked  up  while 
the  other  two  go  down. 


For  thk  Sun  Field 
When  the  baseball  arches  into  the  sun  the  outfielder  often  loses  it, 
but  these  visor  glasses  can  be  flopped  down  to  make  the  catch  easy. 


Nsw  Kind  ok  Bathing  Machine 
This  device  makes  waves;  any  kind— whitecaps,  rollers,  or  chop 


845 


846 


TECHNICAL  WORLD   MAGAZINE 


CUMBERLAND  CHILDREN 
PULL  LOGS 

IN    the    Cumberland    mountains    a 

many  queer  contrivances  for 
hauling  produce.     One  is 
what  would   be  called  .^fc^. 

in  the  North  a  stone 
boat.    On  this  sled 
cornstalks  are 
hauled  from  the        i 
fields    and    put       M 
in   storage   for 
winter  use. 

When  fences 
are  built,  it  is 
not  uncommon 
to  see  children 
"snaking"  the 
logs    for    some 
distance.     Three 
of  them  often  pull 
tandem  for  the  slid 
ing    efficiency    of 
boat  is  not  great. 


QUADRUPLING 
YOUR  YARD 

IN  a  suburban  city  or  town  there  may 

be,    on    one    beautiful    shady 
street,     fifteen     or     twenty 
houses,  the  lot  surround- 
ing   each    house    aver 
aging  no   more   than 
from  forty  to  eighty 
feet     in     width.     It 
used  to  be  custom- 


Hauling  the  Stone  Boat 

Tin-  Cumberland  mountain  youngsters 

have  to  pull  logs  and  produce  on  one 

of  the  oldest  forms  of  conveyances. 


ary  for  each  suburbanite  to  fence  in  his 
own  property  after  the  English  fashion. 
This  gives  to  every  lot  a  sort  of  cramped 
appearance  and,  as  each  land  owner  has 
different  ideas  concerning 
fences  and  walls,  the 
whole  aspect,  front 
and  rear,  is  by  no 
means  attractive. 
Nowadays  a 
great  many 
suburbanites 
are  learning 
how  to  "quad- 
ruple" their 
y  a  r  (1  s.  The 
method  is 
simple  enough. 
All  fences  are 
taken  down  and 
through  a 
^W  stretch  of  from  six 
^  to  a  dozen  back 
yards,  there  is  one  wide 
sweep  of  green  lawn  un- 
broken  by  ornamental 
fences  or  hedges.  Some- 
times a  large  arbor,  which 
is  in  reality  a  double 
will  be  built  by  neighbors  at  the 
rear  of  their  lots  and  made  to 
extend  an  equal  distance 
over  each  line. 
As  a  result  of  this 
everyone  has  a  back 
(1  which 
a  wide 
>  f  land. 


arbor. 


THE  JOINT  YARDS  WHICH  M  \KE  FOR  BEAUTS' 

By  a  little  community  action  with  your  neighbors  it  is  possible  to  have  a  vista  that  often  quadruples  your  yard. 


RUNAWAY  FREIGHT  WRECKS 
ITSELF 

A  RUNAWAY  freight  train,  carry- 
"*  ing  thousands  of  boxes  of  oranges, 
shot  down  a  six-mile  grade  into  Azuza, 
California,  at  a  speed  of  eighty  miles 
recently,  just  as  a  work  train  loaded 
down  with  laborers  climbed  laboriously 
up  grade  toward  the  little  town.  But 
the  switch  was  open  at  Azuza  and  the 
string  of  cars  leaped  the  track  and 
was  turned  into  a  mass  of  wreckage, 
just  as  the   work  train,  like  the  mid- 


WATERING  LONDON'S  WELLS 

VF/ATER  levels  beneath  the  city  of 
London,  England,  have  fallen 
more  than  a  hundred  feet  in  recent 
years  because  of  the  enormous  quan- 
tity of  water  that  has  been  pumped 
out  of  the  chalk  stratum.  The  English 
Geological  Survey  has  suggested  that 
the  city  replenish  the  underground 
supply  with  a  system  of  wells  designed 
to  carry  rain  water  through  the  im- 
pervious top  stratum  which  keeps  it 
from  going  far  beneath  the  surface  and 


THE   ESCAPE   LED  TO   DISASTER 

night   express  of  melodrama,  came 
around  the  bend  toward  the  scene. 

The  freight  train  escaped  from  the 
crew  at  San  Dimas  when  afr  leaked 
out  of  the  brake  connections.  The 
string  of  eighteen  cars  moved  majestic- 
ally out  of  the  little  town  and  gathered 
speed  rapidly. 

Two  tramps  were  killed  in  the  acci- 
dent. Another  jumped  just  before  the 
crash  came,  and  escaped,  but  he  said 
his  "pals"  were  afraid  to  tackle  the  leap 
from  the  speeding  train. 


A  train  of  freight  cars  in  California  slipped  out 
of  a  freight  yard  and  shot  down  a  grade:  it  was 
their  last  trip. 


keeping  up  the  supply.  All  the  rain 
now  runs  from  sewers  into  the  Thames 
and  thence  into  the  sea.  With  a  system 
of  deep  cisterns  it  would  seep  through 
the  sands  and  enter  fissures  in  the 
chalk  lode  and  be  stored,  cooled,  and 
filtered  perfectly  by  nature's  process. 
The  experiment  was  successfully  tried 
out  at  Lea  Bridge  where  a  large  quan- 
tity of  water  was  run  into  wells  and 
the  underground  supply  greatly  enlarged 
during  drier  seasons. 

Sf? 


CHANGING  SAND 
HILLS  into  FORESTS 


By  Arthur  Chapman 


THE  TREES  AT  THE  END  OF  FOUR  YEARS 
The  country  which  has  boon  a  dreary  waste  for  ages  will  eventually  be  completely  changed  by  this  growth  ot  pine. 


k  WAGON  of  the  prairie  schooner 
f\     type  is  toiling  along  the  broad 
/    \    trail  of  the  undulating  prairie. 
/       m     The    wheels    are    deep    in 
the  sand.     There  is  a  vol- 
leying   of    sand,    with    the    gusts    of 
wind  that  sweep  the  plains.     Sand  is 
in  the  eyes  and  clothing  of  the  way- 
farers.  It  spoils  their  food  and  impedes 
their  progress.  The  sand  hills  are  mere 
playthings  of  the  wind,  and  are  con- 
stantly creeping  and  changing  position. 
Some   of   the   hills   are   covered   with 
sparse  grass,  but  most  of  them  have 
been    swept    clear    of    vegetation    by 
prairie  fires. 

iThat  was  in  1849.  It  is  no  wonder 
that  the  pioneer  who  journeyed 
through  what  is  now  the  northwestern 
corner  of  Nebraska  cursed  the  country 
and  prophesied  that  no  vegetation 
would  ever  thrive  in  this  land  of  shift- 
ing sand  hills. 

But  the  pioneers  were  by  no  means 

m 


always  right  in  their  estimates.  Recur- 
ring tides  of  immigration  have  settled 
upon  and  made  profitable  millions  of 
acres  which  the  first  comers  passed 
over  as  worthless.  The  sand  hill  coun- 
try of  Nebraska  is  now  being  trans- 
formed. Science  having  proved  that 
this  shifting  top  surface  of  sand  can 
be  made  to  support  a  thick  forest  cover, 
the  Forestry  Service,  since  1902,  has 
been  engaged  in  a  work  of  reclamation. 
These  twelve  years  of  effort  have 
wrought  astounding  results.  They  have 
put  a  heavy  growth  of  hardy  trees  on 
sand  hills  whose  shifting  slopes  have 
for  ages  supported  nothing  more  valu- 
able than  a  thin  crop  of  wiry  grass  and 
they  have  covered  ugly  "blow  holes" 
dug  by  the  wind  into  these  Nebraska 
hills. 

At  first  the  work  was  slow,  but  now 
it  is  proceeding  at  the  rate  of  two 
million  trees  a  season.  The  sand  hills 
are  being  reclaimed  a  thousand  acres 


CHANGING   SAND    HILLS    INTO   FORESTS 


849 


at  a  time  and  one  can  view  vast 
marked  areas  just  planted  or  can 
stand  in  the  shade  of  thriving  groves, 
scarcely  a  dozen  years  old,  where  the 
term  "desert"'  can  never  again  be  ap- 
plied and  where  the  pioneer  of  '49 
would  stand  in  amazement  at  the 
changes  science  has  wrought. 

The  sand  hill  country  of  Nebraska 
covers  an  area  of  twenty  thousand 
square  miles,  or  approximately  one- 
fourth  the  total  area  of  the  State. 
There  is  also  a  sand  hill  strip  in  Kan- 
sas, which  is  being  reclaimed  by  for- 
estry methods.  This  Kansas  strip  is 
from  five  to  thirty  miles  wide  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Arkansas  river  from 
the  west  boundary  of  the  State  to  the 
vicinity  of  Great  Bend  and  Hutchin- 
son. Of  the  entire  area  of  these  two 
states  it  is  estimated  that  nearly  ten 
per  cent  are  sand  hills,  not  fitted  for 
agriculture.  Only  one  per  cent  of  the 
sand  hill  area  of  Nebraska  is  National 
Forest  land,  but  in  showing  that 
reclamation  of  this  tract  is  possible, 
the  Forest  Service  will  be  accomplish- 
ing its  main  object.  The  rest  will  be 
up  to  the  people  to  bring  about  legis- 
lation which  will  provide  for  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  work. 

The  headquarters  of  this  remarkable 


work  of  reclamation  are  at  Halsey, 
Nebraska,  where  a  large  nursery  has 
been  laid  out  beside  the  Middle  Loup 
River.  Here  jack  pine  and  yellow  pine 
are  grown  from  seed  and  the  seedlings 
are  transplanted  as  occasion  requires. 
Millions  of  gallons  of  water  are  used 
each  summer  for  irrigating  the  young 
trees.  Three  gasoline  engines  at  con- 
venient places  along  the  river  pump 
the  water  into  mains  from  which  it  is 
distributed  to  the  various  parts  of  the 
nursery  as  needed. 

The  seeds  are  from  pine  cones  which 
are  gathered  in  the  fall,  and  usually 
sown  at  that  time  of  year  in  order  to 
secure  germination  as  early  as  possible 
the  following  spring.  Conifers  are 
raised  almost  exclusively,  though  some 
hardwoods,  including  green  ash,  hack- 
berry,  and  similar  species,  which  are 
grown  and  furnished  free  of  charge  to 
settlers  and  homesteaders,  are  used 
with  good  results.  After  the  seed  is 
planted,  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
seeds  to  the  square  foot,  fine  dirt  is 
sifted  over  the  sowing  to  the  depth  of 
a  quarter  of  an  inch.  Then  the  seeds 
are  covered  with  burlap,  to  prevent 
them  from  blowing  away,  and,  when 
the  seedlings  emerge  from  the  ground 
and  the  burlap  is  removed,  the  tender 


BEDCLOTHES  FOR  THE  SEEDLINGS 
These  seedlings  are  covered  with  slats  so  that  they  will  not  be  harmed  by  the  sun's  rays  during  their  first  year  of  life. 


850 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


green  shoots  are  covered  with  slatting 
which  gives  about  fifty  per  cent  shade, 
the  full  force  of  the  sun  being  too 
severe.  These  frames  are  left  over 
the  seedlings  the  first  season. 
Sometimes,  when  a  particularly 
hardy  tree  is  desired,  the  seed- 
lings are  left  in  the  beds  for  two 
years.  In  any  case  they  must  be 
transplanted    to    other    beds    to 


Digging  Seedlings 
The  Forestry  Department  has  devised  imple- 
ments to  facilitate    transplanting  the,  young 

pine  trees. 


A  Two-Year-0i.d  Plantation  of  Jack  Pines  in  the 
Sand  Hill  Country,  Which  Is  Proving  a  Success 


harden  for  the  trying  conditions  in  the 
field  where  they  are  to  remain  per- 
manently. 


What  Can.  Be  Done  Through  the  Jack  Pink 

This  stand  is  at  the  Halsey  nursery  and  was  planted  eleven 

years  ago. 

Transplanting  is  hazardous,  because 
a  few  minutes'  exposure  to  the  sun  and 
the  wind  will  drive  the  moisture  from 
the  tiny  roots  of  the  seedlings  and,  as 
nearly  two  millions  of  these  seedlings 
are  handled  every  spring,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  resort  to  mechanical  means  to 
expedite  the  work.  The  men  are 
divided  into  crews  of  seven  each  and 
each  crew  has  two  covered  tables 
where,  protected  from  the  sun  and  the 
wind,  the  seedlings  are  "threaded"  into 
a  slotted  board  from  which  they  are 
removed  to  trenches.  In  this  way  one 
crew    of    men    can    transplant    from 


CHANGING   SAND   HILLS   INTO   FORESTS 


851 


twenty-five  thousand  to  thirty-five 
thousand  young  trees  a  day.  The 
transplants  remain  in  the  beds  one 
year,  during  which  time  they  are 
watered,  cultivated,  and  weeded,  to 
induce  root  development. 

In   the  spring  comes  the  all-impor- 


planting  lie  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
nursery  and  it  is  only  necessary  to 
"heel"  the  trees  in  carefully  until  they 
are  needed  in  the  field,  at  which  time 
they  are  packed  in  crates  and  taken 
to  the  field  station.  This  field  station, 
or  camp,  provides  accommodations  for 


GUARDING  THE  PLANTATION 

The  great  strip  around  it  has  been  burned  over  so  that  prairie  tires  will  not  ruin  in  a  few  hours  the  work  of  years. 


IN  THE  NEBRASKA   HILLS 
The  forestry  camp  is  movable  and  with  the  aid  of  the  little  pine  trees  the  men  of  the  service  are  turning  the  sand  hills 

into  beautiful  country. 


tant  transfer  from  the  transplant  beds 
to  the  lonely  hills  where  the  young 
trees  are  to  find  their  premanent  home. 
On  most  planting  projects,  the  stock 
when  dug  is  carefully  packed  in 
sphagnum  moss  and  shipped  by  rail 
but,   in   this  case,   immense  areas   for 


fifty  men  and  nearly  as  many  horses, 
and  it  is  so  constructed  that  it  can  be 
moved  as  soon  as  the  surrounding 
areas  are  completed.  In  this  way  about 
one  thousand  acres  are  planted  each 
spring  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  move 
camp  once  in  two  years. 


852 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


The  question  of  protection  is  one. of 
the  most  serious  the  Forest  Service 
experts  have  to  consider  in  their  work. 
This  sand  hill  area  is  swept  by  repeated 
prairie  fires  during  the  hot  season.  In 
fact,  the  fires  begin  as  soon  as  the 
grass  has  dried.  These  fires  have  been 
largely  responsible  in  keeping  the 
country  desolate.  As  soon  as  the 
prairie  cover  gets  a  good  start,  it  is 
killed  off  by  the  racing  tongues  of 
flame  which  sweep  in  every  direction. 
After  the  trees  reach  a  certain  maturity 
they  can  resist  a  scorching,  but  one  of 
these  fires  is  fatal  to  young  growth. 
The  newly-planted  tracts  are  protected 
by  a  system  of  back  firing.  A  strip  of 
land  about  ten  furrows  wide  is  plowed 
on  either  side  and  the  intervening  area 
is  burned  off  in  the  fall  when  the  grass 
becomes  dry.  This  wide  strip  of  bare 
ground  affords  an  admirable  place 
from  which  to  start  a  back  fire  in  case 
of  emergency.  These  fire  lines  intersect 
each  other  at  regular  intervals  so  that 
nearly  every  fifty-acre  tract  is  pro- 
tected on  all  sides. 

It  is  estimated  that  a  tree  like  the 
jack  pine  grows  at  an  average  rate  of 
a  foot  a  year  in  this  sand  hill  country. 
The  success  of  the  first  planting  was  only 
five  or  ten  per  cent,  but  now  it  is  esti- 
mated at  eighty-five  or  ninety  per  cent, 
owing  to  improved  nursery  and  plant- 
ing conditions.  In  fact,  difficult  as  it 
may  seem  to  transform  this  sand  hill 
area  into  a  fertile,  well-timbered  coun- 
try,   the    problems    are    really    not    so 


great  as  those  which  confront  the 
Forest  Service  in  planting  operations 
at  many  other  places.  In  replanting  a 
mountain  area,  for  instance,  the  growth 
of  timber1  is  much  slower  than  at  the 
Nebraska  elevation.  Also  the  danger 
from  rodents,  tree  pests,  and  all-con- 
suming forest  fires,  is  greater.  Jack 
pine,  at  the  Nebraska  altitude,  should 
make  one  first-class  and  one  second- 
class  post  per  tree  in  twenty  years. 
These  may  be  valued  at  eight  and  four 
cents  respectively,  or  twelve  cents  per 
tree.  Cut  at  twenty  years,  the  pine 
would,  according  to  estimate,  give  a 
gross  income  of  one  hundred  and 
ninety-two  dollars  per  acre.  This  is 
sufficient  to  cover  the  cost  of  planting, 
with  interest  and  the  cost  of  protection, 
and  leaves  a  net  annual  income  per 
acre  of  nearly  five  dollars. 

Another  generation  will  see  vast 
tracts  in  the  sand  hill  region  ready  for 
homes.  The  tree  growth  is  going  to 
fix  the  soil  so  there  will  be  no  more  of 
the  constant  shifting  of  the  earth's 
surface  at  the  behest  of  the  winds.  The 
pleasant  dark  green  of  the  plantations 
of  jack  pine  about  Halsey  are  prophetic 
of  the  sight  in  future  years  when  many 
more  sections  of  the  sand  hill  region 
will  be  reclaimed  by  the  forester.  Each 
ugly  shifting  sand  hill  that  is  clothed 
in  a  permanent  dress  of  forest  green 
is  another  argument  in  favor  of  the 
theory  that  the  world  can  grow  better 
only  as  men  work  and  plan  for  tomor- 
row instead  of  today. 


There  is  a  tree  in  this  country  insured  against  damage  from 
frost,  fire  and  cyclone  for  $30,000.  There  is  land  in  the  same 
region  that  produces  crops  worth  $2,000  per  acre.  At  this 
rate  the  owner  would  be  justified  in  asking  $20,000  an  acre. 
In  fact,  one  owner  would  not  sell  his  land  for  $40,000  an  acre. 
In  September  Technical  World,  Victor  W.  Killick  will 
present  in  a  most  interesting  way  some  startling  figures  on 
the  most  valuable  farm  lands  in  the  world. 


BILLIONS  CAN  RIDE 


MODEL  OF  NEW  UNDERGROUND  STATION  FOR  NEW*  YORK  CITY 

It  is  designed  to  facilitate  traffic  within  the  city's  limits. 

By    LOUIS    HUNTLEY 


WHEN  New  York  City 
completes  its  new  system 
of  rapid  transit,  over  six 
hundred  miles  of  rails 
will  be  at  the  disposal  of 
the  public.  Billions  of  people  will  ride 
annually  and  hundreds  of  millions  of 
dollars  will  have  been  spent  to  take 
care  of  the  crowds. 

The  Public  Service  Commission, 
which  has  had  the  tangles  and  riddles 
of  cheap  and  expeditious  transporta- 
tion to  solve  for  New  Yorkers,  ex- 
hibited not  long  since  a  model  of  the 
new  diagonal  subway  station.  The 
new  underground  station  will  be  a 
veritable  spider's  web  of  subway  and 
surface  connections.  A  moving  stair- 
way will  be  used  to  connect  it  with  the 
Steinway  tunnel  which  runs  under  the 
East  River  to  Long  Island  City. 

The  location  of  the  new  transporta- 
tion center  is  in  the  most  densely  popu- 
lated hotel  and  theater  district,  where 
traffic  has  long  been  congested ;  and  it 
is  the  opinion  of  the  experts  that,  by 
means  of  the  underground  platforms, 
connecting  passages,  and  depressed 
tracks  which  go  to  form  the  diagonal 
station,  this  congestion  will  be  safely 
and  conveniently  relieved. 

New  York's  existing  lines  take  care 


of  eight  hundred  million  annually,  but 
this  new  scheme,  known  as  the  "dual" 
system,  embracing  both  subway  and 
elevated  lines,  can  carry  more  than 
three  billion  passengers  each  year ;  and 
a  distance  of  about  twenty-six  miles 
without  change  of  cars  and  for  one  five 
cent  fare  will  be  possible. 

The  new  subways  now  being  con- 
structed will  show  many  improvements 
over  the  existing  one.  The  problem  of 
ventilation  has  been  greatly  simplified 
by  having  separate  tunnels  in  the  sub- 
ways. The  passage  of  trains  will  act 
like  a  piston  pushing  the  foul  air  before 
it  while  the  fresh  air  will  be  drawn  in 
behind.  High  temperature  has  been  a 
frequent  cause  for  complaint  in  the  old 
subway.  This  will  be  reduced  exceed- 
ingly. Engineers  now  believe  that 
most  of  the  heat  is  caused  by  the  fric- 
tion of  brake  shoes  on  the  wheels  of 
the  cars,  and  of  the  wheels  on  the 
track,  together  with  the  operation  of 
electric  motors  underneath  the  cars. 
The  old  designs  called  for  great  care 
in  waterproofing  of  the  tunnels.  The 
new  designs  call  for  waterproofing 
only  where  absolutely  needed  to  keep 
out  water,  allowing  the  more  rapid 
escape  of  heat  through  the  walls  of  the 
bores. 

&3 


GLASS  PLATES  FOR  MOTION- 
PICTURE  FILM 


By 
FREDERICK    COLLINS 


A  S  a  matter  of  common  technical 
l\     knowledge    among    manufac- 
Z_Jm  turers   of   moving-picture    ap- 
I       \     paratus,     there     has     been 
no    revolutionary    invention 
either  in  the  making  of  the  pictures,  or 
the  machines  for  projecting  them,  dur- 
ing   the    past    ten    years    though,    of 
course,   there   have  been   any   number 
of    minor    improvements    in    both    the 
films    and    the    mechanical    means    for 
securing  greater  accuracy  in  register- 
ing   the    successive    pictures    on    the 
screen ;  but   with   the   best   equipment 


and  the  most  highly  skilled  artisans 
obtainable  it  has  been  found  impossible 
heretofore  to  eliminate  entirely  the 
jerky  movement  of  the  film. 

The  wobbling  flickering  vibration  of 
the  moving  pictures  is  due  to  a  num- 
ber of  untoward  factors,  the  chief  one 
among  them  being  that  small  holes  are 
punched  out  at  equally  distant  points 
all  along  the  edges  of  the  film  so  that 
it  may  be  moved  forward  by  means  of 
teeth.  Naturally  there  must  be  a  little 
play  between  the  teeth  of  the  sprocket 
wheel  and  the  holes  in  the  film  and  it 


HOW  THE  GLASS  SLIDES  COME  AND  GO 
These  slides  are  carried  in  sequence  by  the  mechanism  of  the  machine  to  a  position  where  the  beam  of  light  from  the 
arc  lamp  projects  the  picture  on  the  screen.    After  the  interval  of  exposure,  the  slides  are  automatically  returned  and 

stacked  in  sequence. 

SS4 


GLASS   PLATES   FOR   MOTION-PICTURE  FILM 


855 


is  this  apparently  insignificant 
play  that,  being  highly  magni- 
fied on  the  screen,  causes  the 
picture  to  tango  up  and  down, 
with  the  resultant  fatigue  and 
strain  upon  the  eye  of  the 
observer. 

Another  thing.  The  gelatin 
film  on  which  "movies"  are 
made  is  not  a  transparent  sub- 
stance like  glass  and  its  lack  of 
transparency  requires  an  elec- 
tric light  of  high  power  to 
penetrate  it  and  project  the 
picture.  Such  a  light  generates 
an  intense  heat  and  this  too  in 
immediate  proximity  to  the 
highly  inflammable  film. 

A  new  machine,  the  inven- 
tion of  a  resident  of  New  York 
City,  uses  pictures  made  on 
individual  glass  slides  and  these 
slides  are  fed  into  a  projecting 
machine  so  quickly  and  with 
such  mathematical  precision 
that  a  continuity  is  obtained 
such  as  has  not  been  accom- 
plished before,  and  so  there  is 
produced  the  effect  of  an  unin- 
terrupted series  of  motion 
events  that  are  truly  repre- 
sentative of  life. 

Each  little  glass  slide  is  set 
in  a  thin  frame  formed  of  a 
new  alloy  of  aluminum,  called 
duralumin,  which  is  said  to  be 
lighter  and  stronger  than  alum- 
inum. This  frame  is  stamped 
out  with  knife-life  projections 
on  its  upper  and  lower  ends  by 
which  the  slides  are  taken  from  a 
Ikix  and  carried  in  sequence,  by 
the  mechanism  of  the  machine, 
to  a  position  where  the  beam 
of  light  from  the  arc  lamp 
passing  through  it  projects  the 
picture  on  the  screen.  After 
the  interval  of  exposure  the 
slides  are  automatically  re- 
turned and  stacked  in  sequence 
in  a  similar  box.  A  box  having 
five  cubic  feet  of  space  is  amply 


Ready  for  Use 

A  picture  which  would  last  an  hour  would  take  up  five  cubic  feet  of 

space  when  packed  in  a  box. 


Front  View  of  the  Machine 

The  lens  is  removed  and  the  shutter  is  open.     Tht 
leaving  the  turret. 


glass  plates  are 


The  Attempt  to  Improve  Movies 
This  machine  uses  glass  slides  instead  of  film. 


856 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


large  enough  to  hold  all  the  slides 
necessary  for  an  hour's  straight  run  or 
exhibition. 

The  projection  of  the  pictures  on  the 
screen  is  done  by  ingenious  but  simple 
mechanism  and  in  a  positive  manner. 
A  box  containing  a  full  set  of  pictures 
is  attached  to  the  machine.  It  takes 
about  two  seconds  to  do  this.  When 
attached  to  the  machine,  the  stack  of 
pictures  is  pressed  by  means  of  a  spring 
toward  a  pair  of  parallel-threaded 
spindles,  the  threads  of  which  engage 
the  knife-like  top  and  bottom  projec- 
tions of  the  glass  slides.  The  turning 
of  the  spindles  moves  the  glass  slides 
toward  a  little  element  pivoted  to  re- 
volve like  a  turret  on  a  battleship. 
This  little  turret  has  on  its  surface  a 
number  of  openings,  or  ports,  into 
which  each  advancing  slide  is  set  in 
turn  by  the  threaded  spindles.  The 
turret  then  revolves  to  the  point  of  ex- 
posure, when  it  stops;  the  shutter 
opens;  the  picture  is  exposed;  and  the 
shutter  closes.  During  this  cycle  of 
operations  another  slide  has  been  set 
in  a  pivot  of  the  turret  while  the  ex- 
posed slide  is  disengaged  from  the  port 
in  the  turret  by  the  opposite  threaded 
spindle,  and  so  on. 

After  exposure,  the  slide  is  carried 
around  on  the  turret  until  it  reaches 
another  pair  of  revolving  spindles, 
when  it   drops  out  of  the  opening  of 


the  turret  and  is  caught  up  by  the 
threads  of  the  spindles,  is  carried,  and 
stacked  in  a  solid  column  in  a  box 
similar  to  the  one  from  which  the  slides 
originally  came.  When  it  is  desired 
to  reproduce  the  same  picture,  the  box 
can  be  secured  to  the  opposite  side  of 
the  machine  in  position  to  show  the 
pictures  in  their  proper  order. 

The  operation  for  taking  pictures  on 
the  glass  slides  is  substantially  the 
same  as  that  of  projecting  the  moving 
pictures,  except  that  a  lens  is  used.  In 
handling  the  plates  after  exposure,  the 
inventor  has  designed  a  new  and  posi- 
tive system  of  developing,  washing, 
and  fixing  which  cannot  fail  to  give 
greater  uniformity  in  the  quality  of  the 
picture.  The  mechanism  is  so  designed 
as  to  move  the  plates  at  a  fixed  speed 
through  a  succession  of  tanks  contain- 
ing the  different  solutions,  whereby  the 
entire  series  of  plates  may  be  devel- 
oped, washed,  fixed,  dried,  and  re- 
ceived at  the  end  of  the  line,  and 
packed  in  a  box  ready  for  immediate 
use,  all  in  one  continuous  operation. 

Finally,  with  pictures  taken  on  glass 
slides  a  sharp  definite  image  is  ob- 
tained with  absolute  safety;  a  fact 
which,  considered  with  the  other 
merits  that  are  inherent  in  glass-plate 
photography,  results  in  a  motion  pic- 
ture vastly  superior  to  anything  that 
has  as  vet  been  seen  on  the  screen. 


BANDITS  STOP  AUTOS 
WITH  WIRES 


By 
THEODORE    M.    R.    VON    KELER 


M 


OTORISTS  in  Europe  are 
confronted  by  a  new  and 
very  grave  danger  while 
traveling  over  the  country 
roads  at  night.  The  prac- 
tice of  stretching  wire  cables  or  heavy 


ropes  across  the  highway  at  lonely 
places  has  been  adopted  by  bandits  and 
hold-up  men  and,  as  a  result,  several 
lives  already  have  been  lost. 

The  evil  really  was  started  when  the 
daughter  of  a  certain  farmer  was  killed 


BANDITS  STOP  AUTOS  WITH  WIRES 


857 


by  a  passing  automobile.  In  an  en- 
deavor to  retaliate  upon  other  motor- 
ists, the  bereaved  father  stretched 
ropes  across  the  roads  near  his  farm 
and  appeared  greatly  pleased  when  the 
hated  motorists  took  headers  backward 
over  the  car  and  were  more  or  less 
seriously  injured.  One  day,  his  rope 
having  been  broken 
by  a  car,  he  used  a 
thin  steel  wire  and 
the  driver  of  a 
passing  car  was 
practically  decapi- 
tated by  the  taut 
wire  and  the  high 
speed  of  the  car. 
The  crime  was  fas- 
tened  upon  the 
farmer  and  he  was 
given  a  long  term 
in  prison. 

When  the  news 
of  this  new  manner 
of  assault  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Ger- 
man press,  a  num- 
ber of  highway 
robbers  saw  at 
once  the  possibil- 
ities in  it  as  applied 
to  their  own  ne- 
farious business. 
To  stretch  a  wire 
and  have  the  mo- 
torist choke  or  kill 
himself  with  it  was 
so  much  easier 
than  attacking  him  with  club  or  pistol, 
that  the  habit  grew  until  now  it  has  at- 
tained the  proportions  of  a  national  prob- 
lem. Arrests  have  been  absolutely  in- 
effective, as  it  is  next  to  impossible  to 
prove  that  certain  persons  did  stretch  the 
wires,  although  circumstantial  evidence 
might  point  them  out  as  the  instigators. 
Unless  the  robbers  are  caught  "red- 
handed" — that  is  to  say,  either  robbing 
the  unconscious  or  wounded  tourists 
or  in  the  act  of  stretching  the  wires — 
their  conviction  is  a  matter  of  great 
difficulty. 


LIFTS  Bandits'  Wirks 

Motorist!  in  Europe  have  been  forced  to  adopt  means  of 

protecting  themselves  from  this  method  of  attack. 


To  protect  themselves  from  these 
attacks,  European  motorists,  and  par- 
ticularly those  of  Germany  where  the 
custom  seems  to  have  reached  the  most 
serious  proportions,  have  devised  vari- 
ous ways  and  means  to  nullify  the 
effect  of  striking  a  stretched  wire. 
Attachments  have  been  added  to  many 
touring  cars,  by 
means  of  which  the 
wires  or  ropes  are 
either  cut  or  flung 
backwards  over  the 
heads  of  the  pas- 
sengers. The  de- 
vices range  all  the 
way  from  simple 
curved  posts  with 
knife-like  edges  for 
cutting,  to  elab- 
orate arrangements 
covering  the  entire 
car  from  radiator 
to  rear  seat  with 
parallel  curved 
steel  bands  over 
which  the  ropes  or 
wires  glide  without 
harming  the  occu- 
pants. 

One  of  the  most 
effective  of  these 
devices  consists  of 
a  suitably  curved 
steel  rod,  fitting  the 
curvature  of  the 
mudguards  and 
running  board,  and 
bearing  a  short  pennant  pole  at  the  for- 
ward end.  The  rear  end  is  hinged  to 
steel  supports  attached  to  the  chassis. 
Whan  a  wire  stretched  at  about  the 
height  of  the  radiator  cap  is  struck,  the 
hinged  arm  swings  the  wire  over  the 
heads  of  the  passengers,  out  of  harm's 
way.  Another  device  is  that  of  a  fold- 
ing cutter  designed  to  oppose  gradually 
increasing  resistance  to  the  taut  wire 
and  to  cut  it  when  at  its  highest  ten- 
sion. Several  patents  are  now  pending 
for  suitable  devices  to  prevent  these  in- 
sidious crimes. 


LOADS  AND  UNLOADS  AUTOMATICALLY 

When  a  great  lake  steamer  floats  up  to  this  elevator,  the  largest  in  the 

world,  it  can  he  filled  or  emptied  in  four  or  five  hours. 


HANDLES  HARVEST  AUTO- 
MATICALLY 

IN    Port   Arthur,   Canada,   at 
head      of      Lake      Superior 
stands  what  is  now  the  larg- 
est   consolidated    elevator 
plant    in    existence.      By 
recent  additions,  the  ca- 
pacity has  been  brought 
up  to  ten  million  bush- 
els and  the  service  it 
renders     in     a     year's 
time  may  be  gaged  by 
the  fact  that  it  receives 
and  discharges  its  full 
capacity  a  great  many 
times  between  the  close 
of  one  harvest  and  the 
beginning  of  another.    It 
takes    more    than    eight 
thousand  cars  to  load  the 
big  structure  to  its  brim. 

Necessarily    the    operations 
of    such    an    elevator    are    as 
nearly   automatic   as   possible.  Hi 
Human    assistance    has    been 
obviated  wherever  pos- 
sible,    so     that 
trains  and 


AWATHA  IN  A  TREE  TRUNK 

A  cement  cast  of  the  Indian 
warrior  of  whom  Longfellow 
sang,  has  been  placed  in  this 
way  at  Minnehaha  Falls,  Min- 
nesota. 


boats  are  unloaded  and  loaded  with  a 
small  group  of  experts  standing  at  a  few 
directing  levers.  A  freight  car  heaped 
to  the  top  with  wheat  is  left  empty 
within  five  minutes  and  a  grain 
boat  with  a  capacity  of  four 
hundred  thousand  bushels 
has  been  given  her  entire 
load  and  started  on  her 
voyage  in  four  hours. 

MODEL  FOR 

SEVEN  MILLION 

HOMES 

EXPERTS  have  de- 
signed   the    model 
farmstead.     Not 
only   are  the  buildings 
arranged   most  conven- 
iently    and     artistically, 
but  the  sanitary  arrange- 
ment  is   said   to   be   unex- 
celled.    A  protecting  grove, 
attractive  lawn,  well  ventilated 
and  lighted  outbuildings   and 
sightly   arrangement    combine 
to  make  the  place  the  model 
farmstead  as  advocated  by  the 
government 


HOW  THE  FARMER  OUGHT  TO  LIVE 

The  house  was  designed  by  experts  so  that  when  it  is 

built  the  tiller  of  the  soil  will  have  a  comfortable,  healthful  pi 

S5S 


Few  Make  a  Bushel 


SWISS  EXHIBIT 

DERNE,  the  beautiful  capital  of 
Switzerland,     is     holding     a 
great  national  exhibition  to  ex- 
ploit the  republic.    It  was  opened 
brilliantly  on  May  fifteenth  and 
will    last   until    October    fifteenth. 
The  site  is  on  an  elevated  plateau 
northwest  of  the  city. 


KALEIDOSCOPIC  DISPLAY 

INSIDE  of  a  great  revolving  tin  horn, 
being  used  in  New  York  to  catch  the 
eye  of  the  pedestrian,  are  a  number  of 
mirrors  which  reflect  the  images  of  the 
objects  inside  the  device.  As  the 
horn  turns,  the  effect  of  a 
kaleidoscope  is  produced  and  the 
fruit  or  coins  within  appear 
myriad  and  in  many  fancy  pat- 
terns. Just  as  the  spectator  be- 
comes interested  the  horn  tips 
back  and  the  apparent  bushels  of 
apples  or  oranges  are  gone.  In 
their  place  a  large  sign  magically 
unfolds  which  furnishes  the 
punch,  the  information  about  the 
goods  which  should  bring  the 
possible  consumer  in  to  spend 
his  money.  Every  third  revolu- 
tion, the  horn  tips  and  the  sign' 
appears,  but  there  are  ten  dif- 
ferent inscriptions  which  appear 
successively,  forming  a  complete 
story.  By  throwing  out  a  clutch 
the  symmetroscope,  as  it  is  called. 
is  prevented  from  tipping,  the 
kaleidoscope  continues  to  work 
and  smaller  circular  signs  can  be 
placed  to  revolve  continuously.         A1Tcxas,hth 


WIRELESS  FOR  DESERT  AUTO 

A  TTACHING  a  wireless  sending 
and  receiving  apparatus  to  an  au- 
tomobile by  the  simple  means  of  a 
high  bamboo  pole  and  utilizing  the 
electric  generator  of  the  car  as  a  source 
of  electric  power,  a  party  of  Western 
motorists  recently  crossed  the  Arizona 
desert  and  the  wide  ranges  of  North- 
ern Texas,  without  being  once  out  of 
communication  with  the  rest  of  the 
world.  The  wires  were  arranged  so 
as  to  enable  all  three  occupants  of  the 
car  to  hear  the  messages  coming 
through   the  ether. 


Wireless  for  Desert  Travel 
hey  were  traversing  a  dead  man's  land  in  Arizona  and 
is  party  was  never  out  of  communication  with  the  world. 

659 


SCHOOL  that  MAKES 
REAL  WORKMEN 


T 


By  Frank  Parsons 


V  ELL     us     about 
yourself    just 
as      quickly 
and  simply 
as    you 
can." 

The    apprentic( 
examiner   spoke 
rather    severely 
but    the    bright 
young  chap  before 
him  looked  his  in- 
quirer squarely  in 
the   face   and   re- 
turned  his   an- 
swers     unhesi- 
tatingly. 

"James  Brown," 
he    replied ;    "six- 
teen    years     old ; 
Abilene,     Kansas. 
I    went   to   public 
school ;  graduated 
from    the    eighth 
grade,     standing     fairly 
high    in    everything.      I 
want  to  be  an  expert  ma- 
chinist.    I  have  to  sup- 
port myself." 

The  examiner  made  rapid  notes. 

"Why  did  you  leave  school?" 

"Because  I  had  to  earn  my  living," 
the  boy  answered  simply. 

"Have  you  ever  done  any  work  in 
a  machine  shop?" 

"No;  I  worked  summers  on .  my 
grandfather's  farm  and  I  used  to  like 
to  tinker  with  the  binder  and  sharpen 
up  the  tools.  I've  always  liked  to 
monkey  around  with  tools  and  build 
things." 

860 


Undkr  Their  Own  Colors 

The  San   Bernardino    school    of    the 

western  division  of  the  Santa  Ft-  has  a 

mighty  good  basehall  team. 


"Do    you    like    to    play    bil- 
liards?" 

No,  I  never  got  inter- 
ested   in    the    game — 
baseball's  my  sport." 
The   cross   question- 
ing   went    on    for 
half  an  hour.    The 
young    man    was 
then  passed  on  to 
the     medical     in- 
spector, where  he 
answered  ques- 
tions  about 
his  parents, 
questions 
about  his  child- 
hood     diseases, 
and     where     he 
w  a  s    rigorously 
examined    with 
the      stethoscope 
and    the    various 
instruments     for 
examining     the     human 
body. 

In  a  few  hours  the 
youth  was  enrolled  as  an 
apprentice  —  an  appren- 
tice with  four  years  of  study  and  shop 
work  ahead  of  him  at  pretty  good  pay ; 
with  a  chance  for  advancement ;  and  an 
almost  certain  prospect  of  some  time  be- 
ing at  least  a  shop  foreman,  or  even  of 
traveling  still  higher — in  the  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  system.  He  had  been  taken 
in  as  a  probationer  in  the  school  which 
is  today  training  eight  hundred  sixteen- 
to  twenty-year-old  boys  in  the  busi- 
ness of  being  good  mechanics. 

American  railroad  officials  have,  in 


SCHOOL  THAT   MAKES   REAL   WORKMEN 


861 


the  past  few  years,  discovered  that  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  procure  satis- 
factory foremen  to  handle  the  men  and 
to  get  out  rush  work,  on  which,  to  a 
large  extent,  the  service  of  the  road  to 
the  public  depends.  In  at  least  six 
instances,  railroads  have  put  their  own 
resources  into  the  development  of  the 
kind  of  men  who  have  become  so  es- 
sential in  our  industrial  system.  They 
are  determined  that  they  shall  not  have 
to  depend  on  skilled  imported  Germans 
who  have  been  trained  for  twenty 
years  in  the  exacting  conditions  of  old 
world  shops.  They  have  frankly  ad- 
mitted that  the  United  States  has  no 
very  well  perfected  system  of  school- 
ing in  this  sort  of  work  as  yet.  So 
far,  the  highest  development  of  this 
system  has  occurred  on  the  Santa  Fe. 
There  are  at  present  some  thirty-six 
instructors  engaged  in  educating  and 
training  the  apprentices  for  that  par- 
ticular road. 

The  education  system  is  divided  into 
two  branches — school  and  shop  instruc- 
tion. The  shop,  which  takes  care  of 
the  railroad  equipment,  has  a  school- 
room set  off  for  the  use  of  the  instruc- 
tors and  the  apprentices.  From  seven 
to   nine,   two   days   of   the   week,   the 


young  men  assemble  in  this  room,  take 
down  their  drawing  apparatus,  and  re- 
ceive what  the  road  calls  the  "school 
instruction".  Thus  they  come  to  the 
class  fresh  from  a  night's  rest,  and 
attack  the  mental  work  at  the  time 
when  they  are  best  able  to  do  it. 

Each  one  of  the  pupils  forms  prac- 
tically a  class  of  his  own,  as  no  other 
boy  is  necessarily  working  on  the  same 
kind  of  job  at  the  same  time.  The  in- 
formation which  was  gathered  in  the 
instructor's  examination  as  to  personal 
characteristics,  education,  and  industry 
are  all  considered  by  the  school  in- 
structor, so  that  the  bright  energetic 
youth  passes  along  through  the  work 
much  more  rapidly  than  do  his  slower 
fellows. 

This  shop  instruction  goes  on  very 
much  as  the  work  in  a  manual  training 
school.  The  apprentices  have  certain 
work  to  do  but  they  are  not  dependent 
for  instruction  on  the  men  of  the  shop 
who  are  merely  there  to  earn  their  liv- 
ing. For  every  twenty-five  of  them 
there  is  an  instructor  who  spends  all 
of  his  time  teaching  his  class  how  to 
handle  the  machines.  The  advance- 
ment of  an  apprentice  depends  largely 
on  this  shop  instructor.     It  may  take 


*    '    *       «! 


1     m 


ONE  OF  THE   AUXILIARY  ORGANIZATIONS 
The  apprentices  of  the  Santa  Fe.  as  with  the  Erie,  the  Lehigh,  and  several  other  railroads  which  have  adopted  the  idea 
of  training  their  own  men,  are  more  like  college  men  than  wage  earners.    Their  organizations  give  them  healthful  rec- 
reation during  leisure  hours. 


862 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Instructors  and  Officers 

one  boy  three  months  to  master  a  mill- 
ing machine,  while  his  companion  who 
began  his  apprenticeship  at  the  same 
time  may  require  six  months  at  the 
same  job.  It  is  for  the  instructor  to 
encourage  his  pupils  and  to  see  that 
they  get  through  the  shop  in  the  pre- 
scribed four  years  but,  at  the  same 
time,  he  is  responsible  for  the  ability 
of  the  graduate.  Of 
necessity,  then, 
the    i  n- 

O 


structor  will  not  keep  a  youth 
on  a  machine  which  he  has  mas- 
tered ;  neither  will  he  allow  him 
to  leave  a  machine  which  he  has 
not  mastered.  Thus,  the  aver- 
age boy  has  almost  as  much 
chance  to  get  through  his  in- 
struction as  does  the  exception. 
The  railroad  company  explains 
that  it  is  with  the  average 
youth  that  it  has  to  deal  and  it 
makes  comparatively  little  ef- 
fort to  pick  out  those  who  will 
make  shortest  work  of  the 
course. 

The  youngster  entering  the  school 
starts  first  on  a  simple  machine.  The 
instructor    watches    him,    teaches    him 

what  the  dif- 


O 


Sample 
examination 
questions 
for  the 
pupils  in  the 
Santa  Fe 
system  appren 
tice  schools. 


o 

'PprailiM  Sclools 
"wuJr,""'  ■•"<•'• 

orurr  to  di„,     (h  J-*1  of  »Hj-  [mundt   fa  n.  - 

"j " ».  *..*;,""• """' '»« ....  £  ss2 :  * 


ferent  parts  are,  how  it  is  con- 
trolled and  operated,  and  how 
he  ought  to  use  his  fingers  and: 
arms  so  that  they  will  not  be 
in  danger  of  injury.     At  the 
same  time  he  is  taught  to  watch 
for  his  fellow  workers'  safety. 


IQ*  '*r  lrom 


SCHOOL  THAT  MAKES  REAL  WORKMEN 


863 


Like  a  Groip  of  Healthy. High  School 

Youngster:;.     They  Are  Eventually  to 

Be  the  Backbone  of  the  Railway's  Or 

ganization 


One  of  the  New  Schoolrooms  for  Rail 

wav   Apprentices 


The  company  sees  to  it  that  he  is 
provided  with  a  set  of  tools  of  the  best 
quality  used  in  his  particular  trade. 
The  company  purchases  them  at  whole- 
sale prices  and  they  are  paid  for  in 
very  small  monthly  installments.  Any 
defective  tools  are  replaced  free.  The 
apprentices  of  the  cabinet  shop  build 
boxes  in  which  each  set  is  kept. 

After  the  first  six  months  of  the 
period  of  probation,  during  which  the 
undesirables  are  culled  out,  each  boy 
receives  more  special  attention  for,  by 
that  time,  the  company  knows  that  it 
has  in  all  probability  a  man  who  will 
be  with  the  railroad  company  for  a 
number  of  years — a  man  who,  in  the 
course  of  time,  may  become  an' execu- 
tive. It  is  a  great  deal  better  for  all 
concerned  that  a  youngster,  who  is  go- 
ing to  fail:  should  do  so  within  this 
first  six  months. 

Discipline  is  maintained  by  a  sys- 
tem which  adds  to  the  length  of  the 
course  in  the  case  of  the  refractory  boy. 
A  youngster  who  fails  to  appear  at  the 
job   for   sonic   inexcusable   reason,   who 


spoils  a  piece  of  work  through 
carelessness,  or  who  commits  un- 
necessary infractions  of  the 
rules  in  other  ways  is  penalized 
from  five  to  fifty  hours.  If  he 
then  goes  along  for  six  months 
attending  strictly  to  business  and 
progressing  in  his  work,  the  pen- 
alty is  removed. 

The  results  of  this  system  of 
training  have  already  been  felt. 
The  personal  backing  of  the  offi- 
cials of  the  road  has  created  a  feeling  of 
co-operation  which,  coupled  with  the 
treatment  given  to  the  boys,  has  succeeded 
in  developing  a  type  of  workman  which  is 
equal  to  any  found  abroad.  The  schools 
have  been  self-supporting,  although  at 
the  start  they  were  founded  merely  as 
a  recruiting  system  for  filling  the  shops 
with  men  who  had  been  trained  for  the 
particular  railroad  which  sponsored 
them.  The  Santa  Fe  system  has  been 
in  operation  for  six  and  one-half  years 
and  almost  three-fourths  of  the  gradu- 
ates have  remained  in  the  employ  of 
that  particular  road.  A  large  percent- 
age have  become  officers  in  the  road 
and  the  majority  of  these  have  made 
good  without  difficulty.  Practically  the 
same  results  have  accrued  in  the  other 
schools.  The  slipshod  workman,  the 
man  who  knows  nothing  of  mechanical 
drawing,  who  makes  mistakes  on  the 
simplest  blue  prints,  who  wastes  valu- 
able material,  who  spends  his  time  in 
ways  which  impair  his  value  to  his  em- 
ployer, is  rarely  to  be  found  among  the 
graduates  of  such  a  school. 


A  WESTERN  KANSAS  HOME  ABANDONED  TO  SAND 


SAND  SPOILS  HOMES 

\JO  better  idea  of  the  forcible  wrath 
of  the  dust  storms,  which  some- 
times devastate  Western  Kansas  in 
summer,  could  be  had  than  is  secured 
from  the  accompanying  picture.  This 
farm  house  was  abandoned  because  the 
sand  dust  was  blown  in  every  door  and 
window  and  a  rampart  of  dust  was 
thrown  around  the  house,  in  some 
places  as  high  as  the  second-story 
eaves.  An  eight-room,  modern  house, 
with  furnace,  two  bath-rooms,  and  all 
modern  conveniences,  costing  eight 
thousand  dollars  was  abandoned 
by  its  owners  last  summer,  with- 
out their  waiting  to  close  the 
doors  or  windows,  because  of 
an  unusually  severe  dust  storm. 


Mexican  Joan  of  Arc 
She  carried  the  banner  of  Coy's  brigade  through  seven 
battles,  her  beautiful  hair  coiled  beneath  the  sombrero, 
her  cigarette  ever  between  her  slim  fingers.  She  is 
Mrs.  Elvira  Guterriez,  still  under  twenty,  though 
famous  throughout  Northern 


DETECTIVE  PAINT 

r\ESIGNED  to  warn  mechanics  when 
engine  parts  are  overheating,  a  new 
German  paint,  efkalin,  turns  from  its 
light  red  color  to  a  deep  brown  at  seventy 
degrees  centigrade,  and  to  almost  black 
at  eighty-five  degrees.  When  the  over- 
heated part  is  cooled,  the  paint  turns 
back  to  its  normal  color.  The  changing 
color  attracts  the  attention  of  those  about 
and  hence  gives  the  opportunity  of  ap- 
plying a  little  oil  at  the  crucial  moment. 
The  machine  itself  can  thus  be 
saved  from  complete  destruc- 
tion and  all  danger  of 
Ql  fires  from  overheated 
nachinery  eliminated. 
The  chemical  properties 
of  another  German 
paint,  acalorin,  stop 
the  heat  rays  of  the 
sun,  so  that  when 
applied  to  roofs, 
the  rooms  below 
are  kept  from  fif- 
~»  teen    to 


thirty -five  degrees 
cooler.  It  is  a  light  blue 
and  can  be  applied  to 
windows  where  the  sun 
beats  down  and  causes 
extreme  heat,  without 
appreciably  diminishing 
the  light.  It  is  especially 
adaptable  to  corrugated- 
iron  roofs  which  often 
make  the  interior  of  a 
factory  or  storehouse  an 
unbearable  oven  in  the 
summer  time.  Even  ap- 
plied to  factory  walls,  it 
reduces  the  temperature 
of  the  interior.  It  will 
go  far  in  reducing  the 
temperature  of  the  attic  rooms  of  the 
summer  cottage-rooms  usually  uninhabit- 
able. 


RUN  BOATS  THROUGH 
STREETS 
IT  was  a  big  task  to  get  the  new 
transports  for  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal  to  their  destination  for  they 
originally  plied  the  waters  of  the 
Miami  and  Erie  Canal,  which  has  one 
terminal  in  the  Ohio  River  at  Cincin- 
nati. As  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal 
passes  through  Cincinnati  by  means  of 
an    underground    stream,    these    huge 


The  Boat  Is  Lifted  Out  of  the  Canal  by  a  Crane  Rig  Specially 
Constructed  for  This  Purpose 


boats  had  to  be  lifted  out  of  the  canal 
and  transported  through  the  streets  of 
Cincinnati  on  big  trucks. 

The  boats  are  steel  hulled,  nearly 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long  by  fif- 
teen feet  wide.  A  special  rigging  was 
constructed  over  the  canal  and,  by 
means  of  pulleys  and  steel  cables,  the 
boats  were  slowly  lifted  from  the 
water  and  shifted  to  the  trucks. 
Twelve  horses  pulled  them  twenty 
squares  through  Cincinnati  streets  to 
the  Ohio  River  from  where  they  will 
go  down  stream  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  up  the  Mississippi  and  the  Illi- 
nois into  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal. 


-^  BOATING  THROUGH  CINCINNATI 

It  took  twelve  borsea  to  pull  the  k'reat  barges  to  their  destination  on  the  Ohio  River.    The  boats  are  steel  hulled,  nearly 

one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  Ion*,'. 


S65 


PAVING  THE  CHINESE  STREET 
Human  labor  is  raucfi  cheaper  in  China  than  machine  power  so  the  coolie  hauls  the  street  roller. 


ELECTROLYTIC  BATH 
FOR  LEAD  POI- 
SONING 

DL  UNGED  into  a 
bath  similar  to  those 
used  by  printers  for 
electrotyping  plates,  the 
poison  is  soon  drawn 
from  a  victim  of  lead 
poisoning-  and  he  is 
rapidly  cured.  Investi- 
gators recently  placed 
the  data  from  experi- 
ments before  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Public 
Health  at  London  and 
aroused  great  interest 
among  physicians  who 
have  been  studying  this 
form  of  industrial 
poisoning.  A  man  who 
was  in  bad  condition 
from  continued  expo- 
sure to  dust,  composed 
largely  of  lead  oxide, 
was  completely  cured 
after  three  or  four 
baths.  Deposits  of  lead 
were  found  on  the  elec- 
trode and  a  great  deal 
was  found. in  the  water. 
The  method,  if  as  suc- 
cessful in  all  cases, 
would  go  far  toward 
relieving  this  disease 
among  painters,  lead 
miners,  and  mill  oper- 
atives. 

S66 


NATURAL  GAS  IN 
BRICKS 


T 


HE  motorist  of  the 
future  may  carry  with 
him  on  his  trips  a  box 
full  of  gas  bricks.  Nat- 
ural gas  can  be  lique- 
fied or  turned  into  solid 
form  very  cheaply  and 
once  in  either  form  it  is 
a  very  efficient  fuel  for 
engines  or  stoves. 
Twenty-five  hundred 
cubic  feet  of  natural 
gas  make  a  solid  block 
a  cubic  foot  in  dimen- 
sions, perfectly  safe  to 
handle.  It  looks  very 
much  like  crystallized 
paraffin,  turning  to  a 
putty-like  consistency  at 
two  hundred  and  twelve 
degrees  and  into  gas  at 
three  hundred  and 
twelve  degrees.  Such  a 
block  weighs  but  five 
pounds  and  will  drive  a 
motor  car  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  times  as  far 
as  will  a  cubic  foot  of 
gasoline.  In  the  liquid 
form  it  can  be  produced 
at  a  cost  of  about  two 
cents  a  gallon,  each 
gallon  representing  ap- 
proximately one  hun- 
dred feet  of  gas  for  or- 
dinary illumination. 


ROAD  VIES  WITH  THE 
COLUMBIA 

D  ATI, ROADS  steam-along  the  lower 
Columbia  in  opposition  to  traffic  on 
the  river  itself,  which  is  navigable  for 
a  thousand  miles  since  the  building  of 
the  canal  at  Cascade  Rapids. 

A  hundred  years  ago  Astor  dreamed 
of  making  the  river  mouth  a  midway 
station  for  trade  to  the  Orient,  plan- 
ning to  use  the  stream  as  a  road  into 
the  heart  of  the  country,  to  obviate  the 
burdensome  overland  journey  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  Mississippi.  But 
the  railroads  have  taken  the  place  of 
the  river  which  is  chiefly  famous  for 
its  wonderful  salmon 
fisheries. 


Basics  hie  Columbia 

The  railroad  winds  along  beside  the 

easgnificenl  stream. 


Lambs  Without  Tails 
Siberian  (at-ramped  sheep  stand  cold  climate 
been  imported  for  use  in  the  Dakota 


and  have 


FAT  RUMPED  SHEEP 

A  NEW  breed  of  sheep  without  tails 

and  bearing  great  lobes  of  fat  on 

their  rumps  has  been  introduced  by 

the   South   Dakota  explorer,   N.   E. 

Hansen.    These  sheep  were  recently 

brought  from  Siberia  by  Professor 

Hansen    upon    his    return    from    a 

fourth  continental  search  for  hardy 

alfalfas. 

The     accompanying     photograph 

shows  two  such  lambs  that  were 

horn   a   few   weeks  ago  at  the 

South  Dakota  State  College  at 

Brookings. 


S67 


SHARPENING  SHEARS  AFTER  LUNCH  IN 
THE  WEST 

'From  one  Washington  town  located  in  the  sheep  raising  belt  more  than  half  a  million 
pounds  of  wool  were  stored  in  the  shipping  warehouses  during  a  single  season." 


WHAT  MUTTON  MEANS 
TO  YOU 

By 


MONROE    WOOLLEY 


M 


UTTON  means  money  to 
meat  eaters.  It  is  well  to 
make  a  mental  record  of 
this  alliterative  statement. 
All  authorities  assert  that 
the  hope  of  a  cheaper  meat  supply  lies 
principally  in  sheep.  Mary's  lamb  will 
be  a  loyal  guardian  of  your  bank  bal- 
ance if  given  half  an  opportunity. 

Judged  by  its  composition,  palatabil- 
ity,  wholesomeness,  digestibility,  rela- 
tive cost,  and  the  numerous  ways  in 
which  mutton  may  be  prepared  for  the 
table,  this  class  of  meat  should  take 
first  place  in  our  daily  diet.  Mutton  is 
more  easily  digested  than  most  meats, 
there  is  little  waste  about  it  so  far  as 
bone-waste  is  concerned,  and  the  fat 
is  more  attractive  to  the  palate  than 
that  of  any  other  animal.  Mutton  fat 
is  not  only  good  for  the  stomach  but  it 
has  the  advantage  of  winning  the  ap- 
proval of  discriminating  persons  who- 
regularly  shun  the  fat  of  pork  and  beef. 
In  composition  and  nutritive  value, 
mutton  is  practically  the  same  as  beef. 
The  average  loss  in  weight  in  prepar- 
ing the  two  kinds  of  meat  for  use  is 

su 


about  the  same.  Regardless  of  these 
facts,  mutton  always  has  been  and 
probably  will  be  for  some  time  to  come 
the  cheapest  meat  in  the  markets  of 
the  country.  Buying  in  quantity  is 
recognized  as  economical  where  a 
housewife  has  suitable  means  of  stor- 
ing foods.  An  entire  side  of  mutton 
may  be  purchased  for  home  use  where 
a  side  of  beef  would  be  wholly  out  of 
the  question  on  account  of  its  size. 
The  characteristic  flavor  of  mutton  is 
said  to  have  its  origin  in  the  fat,  and 
the  taste  may  be  developed  or  modified 
by  numerous  methods  of  cooking. 
Should  the  family  not  care  to  eat  much 
of  the  fat  it  may  be  rendered  into  lard 
and  stored  for  a  variety  of  uses,  includ- 
ing application  as  an  emollient. 

The  advance  of  civilization  and  other 
conditions  have  driven  our  beef  steers 
from  the  plains  of  the  West.  There 
are  no  more  monster  cattle  ranches, 
and  there  seems  to  be  no  united  in- 
clination on  the  part  of  farmers  to  raise 
small  herds  of  cattle  for  beef.  As  a 
result,  we  now  find  ourselves  eating 
meats  shipped  to  us  from  foreign  coun- 


WHAT  MUTTON   MEANS  TO  YOU 


869 


tries.  Twenty  years  ago  no  one 
thought  that  such  a  state  of  affairs 
would  ever  exist  in  this  country.  But 
these  same  facts  may  some  day  apply 
to  mutton  as  well  as  to  cattle,  if  we  do 
not  improve  our  natural  opportunities 
of  raising  our  own  supply.  And  now 
since  some  of  the  beef  must  come  in 
refrigerator  ships  from  across  the  sea, 
with  high  freight  tolls  added  to  the 
retail  cost,  why  not  turn  to  mutton? 

Last  year's  government  figures  show 
about  fifty-two  million  sheep  on  the 
farms  of  the  United  States.  This  would 
average  about  half  a  sheep  per  capita 
for  the  nation.  Now  if  we  each  had  half 
a  beef  to  our  credit  grazing  on  the  farms 
in  addition  to  what  we  already  have, 
there  would  be  no  immediate  need  to 
worry  about  the  high  cost  of  beef  or  the 
prohibitive  expense  of  importations  from 
abroad.  But  unfortunately  half  a  carcass 
of  mutton  weighs  only  about  one-tenth 


of  half  a  carcass  of  beef.  Thus,  each 
person's  half  sheep  is  hardly  sufficient 
to  keep  the  frying  pan  or  pot  busy  for 
any  length  of  time. 

This  country  is  capable  of  support- 
ing something  like  three  hundred  mil- 
lion sheep,  instead  of  a  paltry  fifty-two 
million.  The  great  problems  are  to  get 
the  farmers  to  realize  this  truth  and 
to  teach  the  people  the  merits  of  mut- 
ton as  a  food.  A  "little-lander"  whose 
holdings  are  not  greater  than  a  base- 
ball diamond  of  course  cannot  profit- 
ably raise  cattle ;  but  on  the  other  hand 
a  city  lot  is  ample  room  for  a  lone 
lamb,  so  to  put  it.  An  acre  or  two 
should  support  sufficient  sheep  to  keep 
the  family  in  meat  for  many  months. 
To  increase  our  mutton  supply  we 
should  not  depend  on  the  great  ranches 
of  the  West,  but  we  should  look  to 
small  flocks  on  every  farm. 

The    assumption    that    sheep    are    a 


OVER  THE  HII.LS  TO  GOVERNMENT   GRAZING  LAND 

"No  land  is  too  i;ood  for  sheep  and.  convene)?,  (aw  sheep  are  too  irood  for  tin;  worst  classes  of  land.    The  assumption 

that  sheep  are  a  'poor  land  crop'  should  he  forgotten." 


IN  NO  HURRY  TO  REACH  FEEDING  GROUND 

"This  country  is  capable  of  supporting  something  like  three  hundred  million   sheep  instead  of  a   paltrv  fifty-two 

million,"  the  number  on  farms  in  the  United  States,  according  to  the  government  census  of  last  year. 


"poor  land  crop"  should  be  forgotten. 
There  never  was  any  truth  in  this 
absurd  idea.  No  land  is  too  good  for 
sheep  and,  conversely,  few  sheep  are 
too  good  for  the  worst  classes  of  land. 
The  truth  is  where  land  is  too  barren  for 
agricultural  purposes  it  may  be  profit- 
ably turned  into  a  sheep  pasture.     In 


England  the  man  that  attempts  to  farm 
on  high-priced  land  without  sheep  is 
looked  upon  as  a  candidate  for  the  asy- 
lum, for  their  ability  to  fertilize  soils 
has  earned  for  sheep  the  title  of 
"golden  hoof".  Following  the  fashion 
of  the  goat  they  are  also  most  useful  in 
keeping  down  weeds. 


SHEEP  IN  CAR-LOAD  LOTS 
They  are  anxious  to  get  out  to  the  pastures  that  other  animals  would  scorn,  and  if  more  of  them  wore  raised  they  would 

/       help  solve  the  meat  problem. 

S70 


COLDEST  SPOT   ON   EARTH 


871 


In  Montana  there  is  a  ranch  with 
fifty  thousand  sheep  and  it  is  said  there 
are  some  ranches  in  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington grazing  nearly  double  this  num- 
ber. It  is  a  sad  fact  to  record  in  con- 
nection with  this  statement  that  only 
the  other  day  thirteen  hundred  tons  of 
mutton  came  into  the  West  from  Aus- 
tralia. That  performance  should  never 
be  repeated,  not  if  every  housewife  in 
the  country  must  take  to  the  stump  and 
resort  to  flights  of  oratory  to  get  our 
farmers  to  heed  the  alarm. 

The  income  from  the  fleece  of  sheep 
is  not  an  insignificant  factor  in  our 
economic  welfare.  The  State  of  Wash- 
ington produces  more  wool  to  the 
fleece  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union. 
From  one  Washington  town  located  in 
the  sheep-raising  belt  more  than  half 
a  million  pounds  of  wool  were  stored  in 
the  shipping  warehouses  during  a 
single  season.  The  small  raiser  who 
handles  sheep  only  for  his  own  pur- 
poses, and  who  does  not  care  to  go  to 


the  trouble  of  shearing,  may  sell  the 
pelts  for  bedroom  rugs,  and  thereby  cut 
down  the  cost  of  his  mutton.  A  sheep 
pelt  is  a  mighty  comfortable  object  to 
set  one's  foot  on  in  getting  up  when 
the  mornings  are  frosty. 

Once  again :  Mutton  means  money 
for  meat  eaters.  It  makes  no  difference 
whether  your  estate  comprises  a  thou- 
sand acres  or  a  few  city  lots  on  the 
outskirts  of  town.  After  years  of 
urging,  our  people  have  almost  uni- 
versally taken  to  poultry  raising. 
Those  who  do  not  keep  chickens  for 
financial  profit  do  so  for  the  products 
they  afford  for  the  table.  Unfortunately, 
chickens  and  eggs  do  not  constitute 
our  sole  articles  of  food.  Because  you 
keep  chickens  is  no  reason  why  you  should 
not  keep  a  sheep  or  two,  nor  should 
chickens  and  lambs  crowd  out  the  family 
garden.  Be  a  producer ;  don't  force  some 
one  else  to  produce  for  you.  The  other 
fellow  will  charge  you  for  his  work,  and 
his  superior  sense. 


COLDEST  SPOT  ON  EARTH 


By 
LILLIAN    E.    ZEH 


i 


tk 


EIGHTY  BELOW  ZERO 
The  town  of  Verkhoyansk  is  called  the  coldest  spot  on  earth. 


THE  Siberian  natives  of  the 
vast  Siberian  Province  of 
Yakutsk,  extending  clear  in- 
to the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  the 
section  around  the  town  of 
Verkhoyansk   dwell   in  what  is  prob- 


ably the  earth's  coldest  region.  Here 
the  soil  is  eternally  frozen  for  hundreds 
of  feet  downwards  and  the  mercury 
often  records  eighty  degrees  below 
zero.  At  the  height  of  summer  only 
a  yard  of   unfrozen   soil   veneers   the 


A   YAKUT  TRAPPER  OF  SIBERIA  ON  HIS  TRAVELS 


admixture  of  earth  and  ice,  affording 
foothold  for  the  gray  tundra  moss  and 
occasional  patches  of  bilberry,  dwarf 
willow,  and  grass. 

Though  the  spot  is  dignified  by  hav- 
ing its  name  on  the  map  and  is  usually 
referred  to  as  a  town,  it  is  more  cor- 
rectly a  straggling  village  of  Yakut 
yurtas,  or  semi-underground  huts,  and 
a  few  one-story  log  cottages,  inhabited 
by  Russian  administrative  officials. 

For  ten  months  the  country  is  a 
dreary  trackless  sea  of  driven  snow. 
During  the  brief  summer  thaw  of  two 
months  the  tundra,  as  the  open  coun- 
try is  called,  is  an  impassable  swamp. 

The  chief  possessions  of  the  natives 
are  reindeer,  dogs,  and  a  breed  of  very 
robust  ponies.  Through  the  long  win- 
ter the  reindeer  and  ponies  subsist  on 
the  moss  beneath  the  snow,  which  they 
dig  up  with  their  hoofs. 

Most  of  the  natives  live  in  "yurtas", 
crude  wooden  huts,  the  sloping  walls 
of  which  are  covered  with  a  thick  layer 
of  turf  and  stones.  For  window  "glass" 
they  use  ox  bladders  in  summer  and 
sheets  of  thick  glass  of  poor  quality  in 
winter.  Along  the  walls  inside  the 
dwelling  run  low  nares,  or  benches, 
that  serve  as  seats  by  day  and  beds  by 
night. 

The  yurta  is  divided  into  two  parts. 
To  the  right,  as  you  enter,  are  the 
quarters  of  the  women,  children,  and 
cattle ;  to  the  left  dwell  the  men.  The 
natives  cannot  read  nor  write,  and 
money  is  practically  unknown.  All 
trade  is  done  by  barter.    The  valuable 


fur  pelts  are  obtained  by  white  Russian 
traders  who  give  brick',  Russian  tea, 
tobacco,  fire  arms,  cooking  utensils, 
knives,  and  other  much  coveted  and 
useful  products  of  civilization  to  the 
primitive  natives  in  exchange. 

The  usual  way  of  capturing  the  sable 
is  as  follows :  As  soon  as  the  first  snow 
falls,  the  trapper  sets  out,  generally 
mounted  on  a  hardy  Siberian  pony  and 
attended  by  his  faithful  dog.  Some- 
times the  trapper  knows  beforehand 
where  the  animal  is  to  be  found  but, 
as  a  rule,  he  is  guided  by  the  tracks 
of  the  squirrel.  Squirrels  undertake 
very  wide  journeys  in  search  of  their 
favorite  cedar  nuts  and  other  food,  so 
that  occasionally  there  is  a  veritable 
migration  of  the  animals,  and  the  sables 
follow  them.  The  trapper  is  warned 
of  the  presence  of  sable  by  his  dog, 
which  drives  the  quarry  up  a  tree.  The 
trapper  proceeds  to  set  a  fine  horsehair 
net  all  around  the  tree  at  a  distance 
of  twenty  or  thirty  yards.  The  trapper 
and  his  dog  then  withdraw  to  a  little 
distance.  The  sable  soon  descends  and 
quickly  becomes  entangled  in  the  web. 
Small  bells  are  attached  to  the  top  of 
the  net,  and  their  ringing  warns  the 
trapper  of  a  capture. 

Funerals  among  these  people  are  most 
weird  and  primitive.  As  the  ground  is 
usually  so  frozen  that  the  digging  of 
graves  is  impossible,  the  corpse  is 
wrapped  in  reindeer  skins  and  trans- 
ported by  reindeer-drawn  sledge  to 
some  spot  on  the  snow-covered  tundra 
and  simply  deposited  on  the  surface. 


S7! 


FRESH  AIR  FOR  THE  PRESIDENT 
The  ventilation  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Wilson  in  the  White  House  is  very  poor,  so  he  has  had  a  tent  erected  just  outside  to 

use  on  warm  days. 


FOR  THE  FARM  THAT  HAS  NOT  YET  ITS  MOTOR 
Tin   back  breaking  labor  of  turning  the  grindstone  has  gone  down  in  history  beside  that  of  pounding  stone,  but  the  dog 


doesn't  mind  it  as  much  as  would  a  human  being. 


m 


GLAD  TO  GET  BACK  TO  THE  SOIL 
Berlin's  homeless  women  take  great  delight  in  their  new  farm  home.    Cleaning  up  weeds  with  a  jolly  cheerful  group 

seems  better  than  working  at  machines  in  the  city. 


FARM  FOR  HOMELESS 
WOMEN 

DERLIN,  Germany,  has  inaugurated 
a  farm  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city 
to  provide  a  home  and  a  job  for  women 
and  children  who  are  alone  and  friend- 
less in  the  city.  No  one  is  sent  there, 
no  one  has  to  stay  there,  but  the  insti- 
tution will  always  provide  a  place  of 
refuge  for  those  who  need  it.  The  idea 
of  providing  a  farm  home  for  women 


where  the  inmates  may  have  outdoor 
labor  is  a  new  one,  but  the  German 
peasant  finds  that  manual  labor  of  that 
kind  agrees  well  with  the  whole  family. 
The  women  go  into  the  fields  as  do  the 
men  and  they  have  thrived  on  it  for 
centuries.  The  Berlin  municipal  home 
is  operating  on  this  principle  and  is 
very  successful.  Inmates  of  American 
poor  farms  have  a  very  different  attitude 
and  the  women  rarely  engage  in  work  of 
any  sort. 


LOADING  HAY  ON  THE  MUNICIPAL  FARM 
The  women  can  stay  if  they  wish  but  they  are  not  forced  to  remain  under  any  circumstances. 

kept  by  the  city. 

SM 


It  is  just  a  farm  home 


SET  SCREW  LOCKS  NUT 

™  kind  of  bolt  locks  so  that  the  nut  can  never  come  off. 


taffpn 


NUT  THAT  LOCKS 

COME  of  the  threads  of  a  bolt  which 
is  equipped  to  lock  and  to  prevent  the 
nut  from  coming  off  are  offset  by  a 
secondary  screw  and  a  little  spring.  The 
notch  in  this  screw  can  be  tapped  out  of 
standard  or  filled  with 
some  composition  to  pre- 
vent persons  from  tam- 
pering with  the  bolt :  and 
any  wagon  or  machine 
which  uses  them  is  al- 
ways safe  from  the  dan- 
ger of  losing  a  nut. 

A  set  screw  in  the  end 
of  the  bolt  so  equipped 
moves  the  threads  in  or 
out  of  alignment,  a 
spring  holding  them  out 
when  the  nut  is  un- 
locked.  There  is  no  ten- 
sion on  the  spring  when 
the  bolt  is  locked.  It 
is  for  use  on  locomo- 
tives, automobiles, 
and  machinery  where 
the  vibration  is  so  con- 
siderable as  to  tend  to 
loosen  nuts. 

CUT  BIG 
SEQUOIAS 

£OX VERSE  BASIN. 
California,  is  giving 
up  its  great  sequoias  to 
A  merican  industry. 
Two-hundred-foot  mon- 
sters which  send  their 
roots  down  almost  to  the 


layers  of  rock  beneath  the  surface  soil, 
are  being  felled  for  the  lumbermen. 

Handling  such  a  tree  requires  all 
sorts  of  transportation  contrivances, 
traction  engines,  long  strings  of  mules 
and  water  flumes  which  carry  the  giant 
logs  racing  down  the  mountain  side. 


'M? 


THE  BIG  SEQUOIA  CONQUERED 
The  historir  monsters  of  parts  of  California  are  falling  befjre  the  woodsmen. 


8U 


PIjMNG  the  NAVAL 


WAR  GAME 

By  William  N  Taft 


G 


ERMAN  fleet  of  ten  dread- 
naughts,  twenty  destroy- 
ers, three  auxiliaries  and 
convoy  of  merchant  sup- 
ply ships  left  North  Sea 
today  to  coal  at  Azores  and  capture 
Guantanamo,  where  advance  base  will 
be  established  for  operations  against 
the  Panama  Canal." 

This  is  a  sample  of  the  "wireless 
messages"  which  are  received  at  an 
annex  of  the  Navy  Department  prac- 
tically every  day  in  the  year  without 


creating  consternation  among  the  offi- 
cers on  duty. 

These  dispatches,  although  authentic, 
never  reach  the  headlines  of  the  daily 
papers ;  diplomatic  relations  between 
the  United  States  and  Germany — or 
whatever  other  country  may  be  named 
in  the  "wireless" — are  not  broken  off 
nor  is  there  any  frenzied  pulling  of 
underground  wires  to  prevent  the 
Kaiser  from  accomplishing  his  pur- 
pose. 

Each    ship   of  the   German    Navy,   in 


m 


PLAYING  THE  NAVAL  WAR  GAME 


877 


this  case,  is  only  an  inch  long  and  is 
propelled  by  a  yard  stick  in  the  hands 
of  a  United  States  naval  officer. 

The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  merely  the 
floor  of  a  room  chalked  off  into  squares 
to  represent  ten-mile  areas;  Guan- 
tanamo  is  but  a  dot  and  the  Panama 
Canal — well,  that  is  somewhere  outside 
the  room,  for  the  "German  fleet"  is 
destined  never  to  reach  its  goal. 

But  gray-haired  naval  officers  gave 
to  the  problem  stated  in  the  "wireless" 
from  Bremen  quite  as  much  considera- 
tion as  they  would  have  had  it  been 
true  instead  of  make-believe;  quite  as 
much  attention  as  if  it  had  portended 
the  greatest  naval  battle  the  world  has 
ever  seen ;  quite  as  much  interest  as  if 
it  were  really  war  instead  of  a  game 
invented  for  preparing  for  war  in  time 
of  peace. 

Privileged  visitors  to  the  Navy  De- 
partment in  Washington  and  to  the 
Naval  War  College  at  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  are  sometimes  admitted  to  the 
"play  room"  where"  they  see  staid  and 
dignified  rear  admirals  and  captains 
sitting  around  cross-legged  on  the 
floor,  moving  toy  boats  on  a  great 
checker-board  in  seemingly  an  aimless, 


MARINES  in  Sham  Battle  Ashore 
Theconditioni  of  w;ir  are  closely  simulated,  the  chart,'*'  is 

led,  men  fall   as  in  death  "r  from  wounds,  and  the  skir- 
mish is  won  and  tost. 


childlike  manner.  More  often,  how- 
ever, the  visitors  are  not  permitted  to 
enter  this  room  because  they  would 
disturb  the  "class"  or  because  there  is 
being  perfected  some  secret  formation 
destined  to  be  used  against  the  navy  of 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  or  Japan. 

On  their  knees,  with  muscles  tense 
and  foreheads  wrinkled  in  thought,  the 
men  who  would  direct  the  movements 
of  the  navy  in  time  of  actual  war  sit 
for  hours  at  a  time,  playing  with  their 
toys.  From  the  seriousness  of  their' 
demeanor  one  would  think  that  the  fate 
of  a  nation  depended  upon  the  next 
move  of  the  tiny  ships  before  them. 

War  is  a  game,  like  chess.  There 
are  certain  fundamental  rules,  defi- 
nitely interpreted,  under  which  all 
modern  war  must  be  conducted.  There 
are  chess  players  who  can  invariably 
win  even  when  playing  under  a  tre- 
mendous handicap.  It  is  the  same  in 
war.  Give  some  admirals  a  squadron 
of  but  half  the  strength  of  the  enemy's 
fleet  and  they  will  win  nearly  every 
time.  It  is  because  they  are  the  greater 
strategists. 

In  any  event,  if  the  strength  of  the 
two  forces  is  equal,  victory  would 
probably  go  to  the  commander  who 
knows  most  about  the  business  of  war. 
It  is  to  teach  his  men  this  "business  of 
war",  to  instruct  them  in  its  intricacies 
and  to  enable  them  to  specialize  in  its 
separate  branches  that  Uncle  Sam  con- 
ducts his  Naval  War  College  and  plays 
his  naval  war  game. 

Only  men  who  have  shown  excep- 
tional ability  and  particular  aptitude 
are  ordered  to  the  school.  For  the 
most  part  they  are  the  older  men  of  the 
navy,  for  these  bring  to  the  school  a 
considerable  amount  of  experience 
without  which  mere  book  learning  or 
mathematical  plotting  would  be  value- 
less. But  there  is  always  a  sprinkling 
of  younger  officers  who  have  been 
chosen  as  commanders  of  the  torpedo 
destroyers  and  submarines — "the  wasps 
of  war",  as  they  have  been  christened. 
These  little  craft  play  a  most  impor- 


878 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


War  College  Training 

A  single  well  directed  shot  brought  down  the  mast  in  the 

background.    The  old  battleship  Texas  was  destroyed  in 

a  few  moments  of  heavy  firing. 


tant  role  in  modern  warfare,  and  it 
would  never  do  to  entrust  them  to  the 
care  of  men  who  are  not  skilled  in  the 
art  of  defense  and  attack. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  room 
where  the  war  game  is  played  is  taken 
up  with  a  solidly  built  table  twenty 
feet  square  and  constructed  so  that  the 
"commanders"  of  the  fleets  can  mount 
upon  it  the  better  to  direct  the  move- 
ments of  their  ships.  In  some  of  the 
operations  upon  large  scales — as  in  the 
attack  of  the  German  fleet  upon 
Guantanamo  and  the  Panama  Canal — 
the  table  gives  way  to  the  floor  of  the 
room  which  is  marked  off  into  squares 


representing  a  certain  portion  of 
the  open  sea. 

The  table  which  is  used  for 
the  smaller  operations  is  theo- 
retically two  hundred  and  forty 
miles  square,  each  square  inch  of 
its  surface  representing  one 
square  mile  of  ocean. 

When  the  battle  or  maneuvers 
are  to  be  played  near  a  great 
naval  base  the  topography  of  the 
coast  line  at  that  point  is  drawn 
to  scale  on  the  table.  At  the  end 
of  the  game  this  is  erased  and.  if 
the  conflict  is  supposed  to  shift  to 
another  place  near  land,  a  new 
coast  line  is  substituted  so  as  to 
give  every  illusion  of  reality. 

The  pieces  for  the  game  con- 
sist of  tiny  boats,  less  than  an 
inch  long,  representing  dread- 
naughts,  battleships  of  the  sec- 
ond line,  destroyers,  submarines, 
auxiliaries,  and  merchantmen. 
Vessels  of  the  attacking  fleet  are 
enameled  red ;  of  the  defending 
fleet,  blue.  A  pin  is  attached  to 
each    piece    so    that,    when 


Scoring  the  "Pretend"  Battu 

Each  ship  is  represented  by  a  number.    Number  one  i- 

erased.     The   ship   corresponding  to  that   number   has, 

been  sunk 


PLAYING  THE  NAVAL  WAR  GAME 


879 


moved,  it  can  be  firmly  fastened 
in  its  new  position  without  danger  of 
a  sudden  gust  of  wind  spoiling  an 
entire  battle.  Colored  flags  attached 
to  the  tops  of  the  ships  indicate  which 
type  of  war  craft  the  piece  represents. 

The  place  of  the  range-finder,  prob- 
ably the  most  important  single  piece  of 
mechanism  on  a  modern  battleship,  is 
taken  by  an  ordinary  yard-stick, 
divided  into  units  representing  five 
hundred  yards.  This  "range-finder"  is 
wielded  by  one  of  the  umpires  who 
continually  measures  the  distance  be- 
tween the  two  fleets,  ordering  them  to 
commence  firing  when  they  approach 
within  fifteen  thousand  yards  of  each 
other,  this  being  the  accepted  "battle 
distance". 

No  detail  is  too  small  to  be  neglected 
by  those  who  participate  in  this  minia- 
ture    warfare.      When     a     battleship 
changes  its  course  it  loses  headway — 
not  much,  but  some.     Therefore  there 
has  been  devised  a  semicircular  scale 
which  shows  the  loss  of  headway  for 
ships  turning  any  number  of  degrees 
when  going  at   a  given 
^^k         speed.      All   of  this  mi- 
JmjF        nute    detail    enters 
d^^k    -A  the    calculations    of 

m 


into 
the 


players  of  the  war  game  and,  by  atten- 
tion to  it,  the  conditions  attendant  upon 
actual  warfare  are  reproduced  with 
amazing  fidelity. 

The  problems  solved  are  the  ones 
which  will  probably  arise  during  the 
next  great  war — for  the  most  part  they 
center  around  the  Panama  Canal,  the 
Philippines,  and  our  coaling  station  at 
Guantanamo. 

Consider  the  example  of  the  German 
fleet  sailing  to  capture  Guantanamo 
and  attack  the  Canal.  It  would  be 
solved  somewhat  in  this  manner :  Each 
battleship  of  both  fleets  would  be  listed 
with  its  speed,  armor,  and  armament. 
The  probable  efficiency  of  each  ship  in 
battle  would  be  known  and  tabulated. 
Then,  as  no  fleet  can  proceed  faster 
than  the  maximum  speed  of  its  slowest 
ship,  the  time  it  would  take  for  the 
German  fleet  to  reach  the  vicinity  of 
Cuba  could  easily  be  computed.  Also 
the  length  of  time  down  to  fractions  of 
an  hour,  which  would  be  required  to 
rush  every  available  vessel  in  the  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  fleets  to  Cuban 
waters,  could  be  determined  in  a  few 
minutes  from  bulletins  giving  the  loca- 
tions of  all  the  battleships  and  other 
fleet  units. 


A  BATTLE  OK  THE  FLEETS 
Visitors  are  sometimes  admitted  to  the  playroom  where  "they  see  staid  and  dignified  rear  admiral*  and  captains  sitting 
around  cross-legged  on  the  floor,  moving  toy  boats  on  a  great  checkerboard  in  seemingly  an  aimless  and  childlik,-  mannci . 


MEANWHILE  THE  JACKIES  LOAF 
When  the  officers  are  playing  the  naval  war  game  the  reading  room  at  the  station  is  full  of  the  men  who  are  the  back- 
bone of  the  Navy. 


It  took  the  Atlantic  fleet  only 
twenty-two  hours  to  get  under  way  for 
Mexico  last  April.  The  officers  at  the 
Naval  War  College  formerly  allowed 
thirty-six  hours  for  sailing.  This  has 
now  been  cut  to  twenty-four. 

While  the  commander  of  the  attack- 
ing fleet — for  it  devolves  upon  one  of 
the  students  at  the  Naval  War  College 
to  turn  traitor  and  direct  the  enemy's 
fleet  —  is  computing  his  maximum 
speed,  the  commander  of  the  American 
fleet  is  mobilizing  his  forces  and  think- 
ing out  the  best  means  of  checking  the 
advance  of  the  Kaiser's  ships.  At  a 
word  from  the  umpire  war  is  on.  Each 
move  is  made  by  written  signal.  Before 
the  first  move  in  the  game  the  admiral 
of  each  toy  fleet  must  write  out  three 
signals  and  hand  them  to  the  umpire 
who  then  reads  out  signal  number  one 
of  both  commanders.  Before  he  reads 
signal  number  two,  signal  number  four 
must  be  in  his  possession.  Until  he 
orders  the  move  the  signals  are  known 
only  to  himself  and  the  side  writing 
them.  By  being  always  two  signals 
ahead  of  the  game  great  surprises  are 
possible  and  a  disastrous  signal  cannot 
be  corrected  until  after  unlimited  dam- 
age has  been  sustained.  This  teaches 
the  necessity  of  being  right  the  first 
time,  also  the  advantage  of  foreseeing 
what  the  enemy  intends  to  do. 

The    German    commander,    in    the 


problem  quoted  above,  might  simply 
endeavor  to  follow  his  schedule  and 
capture  Guantanamo.  If  he  met  the 
American  fleet  he  might  either  give 
battle  or  attempt  to  slip  by  under  cover 
of  night,  according  to  whether  his  force 
outnumbered  that  of  his  opponent  or 
was  outnumbered  by  it. 


The  mission  of  the  American  com- 
mander would  be  to  mobilize  a  stronger 
fleet  than  that  of  the  Germans,  go  out, 
and  wage  battle.  While  the  German 
fleet  was  steaming  toward  Cuba,  the 
American  fleet  would  be  gathering 
from  all  points  along  the  Atlantic 
Coast  and,  by  utilizing  the  Panama 
Canal,  from  the  Pacific  side  also. 

By  the  time  this  was  accomplished, 


PLAYING  THE  NAVAL  WAR  GAME 


881 


the  enemy's  fleet  would  be  but  a  single 
day's  cruise  distant.  Twenty-five  de- 
stroyers would  then  be  spread  out  ten 
miles  apart  in  the  shape  of  a  gigantic 
fan  and  the  search  for  the  German 
ships  would  commence  in  earnest. 
When  sighted,  the  enemy's  ships  and 
the  direction  of  their  approach  would 
be  theoretically  reported  to  the  flag- 
ship by  wireless  and  orders  would  be 
at  once  given  for  the  disposition  of  the 
American  vessels  so  as  to  produce  the 
strongest  possible  fighting  front. 

As  the  American  fleet  would  prob- 
ably be  the  stronger,  the  use  of  strategy 
would  devolve  upon  the  German  com- 
mander. Each  admiral  would  endeavor 
to  maneuver  into  battle  either  at  sun- 
rise or  sunset  with  the  enemy  toward 
the  sun.  The  strength  and  direction 
of  the  wind — respons'ble  for  a  loss  of 
six  per  cent  of  the  shots  fired  if  it 
blows  the  smoke  between  the 
firing  ship  and  the 
enemy  —  to- 
gether 


cent  of  the  hits  of  the  firing  fleet  is 
deducted;  if  a  five  is  turned,  eight  per 
cent,  and  so  on  according  to  the  "die 
of  war". 

It  is  the  object  of  each  commander 
to  "cap"  the  enemy;  that  is,  each  seeks 
to  place  his  fleet  across  the  bows  of  the 
other  as  though  one  fleet  were  a 
straight  line  and  the  other  its  perpen- 
dicular bisector.  Then  the  straight  line 
fleet  has  every  advantage,  for  it  can 
bring  into  play  all  its  guns  while  the 
bisecting  fleet  can  only  use  those  on 
the  forecastle  of  the  first  ship  without 
danger  of  hitting  its  own  vessels. 

In  the  war  game,  officers  will  work 
for  hours  at  a  time  to  secure  this  ad- 
vantage. In  actual  conflict,  as  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war,  admirals  will 
wait  for  days  to  trap  the  enemy  in 
some  such  formation.  The  Battle  of 
the  Sea  of  Japan  was  won  largely  be- 
cause of  the  immense  ad- 
vantage enjoyed  by 
Admiral  Togo 
through  the 
employ- 
ment 


lf«  i?  fim 


;o*r>4»T  I. 


JUST  BEFORE  THE  CHARGE 

Marines  from  thi-  battleship  Florida  played  the  game  to  a  finish.    Lying  on  the  ground  are  those  who  have  "died" 

The  crash  of  rifles  firing  blank  cartridges  is  dinned  realistically  into  the  ears  of  the  jackies. 


with  the  condition  of  the  weather  have  al- 
ready been  announced  by  the  umpire  and 
all  these  factors  have  to  be  taken  into 
account  in  solving  the  problem. 

When  the  wind  is  disadvantageous 
to  one  fleet  a  die  is  cast  every  time  that 
fleet  fires.     If  a  six  is  turned,  ten  per 


of  this  very  idea.  It  is  estimated  by  ex- 
perts that  a  modern  naval  battle  can  last 
but  four  or  five  minutes  after  the  ships 
come  within  range  and  commence  firing, 
and  in  the  game,  the  officer  having  the 
greatest  number  of  ships  floating  at  the 
end,  wins. 


PAPER  THAT  PREVENTS 
EYE  STRAIN 


By 
AUGUST    ROBINS 


M 


OST  of  the  eye  strain, 
which  the  bookkeeper  and 
the  magazine  reader  may 
be  afflicted  with,  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  paper  reflects 
light.  The  magazine  reader  suffers 
more  than  the  newspaper  reader;  the 
bookkeeper  suffers  practically  in  pro- 
portion to  the  glaze  on  the  sheet  be- 
fore him.  The  dull  unsized  finish  of  a 
common  newspaper  page  reflects  com- 
paratively little  light  and  the  jet  black 


The  Paper  Is  Placed  Between  the  Light  and  the  Eyepiei  i- 

Tbo  Government  classified  many  papers  and  showed  that  it  is  best  to  read  black 

print  on  unsized  paper  if  one's  eyes  are  easily  strained. 


ink  with  which  the  imprint  is  made 
serves  to  deaden  as  much  as  possible 
the  reflection  which  proves  so  hard  on 
the  eyes.  The  heavy  calendered  paper 
which  must  be  used  for  all  fine  repro- 
ductions of  paintings  and  photographs 
quickly  tires  the  eyes. 

To  get  at  the  basic  trouble,  the 
United  States  Forest  Products  Labora- 
tory at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  has  con- 
structed a  machine  to  measure  the  rela- 
tive ability  of  various  papers  to  reflect 

882 


light ;  and  hence,  of  straining  the  eyes. 
The  machine  is  an  optical  instrument 
known  as  the  glarimeter,  in  itself  a 
simple  device  which  measures  accu- 
rately the  amount  of  polarized  light  re- 
flected by  different  paper  surfaces.  The 
polarized  light  is  measured  because  it 
has  been  found  to  be  an  accurate  index 
of  the  evil  created  and  because  it  is 
easier  to  measure  than  the  total  light 
reflected.  The  term  "polarization"  re- 
fers to  the  light  rays  which  are  bent. 
In  this  case  consider  that 
there  is  but  one  ray  rep- 
resented coming  from  a 
given  light.  This  ray 
striking  the  sheet  will  be 
reflected  through  the  in- 
strument.  All  rays 
which  are  so  reflected 
are  modified  in  a  way 
which  baffled  scientists 
for  years.  It  is  the  pi  <- 
larization  of  light,  finally 
proved  to  be  a  peculiar 
curving  of  the  waves  of 
light  themselves.  When 
the  waves  are  so  bent  on 
this  first  reflection,  they 
cannot  be  reflected  from 
another  surface.  In 
they  cannot  be  re-reflected, 
with    a    glarimeter   the 


other  words. 

So   to   measure 

amount  of  light  reflected,  polarized  light 

is  used. 

The  optical  instrument,  in  which  is 
mounted  a  lens,  picks  up  those  rays 
which  are  polarized.  It  is  easy  then 
to  measure  the  amount  of  this  light, 
because  it  will  not  pass  through  the  in- 
strument— cannot  be  re-reflected ;  so 
starting  with  zero  for  no  light  at  all, 
surfaces  of  paper  may  be  graded  ac- 


BY    CABLE    TO    THE    TROPICS 


883 


cording    to    the    amount    of    light    each 
reflects. 

^\"ith  this  as  a  basis,  the  experiment- 
ers at  the  laboratory  tried  papers  of  all 
kinds  in  an  endeavor  to  establish  the 
surface  most  suitable  to  magazine  and 
book  use.  They  have  classified  various 
standard  papers  according  to  the  glare 
which  each  produces.  Starting  with 
ordinary  unsized  newspaper  made  in 
the  little  plant  owned  by  the  Govern- 
ment at  Madison,  they  measured  its 
glare.  Then  the  sheet  was  run  through 
the  calender  rolls  once,  three  times,  five 
times,  and  so  on,  up  to  twenty-nine, 
producing  finally  the  highest  glare 
which  a  calendered  paper  makes.  They 
found  that  for  every  run  through  the 
roll  the  percentage  of  glare  increased. 
With  other  papers,  produced  on  a  com- 
mercial scale,  the  experiments  showed 
different   results. 


On  the  whole  the  results  obtained 
show  that  the  eye  is  a  good  judge  of 
the  paper  which  will  cause  the  least 
strain,  even  though  it  does  not  measure 
accurately.  A  dead  matte-surfaced 
paper,  when  used  with  dead  black  ink, 
gives  the  combination  which  affords 
the  greatest  ease  to  the  eyes  of  the 
reader.  The  highly  calendered  papers, 
especially  those  with  colored  illustra- 
tions, are  hardest  on  the  eyes.  The  col- 
ors themselves,  superimposed  upon  the 
paper,  cause  greater  reflection ;  so  it  is 
easiest  on  the  eyes  to  read  a  newspaper 
printed  with  dead  black  ink,  with  no 
colored  illustrations,  while  it  is  hard- 
est on  the  eyes  to  read  an  expensive 
magazine  printed  on  highly  calendered 
paper,  and  using  colored  illustrations, 
providing  in  each  case  the  size  of  the 
type  and  the  spacing  of  the  lines  is  ap- 
proximately the  same. 


BY  CABLE  TO  THE  TROPICS 


By 
H.J.    SHEPSTONE 


FOR  centuries,  sweating  negro 
porters  have  climbed  wearily 
from  beach  to  plateau  on  the 
mountain  road  that  twists  and 
turns  its  way  for  miles  to  gain 
the  heights,  sixty-six  hundred  feet 
above,  and  laboriously  clambered  down 
again  with  little  loads  of  vegetables, 
dainties  from  the  temperate  zone,  to 
feed  the  dwellers  of  the  beach,  and  of 
the  Paganis  Plains,  with  their  tropical 
climate.  Mkumbara  is  a  city  of  the 
tropics.  North  Hornow,  five  miles 
away,  is  a  city  with  a  temperate-zone 
climate,  exempt  from  the  hot  winds  of 
the  Indian  Ocean  which  harass  the 
coast  of  German  East  Africa. 

The  I'sumbara  mountains  rise  from 
the  Paganis  Plains,  land  claimed 
countless  ages  ago  from  what  men  of 
today  call  the  Indian  Ocean.    It  is  their 


plateau,  forested  with  cedar,  fertile  for 
crops  which  could  not  withstand  the 
withering  heat  of  the  monsoon,  which 
brings  the  two  climates  together.  But 
no  more  does  the  white  man,  escaping 
from  the  deadly  torrid  climate,  spend 
days  in  making  the  climb.  The  great 
cedars  are  feeling  the  keen  edge  of  the 
woodsman's  axe;  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages of  the  low  plains  regale  them- 
selves with  food  otherwise  not  grown 
within  a  thousand  miles  of  their  sites. 
The  engineer  has  conquered  the 
plateau. 

The  new  railroad  flies  almost  as  the 
crow,  its  few  twists  being  to  escape 
long  spans.  Its  rolling  stock  is  com- 
posed of  aerial  cars  for  freight  and  pas- 
sengers. The  cedar  logs  and  the  farm 
produce  travel  a  route  which  would 
be  daring  for  an  amusement  park ;  the 


884 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


road  is  a  cableway,  the  steepest  com- 
mercial transportation  system  in  the 
world. 

From  the  edge  of  the  forests  at  New 
Hornow,  where  the  sawmills  are  situ- 
ated, to  Mkumbara,  the  nearest  railroad 
station  on  the  Paganis  Plains,  the  air- 
line   distance    is    five    and    one-eighth 


wrought  in  steel.  It  took  seven  months 
to  transport  a  small  locomobile  from 
the  railroad  station  on  the  plains  to  the 
loading  station  at  the  sawmills. 

A  portion  of  the  line  runs  through 
heavy  jungle  and  here  man-eating  lions 
gave  the  builders  cause  for  anxiety. 
Natives    becoming    frightened    threw 


THE  NEW  AND  THE  OLD 
When  the  cableway  was  being  built  native  porters  carried  the  steel  on  their  shoulders  in  trains.      But  now  the  cedar 

logs  come  shooting  down  by  the  aerial  route. 


miles.  For  conveying  the  material  be- 
tween these  two  points  a  cograil  or 
any  other  kind  of  surface  line  was  out 
of  the  question  and  a  cableway  was 
consequently  decided  upon,  such  as  has 
been  built  in  China  and  the  Austrian 
Tyrol.  The  upper  station  is  at  New 
Hornow,  in  close  proximity  to  the  saw- 
mills, the  altitude  being  over  a  mile 
higher  than  the  lower  terminus  at 
Mkumbara. 

The  recruiting  of  natives  as  laborers 
was  not  easy.  They  acted  as  porters, 
for  every  ounce  of  material  had  to  be 
transported  from  the  railroad  terminus 
through  the  jungle,  over  circuitous 
paths  and  trails,  to  the  points  of  erec- 
tion. Timber  was  impossible  as  a  con- 
structional material  owing  to  the  rav- 
ages of  the  insatiable  white  ants.  Con- 
sequently     everything      had      to      be 


their  packs  down  and  sought  refuge  in 
a  friendly  tree.  These  packs,  often 
containing  valuable  parts  of  machin- 
ery, were  often  precipitated  down  the 
steep  mountain  sides,  and  the  recovery 
of  them  was  no  easy  matter.  In  order 
to  receive  warning  of  the  whereabouts 
of  the  man-eating  lions  the  engineers 
profited  from  the  cunning  of  the 
natives.  A  monkey  will  detect  a  prowl- 
ing lion  either  by  sight,  hearing,  or 
smell  with  unerring  accuracy,  and  give 
vent  to  agonizing  screeches.  The  na- 
tives catch  and  train  the  apes  to  act 
as  warders  of  their  safety.  The  en- 
gineers did  likewise.  They  bartered 
and  bought  all  the  tame  monkeys  they 
could  find,  and  then  placed  them  in  ad- 
vantageous elevated  positions,  tether- 
ing them  to  the  branches  and  fitting  up 
a  box  as  a  residence.    During  the  day 


To  Carry  Off  tiik  Fux>ds 

Hi'-  nuns  are  torrential  and  so  it  was  necessary 

M  make  tins  deep  cut  tc>  prevent  them  (rom 

carrying  away  Ibe  works. 


IUSiwui  Link  in  thf.  World  That 

is  usko  fok  continuous  traffic 

The  grade  is  eighty  siv  per  cent.    It  is  like  ko- 

intf  up  in  a  skyscraper's  elevator. 


iS; 


886 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


the  animal  was  constantly  on  the  alert, 
and  so  perfect  was  the  guard  that  only 
a  few  men  were  lost  from  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  man-eaters. 

Leaving  the  sawmills  at  New 
Hornow,  the  line  makes  a  gradual  rise 
of  295  feet  in  3,960  feet  to  gain  a  point 
5,220  feet  above  sea-level,  and  4,995 
feet  above  the  lower  terminal.  In 
order  to  reach  this  summit  it  was  found 
necessary  to  drive  a  deep  cutting 
through  the  crest  of  the  mountain, 
down  the  center  of  which  the  steel 
towers  were  planted.  Care  had  to  be 
observed  to  provide  facilities  for  carry- 
ing off  the  flood  waters  rapidly,  as  the 
rainfall  in  this  district  is  torrential. 

The  formation  of  the  mountain  range 
made  it  necessary  to  find  sites  for  at 
least  two  angle  stations  to  avoid  great 
spans.  Leaving  the  plateau,  the  cable- 
way  is  held  on  a  tangent  until  it  finds 
support  on  the  side  of  a  cone-shaped 
peak  standing  out  from  the  main  range. 
Considerable  blasting  was  necessary  to 
construct  the  first  of  the  angle  stations. 
The  rock  proved  very  treacherous.  It 
was  not  only  crumbly  but  the  strata 
ran  in  two  directions,  and  slides  were 
frequent.  The  difficulty  was  finally 
overcome  by  a  strong  wall  facing  and 
concrete  filling.  The  station  itself  is 
now  sheltered  under  a  protecting  knob, 
where  it  cannot  be  harmed  through  any 
slip  above. 

The  main  cables  for  the  first  section 
of  the  line  are  anchored  at  the  loading 
station  and  the  tension  regulated  at 
the  first  angle  station  by  a  weight  of 
sixteen  tons  for  the  loaded  cable  (de- 
scending line)  and  thirteen  tons  for 
the  unloaded  one  (ascending  line). 
The  tension  weights  consist  of  iron 
frames  filled  with  concrete  cubes.  The 
ropes  of  the  second  division  of  the  line 
are  also  anchored  in  this  station.  The 
traction    rope    of   the    upper    division, 


however,  passes  on  to  that  in  the  sec- 
ond section,  being  guided  in  the  station 
by  means  of  deflection  and  guide 
sheaves.  Automatic  working  is  not 
adopted,  owing  to  the  cheapness  and 
abundance  of  native  labor,  which  need 
not  be  very  skilled  for  this  duty. 

The  aerial  "cars",  which  are  de- 
signed to  carry  logs  up  to  forty-six  feet 
in  length,  and  weighing  a  ton,  consist 
each  of  two  carriages  with  no  con- 
nection other  than  that  of  the  haulage 
rope  and  the  load  itself.  In  the  oper- 
ation of  the  line,  a  special  electric  mo- 
tor drive  and  brake  regulator  were 
found  necessary.  This  was  partially 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  heavy  service 
of  a  log-carrying  line,  because  of  the 
heavy  single  loads,  was  here  made 
heavier  by  the  use  of  the  line  for  up- 
traffic.  A  variable-speed  motor  of  fifty 
horsepower  with  large  overload  ca- 
pacity has  been  installed  as  sufficient 
to  meet  any  contingency  in  maintain- 
ing control  over  the  line  in  conjunc- 
tion, of  course,  with  the  brake  ap- 
paratus. Besides  the  winding  drum 
there  are  two  large  band  brakes  fitted 
to  the  haulage  shaft.  In  stopping  the 
line  both  these  brakes,  which  together 
can  absorb  one  hundred  horsepower, 
are  tightened.  During  regular  oper- 
ation they  are  disengaged,  as  the  regu- 
lation of  the  speed  is  automatically 
effected  by  the  brake  regulator. 

The  day  of  the  negro,  toiling  upward 
with  his  porter's  load,  is  past.  The 
aerial  route  connects  with  the  railroad 
on  the  beach,  the  cedar  logs  come 
shooting  down  the  mountain  side,  and 
are  loaded  for  their  trip  to  the  con- 
sumer, and  white  men  spend  the  heat 
of  the  day  in  a  temperate  climate  after 
a  thrilling  ride  through  the  air.  The 
aerial  road  from  tropic  to  temperate  zone 
is'  a  commercial  success.  The  Usumbara 
plateau  is  conquered. 


□    C 


d  a 


PEASANTS  USE  ELECTRICITY 

JSIXG  the  numerous  waterfalls  to 
^  produce  the  current,  the  municipal 
electric  lighting  and  heating  companies 
of  Norway  and  Sweden  are  enabled  to 
furnish  current  so  cheaply  that  even  the 
fishermen  and  the  peasants  can  buy  it. 
Cooking  and  heating  with  electric  stoves 


the  dreadnaught  Florida.  Just  below 
the  clothes,  drying  on  the  line,  and  on 
top  of  the  big  twelve-inch  gun,  is  a 
sub-calibre  rifle  which  is  used  in  target 
practice.  On  top  of  the  turret  is  the 
range  finder,  upon  the  accuracy  of 
which  depends  the  success  of  the  bat- 
tleship in  either  target  practice  or  war. 
The  operator  stands  upon  the  turret 


CLOSE  VIEW  OF  DREADNAUGHT 

From  a  distance  a  dreadnauk'ltt  has  a  clean  cut  look  as  though  everything  was  as  neat  as  could  be  made.     But  this  inti- 

matc  glance,  showing  everything  from  tin-  washing  on  the  line  to  searchlights,  gives  a  different  impression. 


is  here  much  more  general  than  any- 
where else  in  the  world.  The  cost  of 
using  two  lamps  a  month  is  but  twenty- 
seven  cents  in  one  town,  and  one  Ameri- 
can consulate  used  but  a  little  over  six 
dollars  worth  of  current  in  a  year, 
although  that  record  was  of  course  an 
unusual  one  for  a  town  establishment. 
The  peasants  ordinarily  use  few  lights 
and  their  bills  are  consequently  very  low. 
j* 

THE  UPSTAIRS  OF  A  DREAD- 
NAUGHT 

THIS  photograph  shows  a  very  un- 
*■    usual  view  of  the  superstructure  of 


all  during  the  fire  and  is  subjected  to 
severe  buffeting  by  the  concussion  of 
the  guns. 

Thirteen  of  the  twenty  searchlights 
are  visible.  These  are  used  at  night 
to  assist  in  recovering  a  "man  over- 
board" and  to  guard  against  the 
stealthy  attacks  of  powerful  torpedo 
destroyers.  In  the  middle  of  the  after 
mast,  just  above  the  topmost  search- 
light, is  the  ship's  bell  which  strikes 
the  hours,  rings  for  church  on  Sundays, 
and  is  tolled  during  a  funeral  service. 
To  the  extreme  right  is  shown  the 
huge  electric  crane  which  hoists  fifty- 
ton  steamers  over  the  side  as  though 
they  were  rowboats. 

w 


888 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


Still  Going 
One  of  the  first 
automobiles  to_ 
be  manufac 
tured. 


sengers  in  luxurious  seats.    The  wheels 
are  nearly  twice  as  high  and  they 
have  six  times  as  many  cylin- 
ders as  their  little  ancestor. 


MOTOR  TAMPING 


T 


AGED  AUTO  STILL  USED 

FORMING  a  remarkable  commentary 
on  the  industry,  at  Laramie,  Wyom- 
ing, is  an  automobile  which  is  used  in 
everyday  service,  but  which  represents 
the  earliest  work  of  one  of  the  great  au- 
tomobile manufacturers  of  this  country. 
This  old  car  has  a  wheel  base  of  about 
forty-eight  inches  and  just  room  enough 
for  two  passengers.  It  is  steered  with  a 
lever  like  an  electric  machine  and  its 
single  cylinder  engine  has  an  exhaust 
which  would  wake  the  dead. 

The  newer  machines  carry  seven  pas- 


iron   roller. 


HE  use  of  a  light 
motor  car  in  cement 
sidewalk  construction  is 
the  successful  idea  of  a 
California  contractor. 
The  operation  of  tamp- 
ing and  rolling  the  foun- 
dation for  the  walk  is 
laborious  and  requires  the 
time  of  a  couple  of  labor- 
ers who  operate  the  heavy 
By  using  the  roller  as  a 
trailer,  with  a  little  motor  car  to  do  the 
work  of  running  it  back  and  forth,  the 
operation  was  shortened  considerably, 
with  a  decided  economy  of  time  and  back- 
breaking  work. 

For  short  lengths  of  pavement  this 
would  not  be  worth  while,  but  for  ex- 
tensive contracts  the  plan  is  very  prac- 
tical, and  it  is  possible  that  a  device  could 
be  perfected  to  eliminate  the  use  of  the 
men  guiding  the  roller,  placing  it  under 
complete  control  of  the  driver  of  the 
motor  car. 


FOR  LONG  STRETCHES 
An  automobile  does  fine  work  where  a  lot  of  new  concrete  sidewalk  is  being  built. 

short  time  with  the  aid  of  a  roller. 


It  tamps  the  cinder  base  in  a  very 


FRIEND  OF  THE  FILIPINO 

""THE  Filipinos  of  the  poorer 
*■  classes  might  find  themselves 
in  a  sorry  plight  were  it  not  for 
the  carabao.  This  patient  animal 
not  only  does  the  most  tiresome 
toil  in  muddy  rice  paddies,  but 
it  trudges  to  market  drawing  the 
heaviest  of  crude  wooden  carts, 
and  acts  on  occasion  as  a  saddle 
animal.  The  carabao  is  not  par- 
ticular as  to  the  number  it  is 
called  on  to  carry  on  its  back.  It 
works  double  as  well  as  single. 
The  fact  is  that  any  carabao, 
young  or  old,  will  amble  along, 
much  as  the  old  family  mare  does 
in  this  country,  with  as  much 
humanity  aboard  as  can  safely 
sit  astride  its  broad  spine.  There 
is  only  one  danger  to  beware  of. 
When  a  carabao  gets  overheated 
it  makes  straightway  for  water, 
sometimes  going  through  the 
thatched  houses  and  nipa  huts 
common  to  the  country.  Of 
course  riding  through  a  house  is 
not  as  spectacular  or  as  pleasant 
as  jumping  through  a  paper 
hoop ;  so  when  the  animal  goes 
on  a  rampage  the  best  thing 

to  do  is  to  dis-     ^     mount    at 
the  first  symp- 


fwOTO   BY  UHDIRWOOD  ft   UNI 


Wukv  Hh  Wants  Water,  Look  Out! 

Th-   i  arabao,  friend  of  the  Filipino,  goes  straight  for  water 

when  he  is  ovrrheated  and  native  huts  are  no  obstacle 

to  him. 


From  thk  Peak  of  the  Wetterhorn 
A  great  avalanche  swept  down  the  mountain  side,  making  such  a  snow- 
cloud  that  a  brilliant  day  was  turned  into  a  gloomy  one. 


CLOUD  FROM  AN  AVA- 
LANCHE 

A  GREAT  avalanche  re- 
**'  cently  dropped  from 
the  top  of  the  Wetterhorn 
in  Grindelwald,  the  famous  tourist 
center  of  Switzerland.  Mountain 
climbers  who  were  nearby  obtained  pic- 
tures of  it  as  it  crashed  down  the  moun- 
tain side.  It  was  a  piece  of  the  Huhner- 
guts  Glacier,  which  as  it  slid  down  threw 
snow  and  ice  into  the  air.  The  whole  sec- 
tion of  country  round  about  was  pow- 
dered with  fine  snow  and  for  some  time 
after  the  slide,  a  sunshiny  day  was  turned 
into  a  dull,  gloomy  one.  European  snow- 
falls were  so  great  last  winter  that  there 
were  more  avalanches  than  usual. 

Sit 


FIGHTING  THE  GRANITE 

DEATH 


By 
IRVING    CRUMP 


THE  FIRST  MACHINE  OF  THE  NEW  TYPE 
It  uses  caborundum  lor  grinding  and  fluting  and  will  prevent  men  (ailing  victims  to  the  "granite  death" 


«< 


I 


'LL  be  dead  inside  of  two  years. 
I  can  feel  the  change.  There's 
another  fellow  in  the  corner,  the 
one  who  just  stopped  to  cough. 
He  won't  be  able  to  go  on  much 
longer.  Look  about  you  and  find  me 
ten  men  in  this  cutting  shed  who 
aren't  within  a  few  years  of  the  grave." 
This,  uttered  by  a  sunken-chested 
Scotchman,  a  stonecutter  in  the  sheds 
at  a  town  in  Vermont,  pictures  vividly 
just  how  the  granite  workers  face  the 
grim  specter  of  death  that  hovers  over 
them  from  the  time  they  enter  the  cut- 
ting sheds  as  apprentices  to  the  day 
when  one  of  their  fellow  workmen 
gathers  up  their  tools  and  takes  them 
home  to  the  widow.  Few  ever  live  to 
be  fifty  and  when  they  do  attain  that 

890 


age  they  begin  each  week  with  the  feel- 
ing that  they  will  never  live  to  draw 
their  pay  on  Saturday  afternoon.  Not 
many  are  exempt.  They  learn  their 
trade  as  healthy  boys  but  before  they 
have  become  full-fledged  union  work- 
ers the  color  has  gone  from  their 
cheeks  and  a  peculiar  light  in  their 
eyes  suggests  the  intermittent  fever, 
forerunner  of  the  deadly  "grit". 

Indeed,  the  ravages  of  the  "grit"  in 
granite  towns  is  almost  beyond  the 
comprehension  of  the  average  mortal 
who  has  never  interested  himself  in 
occupational  diseases.  For  instance, 
according  to  statistics  compiled  in  a 
Vermont  town  inhabited  entirely  by 
granite  men,  out  of  two  hundred  and 
four    deaths    eighty    were    caused    by 


FIGHTING  THE   GRANITE  DEATH 


891 


"grit"  and  twenty-seven  were  caused 
by  other  forms  of  lung  trouble,  making 
the  percentage  of  deaths  from  this 
cause  greater  than  fifty. 

According  to  other  statistics,  fifty- 
seven  per -cent  of  the  deaths  among 
granite  men  between  the  ages  of  twen- 
ty-five and  forty-five  are  caused  by 
"grit",  while  a  large  percentage  of  the 
remainder  are  caused  by  pneumonia 
and  other  pulmonary 
troubles,  indirectly  re- 
sulting from  the  accumu- 
lation of  sharp  steel-like 
particles  of  dust  in  the 
lungs. 

W  h  e  n  the  cutting 
sheds  become  crowded 
with  granite  workers,  the 
deadly  white  dust  rises  in 
great  clouds  bepowder- 
ing  the  men.  from  head 
to  heels  and  getting  into 
every  corner  and  crevice. 
It  lies  inches  thick  on  the 
ground  and  is  kicked  up 
at  the  slightest  move- 
ment. 

Though  efforts  have 
been  made  for  more  than 
a  decade  to  accomplish 
something  in  the  way  of 
safety  for  these  men  it  was  not  until  a  few 
months  ago  that  a  means  was  found 
to  fight  this  disease.  It  had  appeared 
as  if  the  men  who  worked  on  granite 
simply  were  sacrificing  life  and  health 
in  order  to  earn  a  good  salary  during 
the    few   short   years   that   they   lived. 

Cutting  with  mallet  and  chisel  or 
pneumatic  chisel  appeared  to  be  the 
only  way  of  handling  granite,  .for  the 
stone  is  so  hard  that  it  will  turn  the 
edge  of  the  best  tempered  steel  used 
in  power-driven  stone-working  ma- 
chines. As  a  matter  of  fact,  granite 
men  have  always  been  of  the  opinion 
that  it  would  be  practically  impossible 
to  work  the  stone  on  lathe  or  coping 
machine  as  marble  and  other  softer 
Stones  arc  cut.  But  recently,  a  carbo- 
rundum expert  began  working  on  the 


problem  with  the  result  that  several 
coping  machines  and  a  giant  lathe  have 
been  introduced  in  the  granite  mills  at 
Bethel,  Vermont. 

One  of  the  most  dangerous  tasks 
that  granite  men  were  called  upon  to 
accomplish  was  the  fluting  of  long 
columns  of  stone.  Formerly,  the  men 
bent  low  over  the  work  and  pecked 
away  at  it  hour  after  hour.     Now  a 


Workmen  who  have 


Vermont  Quarry 
suffered  from  dust  will  be  relieved  by  the  new  method  of 
grinding. 

coping  machine  equipped  with  four 
discs  of  carborundum  cuts  the  fluting 
at  the  rate  of  thirty  inches  a  minute. 
The  huge  lathe,  which,  by  the  way, 
is  said  to  be  the  largest  stone-working 
instrument  in  the  world  to-day,  can 
handle  a  single  column  of  stone  thirty 
feet  long  and  seven  feet  in  diameter. 
Formerly,  when  a  column  was  to  be 
turned  out  it  was  constructed  of  sec- 
tions a  foot  or  two  long,  the  cutting 
and  surfacing  of  each  section  being 
done  by  hand.  Xow  a  giant  carborun- 
dum head  does  the  cutting  and  surfac- 
ing, removing  an  inch  or  more  of 
rough  stone  at  each  turn  of  the  lathe. 
Constant  streams  of  water  keep  pour- 
ing over  the  carborundum  cutter  on 
the  lathe  and  the  air  in  the  vicinity  is 
clear  and  free  from  dust. 


TEACH  CITIES  TO 

PLAN 


By 
WILLIAM    A.    COREY 

CITIES  of  today  are  building 
for    the    future;    they    are 
constructing   lasting   public 
works,  that  the  coming  gen- 
erations will  not  have  to  re- 
build.    The  bitter  lesson  of  the  cost  of 
work    built    only    to    wear    out 
quickly,   for  the  illicit  profit  of 
contractor-politicians,    has    been 
learned    by    the    American    city. 
The  surest  evidence  of  this  mas- 
tered  principle    is   the   traveling 
"Exhibition  of  Foreign  and 
American  City  Planning"  which 
is  being  given   under  the  joint 
auspices    of    various    American 
and    Canadian     cities    and    the 
American  City  Bureau  of  New 
York  City.    This  marvelous  exhi- 
bition is  the  first  and  only  travel- 
ing show  of  its  kind  in  the  world's  history. 
It  grew  out  of  an  effort  to  limit  the  height 
of  buildings  in  New  York  City  and  other- 
wise  to   correct   objectionable   tenden- 
cies in  city  construction  on  Manhattan 
Island.    The  New  York  Board  of  Esti- 
mates and  Expenditures  and  the  New 
York  City  Merchants'  Association  took 
the  matter  up  and  after  paving  the  way 
for   better    things    in    their   own    city, 
turned  the  mass  of  data  they  had  col- 
lected   over    to    the    American     City 
Bureau  with  the  suggestion  that  the 
latter  organization  institute  a  nation- 
wide movement  toward  the  wiser  plan- 
ning of  other  cities.     This  was  done 
and  the  present  Exhibition,  which  was 
first  thrown  open  to  the  public  in  Aug- 
ust, 1913,  was  the  result. 

The  Exhibition  consists,  in  the  main, 
of  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  framed 
panels   of   heavy   cardboard,   each   three 

■SB? 


Director  of  the  Traveling  Exhibit 
John  E.  Lathrop  lectures  on  the  subject  of  foreign  and  American  city 
planning,  teaching  the  cities  how  to  combat  the  evils  that  surround 
them  and  how  to  avoid  evils  in  the  future.   He  tells  the  story  of  physi- 
cal well  being  for  the  municipality  and  hence  for  the  individual. 


by  six  feet  in  size.  Upon  these  panels, 
which  are  numbered  and  follow  each 
other  in  logical  order,  are  mounted 
photographs,  maps,  diagrams,  draw- 
ings, and  a  vast  amount  of  data  on 
city  planning  by  the  world's  experts  in 
this  field.  Besides  this  each  city  adds 
an  exhibition  of  its  own — topographical 
charts,  relief  maps,  plans,  models  in 
clay,  photographic  views,  and  statisti- 
cal information — exploiting  its  local 
problems.  An  assembly  room  is  pro- 
vided in  the  place  of  the  exhibition 
where  a  lecturer  talks  daily  and  nightly 
and  where  other  speakers  are  heard. 
Each  day  is  made  a  special  day,  with 
reference  to  sub-topic  or  locality.  The 
Exhibition  virtually  amounts  to  a  free 
course  of  study  in  city  welfare,  on  its 
constructive  side,  to  which  all  citizens 
are  welcome. 

This  City  Planning  Exhibition  is  not 


How  thk  Bureau  of  City  Planning  Lays 

DOWN  thk  Law  to  Municipalities 

Everything,  (rom  an  explanation  of  what  city 

planning  means  to  (he  methods  to  be  pursued, 

is  covered. 


How   Industry  May  Bk  Encouraged 

A  card  picture  that  gives  approbation  to  the 

booster  who  brings  factories  to  his  town. 


ENCOURAGEMENT*  IND 


,„.„,,-„. 


I 


i 


!l 


t  »      laJ  n 


. 


■■ 


WHAT  CITY  PLANNING  MEANS 


T  DEFINITION 

Cil\  Platming-is  goe>d  sense  and  Forethought 
applied  Id  11k-  building  of  cities.  ' 

I  PURPOSE 
Cily  Planning  aims  al  making  a  cilv-- 
Convenicnl  lor  work. 
Economical   Tor  business, 
HcallhnjJ  lor  home  life. 
Pleasanl  lor  social  lile 


nr    SCOPE 


"IIV  in  I  lu- 


•    .-I   IK^I      Wli  I:  |      |IIk-|       III 

ii  'iKMMim^  i-il  hci-cni 

l!  oiJv   '1  -r^-.if  cx- 

City  Planning  determines  I  he 
layout  of  a  eilv  nod  (he  locations 
of'lhings.nnd  the  types  and  ehnnic-- 
ler  of  pepmanenl  stpuehffCSofepas 
these  are  maltefsof  public  inlepest, 

E  METHODS 

Spread  oj    Id;  Pj 

'  Advice. 
tructise  ftjHic  AH  ion     Vblunl  u 
Santrol  of  IVivate/lclivitv.  when  ik-c. 


a  mere  warehouse  of  facts. 
When  Jones,  of  the  Eighth 
Ward,  visits  it  he  doesn't  go 
away  crammed  for  a  school  boy's 
examination.  He  leaves  with 
more  or  less  unconscious  impres- 
sions. He  gets  a  new  conception 
of  municipal  spirit  and  civic 
pride.  He  "catches"  ideas  and 
absorbs  enthusiasms.  And  when 
Jones  goes  home  he  calls  Neigh- 


893 


A  Card  That  Shows  at  a  Glanck  the  Con 
skcutive  Steps  in  Sewage  Purification 
This  is  one  <>f  the  vital  problems  that  confront 
nearly  cvrry  city.  Those  who  live  in  Cities  can- 
not  be  too  frequently  impressed  with  the  im- 
portance of  the  subject. 


SEWAGE  PURIFICATION 


PctKhliveCn-ck  >o\.isvdi>|vs.ill1.inl./lll.iiil.icb 


Why  Cities  Ark  Not  Alike  in  Physical 

Problems 

Some  cities  have  hills,  others  rivers,  marshes. 

or  other  natural  obstacles.    All  of  these  vari 

ous  problems  must  occasionally  be  met. 


THE  SITE 


Map  of 
San  Francisco 

SK  THE  HILLS 


temm 


. ._.  .jr 


•vfimx     | 
0J*n  t 


The  Silc  always  presents  certain  obstacles  lolhe  City  Plan 


\  River--  fa  b«  sfiiti^htcnn1,dcvpciKd,<rd(ci  i  nclcd. 

rVwil  --  ti-u  [ntscrwd  forjaibtfc  o* 

.  ks,  WHJThOUWS 

A  l.:,kc  i«  m  lull  I  gj  IhcSra-  h  kjrwmwcwd  npiinpol 

with  ferric* 

■ 

\   H.ll        '-.■   b.    ■>,,„, ,lr.l..,.l  6o*n.M 

prCGcrwd  nf  a  bcwil  s 


ill  Mjj;  tMiiili.il     ■ 

CitvPbnmuiaims    # 

-llhl  hkvI  cliivtivc  W;u 


. 


•._CiK  kis  il:-  own  Silo, 

'■  CiU  musl  have  lis  own  Plnn 


■ 


bor  Smith  and  the  rest  of  the 
boys  together  and  they  form  a 
Neighborhood  Improvement  As- 
sociation. They  hold  meetings  in 
the  hall  over  Brown's  drug  store 
and  keep  things  moving  in  their 
part  of  the  city.  They  clean  up  the 
back  yards  and  vacant  lots :  they 
plant  flowers;  they  muzzle  the 
dogs.  What  they  can't  do  them- 
selves   they    petition    the    city 


<sw 


No  City  Can  Afford  to  Overlook  Play 
and   Education    in    Planning    for    thk 

Futurf. 
Plenty  of  room   must  bo  provided  for  school 
grounds,  social  centers,  and  recreation  parks. 


Parks.  Streets,  and  Boulevards  Add  to 
a  City's  Appearance,  Health,  and  Pros 

PER1TY 

A  display  of  pictures  of  this  sort  is  never  in- 
tended merely   to  amuse.     It  inspires  every 
irood  citizen  to  attempt  to  equal  or  even  sur- 
pass such  scenes  in  his  home  city. 


council  to  do.  In  performing 
these  things  they  learn  that  other 
improvement  associations  have 
been  formed  and  the  first  thing 
the  city  realizes  is  that  it  knows 
itself;  that  is,  it  becomes  con- 
scious of  itself  as  an  entity,  a 
unified  individuality  with  oppor- 
tunities, problems,  and  a  future. 
We  are  growing  less  indi- 
vidualistic and  more  social  and 


895 


896 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


collective.  "The  individual  dwindles  and 
the  world  is  more  and  more."  That 
means  that  the  individual  reaches  his 
growth  and  development  less  and  less 
through  separate,  individual  effort  and 
more  and  more  through  association  with 
his  fellows.  A  city  is  a  collective  unit.  It 
is  a  large  family  living  under  many  roofs 
instead  of  one,,  City  Planning  means 
that  this  large  and  ever  growing  family 
must  plan  its  house,  its  home.  It  can 
rebuild  or  remodel  the  house  but  it 
cannot  move,  even  to  save  rent.  This 
particular  house  is  the  only  home  this 
particular  family  will  ever  have. 

This  being  the  case,  City  Planning 
urges  that  this  city  family  use  its  best 
brains  with  shrewd  foresight.  It  is 
to  look  to  the-  health  of  all  the  family, 
not  a  few,  for  where  one  is  sick,  none 
is  safe.  So  drainage,  swamps,  water 
supply,  sewage  disposal,  and  clean 
streets  and  premises  are  of  supreme 
importance.  Then  there  is  the  motto 
of  "Safety  First",  and  no  intelligent 
community  family  will  long  endure  the 
unnecessary  menace  of  flood  or  fire. 
The  children  of  the  family  must  be 
educated — but  that  is  a  volume  in  it- 
self. Then  civic  centers,  factories,  resi- 
dence districts,  parks,  and  streets  will 
be  arranged  with  an  eye  to  con- 
venience, just  as  a  dining  room  is  made 
accessible  from  the  kitchen.  In  a  well- 
planned  private  house  the  sink  is  not 
put  in  the  parlor,  nor  the  bay  window 
over  the  back  porch.  In  a  word,  City 
Planning  means  that  a  city  should  be 
intelligently  arranged  to  meet  all  the 
needs  of  all  the  people  all  the  time. 

At  the  close  of  the  American  revolu- 
tion only  three  per  cent  of  the  popula- 
tion of  this  country  lived  in  the  cities. 
Today  our  urban  population  is  nearly 


fifty  per  cent.  Traditionally,  we  have 
thought  in  terms  of  the  country,  re- 
garding the  city  as  a  more  or  less 
negligible  accident.  Some  sentimen- 
talist told  us,  a  long  time  ago,  that 
"God  made  the  country,  and  man  made 
the  town."  And  since  man  made  the 
town  the  implication  is  obvious.  Nev- 
ertheless, whatever  its  faults,  so  many 
of  us  live  in  it,  and  shall  live  in  it, 
that  the  city  has  come  to  be  looked 
upon,  not  as  a  blot  upon  the  fair  face 
of  the  country  to  be  patiently  tolerated, 
but  relatively  of  vast  importance  and 
as  both  enormous  in  bulk  and  almost 
baffling  in  the  intricate  problems  it  has 
brought  with  it.  The  city  has  become 
a  stupendous  fact  in  our  modern  civil- 
ization. 

We  no  sooner  get  our  mental  base 
lines  established  and  our  thought 
formulas  agreed  upon  than  evolution 
upsets  them  and  we  have  to  find  new 
points  of  departure  and  a  new  set  of 
maxims.  And  the  little,  straggling,  ill- 
smelling  town  of  a  century  or  so  ago, 
by  river  or  harbor,  has  become  a  great 
center  of  population.  It  is  to  make  the 
place  where  this  great  community 
lives  and  must  live,  clean  and  healthful, 
a  fit  abode  for  human  beings,  that  City 
Planning   aims. 

The  city  of  the  future  will  not  be  a 
municipal  chaos.  It  will  be  a  carefully- 
organized  whole  in  which  each  will  de- 
pend upon  all.  It  will  not  live  wholly 
in  today.  It  will  plan  for  tomorrow. 
While  allowing  full  scope  for  private 
enterprise  it  will  curb  private  greed. 
It  will  do  what  the  rest  of  society  will 
eventually  have  to  do — it  will  introduce 
the  human  element  into  our  commer- 
cial civilization,  helping  to  humanize 
the  world. 


a  c 


3   D 


BUILDER  OF  MINIATURE 
HOUSES 


Ay  n  T  \  <. 
lady.  fiXi$s 
Mazie    A. 
Barnes, 
L    of  Jer- 
sey City,  Xew  Jer- 
sey, is  engaged  in  a 
curious   profession, 
that   of   building   card- 
board  models   of   houses 
from  architects'  plans.   They 
are  tiny  houses,  constructed  only 
after  the  most  careful  figuring,  and  every 
section  is  precisely  marked  out  before  the 
miniature  house  is  started. 

.Miss  Barnes  is  a  sort  of  architect's 
interpreter,  for  she  builds  the  models 
so  that  everybody  can  see  exactly  what 
the  finished  house  will  look  like  from 
every  angle,  thus  preventing  misunder- 
standings and  expensive  alterations 
after  the  actual  building  has  been  com- 
menced ;  for  to  the  lay  mind  the  plans 
of  the  architect  are  often  misleading, 
and  the  completed  house  does  not  look 
at  all  as  the  owners  expected  it  to  look. 

When  a  child  this  girl  spent  all  of 


Models  from  Archi 
tf.ct's  Plans 

She  calls  herself  an  archi- 
tectural interpreter,  for  she 
translates  the  language  of 
India  ink  drawings  into 
cardhoard  houses  so  that 
the  bridal  couple  may 
know  what  their  new  home 
is  to  look  like. 


her   play  time   draw- 
ing   pictures     of     doll 
houses    and,    afterwards, 
she  began  to  build  them  of 
pasteboard.      Of     course,     they 
were   flimsy  affairs  at  first.     Later  she 
began    to    color    her  little  houses,   and 
otherwise  improve  them. 

Soon  this  became  more  than  mere 
play  and  Miss  Barnes  developed  her 
talent  by  lessons  in  painting  with  oils 
and  water  colors.  Now  her  models  of 
cardboard  and  composition  are  really 
works  of  art.  The  cement,  the  stone, 
the  brick,  the  shingles,  the  stucco  are 
imitated  faithfully,  and  colored  like  the 
originals ;  the  windows  are  of  isinglass. 
Often  there  are  window  boxes  with 
flowers,  tiny  palms  here  and  there  on 
the  porches,  awnings  at  the  windows, 

m. 


8% 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


and   the   grounds   are   artistically   laid 
out  with  gardens,  trees,  and  lawns. 

The  creation  of  miniature  house 
models  is  not  new  in  itself,  but  models 
of  this  sort  heretofore  have  been  made 
of  wood  and  plaster  and  were  very  ex- 
pensive, difficult  to  make  to  scale,  and 
unwieldy  to  alter.  The  cardboard 
houses  surmount  all  of  these  difficulties 
and  yet  are  substantial.  Miss  Barnes 
has  made  a  number  of  models  for  in- 
stitutions  whose   boards   of   managers 


could  not  quite  agree  on  their  buildings 
until  they  could  actually  see  them  in 
miniature. 

She  has  also  made  models  for  ex- 
hibition purposes,  one  of  her  latest 
works  being  a  model  of  the  Carroll 
Park  Branch  of  the  Brooklyn  Public 
Library,  which  was  sent  to  Leipzig  re- 
cently, to  be  a  part  of  the  exhibit  of  the 
American  Library  Association  at  the 
International  Exhibition  of  the  Book 
and  Graphic  Arts. 


WOMEN  KEEPERS  FOR  WOMEN 

PRISONERS 


MRS.  J. 

BORDEN 

HARRIMAN 


With  a  group 
of  women  in- 
terested in  wel- 
fare work,  she 
investigated 
the  treatment 
of  New  York's 
worrien  prison- 
ers. 


B  y 
CHARLES    W.    PERSON 


THE  question  of  what  shall 
be  done  with  women  prison- 
ers— a  thorn  in  the  side  of 
every  city  administration 
whose  officials  are  doing 
their  level  best  to  work  out  an  en- 
lightened penal  system — has  been 
solved,  in  part,  by  a  group  of  women 
in  New  York,  among  them  Mrs.  J. 
Borden  Harriman,  Miss  Anne  Morgan. 
daughter  of  the  late  J.  Pierpont  Mor- 


gan, and   Miss   Maud   Minor,   a   social 
worker. 

Mrs.  Harriman  and  her  coworkers, 
by  looking  at  the  rational  side  of  the 
problem,  discovered  that  the  oldest  of 
the  old  penological  institutions — the 
police  station — is  a  breeding  place  for 
criminals,  largely  because  there  hard- 
ened prisoners  are  not  segregated.  So 
the  police  station  as  a  detention  place  for 
women  in  New  York  has  to  go. 


WOMEN   KEEPERS  FOR  WOMEN   PRISONERS 


899 


This  was  a  bold  suggestion  for  them 
to  make  but  they  followed  it  up  with 
plans  for  a  fourteen  story  "Home  of 
Detention  and  Court  for  Women" — 
the  tallest  jail  in  the  world — where 
women  keepers  would  be  in  charge  of 
women  prisoners  and  where  a  system  of 
segregation  for  women  would  be  admin- 
istered  by  women. 

No  woman  ar- 
rested in  the  city, 
no  matter  how 
serious  or  how 
trivial  the  charge, 
will  ever  again  see 
the  inside  of  a  po- 
lice station. 

The  purpose  of 
those  interested  in 
the  new  movement 
was  to  get  away 
from  the  popular 
idea  of  penal  re- 
form by  prison  and 
prison  bars,  and  to 
correct  at  the  same 
time  numerous 
abuses  attendant 
upon  the  imprison- 
ment of  women.  In 
its  fourteen  stories 
the  new  structure 
will  contain  forty 
detention  rooms  for 
prisoners  prior  to 
arraignment,  one 
hundred     and     ten 

detention  rooms  in  the  House  of  Deten- 
tion, and  one  hundred  and  fifty  prison 
rooms  in  the  City  District  Prison.  Besides, 
there  will  be  a  magistrate's  court,  com- 
plaint room,  finger  print  room,  and  pro- 
bation and  administrative  rooms'  for  all 
those  who  have  business  in  the  building. 
On  the  top  floor  will  be  a  kitchen,  laundry, 
staff  dining  room  and  rooms  for  a  doc- 
tor and  a  nurse.  The  roof  will  have 
small  isolation  wards,  open  air  places 
for  exercise,  and  an  enclosed  loggia  for 
use  as  a  chapel. 

The  only  two  men  in  the  building 
will  be  a  committing  magistrate  and  a 


Tub  Home  to  Be  Built 

lie    'Home  of  Detention  and  Court  (or  Women"  will  be 

tin*  tallest  jail  in  the  world,  and  when  it  is  in  use  no  woman 

of  Mew  York  will  see  the  inside  of  a  police  station.    It  is 

to  be  more  like  a  hospital  than  a  jail. 


police  captain.  It  was  found  that  by 
placing  the  small  rooms  of  the  deten- 
tion section  around  the  court,  danger 
of  communication  between  prisoners 
and  those  outside  might  be  obviated 
and  the  introduction  of  drugs  and 
weapons  into  the  building  stopped. 
Prisoners  arriving  at  the  building 
will  enter  through 
a  driveway  court  to 
a  waiting  room,  ad- 
joining the  court 
room.  After  con- 
viction they  will  be 
grouped  according 
to  the  character  of 
their  offenses.  Each 
prison  floor  has 
twenty  -  four  indi- 
vidual  rooms. 
Twelve  of  these 
rooms  are  placed 
on  either  side  of  the 
large  recessed  light 
court.  It  has  been 
recommended  by 
Dr.  Katherine  B. 
Davis,  Commis- 
sioner of  Correc- 
tion, that  each  of 
these  groups  of 
twelve  rooms  have 
in  connection  with 
them  a  dining  and 
living  room,  a  serv- 
ice pantry,  a  bath- 
room, and  a  stor- 
age closet  for  linen  and  clothes. 

Each  of  the  small  rooms  will  be  pro- 
vided with  a  wash  basin,  toilet,  and 
bed.  This  arrangement  shows  a  de- 
cided departure  and  improvement  upon 
the  usual  type  of  prison  cells.  The 
groups  of  twelve  prison  rooms  provided 
for  make  possible  the  complete  segre- 
gation of  the  various  types  and  degrees 
of  crime  as  well  as  the  establishment 
of  a  distinctly  better  type  of  honor 
system  than  is  now  possible  in  any  of 
the  city  district  prisons,  which,  in  itself. 
will  work  toward  the  betterment  of 
morals  of  those  imprisoned. 


A  PALACE  FOR  CATS 


E 


By 
I.    F  ARRINGTON 


HARRY  PAYNE  WHITNEY 
has  his  racing  stables;  Clar- 
ence Mackay  has  his  steam 
yachts ;  Pierpont  Morgan 
had  his  art  collection ;  but 
Mrs.  Clifford  B.  Harmon  has  her  cats. 
They  are  Persians  and  Angoras,  most 
of  them  champions,  and  they  live  in 
luxurious  quarters,  cared  for  by  maids, 
in  buildings  that  cost  more  than  a  col- 
lege professor  can  afford  to  spend  for 
his  residence  at  Cambridge  or  New- 
Haven. 

Mrs.  Harmon's  cattery  is  in  the  heart 
of  an  aristocratic  colony  at  Greenwich, 
Connecticut,  and  new  buildings  which 
cost  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  to 
complete  and  equip,  make  it  the  cost- 
liest establishment  for 
the  purpose  in  the  world. 
The  cages  are  large  and 
sunny,  with  outdoor  runs 
extending  to  the  south. 
The  runs  are  protected 
by  heavy  wire  net- 
ting attached  to 
iron  posts.  Sur- 
rounding- 
the  e  n- 
closure 
a  n  d 


between  the  runs  are  low  cement  walls. 
At  one  end  of  each  run  is  a  platform 
where  the  cats  may  enjoy  a  sun  bath 
without  getting  into  the  dirt. 

The  cages  within  the  kennels  have 
been  fitted  up  extravagantly.  All  the 
wood  work  is  polished,  and  there  are 
steam  heat,  electric  lights,  and  running 
water.  There  are  shelves  for  the  cats 
to  climb  upon  and  dainty  baskets  for 
them  to  sleep  in.  They  are  fed  and 
watered  and  brushed  and  groomed. 

Altogether  the  cattery  covers  about 
two  acres  and  the  main  building  is  a 
two-story  structure  containing  the  liv- 
ing apartments  of  the  superintendent, 
Mrs.  F.  G.  Mathis,  who  is  known  the 
country  over  as  an  expert  breeder  of 
prize-winning  Persians.  There  is 
a  large  living  room  in  this  build- 
ing, and  a  covered  walk  leads  to 
the  office,  which  is  luxuriously 
fitted  up  and  decorated  with  an 
interesting  display  of  cups, 
medals,  and  blue  ribbons.  In 
the  rear  of  the  office  ,  are 
T-shaped  cells,  which  contain 
the  nineteen  pens,  for  the  cats. 
Not  all  the  animals  are  confined 
strictly  to  these  cages,  as  some  of 
the  cats  have  the  run  of  the  build- 
ings most  of  the  time  and  enjoy 
the  company  of  a  lively  little 
monkey,  which  seems  quite  at  home 
among  Mrs.  Harmon's  aristocratic 
pets.  There  is  a  nursery  for  the 
dttens  and  a  separate  building  for 
cats  that  may  be  indisposed. 
Amateurs  usually  give  their  valuable 
)ets  milk,  but  the  expert  breeders  have 
found   that   raw  beef  given   in   two 


Worthless,  hut  Pretty  Pert 

Common  or  backyard  variety  he  is.  but  ho  lias 

spirit  enough  to  make  his  own  living  and  be 

proud  of  it,  too.    He  is  not  a  member  of  the 

palace  colony. 


900 


Runway  in  the  Cattery 
All  the  Persians  and  Angoras  are  not  confined 
to  their  cages;    some  have  the  range  of  the 

house  and  office. 


The  Box  Stalls 
1'Ik   resWenta  at  Mrs.  Harmon's  cat  farm  have 
apartments  that  would  be  the  envy  of  a  thirty- 
thousand-dollar  race-horse. 


meals  a  day — half  a 
pound  at  a  meal — is  by 
far  the  best  ration.  It 
is  a  common  practice  to 
give  the  cats  olive  oil  to 
clear  the  stomach  of 
hair  balls,  but  up-to- 
date  breeders  have  a  better  plan.  They 
sprout  oats  in  a  box  for  their  cats,  just 
as  poultry  keepers  sprout  them  for  their 
chickens.  When  the  sprouts  are  two  or 
three  inches  high,  they  are  ready  to  be 
fed  to  the  cats.  Some  breeders  keep  a 
box  of  sprouted  oats  in  the  quarters  of 
the  animals  and  permit  the  cats  to  eat 
the  sprouts  as  they  please.  The  little  oat 
blades  seem  to  be  almost  perfect  sub- 
stitutes for  the 
green  grass  for 
which  cats  seek  when 
allowed  their  liberty 
in  summer. 

All  this  attention 
is  given  these  cats 
not  because  it  is  a 
whim    of    their 
owner  but  be- 
cause the  care 
of      high-bred 
cats  is  a  much 
more  complicated 


matter  than  most  people  suppose.  Every 
detail  of  feeding  must  be  thought  out  and 
regular  grooming  is  highly  important 
if  the  animals  are  to  be  entered  at  the 
shows.  It  is  a  common  belief  that 
Persian  cats  are  more  delicate  than 
common  cats,  but  this  is  true  only  in 
kittenhood,  so  that  it  is  up  to  the  time 
they  are  three  weeks  old  that  Persian 
or  Angora  kittens  need  closest  atten- 
tion. 

In  the  shows  both  Angoras  and  Per- 

L       sians   are   classed    simply   as .  long- 

^      haired  cats,  but  there  is  a  distinct 

M      difference.     Persian  cats  have  one 

B        long  coat,  but  Angoras  have   a 

double  coat — an  under- 

■    aaaj —  coat  and  an  over- 

"*'s"v,  coat,  as  one 


A  Prize 

Winner 
Might?  well  the  little 
aristocrat  knows  his 
own  value  and  what 
luxuries  he  can  de 
mand. 

901 


902 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


illicit  say.  Persians  are  considered 
rather  more  valuable  than  Angoras,  the 
Silver  variety  of  the  former  standing  at 
the  top  in  the  matter  of  price.  A  thou- 
sand dollars  is  not  considered  a  very 
high  price  for  an  extra  fine  one.  White 
cats  come  next  in  popularity  and  they 
also  command  high  prices. 

Hours  are  spent  preparing  the  cats 


for  the  shows.  Alcohol  is  used  to  clean 
the  long  hair  and  as  a  finishing  touch 
fuller's  earth  is  rubbed  deeply  into  the 
coat.  Sometimes  free  use  is  made  of 
talcum  powder  and  always  the  coat  is 
brushed  until  soft  and  silky.  The  coun- 
try's biggest  cat  show  is  held  annually 
in  Chicago,  where  the  entries  number 
four  hundred  or  more. 


AMERICAN  MACHINES  FOR 
INDIAN  JUTE  MILLS 


By 
LEWIS    R.    FREEMAN 


FOR  the  last  decade  European 
manufacturers  have  been  buy- 
ing American  machinery  in 
the  hope  of  cutting  down 
costs  and,  during  the  last  year 
or  two,  there  has  been  an  increasing 
tendency  to  reorganize  and  systematize 
whole  industrial  concerns  upon  the 
American  plan.  India  is  by  far  the 
world's  largest  manufacturer  of  gunny 
bags  and   burlaps,  yet   for  some   time 


Thk  Nativk  Method 


the  industry,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
it  employed  the  cheapest  and  best  labor 
in  Asia,  has  been  backward.    The  pro- 
gressives   of    the   jute    industry,    both 
British   and   Indian,    realized   that    the 
trouble    was    in    antiquated    machinery 
and  unsystematic  methods,  but  did  not 
feel  equal  to  the  necessary  reorganiza- 
tion   without    outside    help.      National 
and    financial    ties   and    influence   con- 
spired   to    indicate     England    as    the 
country  to  which  to  go 
for    assistance,     bul     in 
spite     of     this,     it     was 
deemed    best    to    appeal 
directly    to    the    United 
States  and,   as  a  result, 
both    A  in  e  r  i  c  a  n    ma- 
chinery    and     efficiency 
experts     were     sent     to 
Calcutta.    That  was  sev- 
eral years  ago  and,  as  a 
result,    a    jute     factory 
using    American    ma- 
chinery  and,    as    far   as 
possible,   American 
methods,    has    increased 
its    output    many    fold, 
and   has   cut   down    the 


SAVING   THE   FINGERS 


903 


number  of  laborers  em- 
ployed nearly  two-thirds. 

Machinery  has  a  hard 
uphill  fight  ahead  of  it 
all  over  the  East  where 
— especially  until  the 
advent  of  manufacturing 
■ — the  object  was  to  make 
the  work,  rather  than 
the  labor,  go  as  far  as  it 
would.  The  new  Indian 
jute  or  gunny  mills  are 
a  step  further  in  mod- 
ernity of  equipment  and 
method  than  anything 
yet  attempted  in  the 
Orient,  and  their  success 
will  mean  a  great  exten- 
sion  of  endeavor  along  the  same  line. 

Meanwhile  the  United  States  Postoffice 
is  continually  handicapped  by  a  shortage 


The  American  Method 


of  jute.  The  Indian  material  is  used  for 
twine  in  wrapping  the  packages  of  letters 
handled  by  the  mail  carriers  on  their 
daily  routes. 


SAVING  THE  FINGERS 


M 


ODERN  machinery  has  for 
its  most  notorious  criminal 
the  punch  press.  This  mon- 
ster of  industry  has  always 
been  perilous  to  the  fingers 
of  workmen.  It  has  to  its  credit  more 
accidents  than  any  other  mechanism. 


There  is  to  be  a  new  order  of  things. 
The  punch  press  is  to  be  made  less 
dangerous  to  operate  by  the  invention 
of  an  instrument  of  simple  construc- 
tion. It  is  nothing  more  than  an  ordinary 
suction  lift,  attached  to  handles,  and  a 
suitable  suction  hose.     Instead  of  the 


FOR  HAND  WORK 
Like  ■  vacuum  cleaner,  H  picki  up  everything  within  sight.    This  hand  device  can  be  usrd  on  many  kinds  of  machines 

to  save  the  fingers. 


At  Work  with  the  Metal 

Th~  arm  reaches  through  the  press  where  the 

suction  mouthpiece  picks  up  the  sheet  of  metal 

and  feeds.it  into  the  maw  of  the  machine. 


No  Place  for        \ 
Fingers 
This  great  punch  press  has   \ 
no  chance  to  take  fingers    \ 
the   way   its    predecessors     \ 
did.     It  handles  its  metal        \ 
by  vacuum. 


operator  thrusting  his  hand  under  the 
jaws  of  the  great  press  to  feed  the 
material  he  is  about  to  punch,  the  little 
suction  lift  is  run  under  more  quickly 
and  safely  than  can  be  done  by  the 
human  hand. 

At  present  there  are  two  designs: 
one,  which  is  about  three  inches  in 
diameter,  to  be  operated  by  hand ;  and 
another  for  larger  work,  which  is  eight 
inches  in  diameter  and  which  is  oper- 


ated by  the  press  hand  through  the 
medium  of  two  guide  hands  or  handles. 
The  method  of  operation  is  most 
simple.  The.  pile  of  metal  sheets, 
shown  at  the  back  of  ihe  machine,  are 
ready  to  be  punched.  The  operator  on 
the  other  side  of  the  machine  pushes 
the  guide  arms  through  toward  the 
pile  in  the  rear.  The  shape  of  the  rods 
in  the  rear  permits  the  "sucker",  or 
lifter,  to  attack  the  top  sheet  of  the  pile 
when  the  operator  presses  a  lever  on 
one  of  the  guide  arms.  This  opens  the 
suction  valve  and  the  lifter  does  the  rest. 
The  invention  is  not  only  a  safety  precau- 
tion of  the  highest  order  but.  while  saving 
the  fingers  of  the  men,  reduces  the  cost  of 
production  for  the  employer  as  it  re- 
quires the  work  of  but  one  man  where 
formerly  that  of  two  was  necessary. 
This  device  received  the  Grand  Prize  at 
the  International  Exposition  of  Safety 
and  Sanitation  held  in  New  York  City. 


To  fight  the  torpedo  boat,  the  torpedo  boat  destroyer 
was  invented.  Flying  machines  have  become  so  formidable 
to  battleships  and  fortifications  that  it  has  been  necessary  to 
devise  a  special  means  of  attacking  them.  Cannon  and  rifle 
have  been  found  useless  for  the  purpose.  Aeroplanes 
equipped  with  a  marvelous  invention  never  before  used  in 
any  form  are  acting  as  the  torpedo  boat  destroyers  of  the 
air.  TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE  for  September 
contains  a  remarkable  story  concerning  this. 


m 


It  is  not  an  unusual  thing  for 
plants  to  volunteer  in  Southern 
California,  because  the  climate  is 
so  nearly  uniform  throughout 
the  year.  Many  truckers,  de- 
pending upon  this,  do  not  dig 
them  out  in  the  fall,  but  cut  them 
off  above  the  ground.  Some  of 
the  roots  are  five  or  six  years 
old.  The  small  gardener  who 
raises  tomatoes  for  his  own  home 
use  in  the  more  variable  climates 
of  the  country,  always  sets  out 
new  plants  each  spring,  regard- 
ing the  volunteers  as  useless. 


Six  Bushels  from  a  Seed 
This  tomato  cine  sprang  up  unen- 
couraged,  producing  enough  of  the 
vegetables  to  command  a  market 

price  of  about  twelve  dollars. 


VINE  YIELDS 

HUNDREDS  OF 

TOMATOES 

A  VOLUNTEER  to 
mato  vine  on  the 
property  of  F.  M.  Feigh- 
ner  of  Santa  Ana,  Cali- 
fornia, produced,  in  1913, 
six  hundred  and  eleven 
fine  large  tomatoes.  The 
crop  would  have  meas- 
ured more  than  six  bush- 
els and,  had  they  been 
sold  in  the  produce  mar- 
ket at  the  prevailing 
prices,  would  have 
brought  about  twelve 
dollars. 

The  giant  vine  came 
up  in  the  spring  of  1913, 
in  the  front  yard.  It 
grew,  before  the  end  of 
the  year,  to  a  height  of 
twelve  feet,  and  attained 
a  spread  of  eighteen  feet. 
It  received  no  cultiva- 
tion. The  variety  is  not 
known,  but  the  tomatoes 
were  large,  red,  and  of 
excellent  flavor. 


Swsra  by  Wim)  PewSa 

In  Barbados  the  natives  grind  the  sugar  cane  in  the  old  Dutch  windmill,  the  type 
that  has  existed  for  centuries. 

90S 


906 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


The  foot  bellows  at- 
tachment or  "aero- 
phor" for  holdinp 
the  lonn  notes  for 
wind  instruments. 


Mouthpiece  of  the  \k 

rophor     Attached     to 

the  English  Horn 


ARTIFICIAL 
BREATH  FOR 

WIND 
INSTRUMENTS 


R    D 


DE    R    N    A 

U  SAMUELS,  con- 
ductor of  the  Royal 
Opera  at  Schwerin,  Germany,  is  the  in- 
ventor of  a  device  known  as  the  "aero- 
phor",  which  indefinitely  sustains  the 
tone  of  any  wind  instrument  to  which  it 
may  be  attached.  Dr.  Richard  •  Strauss, 
composer  of  the  opera  Salome,  provided 
for  its  use  in  a  passage 
marked,  "tuba  con 
aerophor"  in  the  new 
"Festival  Prelude", 
which  was  heard 
for   the    first 


DESIGNING  HIS 
NEW  LEG 

A  French  air- 
man, M.Desou- 
ter.  had  a  bad 
fall  at  Hendon, 
England,  r  o  - 
contly,  his  leg 
being  ihjured  ho 
badly  that  it 
had  to  be  ampu- 
tated. He  spent 
his  convales 
cent  time  male 
inn  a  cork  sub 
stitute    for    tht 


^^P 


time   in    Chicago,    New   York,   and 
Boston,  the  past  season. 

The  aerophor  consists  of  a  foot 
bellows,  containing  a  water 
chamber  and  electric-light 
bulb,  from  which  the  air, 
moistened  and  warmed  to  the 
degree  of  the  human  breath,  is 
forced  through  a  length  of 
rubber  tubing,  equipped  with  a 
stop  valve,  to  a  mouthpiece 
fitted  into  the  corner  of  the 
mouth.  As  the  soft  palate 
of  the  player  is  auto- 
matically closed  while  he 
plays,  he  receives  the 
artificial  current  of  air 
which  circles  around  in 
the  mouth  and  out 
through  the  lips  to  the 
mouth-piece  of  the 
instrument.  Not 
only  may  he  sus- 
tain the  tone  of 
the  instrument,  but  he  may  perform  the 
most  ornate  cadenza,  while  he  breathes 
through  his  nostrils  independently. 

Human  wind  power  is  capable  of  a 
continued  sound  emission  over  not 
more  than  three  or  four  bars  of  music. 
Yet  Wagner,  in  the  prelude  to  his 
"Rheingold",  has  a  sostenuto  (sus- 
tained) passage  of  ninety  bars  for  the 
tuba.  By  means  of  the  aerophor,  this 
may  be  performed  by  one  tuba  player, 
or  by  several  in  unison,  instead  of  by 

,  several  in 
relays,  as 
heretofore. 


Twenty  Men  in  the  Locomotive's  Fire  Box 


RUBBER 
HORSESHOES 

"T"  HE  English  so- 
ciety for  the 
prevention  of 
cruelty  to  animals 
is  investigating  a 
new  hoof  pad  made 
of  rubber  which  is 
designed  to  keep 
horses  from  slip- 
ping, in  all  kinds  of 
W  e  a  t  h  e  r.  T  h  e 
spiked  shoes  which 
arc  used  almost 
universally  in  the 
cities  in  the  winter 
time,  while  very 
much  better  than 
have  no  calks, 
the  horse. 


are 
on  t  lie  Horse.     This  new  rubber 
pad  may  solve  the  problem. 

ASHES  BURY  GRAVE- 
YARD 
A    RECENT    eruption    of    an 

^^  Alaskan  volcano  covered 
parts  of  the  Island  of  Kadiak 
with  ash.  So  thick  was  it  in 
places  that  subsequent  rains 
caused  slides  on  many  hillsides 
similar  to  snowslides.  In  one 
place,  the  slide  covered  a  cem- 
etery, literally  buryinir  it. 


Does  Away  with  Spikes 

The  rubber  horseshoe  is  much  easier  on  the  horse  and 

prevents  him  from  slipping. 


shoes    which 
always  hard 


FIRE  BOX  A  DINING  ROOM 

D  ANQUETS  have  been  served 
in  many  peculiar  places,  and 
under  queer  circumstances,  but 
this  is  the  first  instance  of  the 
fire  box  of  a  locomotive  being 
used  as  a  dining  room. 

The    table    seats    twenty    men 
and  the  banquet  occurred  inside 
the  largest  sectional  fire  box  yet 
built.    The  box  is  to  be  used  for 
what  is  known  as  the  consolida- 
tion    locomotives     designed     to 
burn  anthracite  coal  in  which  a 
very     large     grate 
area    is    necessary. 
There  are  fifteen 
channel-shaped  sec- 
tions,  each   section 
being     ten     inches 
wide  over  all.    The 
actual    fire    box 
measures     thirteen 
feet,  t  wo    inches 
wide,    with    inside 
dimensions  of  over 
eight  feet.     It  was 
hardly  a  good  din- 
ing  room    but    the 
men     enjoyed     the 
novelty  of  the  cele- 
bration  after  com- 
pleting the  firebox. 


Like  a  Swiss  Snowsi.ide 

An  Alaskan  volcano  covered  parts  of  the  Island  of  Kadiak  and  when 

the  rains  came  the  asn  made  great  slides. 

901 


THE  LAST  OF  THE  CITIES 


By 
GEORGE    H.    C  USHING 


HAS  the  United  States  built  its 
last  big  city?  Have  those  al- 
ready here  reached  their 
zenith  ?  What  is  to  be  the  fate 
of  our  great  centers  of  popula- 
tion and  industry  ?  Unquestionably  the  na- 
tion will  fill  out  the  small  towns  and 
plump  up  the  country.  The  trend  is  in- 
evitable, as  three  developments  will 
prove. 

Seven  years  ago  this  coming  Septem- 
ber, I  went  into  a  printing  shop  in  a 
certain  city  in  Ohio,  to  "make  up"  a 
magazine— to  oversee  the  work  of  fitting 
the  type  and  the  illustrations  into  page 
"forms".  The  machinery  was  new  and 
modern.    All  the  facilities  were  arranged 


finished  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  day. 
Twelve  hours  later,  we  got  the  first  press 
proof.  Several  days  later  still,  we  got 
the  first  copies  of  the  magazine,  printed, 
dried,  and  bound,  into  the  postoffice. 
That  is,  the  Ohio  city  required  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty  hours  to  do  a  job  which 
Chicago  regularly  finished  in  eight. 

The  printers  were  typical  of  the  cities 
in  which  they  worked.  Human  nature 
did  not  change  in  three  hundred  miles. 
The  difference  lay  in  the  ideals  of  the  two 
places.  Chicago  men  knew  the  value  of 
time,  and  made  every  minute  count.  The 
Ohio  city  laughed  at  such  a  conception 
and.  dawdled  over  its  work. 

But  these  two  were  only  types.     On 


T^HE  impulse  for  efficiency  was  born  in  the  small  towns.      To 
save  themselves,  they  had  to  speed  up.     And  they  learned 
to  get  speed  with  a  purpose.      That  is  one  thing  the  cities  still 
lack,  as  a  rule — one  thing  they  will  have  to  learn. 


to  assure  speed  with  the  least  waste  of 
effort.  I  was  given  more  men  as  helpers 
than  seemed  necessary. 

At  that  time,  I  was  editing  another 
magazine  printed  in  Chicago.  It  was  the 
same  size  to  an  inch  as  the  one  about  to 
be  "made  up".  With  three  men,  we  had 
regularly  put  that  Chicago  magazine  to- 
gether-— including  the  reading  and  the 
final  correction  of  page  proofs — in  from 
four  to  four  and  a  half  hours.  The  first 
printed, -dried,  and  bound  copies  regularly 
reached  the  postoffice  four  hours  after 
the  final  "O.  K.". 

In  the  Ohio  city  I  had  six  men  instead 
of  three  and  I  had  a  better  arranged 
shop.  Yet,  it  was  only  by  a  narrow 
squeak  that  we  got  the  last  of  the  pages 

90S 


one  side  were  the  cities,  high-keyed  and 
quick.  On  the  other  side  were  the  small 
cities  and  the  country,  low-keyed  and 
slow.  Chicago  is  growing  at  the  rate  of 
one  hundred  thousand  a  year ;  my  old 
home  town  in  Ohio  has  stood  still  in  popu- 
lation for  twenty-five  years.  Youth,  as 
George  Cohan  says,  wants  to  go  at  a  gal- 
lop. Chicago  drives  it  on  the  dead  run : 
my  home  city  lets  it  walk  with  the  lines 
on  the  dashboard.  Chicago  gets  the 
youth  because  it  is  in  step  with  them ;  the 
small  cities  lose  because  they  lack  speed. 
But  that  was  seven  years  ago.  How 
about  today?  Are  the  cities  still  main- 
taining their  lead?  Have  they,  still,  a 
monopoly  on  youth  and  vigor  because 
they  can  give  it  what  it  wants? 


THE    LAST    OF    THE    CITIES 


909 


Within  the  year,  I  visited  Spartan- 
burg, South  Carolina.  The  place  is  so 
small  that  when  you  leave  the  public 
square  you  are  in  the  country.  One 
might  expect  it  to  be  so  slow  that  its 
movement  would  not  be  perceptible. 
I  lowever.  I  spent  two  days  with  one 
business  man  who  but  recently  had  spent 
twenty-five  hundred  dollars  to  hire  an 
efficiency  expert  to  teach  his  workmen 
how  to  get  real  speed.  They  are,  today, 
the  fastest  men  in  their  line  in  the  coun- 
try. In  the  cotton  mills,  I  found  every- 
thing keyed  to  an  appreciation  of  the 
value  of  time.  Everywhere  it  is  the 
same.  Last  week.  I  heard  a  carpenter 
from  a  hamlet  in  Michigan  criticising  a 
Chicago  carpenter  because  he  was  slow. 
Only  last  night,  a  farmer  from  Iowa  said 
:h  we  sat  together  on  the  car: 

"Chicago  men  let  too  many  things  dis- 
tract them.  They  work  too  hard  for  the 
results  they  get.  Come  out  to  my  farm 
and  I'll  show  you  real  speed — eight  hours 


yards,  can  produce  faster  and  hence 
undersell  the  city  manufacturer.  That 
is  why  so  many  manufacturing  com- 
panies are  outside  the  big  cities.  A  few 
big  examples  tell  the  story.  The  Steel 
Corporation  did  not  select  Chicago  as 
the  site  for  its  new  mills ;  it  built  a  town 
at  Gary,  Indiana,  instead.  The  National 
Tube  Company  did  not  build  at  Cleve- 
land, but  chose  Lorain,  Ohio.  The  West- 
ern Electric  Company  did  not  locate  its 
new  factories  in  Chicago  ;  it  built  at  Haw- 
thorne, Illinois.  The  great  General  Elec- 
tric Company  did  not  go  to  New  York 
but  to  Schenectady.  The  tendency  is 
general.  The  movement  is  away  from 
the  cities.  > 

With  even  so  little  evidence,  it  is  easy 
to  predict  the  death  of  the  big  cities. 
Great  congested  centers  are  doomed,  if 
for  no  other  reason  than  that  they  are  no 
longer  economical.  The  one  thing  that 
is  doing  more  than  any  other  influence  to 
bring  this  about  is  the  appreciation  by 


f^lREAT  congested  centers  are  doomed,  if  for  no  other  reason 

than  that  they  are  no  longer  found  to  be  economical.    The 

one  thing  that  is  doing  more  than  any  other  influence  to  bring  this 

about  is  the  appreciation  by  small  cities  that  "time  is  money". 


a  day  devoted  to  a  purpose — to  getting 
things  done  without  delay." 

I  went  back,  mentally,  to  this  fact: 
The  impulse  for  efficiency  was  born  in 
the  small  towns.  To  save  themselves, 
they  had  to  speed  op.  And  they  learned 
to  get  speed  with  a  purpose.  That  is  one 
thing  the  cities  still  lack,  as  a  rule. 

This  other  thing  is  true:  The  small 
town  workman  is  healthier  and  stronger 
than  the  city  workman.  His  living  con- 
ditions are  better :  his  food  is  purer.  He 
can  go,  when  trained,  faster  and  further 
than  the  city  man  for  those  reasons. 

The  small  town  manufacturer,  because 
of  his  better  workmen,  the  lower  cost  of 
the  real  estate  upon  which  his  buildings 
stand    and    his    less   congested    railroad 


nearly  every  small  city  in  the  land  that 
"time  is  money". 

Concurrently  with  the  first  develop- 
ment came  a  second.  The  nation  has 
come  in  the  last  seven  years  to  a  definite 
knowledge  that  the  country  produces  the 
wealth  but  the  city  absorbs  it.  The  ques- 
tion. "Who  gets  the  money?"  has  been 
answered  fully.  The  consumer  says. 
"I  pay  it."  The  producer  says,  "I  do  not 
get  it."  In  between,  is  the  "middleman", 
who  alone  can  account  for  the  difference 
between  what  the  consumer  pays  and  the 
producer  gets.  The  rebellion  against 
the  middleman  has  no  personal  ob- 
jective. It  isn't  even  aimed  at  any  busi- 
ness method.  It  is  simply  one  decisive 
blow  at  the  costly  system  of  distribution 


910 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


which  great  cities  make  inevitable.  It  is 
a  blow  at  inflated  real  estate  values  and 
at  other  values  that  have  been  similarly 
keyed  up. 

Here  is  a  question  to  mull  over :  If 
the  cities  were  to  be  deprived  of  the 
money  they  make  off  the  farmers,  how 
long  would  they  continue  to  be  rich?  If 
they  were  no  longer  rich,  how  long  would 
any  city  stand  ? 

The  uprising  against  the  middleman 
system  is,  even  when  standing  alone,  an 
influence  sufficiently  potent  to  begin  the 
disintegration  of  the  cities.  But  when 
they  are  suffering  simultaneously  from 
an  assault  upon  their  middleman  system 
and  a  drainage  of  their  business  which 
goes  to  efficient  small  competitors,  it  is 
evident  the  great  cities  are  held  together 
only  by  the  delicate  thread  of  abundant 
and  cheap  transportation  facilities.  In 
that  respect  only  do  they  best  the  smaller 
places. 


vantages  not  accorded  to  the  consumer 
of  it  and  vice  versa." 

With  that  in  mind,  the  business  men  of 
America  are  sitting  on  pins  and  needles. 
The  safety  of  their  business  is  jeop- 
ardized. The  Government  has  started  to 
inquire  into  the  charges  made  by  the  rail- 
roads for  the  service  they  perform  for 
business  concerns  located  inside  the 
cities.  As  they  meet  their  competitors, 
they  ask : 

"What  will  the  Government  decide  to 
do?  Will  it  compel  those  who  do  bu.-i 
ness  in  the  cities  to  pay  the  same  rate  per 
mile  for  switching  as  do  business  men  in 
the  smaller  places?  Or,  will  it  consent 
to  a  continuance  of  two  sets  of  railroad 
charges — one  set  of  low  charges  for  the 
cities,  which  presupposes  a  big  volume 
of  business,  and  another  set  of  higher 
charges  for  the  smaller  places,  which 
produce  a  smaller  volume  of  traffic  ? 

Because  someone  insistently  asked  that 


rTyHE  ordina?y  bustling,  jostling,  a?td  busy  railway  makes  a 

bee  line  through   small  towns.     It  only  throws  off  a  few 

switches  here  and  there  to  grab  up  the  traffic  which  such  places 

produce.     This  is  an  exceedingly  convenient  and  cheap  way  of 

getting  the  small  town  s  traffic  cm  and  off  the  company  rails. 


If  the  small  cities  have  stolen  the  thun- 
der of  the  large  cities  and  are  beginning 
to  outdo  them  in  speed  and  if  the  farm 
designs  to  supplant  the  city  merchant, 
the  cities  are  in  a  bad  way.  If,  in  ad- 
dition to  these  things,  they  were  robbed 
of  their  transportation  advantage,  their 
death  warrant  would  be  signed.  All  the 
forces  now  tearing  at  their  vitals  would 
redouble  their  efforts.  Attention  here  is 
called  to  a  significant — if  not  indeed 
startling — thing. 

In  regulating  the  railroads,  the  Gov- 
ernment has  said  with  finality: 

"AH  patrons  of  all  carriers  must  be 
treated  alike.  No  person  shall  have  fav- 
ors not  given  to  all  other  persons.  The 
producer   of   freight    shall   have   no   ad- 


question  at  Washington  this  spring  and 
because  there  is  only  one  way  in  which 
the  Government  can  answer  it.  the  future 
glory  and  wealth  of  every  big  city  in 
America  seem  to  be  in  jeopardy.  What 
follows  gives  the  reason.         * 

Nothing  is  actually  produced  or  can  be 
produced  on  a  railroad  right  of  way. 
Mills,  factories,  farms,  and  mines  are  off 
to  one  side.  Only  the  products,  when 
packed  into  cars,  ever  get  on  the  rai!>. 
Yet,  only  when  those  products  are  on  the 
rails  do  the  railways  earn  money.  To 
make  connection  between  the  producer 
and  the  carrier,  farmers  use  wagons  to 
haul  their  produce  to  the  railroads. 
Mines  build  short  railways  to  connections 
with  the  main  line.     Factories  build  rail- 


THE    LAST    OF    THE    CITIES 


911 


road  "switches"  into  their  nearby  plants. 
Mills  group  several  plants  along'  one  long 
switch  and  the  world  calls  this  long 
switch  track  an  "industrial  railway". 

The  ordinary  bustling,  jostling,  and 
busy  railway  makes  a  bee  line  through 
small  towns.  It  only  throws  off  a  few 
switches  here  and  there  to  grab  up  the 
traffic  which  such  places  produce. 
This  is  a  cheap  way  of  getting  the  small 
towns'  traffic  on  and  off  the  company 
rails. 

The  same  railroad  does  not  really  en- 
ter, but  stops  at  the  edge,  of  a  big  city. 
There  it  is  broken  up  into  nothing  but 
a  labyrinth  of  switches.  It  resembles 
nothing  so  much  as  a  rope  frayed  first 
into  its  strands  and  then  into  threads. 
All  semblance  to  a  "through"  line  is  lost. 
It  has  lost  all  apparent  order  and  direc- 
tion and  has  become  nothing  but  a  tan- 
gled network  of  tracks.  Every  track  is  a 
switch  to  somewhere.    Every  switch  goes 


charge  is  made  for  it.  The  railroad  may 
not  send  out  a  bill  for  this  service,  but 
that  does  not  say  it  costs  nothing.  On 
the  contrary,  this  switching  service  costs 
tremendously.  Since  it  costs  money  and 
since  that  money  is  paid  by  the  carriers,' 
they  must  get  it  in  some  other  way.  And, 
they  do.  They  "lump"  the  cost  of  switch- 
ing and  charge  it  into  "general  expense". 
Then  they  adjust  their  rates  generally 
to  cover  adequately  and  fully  that  ex- 
pense. Seattle,  for  example,  pays  its 
portion  of  the  expense  of  maintaining 
Chicago's  big  passenger  station.  Pa- 
ducah,  Kentucky,  pays  its  portion  of  the 
expense  of  maintaining  the  New  York 
terminal  station.  All  the  little  towns  pay 
their  portion  of  the  expense  of  maintain- 
ing the  costly  real  estate,  the  myriad  of 
tracks,  and  the  countless  switching 
engines  in  the  freight  yards  of  the 
big  cities.  At  least,  that  has  been  the 
system  up  to  now.     It  is  the  proposed 


QJVITCHING    service   costs   tremendously.     Since   it  costs 

money  and  sifice  that  money  is  paid  by  the  carriers ,  they  must 

get  it  in  some  other  way.      They  "lump"  the  cost  of  switching 

and  charge  it  into  "general  expense".     Then  they  set  about  to 

adjust  their  rates  generally  so  as  to  cover  adequately  that  expense. 


off  after  business.  This  is  complex  and 
intricate.  The  service  is  costly.  The 
real  estate  is  expensive.  It  is  far  from 
a  simple  or  easy  way  of  getting  traffic 
upon  the  carrier's  rails. 

In  a  small  town,  few  railroad  switches 
are  longer  than  a  thousand  feet.  The 
Chicago  switching  district,  for  one  ex- 
ample, is  more  than  thirty  miles  long  and 
more  than  fifteen  miles  wide.  It  is  filled 
with  tracks,  cross-overs,  and  storage 
yards. 

Although  the  railroad  as  well  as  the 
merchant  must,  today,  call  for  and  deliver 
the  freight  it  is  paid  for  carrying,  the 
switching  charges  in  both  the  village  and 
the  great  city  are  the  same — that  is,  the 
service    is    free.     At    least,    no    direct 


change  from  this  system  which  threatens 
the  big  cities.  The  proposed  change 
came  to  the  surface  in  this  way. 

A  few  months  ago,  the  railroads  took 
stock  of  their  position.  They  found 
themselves  out  of  money,  and  hard 
pressed  by  creditors.  They  put  their 
pride  in  their  pockets  and  went  to  Wash- 
ington to  beg.  They  asked  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  to  permit  them 
to  advance  their  rates.  They  would  be 
modest.  They  .wanted  only  five  per  cent 
more. 

The  Commission  did  a  cold-blooded 
thing.  It  hired  Louis  D.  Brandeis,  who 
has  been  winning  renown  for  scolding 
the  railroads,  to  look  into  the  merits  of 
their  case  and  advise  whether  the  peti- 


912 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


tioners  were  worthy  of  governmental 
charity. 

Mr.  Brandeis  had,  apparently,  been 
awaiting  such  a  chance  to  give  the  rail- 
ways .another  dig.  At  least,  he  leaped 
precipitately  into  this  switching  situation. 
He  started  with  the  "industrial  railways." 
He  showed  that  not  only  were  the  rail- 
roads performing  switching  service  for 
such  companies  free  of  charge  but.  if 
those  "industrial  railways"  owned  an  en- 
gine or  two,  and  hauled  the  loaded  cars 
to  a  point  on  the  carrier's  right  of  way, 
the  through  rate  on  the  goods  in  the  cars 
was  reduced. 

"A  rebate?"  asked  Mr.  Brandeis,  with 
one  eye  looking  slantwise  at  the  Commis- 
sion. 

He  showed  that,  at  Chicago,  for  ex- 
ample, freight  was  received  in  an  outer 
yard  and  switched ;  it  was  hauled  seven 
or  eight  miles  and  switched  again ;  it  was 
turned  over  to  a  belt  line  and  hauled  ten 


paid  in  Chicago  and  more  than  is  paid  by 
the  owner  of  the  "industrial  railway". 

"Discrimination,"  shouted  Mr.  Bran- 
deis. 

The  Commission  nodded. 

The  Commission,  right  there,  stopped 
hearing  any  of  the  pleas  of  the  railroads 
for  more  money.  Instead,  it  listened  to 
Mr.  Brandeis  while  he  said: 

"If  the  railroads  will  charge  what  that 
service  is  worth  for  all  the  switching 
they  now  do  for  nothing,  they  will  not 
need  the  increased  rates  for  which  they 
are  asking.  They  will  have  more  than 
enough  money." 

That  sounded  plausible.  It  sounded 
wise.  It  seemed  to  move  straight  to  a 
mighty  big  point.  The  Commission 
smiled  with  satisfaction.  It  seemed  to 
have  solved  a  mighty  bothersome  ques- 
tion. Then,  even  the  Commission  awoke 
with  a  start.  It  saw  something  which 
others  had  seen  from  the  beginning. 


y4B  UNDANT  and  cheap  transportation  alone  gives  the  city 
any  edge  on  the  country  in  the  fight  for  the  nation  s  busi- 
ness.     To  take  away  that  transportation  advantage  causes  the 
city  to  fall.    It  causes  the  city  to  lose  the  chief  thing  which  holds 
it  together — and  that  chief  thing  is  business  advantage. 


or  twelve  miles  around  the  city  and  was 
switched  again ;  and,  finally,  it  was,  after 
the  cars  were  sorted  into  a  certain  rota- 
tion, set  upon  a  private  track  of  a  con- 
sumer. This  elaborate  service  was  free 
to  the  man  whose  business  was  located  at 
the  end  of  the  numerous  switches. 

"Special  privilege?"  asked  Mr. 
Brandeis,  while  the  Commission  looked 
on  in  amazement. 

He  showed  that  when  a  railroad  was 
called  upon  to  deliver  freight  in  a  small 
town,  a  "local  freight"  train  stops  and 
drops  off  a  car.  This  is  shunted  off  upon 
a  sidetrack,  where  it  is  instantly  in  front 
of  the  factory  door,  where  the  goods  are 
to  be  unloaded.  The  small-town  man 
pays  full  tariff  rates  or  the  same  as  is 


This  jab  by  Brandeis  was  not  directed 
at  the  railroads  at  all.  It  was  not  even 
directed  toward  the  "favored"  shippers. 
It  was  not  even  a  feeble  blow  at  privi- 
lege, which  Mr.  Brandeis  intended  it 
should  be.  Instead,  it  applied  the  pick 
and  dynamite  to  the  foundation  of  cities. 
It  was  the  whole  system  of  big  communi- 
ties at  which  the  Boston  idealist  was 
driving  with  all  the  force  he  had  in  him. 
He  was  not  crying  out  against  something 
new ;  he  was  not  hitting  at  some  new 
vice  which  had  but  recently  sprung  up 
like  a  mushroom.  He  was  driving  at  a 
thing  which  has  been  the  ideal  of  man 
ever  since  the  dawn  of  civilization. 

The  pride  of  civilized  man  has  centered 

(Continued  on  page  9571 


MAN'S 

GIANT 

OF  THE 

SEAS 


Climbing  Down  the  Cliff 
Heads  bobbed  out  of  tbe  portholes  of  the  Vat- 
erland  as  she  steamed  out  of  New  York  the 
othef  day  with  an  unwilling  passenger  aboard. 
The  man  stayed  on  too  long  saying  goodbye  to 
his  sweetheart,  but  a  tugboat  and  a  rope  ladder 
helped  him  off. 


The  Giant's  Claws 
The  main  anchor  of  the  great  Ger- 
man ship  weighs  seven  tons.    Sup- 
plementary ones  hang  at  each  side. 


913 


For  the  benefit 
of  the  movies. 
which  had  a 
camera  man  on 
the  job,  a  pa- 
ternal kiss  was 
be  stowed  on 
the  five  year- 
old. 


/" 


v- 


s* 


Off  for  a  Picnic 

The  steeplejack  took  his  family  up  a  flag 

pole  with  him,  and  the    curious  thing  is 

that  all  seemed  to  enjoy  the  experience. 


AT  THE  TOP  OF  THE  POLE 

"LJIGH  JINKS  IN  THE  AIR,"  they  will  probably  label  the  film,  or  at  least 
it  will  be  something  with  a  similar  meaning.  To  the  steeplejack  it 
was  nothing  more  than  a  daily  performance,  to  the  little  son  it  was  one  of  the 
two  or.  three  larks  of  the  kind  that  his  big  brother  of  a  father  has  indulged 
him  in,  to  Mrs.  Steeplejack  it  was  lots  of  fun,  and  besides  who  would  not 
want  to  pose  for  the  movies  once  in  a  while? 

The  whole  family  ascended  the  flag  pole  of  one  of  Chicago's  skyscrapers 
and  had  an  enjoyable  little  party  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes.  There  were 
aerial  kisses  and  dips  and  slides  and  the  pole  bent  and  swayed  in  a  strong 
wind  in  a  way  that  rather  frightened  the  camera  operator.  He  said  that 
when  he  was  taking  the  picture  he  stood  to  windward  so  there  would  be  no 
chance  of  being  underneath  in  case  of  accident. 

■JH 


JAPAN  IN  PHILADELPHIA 


?/.< 


CARRIES  ITS  OWN  PLANT 
The  new  German  searchlight  lor  army  use  derives  its  current  from  a  portable  gasoline  engine  and  dynamo. 


HUNTING  THE  AIR  SCOUT 

/"•'ERMANY  has  been  experimenting 
^-*  with  various  searchlight  units  for 
use  with  the  army  and  for  flashing  sig- 
nals and  detecting  aeroplane  scouts. 
Mounted  on  the  roof  of  a  building  the 
great  light  can  be  eclipsed  by  a  shutter 
to  send  the  Morse  telegraph  code  to  an 
airship  or  to  battleships  off  shore.  It 
can  be  swept  about  the  horizon  to  find 
stray  airships  from  an  enemy's  detach- 
ment.   For  this  purpose  the  light  can  be 


concentrated  through  a  lens,  giving  a 
greater  range  than  ever  before  devel- 
oped. 

An  arc  light  can  not  be  turned  directly 
upward  because  the  particles  of  flying 
carbon  would  drop  on  the  mirror ;  so  the 
beam  is  directed  into  a  mirror  which 
reflects  it  skyward.  This  new  type  of 
instrument  carries  its  own  gasoline  en- 
gine which  drives  the  dynamo,  producing 
current  for  the  light  so  that  no  matter 
how  rapidly  an  army  is  moving  the  light 
is  always  at  hand. 


w, 


COOPERATION  among 
FIVE  MILLION 


By  E  Morton 


AS  the  Ions:  freight  train  came  to 
/\    a  grudging    bumping  stop,  a 

/    \   young    man    clambered    down 

I  %  from  the  caboose  and  sought 
•^  the  conductor. 

"What's  the  name  of  this  place?"  he 
inquired. 

"Boone,"  was  the  reply. 

"Cut  me  off  here",  came  the  order 
and  when  the  train  took  up  its  eastern 
journey  it  left  the  young  man  stand- 
in:;  alongside  his  cut-out  car,  remark- 
ing to  the  bystanders:  "I'd  just  as 
leave  go  broke  here  as  any  place." 

The  prospects  were  anything  but 
bright.  Here  was  a  young  man  who 
had  lost  fifteen  thousand  dollars  in  the 
last  four  years.  All  his  worldly  pos- 
sessions were  contained  in  the  carload 
of  California  raisins  cut  out  on  the  sid- 
ing in  a  little  Iowa  town  of  ten  thou- 
sand, of  which  he  had  never  heard  be- 
fore, where  he  did  not  know  a  person, 
and  where  the  average  raisin  sale  did  not 
reach  five  hundred  pounds  a  year. 

One  week  later,  the  young  man  left 
town  with  every  raisin  sold,  five  tons 
altogether — more  than  the  whole  town 
had  bought  in  fifty  years — every  pound 
sold  direct  to  the  consumer.  .To-day 
that  same  young  man  has  seven  crews 
at  work  selling  raisins  and  other  dried 
fruit  from  the  freight-car  door  to 
housekeepers,  at  half  the  usual  store 
price,  and  many  of  his  California  neigh- 
bors are  preparing  to  do  likewise. 

What  that  young  raisin  grower,  Dal- 
las H.  Gray,  of  Armona,  California, 
learned  by  experience  at  Boone — fol- 
lowing   his    own    ten    years    of    fight 


and  the  twenty  years'  fight  of  his  father 
against  the  middleman — hundreds  of 
thousands  of  other  growers  of  fruits, 
grains,  and  live  stock  are  learning 
through  the  lesson  of  direct  marketing 
— of  taking  the  selling  end  of  one's 
business  directly  into  one's  own  hands. 
The  best  and,  in  most  cases,  the  only 
way  of  accomplishing  this  is  by  co-op- 
erating with  others. 

As  a  consequence,  no  movement 
among  the  fifty  million  rural  inhabi- 
tants of  the  United  States  is  making  . 
greater  headway  to-day  than  the  co- 
operative movement.  The  co-operative 
handling,  distribution,  and  sale  of  farm 
products  have  been  organized  most  ex- 
tensively in  connection  with  the  farm- 
ers' grain  elevators  in  the  Middle 
West ;  the  farmers'  creameries  and 
cheese  factories  in  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi valley ;  the  fruit  growers'  associa- 
tions in  California  and  the  Northwest; 
and  the  cotton  and  rice  growers'  asso- 
ciations in  the  South. 

In  1911  there  were  eighteen  hundred 
co-operative  farmers'  grain  elevator 
companies  in  the  United  States.  To- 
day this  number  has  increased  to  al- 
most two  thousand  two  hundred. 
There  are  at  the  present  time  not  fewer 
than  two  hundred  and  seventy  thou- 
sand farmers  connected  with  the  co- 
operative elevator  associations ;  their 
investment  approximates  twenty-two 
million  dollars  and  they  handle  three 
hundred  million  bushels  of  grain,  or 
forty-five  per  cent  of  the  total  amount 
shipped  from  the  sections  where  these 
elevators  are  located. 

9n 


918 


TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE 


But  these  farmers'  elevator  companies 
do  not  content  themselves  with  shipping 
and  selling-  grain  ;  many  of  them  buy  sup- 
plies for  their  members.  Thus  in  Min: 
nesota,  with  two  hundred  and  seventy 
such  elevators,  the  total  annual  volume 
of  business  is  twenty-four  million  dol- 
lars, of  which  twenty-two  million  dol- 
lars represents  the  total  annua 
volume  of  grain  marketed  and 
two  million  dollars  the  value 
of  supplies  purchased  for 
m  embers.  Others  buy 
feed,  flour,  binding  twine, 
seeds,  salt,  cement,  tile 
farm  machinery,  lum- 
ber, fence  posts,  oil, 
and  wire  fencing. 
Nine-tenths  of  the 
total  number  handle 
some  other  commodity 
than  grain. 

Aggravated  into 
taking  the   grain-sell- 
ing business  into  then- 
own     hands — just     as 
Mr.     Gray     was     tor- 
mented into  trying  out 
his    carload    of    raisins 
on  Boone — the  farmers 
around  Rockwell,  Iowa, 
organized    the    first    co- 
operative   elevator    com- 
pany in  1889.     Last  year 
the    farmers'    elevator   com 
panics     in     Iowa     handled 
sixty-five    million     bushels 
of  grain  and  purchased  two 
hundred   thousand  tons  of 
coal ;    seven    hundred    and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  was  expended  for 
lumber,  machinery,  flour,  feed,  and  other 
supplies  used  by  grain  farmers. 

The  revolution  gained  ground 
equally  fast  among  the  dairy  farmers 
so  that  to-day,  of  sixty-three  hundred 
creameries  in  the  United  States,  over 
thirty-three  per  cent  are  organized  and 
operated  by  farmers  as  co-operative  insti- 
tutions. These  co-operative  creameries 
have  resulted  not  only  in  taking  the  hard 
work   of   butter   making   off   the   over- 


BUCKEO  THE 

Senator  H.  Kru 
helped  out  th 

crs'  cht 


worked  farm  wife,  but  in  improving  and 
standardizing  the  butter  product  of  the 
various  communities,  with  better  prices 
resulting.  In  many  places  eggs  and 
poultry  are  being  marketed  through 
the  same  channels,  greatly  reducing 
the  loss  as  a  result  of  the  improper 
handling  of  eggs  from  the  farm  to  the 
market,  and  securing  better  prices 
because  of  the  product  being 
standardized  and  marketed 
under  a  guaranteed  brand 
and  stamp. 
The  importance  of  this 
matter  of  standardizing 
is  indicated  by  the  ex- 
perience of  an  apple 
grower  in  New  York 
State,  who  sought  the 
buyer  for  one  of  the 
large  metropolitan 
hotels,  where  fancy 
Hood  River  and  We- 
natchee  apples  are 
served  andmuch 
sought  after  at  twenty- 
five  cents  apiece. 
"Here  are  millions  of 
apples  grown  right 
here  in  our  own  State, 
to  be  had  for  a  tenth  of 
what  you  pay  for  prod- 
uct shipped  clear  across 
the  continent.  Why  not 
buy  nearer  home?" 
The  hotel  manager  swung 
around  in  his  chair  and 
dismissed  the  subject  with 
this  remark: 

"I  will  never  buy  applts. 
or  any  other  product,  that  I  have  to  see." 
He  was  not  buying  apples  so  much 
as  he  was  buying  the  brand  which  he 
knew  absolutely  to  be  good,  making 
personal  inspection  of  each  box  un- 
necessary. 

When  the  producers  of  the  seven 
million  farms  in  America  realize  that 
they  are  selling  their  reputations  along 
with  their  products  they  will  not  only 
receive  more  for  their  efforts  but  the 
consumer  will  secure  a  better  grade  of 


C'hkksk  Trust 
mrey  of  Wisconsir 

co-operative  farm 
se  factories. 


Reducing  Marketing  Cost 
By  standing  together,  the  grower!  ol  these. 
Texas  peaches  can  dispose  of  them  at 
.in  expense  of  only  five  p«-r  cent  of 
th<'  si-llintf  price. 


goods  than  he  would 
otherwise. 

In  the  handling 

and  marketing  of 
the  citrus  fruit  crop  of 
California,  co-operation 
in  this  country  has  reached 
its  climax,  the  California  Fruit 
Growers'  Exchange  heing  the 
largest  and  most  successful  co-operative 
organization  in  the  United  States.  Over 
sixty  per  cent  of  all  the  citrus  fruits 
grown  in  the  State  is  picked,  shipped, 
and  sold  by  the  exchange,  which  numbers 
sixty-five  hundred  growers  and  conducts 
a  business  aggregating  twenty  million 
dollars  annually.  So  well  has  the  or- 
ganization been  perfected  and  managed 
that  it  is  possible  to  market  this  im- 
mense crop  at  a  cost  of  less  than  five 
per  cent.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  agricul- 
tural crop  in  this  country  is  marketed  at 
so  low  a  cost.  This  low  marketing  cost 


Proof  Through 
the  Label  That  thk 
Goons  Ark  Standard 


9r       is    one    reason    why 
Wf      the    member    of    the 
W^     California  Fruit  Grow- 
f       ers'  Exchange  can  have 
his    fruit   placed    upon    a 
market    three    thousand 
miles  from  his  orchard  and 
make  a  profit  from  growing  it 
k^      often  greater  than  that  realized 
by  a  local  fruit  grower. 
The  well-developed,  systematized  co- 
operation makes  possible  the  packing 
of  large  quantities  of  fruit  under  brands 
and     grades     that     are     uniform — the 
names  of  which  are  protected  by  copy- 
right.    Valuable  as  is  this  feature  in 
itself  it  has  a  great  indirect  value  or 
asset  in  that  these  brands  and  grades 
may  be,  and  often  are,  extensively  ad- 
vertised. 

Well  managed  co-operation  among 
so  many  fruit  growers  has  made  pos- 
sible  a    uniform    distribution    of   their 

919 


920 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


crops  over  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada. The  markets  in  some  places  are 
not  oversupplied  and  in  other  places 
understocked,  as  was  formerly  all  too 
often  the  case.  There  is  probably  no 
fruit  so  thoroughly  or  uniformly  dis- 
tributed over  the 
country  as  Cali- 
fornia oranges  and 
lemons.  The  double 
value  of  such  co- 
operation in  rais- 
ing, packing,  ship- 
ping, and  selling 
any  farm  product 
is  that  it  minimizes 
the  expense  and  in- 
sures better  prices 
through  a  stand- 
ardization of  prod- 
ucts, the  reputation 
of  which  comes  to 
be  established 
through  the  guar- 
antee of  the  asso- 
ciation, while  the 
consumer  secures  a 
better  quality  for  a 
lower  price  than  he 
was  formerly 
obliged  to  pay. 

The  importance 
of  the  co-operative 
movement  among 
the  producers  is 
not  confined  to 
transactions  of  this 
kind.  It  is  manifest 
in  the  farmers'  co- 
operative insurance 
companies    which 

no  less  an  authority  than  Prof.  S.  D. 
Gromer  of  the  University  of  Missouri 
declares  saved  the  farmers  of  that  State 
alone  over  five  hundred  and  sixty  thou- 
sand dollars  last  year.  A  report  issued  by 
the  state  association  shows  that  these 
organizations  are  now  carrying  one 
hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars'  worth 
of  insurance  in  Missouri,  the  policy 
holders  securing  protection  at  thirty 
cents    for    the    one    hundred    dollars. 


Co  operation  Spells  Honest  Pack 

\  guarantee  back  of  every  apple  is  made  possible  by  in 

spection  and  standardization. 


whereas  they  formerly  paid  one  dollar 
for  every  one  hundred  dollars. 

In  Kansas  the  latest  co-operative 
wrinkle  is  to  be  found  in  the  co-opera- 
tive delivery  system.  There  are  now 
twenty-six  towns  with  such  service,  the 
combined  popula- 
tion thus  served 
being  one  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand. 
At  Salina,  the  co- 
operative delivery 
system,  with  eleven 
wagons,  has  been 
able  to  make  three 
complete  deliveries 
every  day  and  one 
meat  delivery  early 
in  the  morning  and 
takes  the  place  of 
twenty-six  wagons 
and  trucks  used  by 
the  same  merchants 
without  co-opera- 
tive deliveries. 
Reports  from  the 
other  towns  show  a 
big  saving  in  de- 
livery  expense 
wherever  the  sys- 
tem has  been  tried. 
Marion  has  had  co- 
operative delivery 
for  over  five  years. 
Reports  from  the 
various  towns  show 
that  the  deliveries 
are  made  more 
frequently  by  the 
co-operative  system 
than  the  merchants 
could  do  it  themselves  with  their  many 
different  daily  orders. 

There  is  hardly  any  limit  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  new  movement  among 
producers  may  manifest  itself,  so  that 
today,  at  a  conservative  estimate,  no 
less  than  five  million  people  are  parts 
of  the  great  co-operative  movement 
which  is  sweeping  rural  America  as 
nothing  has  swept  it  for  the  last  quar- 
ter century. 


OFF   BEHIND  A  TRACTION   ENGINE 
A  Kansas  agricultural  society  carried  its  own  cl.-ctric  light  plant  to  a  picnic  and  the-  students  enjoyed  their  alter-dinner 

sanies  by  artificial  moonlight. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHT  FOR  PICNIC 

CTARTIXG  off  on  two  hayracks 
pulled  by  a  traction  engine,  with  a 
little  wagon  behind  that  carries  the 
lighting  plant,  a  Kansas  Agricultural 
College  Literary  Society  is  ready  to 
picnic  anywhere. 

The  engineering  students  who  attend 
the  college  rigged  up  a  portable  dy- 
namo so  that  when  the  light  grows 
dim  in  the  evening,  a  gasoline  engine 
furnishes  illumination  for  all  the  after- 
dinner  games  and  when  the  time  to  pack 
up  comes,  the  students  have  ample  light 
for  the  task. 


FARMING  AT  TEN  THOUSAND 
FEET 

VY/TITI  but  three  months  of  the  year 
when  the  weather  man  will  allow 
crops  to  live,  farmers  in  the  Colorado 
mountains  are  making  money  off  their 
cloud-kissed  fields.  Hay,  oats,  and 
potatoes  are  the  crops  and  from  a  tract 
of  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  home- 
steaded  property,  many  are  making  a 
good  living.  The  season  only  lasts 
from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  middle 
of  September  but,  owing  to  abundant 
sunshine,  good  soil,  and  plenty  of 
water,  the  crops  are  able  to  mature. 


WHERE  THEY  GROW   HAY.  OATS,  AND  POTATOES 
Although  thi-  summers  last  but  three  months  in  this  Colorado  spot,  ten  thousand  feet  up,  the  farmer  makes  money. 


921 


922 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


THE  "ALFALFA  LIGHTHOUSE' 


/^•ORN  may  be  Ki 
promising  youn 
royal  family  in  the 
United  States  is 
Prince  Alfalfa. 
Through  his  gen- 
erously remunera- 
tive nature  he  is 
winning  hundreds 
of  admirers,  in- 
cluding a  business 
concern  of  Wauke- 
sha, Wisconsin.  So 
enthusiastic  is  the 
regard  of  this  con- 
cern, that  it  has 
erected  a  towering 
monument  of 
alfalfa,  forty  feet 
in  height.  This 
stack  is  twenty- 
eight  feet  wide  and 
forty  feet  long. 
Neighbors  have 
called  this  lofty 
stack  "the  alfalfa 
lighthouse". 
J* 

MOTOR 
CANAL 
BOATS 

MOTOR    canal 

boats  are  soon 

to   replace   the   old 

style     carriers     on 


ng,  but   the   most 
member    of    the 


many  English  waterways.  For  years 
the  enormous  shipping  carried  on  in 
that  country  has  been  done  by  fleets 
of  barges  drawn  by  steam  tugs. 
Recently  motor 
canal  boats  have 
been  operated  in 
and  around  Leeds. 
England,  and  up 
a  n  d  d  o  w  n  t  h  e 
Thames  River  near 
London. 

A  motor  canal 
boat  that  is  now 
plying  between 
London  and  near- 
by ports  on  the 
Thames  is  The 
Match,  a  boat  hav- 
ing a  carrying  ca- 
pacity of  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  tons 
and  a  speed  of 
seven  knots  per 
hour.  Its  length  is 
eighty-six  feet  and 
it  requires  about 
six  and  one-half 
feet  of  water  to 
float  it. 

It  is  the  first  of 
the  new  motor 
barges  to  operate 
on  the  Thames  and 
is  equipped  with 
a  seventy  -  horse  - 
power  marine  oil 
engine. 


Forty  Feet  of  Wisconsin  Hay 

The  neighbors  called  this  stack  of  alfalfa  "the 

lighthouse." 


UNDER  ITS  OWN   POWER 
Barges  of  the  Thames,  formerly  drawn  in  fleets  by  tugs,  are  being  equipped  with  marine  oil  menus. 


The  Cactus  Musi  i  m 
Most  museums  arc  place*  for  dead  things  but  this  one,  at  a  park  in  Ki 
California,  is  a  living  garden  of  every  kind  of  desert  spine  growing 


CACTUS  COLLECTION 

AT     White     Park,     Riverside,     Cali- 
fornia, the  city  park  management 
lias  gathered  four  hundred  and  eight- 
een kinds  of  spiny  specimens  from  the 
desert  areas  of  Southern  California  and 

\rizona.  making  the  largest  collection 
of  cactus  in  the  Inited 
States.  The  varieties 
differ  greatly  in  size  and 
shape,  some  of  them 
hugging  the  ground  in 
round  masses  of  threat- 
ening needles  and  others 
rearing  themselves  to 
such  heights  that,  to 
prevent  their  mutilation 
by  the  occasional 
"n  o  r  t  h  e  r".  their  tops 
have  been  "anchored", 
just  as  metal  smoke 
stacks  are.  by  the  use  of 
steadying  wires. 

Riverside  was  nine 
pure  desert  area,  irriga- 
tion being  entirely  re- 
sponsible for  the  present 
flourishing  condition  of 
the  orange  industry. 
The  "tenderfoot"  looks 
at  this  cactus  bed  and 
hastily     concludes     that 


this  is  what  might  have 
been  growing  all  around 
him  had  it  not  been  for 
the  water  stored  in  the 
mountains  and  dis- 
tributed by  means  of 
canals  through  the 
thirsty  valley.  His  con- 
clusion is  not  entirely 
correct.  The  average 
desert  cactus  plants  are 
not  so  lusty  looking  as 
these  and  the  reason  is 
that  the  latter  are 
watered  three  or  four 
times  in  the  summer. 
The  sandy  top  soil  is  less 
than  a  foot  in  depth  and 
covers  a  rich  adobe  in 
which  the  roots  of  the 
cactus  plants  are  imbedded.  The  blos- 
soms are  exceptionally  beautiful,  varying 
in  color  from  very  brilliant  colors  to  ex- 
quisitely delicate  shades,  which  rival  the 
orchid  and  the  flowers  that  the  botanists 
grow  in  the  black  earth  of  the  conserva- 
tory. 


Oi.dkr  Than  thk  Spinning  Whkki. 

The  African  native  holds  a  kind  of  bobbin  in  one  hand  as  he  weaves.    It  is  a  slow 

and  monotonous  process  but  the  weaver  has  plenty  of  time  and,  after  all,  it  is  not 

very  hard  work. 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  INVADE 
LOGGING  CAMPS 


NOT  so  long  ago  the  "Big 
Woods"  would  have  been 
considered  about  the  very 
last  place  on  earth  in  which 
motor  trucks  could  be  used. 
The  encroachment  of  the  gasoline-pro- 
pelled commercial  vehicle  upon  the 
domain  of  the  horse  during  the  past 
few  years,  however,  has  been  persist- 
ent and  irresistible. 

Traveling  over  the  uneven  roads  of 
an  American  forest  is  not  generally 
recommended  for  motorists  or  for  motor 
cars.  Shocks  of  the  severest  kind  are 
continuously  transmitted  to  the  springs 
of  vehicles  and  through  them  to  the 
machinery  and  frame  of  the  motor  car. 
It  must  be  a  sturdy  vehicle  indeed  to 
withstand  these  continuous  shocks  and, 
in  addition,  to  haul  loads  which  would 
make  the  average  four-horse  team  give 
up  in  despair. 
After  the  heavy  trees  are  felled  and 

m 


sawed  into  logs,  the  motor  truck- 
appears  on  the  scene.  Driven  by 
an  ordinary  gasoline  motor  of  about 
forty  horsepower,  the  truck  invades 
the  forest  itself,  passing  along  barely 
visible  roads  and  paths  with  an  uncon- 
cern which  causes  the  wonder  of  men 
who  are  not  yet  familiar  with  the  possi- 
bilities of  motor  haulage.  Straight  up 
to  the  fallen  monarchs  of  the  forest  the 
truck  rolls,  all  four  wide  wheels  sink- 
ing heavily  into  the  soft  ground. 

Stopping  beside  the  sawed  logs  the 
truck  then  begins  the  second  part  of  its 
labor.  By  means  of  a  powerful  winch, 
operated  by  the  same  motor  that  pro- 
pelled the  truck,  the  heavy  and  un- 
wieldy logs  are  lifted  clear  off  the 
ground  and  placed  on  the  truck.  Half 
a  dozen  or  more  of  them,  some  weigh- 
ing over  a  ton  each,  are  arranged  side 
by  side  on  the  sturdy  body  of  the 
vehicle ;  a  chain  is  passed  around  the 


MOTOR  TRUCKS  INVADE  LOGGING  CAMPS 


925 


load ;  the  motor  is  connected  with  the 
driving  wheels  once  more,  and  the 
heavy  truck  slowly  picks  its  way  out  of 
the  maze  of  trees  and  bushes  onto  the 
road  that  leads  down  to  the  village  and 
the  railway. 

Five  round  trips  a  day  over  a  two 
mile  course  formed  a  very  creditable 
showing  for  a  vehicle  used  in  the  Mid- 
dle West,  and  one  with  which  no  team  of 
even  six  or  eight  horses  could  com- 
pare. The  cost  of  upkeep,  naturally. 
is  far  less  for  the  truck  than 
for  six  or  eight  horses,  despite 
the  fact  that  the  gasoline 
has  to  be  transported  some 
distance  and  grazing 
ground  for  the  horses  is 
close  at  hand.  The  sav- 
ing in  time  and  the 
possibility   of   handling 


logs  weighing  two  tons  each  far  out- 
weigh any  advantages  which  might  be 
cited  by  horse  lovers  in  favor  of  animal 
haulage. 

The  added  advantage  of  being  able  to 
work  in  the  summertime  is  of  great  im- 
port in  some  localities  where  snow  and 
ice  were  necessary  to  efficient  logging. 


Picking  its  way 

through  the 

woods. 


HELIVEKY   AT  THE  STATION 
The  great  logs  art'  tumbled  out  in  piles. 


B1DWIN 


0 


The  Blindness  of  Virtue 

"Wt:  want  the  doctor,  quick !" 
"Who's  sick  at  your  house?" 


"Everybody  except  me.  I'd  been  naughty, 
so  they  wouldn't  give  me  any  of  the  nice 
mushrooms  papa  picked  in  the  woods."— Cur- 
rent Opinion. 


Obedient  Willie 

Thk  teacher  wanted  some  plums  in  order  t" 
give  an  object-lesson  during  school  hours,  and, 
calling  one  of  the  small  boys,  she  gave  him  ten 
cents  and  dispatched  him  to  the  fruit-stand 
down  on  the  corner. 

"Before  you  buy  the  plums,  Willie,"  she 
cautioned,  "you  had  better  pinch  one  or  two 
to  make  sure  they  are  ripe." 

Little  Willie  flitted  away.  Soon  he  came 
back  and  smilingly  put  the  bag  on  the  teacher's 
desk. 

"Oh,  thank  you,  Willie,"  said  the  teacher, 
taking  up  the  bag.  "Did  you  pinch  one  or 
two  as  I  told  you  to  do?" 

"Did  I?"  was  the  gleeful  response.  "I 
pinched  the  whole  bagful,  and  here's  your  ten 
cents." — Ladies'  Home  Journal. 


What  Did  She  Say? 

It  was  evening.  He  and  she  were  seated  in 
her  father's  room  burning  her  father's  gas. 

"Answer  me,  Angelina  !"  he  cried,  in  a  voice 
full  of  passionate  earnestness.  "Answer  me ! 
I  can  bear  this  suspense  no  longer." 

"Answer  him,  Angelina !"  came  a  voice 
through  the  keyhole.  "Answer  him !  I  can 
bear  this  expense  no  longer." — Full  o'  Fun. 

926 


Generous  Cuss 

Thk  new  vicar  was  making  pastoral  calls  in 
his  parish,  and  stopped  to  converse  with  a 
small  boy  at  the  garden  gate.  "And  where 
does  your  father  go  on  Sundays,  my  little 
man?"  "Well,  on  fine  Sundays  he  goes  golfing, 
and  on  wet  Sundays  he  turns  us  all  out  to 
church  so  he  can  have  a  bit  of  peace  in  the 
house." — Argonaut. 

J* 

Got  a  Definite  Impression 

"Brown's  an  inquisitive  chap.  Coming  home 
from  the  club  last  night,  he  climbed  up  a  high 
gate  post  to  see  what  the  sign  was  at  the  top." 

"What  was  it?" 

"Wet  paint." — Current  Opinion. 

Jf 

Repartee 

Old   Scotchwoman — "The  last   steak   I  got 
frae  ye  I  could  hae  soled  ma  boots  wi'  it." 
Butcher — "And  why  did  ye  no  dae  it  ?" 
Woman — "So  I  wid  if  I  could  hae  got  the 
pegs  tae  gang  through  it." — Boston  Transcript 

Wait  Till  the  Baby  Grows  Up 

Whilk  traveling  through  Alabama  a  young 
salesman  was  one  day  forced  to  dine  at  a 
farmhouse.  Not  being  very  well  satisfied  with 
his  meal  of  cornbread  and  bacon,  he  asked  if 
he  might  have  a  glass  of  milk. 

"No,"  replied  his  host.  "Ah  don't  reckon 
you'll  find  any  milk  around  here  since  the  dog 
died." 

"Since  the  dog  died !"  echoed  the  stranger. 
"What's  that  got  to  do  with  it  ?" 

"Why,"  replied  the  farmer,  "who  do  you-all 
reckon's    goin'    to    go    an'     fetch    the    cow?" 

— Everybody's. 


BLOWING    OFF    STEAM 


927 


Important 

The  clergyman,  visiting  the  hospital,  stopped 
at  the  bedside  of  a  pale  young  man  swathed 
in  bandages. 

"Cheer  up,  young  man,"  he  said  unctuously, 
"keep  smiling — it's  the  best  medicine." 

"I'll  never  smile  again,"  replied  the  young 
man. 

"Nonsense.     Yes,  you  will!" 

"Xii."  sadly  continued  the  battered  one,  "no 
nonsense  about  it.  I'll  never  smile  again — at 
least,  not  at  another  fellow's  girl !" — Motor 
Life. 


But  Not  Registered 

'16 — "I  guesp  she  thinks  I'm  an  upperclass- 
man." 

'14— "How  so?" 

"16 — "I  threw  her  a  kiss  and  she  said  all 
lirst    class    mails    had    a    personal    delivery." 

— Record. 


Strange  Growth 

"Pa,  what's  a  feebly?" 

"Then'   isn't   any  such   thing,   Harold." 


Couldn't  Blame  Him 

He  found  his  own  front  porch  with  won- 
derful accuracy,  navigated  the  steps  with  pre- 
cision, and  discovered  the  key-hole  by  instinct. 


"Yes,  there  is.  It  says  in  this  book  that  the 
young  man  had  a  feebly  growing  down  on  his 
cheek." — Christian    Register. 


Getting  in  Right 

Youngpi'P — "Who  is  that  very  homely 
woman   following  us?" 

Chiquktti-:  (yawning) — "Oh,  mother  accom- 
panies me  everywhere  now." — Michigan  Gar- 
goyle. 

J* 

Made  a  Mistake 

He  (after  following  the  girl  from  a  dark 
path  onto  a  summer  hotel  piazza) — "This  is  a 
bad  evening  to  lie  all  alone;  wouldn't  you  like 
some  company?" 

She  (tartly)— "No,  you  bum!  You're  not 
my  kind." 

Hi — "Perhaps  you're  right;  I  didn't  see  your 
face  in'  the  light  before." — Widow. 

J* 
Undeniable 

"What's  a  race  coarse,  hon?" 
"Oh,  dat's  a  class  where  dey  study  eugenics." 

— Lampoon. 


Once  in  the  dimly  lighted  hall,  there  was  an 
ominous  silence  followed  by  a  tremendous 
crash. 

"Why,  what  has  happened,  Henry?''  came  a 
voice  from  above. 

"It's  all  right,  Mary,  but  I'll — I'll  learn  those 
goldfish  to  snap  at  me !" — Fun. 


No  Bother  at  All 

Gentleman  in  theater,  who  has  wormed 
himself  out  from  the  middle  of  the  row — 
"Lady,  I  am  sorry  to  disturb  you  so  often." 

Lady — "That's  all  right,  sir ;  my  husband 
owns  the  saloon  next  door." — Columbia  Jester. 


In  Hiding 

"Hips  are  coming  in  again." 
"Hurray !     Now  mother  can  come  back  from 
F.urope." — Judge. 


Unfortunate 

She — "So  you  are  bashful?" 
He — "Yep,  take  after  my  father." 
She — "Was  your  father  bashful?" 
He — "Well,   ma   says   if   pa   hadn't   been    so 
bashful  I'd  be  two  years  older." — Banner. 


A  Clock-Work  Vault 

Tiddle — "Speaking  of  hosiery — •" 
Di;  Wink— "Yes?" 

Tiddle — "They    say    she    has    all    kinds    of 
money  in  her  own  right." — J ack-O' -Lantern. 


RAILWAY  GODS  OF  LABOR 


The  Group  Which  Will  Adorn  the  Grand  Central  Station,  New- 
York  City,  Is  to  Be  Fifty  Feet  High,  the  Work  of  the  Sculptor. 
Jules  Coutan.  The  Great  Body  of  Mercury,  God  of  Speed,  Is' 
Twenty  Seven  Feet  High.  At  the  Left  Is  Hercules.  Surrounded 
by  the  Implements  of  Industry.  This  Figure  Forms  Part  of  the 
Group  Which  Mercury  Crowns.    The  Work  Is  is  Limestone 


R.',V 


Each  month  the  best  and  must  interesting  original  item  submitted  to  and  pub- 
lished in  this  department  will  receive  the  first  price  of  twenty  dollars;  the  second 
best,  ten  dollars;  the  third  best,  fire  dollars;  and  the  next  five  best  two  dollars  each. 

These  prizes  will  be  in  addition  to  the  regular  price  paid  for  such  material. 
Good  photographs  or  well-executed  drawings  add  to  the  value  of  your  item  and 
will  increase  its  chances  for  a  first  price.  Items  not  whining  prices  but  considered 
worthy  of  publication  will  be  paid  for  at  our  regular  rates.  There  is  only  one 
restriction  as  to  who  shall  compete:  Professional  writers  are  not  eligible.  Yon 
need  not  be  a  subscriber  to  compete. 

Enclose  return  postage  if  you  desire  to  have  your  contributions  returned. 

Address  all  communications  to  Technical  World  Magazine,  "Made  by  Our 
Readers"  Department,  Chicago. 


'Firit  Prize,  Twenty  Dollars' 

EXIT  FOR  THE  FLIES 

ACOUPLE  of  pieces  of 
metal  attached  to  the  upper 
part  of  an  ordinary  screen 
forms  an  exit  which  effectively 
rids  our  house  of  flies. 

If  you  will  observe  the  actions 
of  flies,  you  will  find  that  they 
invariably  walk  from  the  bottom 
of  the  screen  towards  the  top 
because  there  is  more  light  in 
that  direction.  In  trying  to  gel 
out  they  walk  through  the  open- 
ing and  escape.  I  have  tested 
the  little  device  for  hours  and 
never  once  did  a  fly  enter 
through  the  hole.  But  even- 
one  that  was  in  the  room  went 
out  by  the  little  door  we  had 
provided   for  it.     The  exit  can 


be  very  easily  made  with  pieces  of  screen 
cut  to  size. 

('.  M.  TtlOMMi  rvrnnrtt  Square,  Pennsylvania. 


/ 
\ 


Lkads  to  the  Exit 

The  fliea  naturally  walk  upward  toward  the  light  and  out. 


929 


930 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


(Second  Prize,  Ten  Dollars) 

WAKES  ONE  ONLY 

IN  homes  or  lodging  quarters  where 
one.  or  more  of  the  members  of  the 
family  or  lodgers  must  rise  at  different 
hours,  the  sound  of  their 
alarms  usually  breaks  up 
their  neighbors'  sleep.  My 
little  scheme  is  the  successful  result 
of  an  attempt  to  do  away  with  this 
nuisance  in  such  a  family. 

I  hitched  the  alarm  clock  up  to 
ring  an   electric   buzzer   through   a 
series    of    movable    contact    points 
which  are  touched  by  the  hour 
hand  of  the  clock.  The  diagram 
shows   the   mechanism   and. 
as    can    be    seen,    as    many 
people  can  be  aroused  every 
morning  at  different  hours 
as  there  are  contact  points 
and   connecting   wires.    To 
stop  the  buzzer,  as  the  awak- 
ened person  gets  up,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  slip  off  the  contact 
point    and    as    long   as   the   clock   keeps 
running  the   alarm   system   is   infallible, 
and  we  are  not  dependent  on  the  variable 
spring  alarm. 

Orion  Hurst,  Morristown,  New  Jersey. 


T 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar*) 

PRESERVES  DEVELOPER 

>YROGALLIC  acid,  used  by  every 
amateur  photographer  for  developing 
his  negatives, 
spoils  so  rapidly  in 
contact  with  the  air 
that  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  use.  1  fixed 
up  a  little  flask, 
however,  which 
keeps  my  devel- 
oper always  fresh 
and  ready  to  use  at 
notice.    Two   holes 


GAS  JET 


For  the  Tyro 

Photographer 

This    arrangement 

will  keep  developer 
always  fresh  even 
though  k  is  pyro, 
which  ordinarily 
oxidizes  in  amhour 
or  two. 


moment  s 

were  bored  in  a  rubber  stopper 
and  a  glass  tube  which 
reaches  to  the  bottom  of  the 
flask  was  inserted  in  one. 
I  then  inserted  a  second 
tube  which  did  not  reach 
into  the  developer  and  at- 
tached this  to  a  gas  jet  with 
a  rubber  hose.  Whenever  I 
need  developer,  I  turn  on  the  gas 
a  little  and  my  flask  acts  like  a  chemist's 
wash  bottle,  a  small  stream  of  the  acid 
pouring  from  the  longer  tube  always  per- 
fectly fresh. 

Dean  T.  Bush.  Lawrence,  Kansas. 


ALARM    FOR  SF.VERAL  PEOPLE 
This  clock,  with  its  electric  connections,  will  wake  the  members  of  the  family  one  after  another  without  disturbing  all 

at  once. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar.) 

COMBINATION  BATHTUB 
WORK  TABLE 

JX   the  small  house  where  there  is  no 
bathroom   and   no   place   for  one,   the 
combination    bathtub    and    kitchen    work 
table   is    fetmd   convenient.      Tt   is  espe- 
cially a  d  a  p  t- 
a  b 1 e    to    a 
country   home 
\     where  there  is 
'    no  water  pres- 
sure,   particu- 
larly when  the 
cistern     water 
is    piped    into 
the  kitchen.    It 
presents   the 
appearance  of 
a    counter, 
which     is     hinged     so     that     it     opens 
just  above  the  bathtub,  thus  making  it  no 
more  difficult   to  get   into  the  tub  than 
into  any  other  bathtub ;  at  the  same  time 
when  closed  the  table  is  not  too  low,  but 
of  full  table  height. 

The  top  base  is  fastened  to  the  table 
top  and  hinged  at  the  back.  The  top  part 
is  not  heavy  to  lift  and.  if  placed  a  few 
inches  from  the  wall,  will  lean  back  far 
enough  so  that  there  is  no  danger  of  its 
dosing  down  on  one  while  in  the  tub.  or  it 
can  be  hooked  to  the  wall.  The  plumbing 
is  just  as  simple  as  in  any  other  plumbing 
for  a  bathtub :  and  where  there  is  no 
water  pressure,  water  can  be  heated  in  a 
wash  boiler  on  the  kitchen  stove  and 
dipped  into  the  tub. 


D.  W.  Crease,  Atchison,  Kan. 
Third  Prize.  Five  Dollar. 

THE  POCKET  PIPE  WRENCH 

^*APS  and  sleeves  of  small  pipes, 
round-headed  bolts,  and  the  like  often 
can  be  unscrewed — when  pipe  pliers  are 
not  at  hand — by  tying  a  couple  of  files 
together,  the  base  of  the  one  to  the  top 
of  the  other,  in  such  a  way  that  the  cut 
of  both  files  is  in  the  same  direction  as 
the   object    that    has   to   be   unscrewed. 


TTTT 


To  Open  Fruit  Jars 
A  stout  cord  and  a  stick 
applied  vigorously  will 
open  the  most  stubborn 
jar. 


Then  by  grasping 
the  loose  ends  of  the 
files  firmly  and  turning  you  can  accom- 
plish your  purpose. 

A  similar  device  can  be  used  for  un- 
fastening the  screw-top  lids  of  jars.  For 
this  purpose,  a  couple  of  flat  sticks  with 
coarse  sandpaper  wrapped  around  them 
will  do  as  well  as  a  pair  of  files.  Should;. 
the  lid  be  too  big  to  allow  a  giasp..,witlv' 
a  couple  of  sticks,  a  single  stick  can  be 
used  by  tying  a  "stout  piece  of  string,  to 
one  end,  bringing  it  tightly  around  the 


To  Unscrew  Pipe  Caps 
Two  files,  bound  together,  take  thi 
place  of  a  pipe  wrench. 


lid,  and  giving  it  a  few  turns  around  the 
other  end  of  the  stick.  By  grasping  the 
end  of  the  string  and  using  the  stick  as  a 
lever,  the  lid  can  be  turned  easily. 

F.  H.  Mason.  San  Diego,  Cal. 
(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollar. 

CIGAR  SHIELD 
A  UTOMOBILE  drivers  will  now  be 
able  to  smoke  their  cigars  without 
danger  while  driving  or  working  in  the 
garage.  A  cigar  shield  has  been  in- 
vented which  will  keep  the  hot  ashes 
or  sparks  from  being  fanned  by  the 
wind.  The  cigar  is  placed  in  the  nickel- 
plated  screen  tube  or  shield. 

Lottie  S.  Warner.  Port  Clinton.  O. 


When  the  Hot  Ashes  Fly 
The  automobilist  in  particular  will  enjoy  the  holder  that 
prevents  too  strong  a  draft. 

93/ 


932 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

BUSHELS  FROM  ONE  TUBER 

"THIRTEEN     unblinking     eyes    on    a 

great   seed   potato   were   responsible 

for    the    success    of    a    thirteen-year-old 

youngster  of  Albany.  Oregon,  who  man- 


Ali.  from  a  Spud 
Six  hundred  and  eighty  eight  pounds  of  potatoes  was  tin- 
yield  which  this  youngster  got  when  he  planted  a  potato 
that  had  thirteen  eyes. 


aged  to  induce  it  to  sprout  enough  to 
grow  six  hundred  and  eighty-eight 
pounds  of  progeny.  The  average  yield 
from  that  amount  of  seed  would  be  but 
a  few  pounds,  but  the  boy  cut  the  big 
potato  up  and  planted  each  eye.  repeat- 
ing the  sprouting  process  which  he  be- 
gan in  a  greenhouse,  until  he  had  one 
hundred  and  sixty  hills  of  potatoes  from 
the  single  parent.  The  hills  were  given 
the  usual  care,  the  soil  being  good  sandy 
loam. 

F.  M.  Sherman.  Lebanon,  Oregon. 
J* 

OIL  STOVE  IN  FURNACE 

\V/HEN  we  were  caught  without  coal 
one  day  last  winter,  I  took  the 
kerosene  oil  heater  and  put  it  inside  the 
hot  air  furnace  and  it  soon  heated  up  the 
house  almost  as  well  as  a  good  fire  of 
anthracite.  By  closing  the  chimney  draft 
and  the  top  door  and  opening  the  ash 
door  a  few  inches,  there  was  plenty  of  air 
circulation  for  the  stove. 

L.  R.  Baker,  Auburn.  Rhode  Island. 


(Fourth  Prize,  Two  Dollars) 

HOISTS  BY  AUTO 

A   CONTRACTOR  for  tar  and  gravel 

^^    roofs  has  the  following  contrivance 

fitted  up  to  haul  material  up  to  the  house 

tops. 

A  gypsy  head  is  attached  to  the  rear 
axle  of  his  automobile  and,  with  block 
and  tackle  and  a  snatch  block,  all  the  ma- 
terial used  in  repairing  and  for  new  roofs 
is  hoisted  up  by  the  automobile  motor. 
The  machine  is  blocked  off  the  ground. 

This  contrivance  could  be  fitted  up  for 
similar  work  at  very  small  cost  and 
would  save  a  great  deal  of  labor. 

E.  Klinghanimer.  Bremerton.  Washington. 


Motor  Power  for  the  Tar  Bucket 

By  using  the  huh  in  this  way.  much  time  and  lahor  are 

saved. 


PORTABLE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT 
POSTS 
TUNGSTEN  electric  light  posts,  which 
can  easily  be  transferred  from  point 


To    BK   PLACSI)   AT   SHIPS1DE 

Then    electric-light  poles,   equipped  with    incandaacent 

bulbs,  tit  into  sockets  along  the  dock,  for  use  at  night. 

to  point,  have  been  built  for  ship  clock 
use.  The  post  fits  into  any  of  a  number 
of  cast-iron  sleeves  in  the  floor  of  the 
dock,  and  the  accompanying  electric  plug 
fits  into  a  socket,  thus  enabling  a  single 
light  to  be  available  at  any  point  where 
it  is  needed  for  loading  or  unloading 
vessels  at  night.  Another  advantage  of 
these  posts  is  that  ships,  in  docking  or 
departing,  do  not  break  or  injure  them. 

William  G.  Fletcher,  Summit.  N.  J. 

A  HANDY  LAMP 
I  WANTED  very  much  to  continue  my 
regular  night  study,  and  ye.t  the  sin- 
gle electric  light  high  up  on  one  of  the 
walls  of  my  room  was  altogether  in- 
adequate. I  could  not  afford  to  buy  an 
electric  study  lamp ;  so  I  was  forced  to 
design  and  make  one. 

The  base  consists  of  a  circular  metal 
plate,  four  inches  in  diameter,  with  a 
pipe  coupling  welded  to  the  center.  A 
six-inch  pipe  is  screwed  into  the  coupling 
of  the  base  to  act  as  a  support,  and  the 


socket,  about  which  the  cross  arm  re- 
volves, consists  of  an  eyebolt,  four 
inches  long,  which  slips  into  the  open  top 
of  the  pipe.  The  small  bolt  in  the  strap 
near  the  cross  arm  holds  the  arm  to  any 
required  length.  The  cross  arm  con- 
sists simply  of  a  piece  of  pipe,  ten 
inches  long,  and  a  brass  coupling  to  screw 
to  one  end  of  the  pipe  and  receive  the 
electric  socket  and  globe.  The  shade  is 
just  an  ordinary  round-bottom  tin  cup 
which  I  bought  at  a  ten-cent  store.  The 
shade  is  held  onto  the  electric  light  globe 
by  a  small  spring  coil  attached  near  the 
inside  rim  of  the  cup  so  that  the  shade 
can  be  tilted  in  any  desired  position. 
The  lamp  is  handier  than  I  expected 
it  would  be.  I  can  swing  the  light 
around  and  tilt  the  cross  arm  about  the 
eye  of  the  eye  bolt  in  any  position.  I  can 
extend  or  shorten  the  arm  by  simply 
loosening  the  small  bolt  of  the  strap  near 
the  arm.  I  can  also  instantly  pull  the 
cross  arm  out  of  the  joint  and  use  it  as 


Ready  for  Use 

A  little  gas  pipe  and  a  lot  of  ingenuity  served  the  owner 

to  good  purpose. 

a  handy  light.  Last  of  all,  I  can  take  the 
whole  lamp  apart  in  a  very  short  time 
and  tuck  it  away  in  my  suit  case. 

George  Marks,  York.  Pa, 

•J.J3 


934 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


MACHINERY  WORKS  UNDER 
WATER 

[N    the   continuous   fight   going  on   be- 
tween man  and  the  forces  of  Nature. 


The  Pi'mp  WoKKKn  in  the  Flood 

Steam  being  supplied  from  another  building,  the  rise  of  the  waters 

had  no  effect  on  the  machinery  that  sent  water  up  the  hill  from  the 

river. 


the  former  does  not  always  win  out ;  but 
in  the  case  shown  by  the  photograph. 
Nature  has  been  conquered  by  the  very 
simple  expedient  of  putting  an 
extension  on  the  exhaust  pipe  of 
a  pump.  This  action  enabled  the 
plant  to  keep  in  operation  during 
a    flood   at    Youngstown,    Ohio. 

This  pumping  station  supplies 
a  brewery  with  water,  and  it  was 
an  object  of  much  comment. 
The  water  completely  submerged 
the  building  during  the  flood, 
and  rose  within  six  inches  of  the 
top  of  the  pipe,  there  being  ten 
feet  of  water  over  the  pump. 
The  illustration  shows  the  pump 
working  under  five  feet  of  water. 
As  the  water  receded,  an  em- 
ploye crawled  out  over  the  pipe 
line  and  decorated  the  pump 
house  with  the  "Stars  and 
Stripes"  in  recognition  of  the 
service  rendered  by  the  machine. 

When  the  flood  was  over,  the 


pump  was  found  to  be  covered  with  mud, 
which  had  entered  through  crevices  in  the 
building.  The  steam  and  water  pipes  are 
two  hundred  feet  long,  the  water  being 
pumped  up  a  hill. 

W.  S.  Standiford,  Youngstown,  Ohio. 


FILLING  THE  SINK  HOLE 

'"THE  electric  railroad  com- 
pany building  a  line  be- 
tween Almont.  Michigan,  and 
Detroit  has  for  months  been 
dumping  a  big  hill  into  what 
seems  to  be  an  underground 
lake  in  an  endeavor  to  make  a 
grade  nearby.  The  hill  was 
three  hundred  feet  long  and 
sixty  feet  high  but  all  the  ma- 
terial put  into  the  hole  during 
the  day  disappears  by  morning 
and  takes  with  it  some  of  the 
adjoining  bank  that  seemed 
before  to  be  solid.  The  com- 
pany has  been  at  work  on  it  for 
almost  a  year  unsuccessfully. 
The  same  conditions  occur  in 
other  regions  where  lakes  abound,  as  in 
northern  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

Allen  Hancock.  Almont.  Michigan. 


Where  a  Hill  Sank 

For  months  a  construction  company  has  been  dumping  material  into 

the  sink  hole,  trying  to  build  a  railroad  gradient,  and  the  bottom  is  yet 

to  be  found. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


935 


"/  care  not  who  manages 
the  Production,  so  long  as 
I  write  the  Advertising." 

Said  in  PRINTERS'  INK  of  C.  W.  POST. 


It  is  to  proclaim  that  value  (or  lack 
of  it)  in  the  goods  does  not  matter; 
that  people  are  amusingly  indifferent 
as  to  getting  their  money's  worth; 
that  they  will  believe  whatever 
is  skilfully  told  them,  and  buy  whatever 
is  fascinatingly  pictured. 

It  seems  to  us  the  queerest  sort  of 

comment  on  public  intelligence; 

an  unkindness  to  the  dead; 

and  a  boastful  confession  that  the 

advertising  business  is  a  gigantic  fraud. 

We  have  no  such  faith  in  the 

miracle  of  advertising — no  such  contempt 

for  the  Science  of  Production. 

With  us,  advertising  is  the  dinner  bell. 

People  come  again,  and  keep  on  coming, 

because  they  like  the  provender. 

They  find  realities  more  fascinating  than 
pictures.     They  are  charmed  by  the 
Varnish  which  gives  a  finer  job  with 
fewer  gallons  and  less  labor,  which  lasts 
longer  and.  looks  better  all  the  time. 


The  Vamuh      Murphy  Varnish  Company 

That  Lasts 


Longest 


FRANKLIN  MURPHY.  President 


Associated  with  Dougall  Varnish  Company,  Limited, 
Montreal,  Canada 


NEWARK 

AND 
CHICAGO 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


936 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


BOYS' MAGAZINE 


cmci/LArioitovHiioaooo 


Make  Your 

Boy  Happy! 

by  giving  him  THE  BOYS'  MAG- 
AZINE. You  could  not  give  him 
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influence  for  good.  Each  issue 
of  this  splendid  magazine  is  filled 
with  clean,  fascinating  stories  and 
instructive  articles,  all  of  intense  Inter- 
est to  every  live  boy.  Also,  each  issue 
contains  departments  devoted  to  Elec- 
Athletics,  Photography,  Carpentry, 
A  new,  handsome  cover  In  colors  each 


tricity,    Mechanics, 

Stamps  and  Coins. 

month.     Beautifully  illustrated  throughout,  both  in  black 

and  white  and  in  colors, 

Soecial  Offer  f  For  only  $1.00  we  will  send  you  THg 
p  *  w*aw  *  BOYS'MAGAZINEforawholeyear 

and  a  copy  of  the  most  useful  book  you  ever  read,  "Fifty 
Ways  for  Boys  to  Earn  Money,"  and  this  Electric  Engine. 
This  engine  is  considerably  larger  than  illustration.  Runs  at 
variable  speeds,  either  forward  or  backward,  between  200 
and  3,000revoluttonsaminuteon  one  dry  battery.  Absolutely 
safe  and  easy  to  operate.  This  Electric  Engine  is  interesting 
and  instructive  and  any  boy  will  go  wild  over  it. 

Order  To-daV  X  Your  subscription  will  be  entered 

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Address 
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Pa. 

(17/ JB  BOYS' 
MAGAZINE 

is  on  sale  at 

all  news-stands      i 

at  ioc  a  copy.) 


HESSititt LOCKER 

The  Only  Modern,  Sanitary 
STEEL  Medicine  Cabinet 

or  locker  finished  in  snow-white,  baked 
everlasting  enamel,  inside  and  out. 
Beautiful  beveled  mirror  door.  Nickel 
plate  brass  trimmings.  Steel  or  glass 
shelves. 

Costs  Less  Than  Wood 

Never  warps,    shrinks,    nor    swells. 
Dust  and  vermin  proof,  easily  cleaned. 

Should  Be  In  Every  Bath  Room 

Four  styles— four  sizes.    To  recess  in 
wall  or  to  hang  outside.    Send  for  illus- 
trated circular. 
The  Recessed  Steel  HESS,  911  L,  Tacoma  Bldg.,  Chicago 
Medicine  Cabinet  Makers  of  Steel  Furnaces.  Free  Booklet 

THE  CLIPPER 

There  are  three  things  that  destroy 
your  lawns— Dandelions,  Buck  Plan- 
tain, and  Grab  Gratis.  In  one  season 
the  Clipper  will  drive  them  all  out. 

Your  dealer  should  have  them  — If 
he  has  not.  drop  us  a  line  and  we  will 
send  circulars  and  prices. 

CUPPER  LAWN  MOWER  CO. 
Box  15,  Dixon,  III. 

$OLD  COINS  WANTED 
$4.25  t*ach  paid  for  U.  S.  Eagle  cents  dated  1856.  We  pay  a  CASH 
premium  on  hundreds  of  old  coins.  Send  10  cents  at  once  for  New 
Illustrated  Coin  Value   Book,  4x7.     It  may  mean  TOUR  fortune. 

CLARK  &  CO.,  Coin  Dealers,  Box  73,  LeRoy,  N.  Y. 

HOME,  FARM,  THEATRE.  STORE  or  TOWN  U6HTING  PLANTS. 

Bicycle,  Carriage,  Motorcycle,  Boat,  Auto,  Fishing  and  Flash 
Lights.  Engines.  Dynamos.  Water  Wheels.  Storage  Batteries,  fan.  Sewing  Machine 
and  Power  Motors;  Telephones.  Massage,  Oione  and  Tattoo  Machines.  Transformers. 
Bolts.    Boohs. 

MOTIftltJ  "CTUftE  THEATRE  COMPLETE  EQUIPMENTS  Start  YOU  with 
ITIVJIH/r*  BIO  PROFITS.  Ten  Cents  an  Hour  lights  Theatre.  Catalog  3  cts. 
OHIO    ELECTRIC    WORKS,    D18,    CLEVELAND,    OHIO 


ELECTRIC 


MAKING  CRIPPLES  INTO 
WORKINGMEN 

{Continued  from  page  843) 

vicinity  some  years  ago  and  he  has 
been  demonstrating  ever  since  what 
wonderful  cures  may  be  effected  by 
the  proper  manipulation  of  weak  and 
crippled  joints. 


At  Work  in  the  Laboratory 

Dr.  Jaeger  devising  a   plaster  of  Paris  bed.      He  never 

allows  anyone  else  to  construct  the  various  casts    and 

braces  which  ffo  to  make  the  life  of  the  cripple  livable. 


Dr.  Jaeger  is  a  mechanical  genius 
himself  and,  had  he  not  elected  to  be 
an  orthopedist,  he  would  have  stood  at 
ihe  head  of  the  profession  as  a  crafts- 
man. There  is  nothing  he  enjoys  so 
much  as  working  with  his  hands  and. 
when  he  studied  under  Dr.  Lorenz  in 
Vienna,  he  spent  a  great  deal  of  time 
at  the  forge  and  anvil. 

As  the  school  is  well  financed  by  a 
man  well  equipped  to  fight  life's  battle, 
donations  are  not  accepted,  and  the 
work  is  absolutely  free.  Any  cripple  in 
any  part  of  the  United  States  is  eligible 
for  admission,  providing  he  can  present 
!  the  proper  credentials  to  the  doctor. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZ1SE 


937 


LATEST  IDEA  IN  RAPID  TRANSIT 
Monorail  car  with  aerial  propeller  capable  of  200  miles  an  hour 

Leslies 

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quickly,  entertainingly — from  vivid  pictures. 

Leslie's  is  an  illustrated  weekly  newspaper. 


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10  cents 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


938 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


THE  PORTERHOUSE  HEAVEN  AND  THE  HOBO 

{Continued  from  page  SIS) 


on  both  sides.  The  district  attorney,  an 
undersheriff,  two  pickers  fell  dead  ;  the 
posse  fled ;  wounded  men  writhed  on  the 
ground.  On  Monday  morning  the 
militia,  with  loaded  rifles,  surrounded  the 
camp.  Eor  the  first  time  in  our  history, 
troops  had  been  called  out  to  quell  an 
uprising  of  agricultural  workers. 

"Blackie"  Ford  and  Fred  Suhr,  found 
guilty  of  conspiracy,  were  sent  to  the 
penitentiary  for  life. 

Did  that  cure  the  evil  ? 

"There  are  five  Fords  in  every  camp 
of  seasonal  laborers  in  California,"  says 
Professor  Parker.  And  California  has 
no  monopoly  of  the  Fords.  There  is  not 
one  sizable  labor  camp  between  the  At- 
lantic and  the  Pacific  that  lacks  agitators 
ready  to  sacrific  liberty  and  even  life  for 
the  chance  to  "start  something." 

The  logging  camps  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  closed  early  last  fall ;  many 
lumber  mills  shut  down  or  reduced  their 
forces.  The  railroads  dismissed  men. 
From  the  cold  interior  the  jobless  thou- 
sands flocked  to  the  warm  cities  of  the 
Coast.  There  was  trouble  in  Portland ; 
Kelly's  Army  kept  San  Francisco  in  an 
uproar;  Los  Angeles  had  a  bloody  riot. 
Every  city  in  the  West  increased  its 
police  force.     Only  Seattle  was  quiet. 

In  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Port- 
land, Tacoma,  the  soap-box  spouters 
screeched  the  "help  yourself"  doctrine  at 
the  unemployed  day  after  day  :  in  Seattle, 
the  agitators  likewise  advised  self-help, 
but  their  words  were  white,  not  red. 
Though  rabid  ranters  were  not  wanting, 
there  were  others  who  emphasized  up- 
building rather  than  down-pulling.  Out 
of  their  efforts  grew  Local  No.  22,  In- 
ternational Itinerant  Workers'  Union, 
Hoboes  of  America.  They  made  Henry 
Pauly  their  president. 

A  building  downtown  was  to  be  razed. 
Pauly  bid  on  the  contract  on  behalf  of 
the  hoboes'  union,  and  landed  it.  Hoboes, 
under  the  direction  of  a  foreman  selected 
from  the  ranks,  demolished  the  building 
and  neatly  piled  the  wreckage  in  three 


days.  Pauly  landed  the  contract  for  the 
clearing  of  a  suburban  acre  covered  with 
great  stumps  and  heavy  underbrush.  An 
army  of  ragged  workers  descended  upon 
the  lots.  A  skilled  povvderman  shattered 
the  stumps.  Hoboes  with  borrowed  axes 
and  picks  did  the  rest. 

The  demands  on  the  treasury  chron- 
ically exceeded  the  available  cash ;  yet 
Pauly  took  a  large  part  of  the  grub 
money,  bought  powder,  axes,  peavey 
hooks,  ropes,  and  made  a  first  payment  on 
a  stump-pulling  machkife.  The  underfed 
ragged  men  tightened  their,  belts  and 
nodded  approval.  When  volunteers  were 
called  for  to  carry  out  a  stump-pulling 
job  in  the  country,  Pauly  was  over- 
whelmed with  applicants  anxious  to  go 
out  on  the  firing  line.  Fifty  of  them 
went.  A  cold  drizzling  rain  was  falling. 
They  had  no  tents, 'only  a  small  supply  of 
inferior  food.  They  slept  on  the  wet 
ground.  Yet  there  were  no  desertions. 
They  appointed  an  organizer  to  go  to 
Spokane,  three  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
distant,  and  start  an  itinerant  workers' 
union.  He  drew  one  dollar  from  the 
"kitty"  and  went. 

The  hoboes  did  more.  After  the  first 
three  months,  they  paid  rent  for  the 
building  they  occupied ;  but  they  were 
not  satisfied  to  stay  tenants ;  they  wanted 
to  become  landed  proprietors.  They  are 
now  at  work  clearing  a  forty-acre  tract 
of  stump  land,  taking  as  their  pay  the 
deed  to  a  portion  of  the  land. 

Does  the  hobo,  the  itinerant  laborer, 
really  hate  work?  Or  does  he  only  hate 
the  conditions  under  which  he  is  forced 
to  live  while  working? 

The  mass  of  itinerant  workers  is 
slowly,  almost  imperceptibly  beginning  to 
stem  the  tide,  to  shape  a  course  of  its 
own.  Which  course  shall  it  be?  Which 
leader  shall  the  hobo  follow  ?  Shall  it  be 
'Blackie"  Ford  who  proposes  to  dyna- 
mite the  gates  of  the  porterhouse  heaven, 
or  Henry  Pauly  who  raises  the  white 
banner  of  independence  in  the  magic  cir- 
cle of  purposeful  sustained  effort  ? 


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940 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


OUR  TWELVE  GREAT  SCIENTISTS 


{Continued 

Jack  might  not  linger  in  their  piles  of 
dirt,  other  diseases  did.  It  took  an  army 
to  instill  that  truth  and  another  army  to 
enforce  the  regulations  made. 

Finding  that  directions  and  instruc- 
tions slipped  from  the  mind  of  the  child 
of  the  tropics  as  easily  as  water  rolls 
down  hill,  Gorgas  instituted  a  system  of 
fines  and  penalties.  There  were  frequent 
inspections,  unexpected  and  thorough. 
Tlie  dirty  West  Indian  or  Panaman  on 
the  Zone,  or  in  the  two  cities  over  which 
the  Government  exercised  sanitary  super- 
vision, was  fined  and  his  offense  carefully 
explained  to  him.  When  he  fell  ill,  he 
was  spied  out  and  thrust  into  a  hospital. 
He  was  subjected  to  all  manner  of  tests ; 
searching  inquiries  were  put  to  him ;  and. 
•when  he  was  well,  he  was  told  how  the 
malady  had  reached  him  and  how  to 
escape  the  hospital  experience  for  a  sec- 
ond time.  The  native  of  these  latitudes, 
although  he  is  often  shockingly  open  in 
practices  which  repel  the  North  Ameri- 
can, has  a  certain  passion  for  privacy  in 
so  far  as  his  general  life  and  care  of 
health  are  concerned.  Therefore,  his 
chief  desire  became  to  keep  out  of 
the  doctor's  hands,  to  escape  fines,  to 
live,  in  short,  his  own  life  without  being 
worried  to  death  by  the  inquisitors  of 
Doctor  Gorgas.  This  desire  once  estab- 
lished, the  road  to  cleanliness  for  the 
Panaman  and  West  Indian  was  early 
opened,  and  he  usually  followed  it 
scrupulously. 

The  Surgeon-General  did  not  go  too 
far ;  he  knew,  and  Colonel  Goethals 
knew,  that  a  system  of  fines  and  inquisi- 
tions cannot  change  human  nature.  So, 
by  mutual  agreement  between  the  sani- 
tary and  administration  divisions,  they 
did  not  pry  into  the  West  Indian's  life 
and  pleasures  so  long  as  he  kept  clean, 
kept  his  general  neighborhood  clean,  and 
did  not  come  into  contact  with  the  police. 
Grateful  for  any  kind  of  peace,  the  shiny 
swingers  of  the  pick  and  drivers  of  the 
shovel    made    what    they    considered    a 


from  page  821) 

compromise  with  the  mad  American 
officers.  They  took  quinine  and  kept 
clean  and  orderly  because  their  lives,  they 
found,  weren't  worth  living,  if  they 
failed  to. 

As  for  the  actual  sanitary  work  itself, 
Surgeon-General  Gorgas  found  he  had 
these  things  to  do  : 

To  make  his  superiors  understand  and 
sympathize  with  his  methods  and  designs. 

To  kill  disease-bearing  mosquitoes  and 
prevent  the  propagation  of  others. 

To  clean  the  streets  of  the  towns  and 
floor  of  the  Zone. 

He  found  the  first  the  hardest,  he  says 
now. 

Everyone  by  this  time  knows  the  his- 
tory of  the  mosquito  in  the  Panama  Zone. 
Swamps  were  drained ;  no  fresh  water 
was  allowed  to  stand  or  collect  in  pools 
near  human  habitation :  morasses  that 
could  not  be  effectually  drained  and  tiled 
were  covered  with  oil ;  brush  and  shrub- 
bery were  cut  away  within  one  hundred 
feet  of  all  dwellings ;  the  Zone  was 
divided  into  sanitary  districts,  in  which 
an  inspector  and  assistants  were  placed, 
and  these  men  were  held  responsible  for 
the  health  of  the  people  in  their  district. 

Simple,  isn't  it?  And  simple,  too.  was 
the  leading  of  men  armed  with  oil  cans 
through  all  the  swamps  and  morasses  of 
that  boggy  land.  Simple,  perhaps,  was 
the  precise  regimen  of  the  great  hospital 
at  Ancon  and  the  convalescents'  paradise 
on  Toboga  Island.  Perhaps  it  was  simple. 
too,  to  think  of  screening  in  all  the  houses 
and  providing  swinging  shelves,  depend- 
ing on  oil  twine,  for  food,  so  that  the 
ravaging  roaches  and  ants  might  not 
defile  and  consume  it.  Rut  the  French, 
the  most  brilliant  medical  scientists  in 
the  world,  did  not  do  these  things,  and 
as  a  consequence,  they  died  by  the  thou- 
sands, and  all  that  is  left  of  their  great 
canal  dream  are  the  tombs  and  the  his- 
torical paragraphs  and  the  narrow  water- 
way crossing  the  Atlantic  entrance  as 
one  chugs  up  to  Gatun. 


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942 


TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


sailed  in  the  trial  races, 
cut  until  no  one  outside  of  the  official 
measurers  knows  what  their  areas  are. 
The  Defiance  has  removed  her  bowsprit 
with  which  she  first  appeared ;  she  has 
also  cut  down  her  sail  area  until  she  will 
probably  command  a  handicap  from  the 
other  two  American  boats. 

Vanitie's  mast  is  stepped  far  aft  so  that 
she  carries  two  headsails  to  the  one 
apiece  of  the  other  yachts.  The  Defiance 
on  the  other  hand  has  an  enormous 
mainsail  with  a  small  headsail,  which 
means  that  she  ought  to  beat  against  the 
wind  in  fine  shape,  although  every  navi- 
gator would  be  sure  that  "she  would  be 
a  brute  to  handle  in  a  wind"  because  of 
this  concentration  in  her  mainsail  and 
probable  loss  of  balance  in  consequence. 
In  sail  area  is  the  last  great  difference. 
Resolute,  as  she  originally  came  out,  had 
more  than  fifteen  hundred  square  feet 
less  sail  area  than  had  Defiance,  although 
as  stated  above,  the  latter  yacht  has  had 
her  sails  cut. 

Shamrock  IV  is  still,  although  she  is 
already  sailing,  more  or  less  of  a  puzzle. 
Her  sail  area  is  large,  the  lines  peculiar, 
the  workmanship  exquisite.  She  will 
probably  give  a  handicap  to  any  one  of 
the  three  yachts  chosen  to  defend.  She 
has  almost  two  thousand  square  feet 
more  of  sail  than  has  the  Resolute,  and 
the  Defiance,  with  her  re-cut  rig,  has  less 
than  the  Resolute.  I  have  heard  a  naval 
architect  who  is  much  interested  in  the 
classic,  say  that  Shamrock  IV  is  ten  years 
old  in  design,  that  she  has  lines  which 
were  discarded  in  America  because  they 
were  a  failure,  but  the  same  man  ad- 
mitted that  "in  heavy  weather  she  might 
be  a  whale  for  speed,  but  it  was  doubt- 
ful." He  accused  her  of  having  a  great 
"tumble-home",  that  is,  a  depression  in- 
ward in  her  lines  above  her  greatest 
depth,  and  that  principle  has  been  proved 
by  sailing  to  be  faulty,  especially  when 
extreme. 

However,    none    here    have    seen    the 
Shamrock.     We  know  that  she  has  run 


DEFENDING  THE  CUP 

(Continued  from  page  S3Z) 

Sails  have  been  away  from  her  predecessor  in  both  heavy 
and  light  airs,  but  her  lines  have  been 
concealed  from  the  public.  Her  pic- 
tures show  her  to  be  a  radical  departure 
nevertheless,  and  Nicholson,  a  great  de- 
signer, has  staked  his  reputation  on  the 
yacht,  with  her  great  spread  of  canvas, 
her  great  fin,  and  her  awkward  lines. 

It  has  been  said  by  facetious  sporting 
writers  that  a  baseball  team  is  ninety- 
nine  per  cent  manager  and  one  per  cent 
team.  It  is  an  exaggeration  undoubtedly 
so  to  belittle  the  actual  team,  but  just  as 
much  as  that  statement  applies  to  baseball 
it  applies  to  yacht  racing.  The  skipper 
means  more  to  a  yacht's  success  than  does 
any  other  one  factor,  but  good  captains 
are  not  infrequent,  so  that  from  the 
resources  of  two  nations,  men  of  prac- 
tically equal  caliber  are  certain  to  be 
found  at  the  helm  of  the  two  contenders. 
To  Francis  P.  Adams,  II,  however,  goes 
the  greatest  distinction  for  he  is  the  first 
amateur  to  be  honored  with  the  post  of 
skipper  on  a  possible  racer  in  the  great 
series.  He  has  been  trained  on  boats  of 
every  character  off  the  coast,  has  sailed 
in  international  races  at  the  stick  of  the 
little  sonderklasse  sloops  against  Ger- 
many and  Spain,  acquitting  himself  with 
honor.  His  work  with  the  Resolute  in 
the  early  trial  races  has  been  phenom- 
enal ;  he  has  more  than  held  his  own 
with  the  professional  captains  at  work 
on  the  other  two  sloops. 

When  the  two  great  yachts  begin 
jockeying  for  position  at  the  start  of  the 
series  for  the  America's  cup,  the  old 
scene — in  which  thousands  of  pleasure 
boats  and  yachts  flanked  by  the  loaded 
excursion  boats,  make  the  background 
for  two  white-winged  beauties — will  be 
re-enacted  for  the  first  time  in  eleven 
years.  Now  that  the  polo  cup  has  been 
lost  to  the  English,  since  our  golfers  fell 
before  the  British  at  Sandwich,  the  third 
international  contest  of  the  year  will  be 
fought  off  the  Atlantic  Coast,  with  young 
and  old  America  watching  with  the 
keenest  interest. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


943 


TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAG  AZ I N  E 

Its  History  and  Purpose: 

Technical  World  Magazine  has  been  published  monthly  since 
March,  1904,  under  the  same  ownership  and  management.  Its  original 
and  unchanged  purpose  is  to  print  in  popular  form  a  record  of  the 
achievements  of  inventors,  scientists,  engineers  and  men  of  action. 

Distinguished   from  other  publications  because: 

It  attempts  to  present  in  a  form  at  once  entertaining  and  accurate 
a  great  mass  of  important  information,  obtainable  elsewhere  only  in 
dry  technical  periodicals  or  in  scrappy  and  inaccurate  clippings  and 
compilations.  It  prints  monthly  more  photographs  from  life  than  any 
other  magazine. 

Those  whom  it  serves. 

It  appeals  to  intelligent  men  and  women  everywhere  who  wish  to 
keep  abreast  of  the  world's  progress  along  material  lines. 

The  men  behind  it. 

Besides  the  editor,  managing  editor,  art  editor,  and  their  assist- 
ants, the  magazine  has  the  constant  aid  of  the  staff  of  a  great  en- 
gineering school  in  passing  on  technical  matters.  It  employs  regular 
correspondents  in  all  the  chief  cities  of  the  United  States  and  the 
capitals  of  Europe. 

Its  subscription  list. 

The   number  of  subscriptions  to  Technical  World  Magazine  is 

only  limited  to  the  fact  that  the  publishers  decline  to  take  subscrip- 
tions at  less  than  a  certain  net  per  subscription.  In  other  words — if 
we  were  willing  to  employ  cheap  premium  methods,  long  time  pay- 
ment methods  from  which  our  net  per  subscription  would  be  very  low, 
in  some  cases  nothing,  we  could  have  several  times  our  present  sub- 
scription list. 

Its  facilities  for  expansion. 

Technical  World  Magazine  depends  very  largely  on  editorial 
excellence  for  keeping  its  present  subscribers  and  upon  an  efficient 
promotion  department  for  growth. 


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THE  THINGS  WE  DISCUSS 


THE  other  day  scientists  work- 
ing in  the  drift  of  the  Pleisto- 
cene age  discovered  the  skele- 
ton of  a  man  said  to  be  some- 
thing like  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  years  old.  The  prob- 
lems of  his  life  were  probably  very 
simple — how  to  get  food  in  abundance 
without  great  effort ;  how  to  defend 
himself  from  the  attacks  of  wild  beasts 
or  enemies  of  his  own  kind ;  what  plants 
made  him  uncomfortable  when  he  de- 
voured them.  With  a  slight  stretch  of 
the  imagination  one  can  picture  him  dis- 
cussing these  problems,  over  his  evening 
meal,  with  as  much  interest  as  we  of 
today  discuss  antitrust  and  currency 
legislation  or  international  complications. 
So  in  all  time,  the  things  men  discuss 
are  the  things  that  they  feel  most  closely 
concern  them.  For  every  man  who  dis- 
cusses an  abstract  question,  such  as  the 
indestructibility  of  matter,  there  are  thou- 
sands who  discuss  such  concrete  ques- 
tions as  the  price  of  a  tenderloin  or  the 
time  required  to  go  from  house  to  office 
in  the  morning. 

And  one  of  the  things  that  men  discuss 
most  constantly  is  the  value  of  land.  We 
are  continually  hearing  marvelous  tales 
of  rapid  increases  in  land  values,  and 
sometimes  the  real  significance  of  high- 
priced  land  is  brought  home  to  us  when 
we  read  a  statement  that  to  cover  a  cer- 


tain piece  of  real  estate  with  ten  dolla'- 
gold  pieces  would  be  merely  to  indicate 
its  market  value.  Well,  in  the  September 
issue  of  Technical  World  Magazine 
we  shall  print  an  article  on  the  subject 
of  land  values  treated  in  a  way  slightly 
different  from  the  ordinary.  There  are 
farm  lands  in  this  country  that  are  the 
most  valuable  in  the  whole  world.  This 
article  will  explain  why  they  are  so  valu- 
able and  will  afford  an  interesting  subject 
for  discussion  through  many  a  summer 
evening. 

A  common  expression  that  we  hear  in 
the  smoke-wreathed  discussions  of  the 
prodigious  achievements  of  our  day,  is 
"that  beats  the  Dutch".  There  seems  to 
be  a  superstition  that  beating  the  Dutch 
is  a  most  extraordinary  feat.  Probably  it 
originated  in  that  period  of  the  world's 
history  when  the  little  country  of  the 
Dutch  was  the  most  important  commer- 
cial and  maritime  nation  of  the  world. 
But  now  they  are  being  beaten  by  Ameri- 
cans in  a  different  element — the  good 
red  earth.  For  centuries,  Dutch  tulips 
have  been  the  best  in  the  world  and  many 
attempts  have  been  made  to  excel  the 
Hollanders  in  growing  them,  but  always 
the  soil  is  not  right,  or  the  climate  is  not 
right,  or  the  man  isn't  right,  and  nobody 
"beats  the  Dutch"'.  But  now  it  has  been 
done.  There  is  a  spot  in  this  broad  land 
of   ours    where    we   are   growing   better 


944 


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TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


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TECHNICAL   WORLD    MAGAZINE 


tulips  than  the  best  in  Holland.  Some- 
thing more  to  discuss?  Yes,  and  worth 
talking  about.  The  whole  story  will  be 
in  our  September  issue. 

When  the  Wright  Brothers  first  made 
a  hefty  gasoline  engine  and  a  few  square 
yards  of  canvas  lift  them  up  into  the  air, 
Munchausen-like,  as  if  by  their  boot- 
straps, they  started  tongues  to  wagging 
on  a  subject  that  never  has  grown  stale. 
Aerial  navigation  is  more  talked  about 
than  a  scandal  in  the  minister's  family 
and,  on  that  account,  we  are  glad  to  an- 
nounce an  absolutely  new  phase  of  this 
interesting  subject  which  will  be  the 
basis  of  an  article  in  the  September  issue. 
Briefly,  it  tells  of  a  new  invention  by 
means  of  which  one  aeroplane  can  in- 
stantly destroy  either  another  aeroplane 
or  a  dirigible  balloon.  This  new  device 
would  undoubtedly  add  to  war's  horrors, 
but  would  that  not  be  an  added  incentive 
for  all  nations  to  keep  the  peace?  We 
believe  in  these  inventions  and  are  glad 
to  tell  you  about  them  for  that  reason. 

Our  cave  man  of  the  stone  age  un- 
doubtedly discussed  things  to  eat.  In 
that  respect,  as  least,  we  resemble  him. 
In  other  ways  we  may  have  progressed 
far  beyond  him,  but  we  still  talk  about 
food  and  so  you  won't  regard  it  as  amiss 
if,  in  our  September  issue,  w«  tell  you  of 
a  few  new  luxuries  for  a  palate  jaded  by 
too  many  meals  of  ham  and  eggs  with  a 
top  dressing  of  apple  pie.  Among  our 
smug  plutocrats,  there  are  some  unfor- 
tunate people  who  never  get  hungry  and 
it  is  necessary  to  spend  much  time  and 
thought  in  the  producing,  at  a  very  high 
cost,  of  tempting  delicacies  so  that  these 
pampered  individuals  won't  starve  to 
death.  Read  the  article  in  the  Septem- 
ber issue.  If  it  doesn't  suggest  some- 
thing you  would  like  to  eat,  it  will  at 
least  give  you  a  fine  chance  for  firing  a 
few  stones  of  scorn  at  the  idle  rich. 

In  direct  antithesis  to  this  story  is  the 
one  about  what  one  State  is  doing  to 
provide  cheap  wholesome  food  in  the 
shape  of  fresh  fruit  for  its  citizens.  We 
have  probably  all  heard  of  that  quaint  old 
character  known  throughout  the  country 


as  Apple-Seed  John.  His  idea  was  that 
all  of  the  roadways  should  be  lined  with 
fruit-bearing  trees,  so  that  the  traveler 
by  merely  stretching  out  his  hand  could 
obtain  refreshment  and  sustenance.  So 
he  went  about  the  country,  his  pockets 
filled  with  apple  seeds,  punching  little 
holes  in  the  ground  along  his  route  and 
dropping  the  seeds  into  them.  And  now 
after  a  lapse  of  many  years.  Apple-Seed 
John's  dream  is  coming  true.  One  of  our 
greatest  States  had  decided  that  his  idea 
is  a  good  one. 

But  things  men  discuss  are  nothing  to 
to  the  things  two  women  can  think  of  to 
chatter  about  when  they  are  at  opposite 
ends  of  the  telephone  wire.  Did  you 
ever  break  in  on  a  line  when  one  of  these 
modern  talk-fests  was  in  progress?  Well, 
they  have  fixed  things  now  so  that,  if  you 
do  break  in  on  one  of  these  high-poten- 
tial discussions,  the  talkers  will  know 
about  it  at  once  and  you  will  probably 
hear  from  them.  This  is  a  new  device 
to  end  the  practice  of  eavesdropping  over 
the  telephone.  You'll  enjoy  reading 
about  it  for  you'll  probably  want  to  have 
it  attached  to  your  own  'phone. 

And  now,  after  a  brief  review  of  the 
things  we  are  printing  in  the  September 
issue  of  our  magazine,  are  you  not  im- 
pressed by  one  thing?  Are  not  most  of 
these  things  discussable  ?  Isn't  there  fine 
material  for  interesting,  yes,  and  improv- 
ing conversation  in  all  of  these  articles? 
And  that  is  one  of  the  points  about 
Technical  World  that  is  well  worth  re- 
membering. It's  really  a  center  for  dis- 
cussion as  much  as  the  fire  in  the  cave 
of  that  old  fellow  who  lived  in  the  stone 
age.  Perhaps  a  dozen  of  his  fellows 
could  get  around  that  fire  and  talk  about 
the  things  that  they  found  most  interest- 
ing, but  over  half  a  million  people  read 
Technical  World  and  talk  of  the  things 
that  they  read,  to  other  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands, and  so  word  of  men's  achieve- 
ments spreads  throughout  the  land. 

Don't  miss  the  September  issue. 
Others  will  be  talking  of  the  things  it 
tells  about,  and  you  don't  want  to  be 
behind  in  an  understanding  of  them. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


947 


THIN  FOR  YEARS 

"Gains  22  Pounds  in  23  Days" 

"I  was  all  run  down  to  the  very  bottom,"  writes  F.  Gagnon.  "I  had 
to  quit  work  I  was  so  weak.  Now,  thanks  to  Sargol  I  look  like  a  new 
man.     I  gained  22  pounds  in  23  days." 

"Sargol  has  put  just  10  pounds  on  me  in  14  days,"  states  W.  D. 
Roberts.  "It  has  made  me  sleep  well,  enjoy  what  I  ate  and  enabled 
me  to  work  with  interest  and  pleasure." 

"I  weighed  132  pounds  when  I  commenced  taking  Sargol.  After 
taking  20  days  I  weighed  144  pounds.  Sargol  is  the  most  wonderful 
preparation  for  flesh  building  I  have  ever  seen,"  declares  D.  Martin, 
and  J.  Meier  adds :  "For  the  past  twenty  years  I  have  taken  medicine 
every  day  for  indigestion  and  got  thinner  every  year.  I  took  Sargol 
for  forty  days  and  feel  better  than  I  have  felt  in  twenty  years.  My 
weight  has  increased  from  150  to  170  pounds." 

When  hundreds  of  men  and  women — and  there  are  hundreds,  with 
more  coming  every  day — living  in  every  nook  and  corner  of  this 
broad  land  voluntarily  testify  to  weight  increases  ranging  all  the  way 
from  10  to  35  pounds,  given  them  by  Sargol,  you  must  admit,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  and  Miss  Thin  Reader,  that  there  must  be  something  in 
this  Sargol  method  of  flesh  building  after  all. 

Hadn't  you  better  look  into  it,  just  as  thousands  of  others  have 
done?  Many  thin  folks  say:  "I'd  give  most  anything  to  put  on  a 
little  extra  weight,"  but  when  someone  suggests  a  way  they  exclaim, 
"Not  a  chance.  Nothing  will  make  me  plump.  I'm  built  to  stay 
thin."  Until  you  have  tried  Sargol,  you  do  hot  and  cannot  know 
that  this  is  true. 

Sargol  has  put  pounds  of  healthy  "stay  there"  flesh  on  hundreds  who  doubted, 
and  in  spite  of  their  doubts.  _  You  don't  have  to  believe  in  Sargol  to  grow  plump 
from  its  use.  You  just  take  it  and  watch  weight  pile  up, 'hollows  vanish  ancl  your 
figure  round  out  to  pleasing  and  normal  proportions.  You  weigh  yourself  when 
you  begin  and  again  when  you  finish  and  you  let  the  scales  tell  the  story. 

Sargol  is  absolutely  harmless.  It  is  a  tiny  concentrated  tablet.  You  take  one 
with  every  meal.  It  mixes  with  the  food  you  eat  for  the  purpose  of  separating  all 
of  its  flesh-producing  ingredients.  It  prepares  these  fat-making  elements  in  an 
easily  assimilated  form,  which  the  blood  can  readily  absorb  and  carry  all  over  your 
body.  Plump,  wll-developed  persons  don't  need  Sargol  to  produce  this  result. 
Their  assimilative  machinery  performs  its  functions  without  aid.  But  thin  folks' 
assimilative  organs  do  not.  This  fatty  portion  of  their  food  now  goes  to  waste 
through  their  bodies  like  unburned  coal  through  an  open  grate.  A  few  days'  test 
of  Sargol  in  your  case  will  surely  prove  whether  or  not  this  is  true  of  you.  Isn't  it 
worth  trying? 

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If  you  want  a  beautiful  and  well- 
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etc.  Read  our  advertisement  printed  above,  and  then  put  10c 
in  silver  in  letter  today,  with  coupon,  and  the  full  SOc  package 
will  be  sent  you  by  return  post.  Address:  The  Sargol  Com- 
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YOUR  LETTER. 


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948 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


ROCKING  OIL  WRECKS 
TRAIN 

/"•RUDE  oil,  used  as  fuel  on  many 
western  railroads,  has  played  a 
number  of  queer  tricks  on  the  locomo 
tives  in  which  it  is  burned,  and  one 
of  these  was  to  wreck  a  passenger 
train  in  Oregon.  This  particular 
locomotive  was  running  back- 
ward, at  the  time  the  wreck 
occurred,  and  drawing  heavily  up 
a  moderately  stiff  grade.  The 
oil  in  the  half-filled  fuel  tank  of 
the  tender  began  to  rock  or 
"slosh"  back  and  forth,  due  to  the 
regular  swaying  of  the  engine  as 
it  puffed  and  tugged  at  its  load. 
The  rocking  became  more  severe  as 
the  locomotive  proceeded  and,  before 
the  engineer  could  bring  the  train  to 
a  halt,  the  trucks  of  the  tender  jumped 
the  rails,  throwing  off  the  remainder 
of  the  engine  and  likewise  derailing 
several  of  the  passenger  cars.  For- 
tunately the  train  was  not  running 
fast  and,  except  for  a  delay  of  traffic, 
but  little  damage  was  done.  Those  who 
made  an  investigation  of  the  wreck  re- 
ported that  it  was  due  entirely  to  the 
''rocking"  oil  in  the  swaying  tender.  The 
crude  petroleum  being  thick  and  heavy, 
when  once  set  into  motion,  reached  the 
same    danger    point    that    a    suspension 


Almost  Aj.l  Arm.*; 


The  while  handed  gibbon,  just  added  to  the 

New  York  Zoo,  can  reach  the  ground  with  his 

hands  when  he  stands  upright. 


bridge  does  when  a  team  trots  with  regu- 
lar tread  across  it,  or  a  troop  of  soldiers, 
on  the  march,  passes  with  unbroken  step. 
To  remedy  this  defect,  many  oil-burning 
locomotives  have  their  fuel  tanks  ar- 
ranged with  a  number  of  cells  or 
chambers  rather  than  one  big  com- 
partment. 


Wrkcked  by  Swaying  Oil 

The  heavy  liquid  fuel  in  the  tender  set  up  a  pendulum  motion  that 

derailed  the  train. 


WHITE-HANDED  GIBBON 
FOR  NEW  YORK 

/^\XE  of  the  rarest  and  most 
grotesque  of  the  man-like 
apes,  the  white-handed  gibbon, 
has  been  received  at  the  New 
York  Zoological  Park.  This 
strange  anthropoid  is  fresh  from 
the  forest  haunts  of  Sumatra.  It 
has  a  black  face  bordered  by  a 
band  of  white,  and  tremendous 
long  narrow  hands.  The  gibbons 
are  the  swiftest  and  most  expert 
climbers  among  the  man-like 
apes,  swinging  great  distances 
from   limb  to  limb,   using  their 


ILCHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE  949 


More  Quoted 


C  Of  all  magazines  the  one 
most  frequently  referred  to 
in  the  weekly  and  monthly 
reviews  and  in  the  daily 
newspapers  is 


TECHNICAL 

WORLD 
MAGAZINE 


CSomehow  the  stories  of  real 
achievement  that  we  ferret  out  of 
the  queer  corners  of  the  earth,  that 
we  find  at  our  very  doors,  appeal  to 
the  trained  eye  of  a  review  editor 
as  well  as  to  our  quarter  million 
readers.  Buy  Technical  World 
every  month.  Or  better  still  sub- 
scribe and  be  sure  of  your  copy. 

Technical   World   IMagazine 

Drexel  Avenue  and  58th  Street 

Chicago,  111. 

On  All  News  Stands  By  Mall 

15c  per  Copy  $1.50  per  Year 

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ROOM  FOR  THIRTY  SIX  FREIGHT  CARS  AND  TWO  ENGINES 

The  Contra  Costa  will  ferry  freight  and  passengers  and  cars  across  San  Pablo  Bay  from  Oakland  to  San  Francisco. 


long  arms  and  not  their  feet  at  all.  They 
seem  to  fly  through  the  air  more  than 
to  leap,  covering  thirty  to  forty  feet  at 
a  bound.  The  arms  are  so  long  that 
they  reach  nearly  to  the  ground  when 
the  animals  stand  erect ;  when  they 
walk,  they  waddle  along  upright,  with 
their  great  toes  widely  spread  out  and 
with  uplifted  arms  stretched  out  side- 
ways, as  a  balancing  rod,  the  long 
hands  dangling  down  like  goose-wing 
dusters. 


LARGEST  FERRY  BOAT 

""THE  largest  ferry  boat  in  the  world 
*  and  the  greatest  vessel  of  its  kind 
ever  constructed  was  recently  launched 
by  the  Southern  Pacific  Company  at 
Oakland,  California. 


It  was  christened  the  Contra  Costa 
and  will  go  into  active  service  in 
August.  It  will  be  used  as  a  car  float 
to  transfer  trains  across  the  San  Pablo 
Bay  and  it  is  capable  of  carrying,  at 
one  load,  thirty-six  freight  cars  and 
two  engines,  or  twenty-four  passenger 
coaches  and  two  engines. 

When  in  operation,  the  Contra  Costa 
will  replace  the  Solano,  which  at  pres- 
ent is  the  largest  ferry  float  in  active 
service.  The  Solano  was  launched  in 
1879  and  remained  in  constant  opera- 
tion for  twenty-five  years  before  it  was 
necessary  to  take  it  out  for  repairs. 

Miss  Kate  Potwin,  for  more  than 
thirty-two  years  in  the  employ  of  the 
company,  broke  the  customary  bottle 
of  champagne  over  the  capstan  of  the 
new  boat,  as  it  slid  into  the  water. 


THE  WORLD'S  LARGEST  FERRY  BOAT 
It  will  carry  overland  passengers  on  the  last  lap  of  their  transcontinental  passage  to  the  Wist. 


'/SO 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


951 


MODERN 

AMERICAN 

HOMES 


Here  is  your  chance  to  secure  absolutely  FrM  of  Charge 
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Mrrhanlfal.  Fr—ban-l.  Penpee live  and  Arealttetaral  Drawing,  Letter- 
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TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


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THE  LAST  OF  THE  CITIES 

(Continued from  page  91!) 

in  the  cities  he  has  built.  And.  this  trans- 
portation change  which  Mr.  Brandeis 
asked  the  Commission  to  make  by  bu- 
reaucratic rule  would  make  it  impossible 
for  great  cities  ever  to  grow  again. 

What  Mr.  Brandeis  really  proposed — 
he  did  not  know  it,  perhaps — was  this : 
In  the  future,  tbere  must  be  two  rates. 
One  must  be  the  rate  for  the  cross-coun- 
try haul.  This  would  be  paid  by  all  alike. 
The  other  would  be  the  switching  or  the 
city  or  the  terminal  rate.  That  could 
cover  all  service  in  cities  and  would  be 
proportional  to  the  extent  and  complexity 
of  the  service  performed  in  cities.  Under 
such  a  system,  the  small-town  man  would 
have  practically  only  the  cross-country 
rate  to  pay.  To  the  city  man,  the  cross- 
country rate  would  be  insignificant ;  the 
city  rate  covering  the  cost  of  city  real 
estate  would  be  too  high  to  be  paid  by 
anyone.  His  higher  cost  of  transporta- 
tion alone  would  rob  him  of  anything  but 
the  business  in  the  one  city  where  he  did 
business.  The  small-town  man  would 
take  the  rest. 

The  Commission  halted  when  it  saw- 
that  point.  Precedent  and  sentiment 
blocked  the  way  of  even  the  impartial 
and  cold-blooded  Government.  How- 
ever, assume  that  it  made  the  obvious  de- 
cision, what  then?  It  would  be  a  long 
farewell  to  the  big  city. 

The  thing  has  become  an  issue.  The 
country  is  discriminated  against  in  favor 
of  the  city  and  knows  it.  That  is 
plain.  The  country  is  vastly  in  the 
majority.  The  majority  rules — in  the 
end.  The  Commission  may  "stall",  but 
that  does  not  dispose  of  the  issue.  When 
the  majority  rules  in  this  matter,  the 
discrimination  will  end.  That  will  mean 
that  the  city's  preeminence  will  be  gone. 
As  matters  now  stand,  abundant  and 
cheap  transportation  alone  gives  the  city 
any  edge  on  the  country  in  the  fight  for 
the  nation's  business.  To  take  away  that 
transportation  advantage  causes  the  city 
to  fall.  It  causes  the  city  to  lose  the  chief 
thing  which  holds  it  together — business 
advantage. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


953 


STEAM     i 
I  ENGINEERING  j 

1  THIS  $35  EDITION  I 


Now  $19.80— $2.00  a  Month 

You  m«n  in  charge  of  stationary,  locomotive  or 
marine  engines  and  boilers—  men  who  operate  gas  or 
gasoline  engines — central  station  engineers  —  young 
mm  ambitious  in  the  electrical  field: 

Here' s  your  chance  to  own  the  famous  Htrass  Eaici«*'*'H»ir  Library, 
written  by  27  of  the  biggest  and  best  known  engineering  experts  in 
America,  at  a  simply  phenomenal  price.  The  regular  $.*5. 00  Edition 
lor  a  ihort  time  at  J 19. 90  complete — $2.00  a  month. 

Seven  big,  handsome  books;  bound  in  half  red  morocco,  fold 
stamped ;  3, 300  pages ;  2,500  absorbing  illustrations,  full  page  plates, 
diagrams,  etc.;  hundreds  of  valuable  tables  and  formulas;  cross- 
indexed  so  that  you  can  get  at  any  subject  instantly,  at  an  astound* 
ing  Introductory  price, 

SHIPPED  FREE 

Look  this  entire  set  over  for  a  whole  week  FREE.  See  If  It  really 
does  fit  In  with  your  needs.  Then  decide  whether  or  not  you  want 
to  keep  them.  And  don't  send  us  any  money  until  you  decide. 
We  II  ship  the  set  absolutely  free,  express  paid  by  us.     See  coupon 


-These  Subjects  Covered - 


Cowotrvrtton  of  Bolkr*—  Boiler  Aeeewtoriea — Fori  F.ennoai leer* 
Mrrbanlral  Stokers—  tttram  Paoip*— Htran  Enf-in**—  Indicators 
->«!>*■  <>r>ar* — stasia  Tarblnea- tiaa  aad  Oil  Earl  a**— Knelt — 
lntoa>"tnl'—  —  I'arlnirf tpn  —  Locomotive  Boilers  and  Eagiaes  — 
The  alr-ftrake— Hinrle-PhaM  Electric  Railway— Elevators  — 
Mario*  Roiler*  —  Marine  Eaglaea  —  Heatlag  and  Tealllatlng  — 
("omprrvted  Air  —  Trsn<imla«ion  —  Ah-Mtrptlon  aad  CoaprotaloB 
Rrfrtreratlon  — Amaioiita  Haeliiaeti  —  Direct  Current  Dynamo* 
and '  Motors  —  Maaaf-etarat  of  Djnastos  and  Motors  —  Electric 
W  print;     Electric  Lighting,  etc. 


FREE!!    $12.00  Consulting  Membership 

Our  big  > -card  of  consulting  experts,  men  actively  engaged  with 
engineering  departments  of  prominent  Chicago  concerns,  will  an- 
swer any  question  or  solve  any  problem  you  have  for  a  whole  year 
absolutely  free  when  you  own  these  books.  This  privilege  alone 
sells  for  $12.00,  but  you  get  it  free  if  you  keep  the  books. 

SEND  THE  COUPON  ......... 

Merelysendusthiscoupon.  Books  f 
shipped  at  asKft  b<-<-.  express  paid,  0 
Send  us  no  money.  Study  the  * 
books  a  whole  week.  Then  » 
make  up  your  mind.  Then  pay  0 
only  the  special  price— $19.80  * 
—at  the  rate  of  only  $£.00  a  *  Please  send  me  7  volume  set  Cyclo- 
ii  you  wish.  But  #  pedia  of  Steam  Engineering  for 
first  see  the  books.  The  0  seven  days*  free  examination.  If  I 
coupon  brings  them  *  decide  to  buy,  will  send  JM. 00  in  seven 
quickly.  Mail  it  today.  *  <jays  and  balance  $2.00  a  month  until 
You  take  no  risk,  for  W  |19  go  has  been  paid,  when  $35.00  books 
we  take  the  set  back  /  and  ju.oO  consulting  membership  will  be 
if  you  say  so.  and  0  nime  free.  Otherwise  will  notify  _you  and 
you  are  not  out  a  *  fa0I<l  books  subject  to  your  order, 
penny.  £ 


FREE  COUPO 

Worth  *  1 5.20  to  You 

American  Technical  Society: 


AMERICAN 
TECHNICAL 
4         SOCIETY 
I     CHICAGO.  U.S.A. 


to  pass  until  lully  paid. 


Tide  not 
T.W.  8-14 


NAMC. 


■  II II 1111 


/ 


ADDRESS 

As  I  have  had  no  previous  dealings  with  you,  I 
refer  you  to 


Men  Ask  These 

Motorcycle  Tire 
Questions: 

Time  has  taught  men  the  things  to  seek 
in  motorcycle  tires. 

Seasoned  riders  now  ask  these  motorcycle 
tire  questions:  What  is  the  make? — What 
men  ride  them?  —  What  is  their  record?  — 
What  is  the  factor  of  durability  and  safety? 

Goodyear- Answered 

Goodyear  Motorcycle  Tires  have  solved  every  prob- 
lem of  right  buying  for  these  men. 

These  are  the  tires  which  in  four  years  have  become 
world  leaders. 

Three  of  every  four  motorcycles  sold  this  year  are 
Goodyear-* -quipped. 

And  these  are  the  tires  that  hold  every  world's 
record  for  speed  and  durability.  E.  G.  Baker  rode 
Goodyears  on  his  famous  ride  across  the  continent. 

What  It  Means 

Before  such  popularity  must  come  achievement. 
Before  achievement,  master-construction.  Before 
master-construction,  master-methods  and  equipment. 
And  in  Goodyear  Motorcycle  Tires  all  these  factors 
meet. 

As  in  Automobile  Tires 

The  same  quality  standards  by  which  Goodyear 
automobile  tires  have  won  the  world  govern  the  mak- 
ing of  Goodyear  Motorcycle  Tires. 

Every  road  condition  is  anticipated  and  met  in  the 
making.  Road  leadership  has  been  won  through 
factory  leadership. 

At  Same  Price 

And  Goodyear  Motorcycle  Tires  cost  no  more  than 
others  that  do  not  have  their  manifold  advantages. 

Goodyears  are  made  with  a  thick  anti-skid  tread 
and  a  special  fabric  to  prevent  tread  separation.  In 
Goodyears  you  get  the  best  that  men  can  make. 

There  is  a  Goodyear  dealer  in  your  town.  Ask  him 
for  our  book  which  tells  how  Goodyear  Motorcycle 
Tires  are  made — or  write  us  today.  [1737] 


GOOIXWEAR 

^"^  &r     AKRON.  OHIO 

Motorcycle  Tires 


The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Robber  Company,  Akron,  Ohio 
Toronto,  Canada  London,  England  Mexico  City,  Mexico 

Branches  and  Agencies  in  103  Principal  Cities 
Dealers  Everywhere.  Write  Us  on  Anything  Yon  Want  in  Rubber 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


Opportunity  Columns 


AERONAUTICS 


EXHIBITION  FLIGHTS  FURNISHED 
for  any  occasion.  School  for  students. 
Aeroplane,  117  N.  Dearborn,  Chicago. 


AGENTS   WANTED 


WILL  PAY  HELIABLE  MANOR 
WOMAN  $12.50  to  distribute  100 FREE  pkgs. 
Perfumed  Borax  Soap  Powder  among 
friends.  No  money  required.  U.  Ward 
Company,  218  Institute  Place,  Chicago. 


BE  INDEPENDENT!    START   MONEY- 

making  business  at  home;  five  new  formulas 
for  25c.  The  Anjo  Co.,  Box  497,  Galesbnrg, 
111. 

AGENTS  —  Sell  the  Primus,  genuine 
Swedish  wickless,  coat-oil  stoves.  Smoke- 
less, odorless.  Twice  the  heat  of  gasoline 
at  one-eighth  the  cost.    No  danger  of  ex- 

glosion.  Big  profits.  James  Anderson  & 
ons,  Sidney,  Ohio,  American  distributors. 

WOULD  YOU  TAKE  A  STEADY  JOB 
clearing  $30  weekly  with  opportunity  of  be- 
ing district  manager?  Experience  unneces- 
sary. Great  crew  manager's  proposition. 
My  plan  alwavs  wins.  E.  M.  Davis,  Pres., 
R  161.  Davis  Bldg.,  Chicago. 

SAFETY   Self-Filling    pen    proposition. 

Laughlin,  Detroit.    

AGENTS  SELL  rich  looking  imported 
36x68  rugs.  $1  each.  Carter,  Tenn..  sold  115 
in  4  days.  Profit  $57.  You  can  do  same. 
Write  for  sample  offer  selling  plan;  exclu- 
sive territory.  Sample  rug  by  parcel  post, 
prepaid.  98c.  D.  Oondan,  importer,  Ston- 
ington,  Maine. 

AGENTS-A  WHIRLWIND  SELLER  for 
summer  weather.  Concentrated  soft  drinks. 
7  kinds— orangeade,  raspberry,  grape,  etc. 
Amazing  sales  — wonderful  profits.  Get  it 
while  it's  new  —  write  quick.  American 
Products  Co.,  3095  Sycamore  St.,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. __ 

AGENTS— Electric  Sign.  Flashes  change- 
able wording  in  radiant,  sparkling  beams 
of  colored  electric  light.  Outselling  every- 
thing at  $10.  Valuable  exclusive  territory. 
Sample  free.  Flashtric  Sign  Company, 
Chicago. 

BIG  MONEY  selling  automatic  telephone 
disinfectors.  Particulars  free.  Eucalyptus 
Parfeno  Company,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

UNDERGROUND  TREASURES  —  How 
and  where  to  find  them.  A  reliable  substi- 
tute for  the  divining  rod.  Guaranteed,  to 
help  locating  gold,  silver  and  mineral  veins 
of  all  kinds,  oil  beds,  springs,  etc.  Par- 
ticulars on  request.  Agents  wanted.  Hid- 
den Wealth  Co.,  343,  Lead,  S.  Dakota. 

AGENTS— Send  forty-two  cents  for  trial 
outfit.  Money  maker.  Repeat  orders. 
Money  refunded  if  not  satisfied.  Peter 
Van  Woert,  Oneonta,  N.  Y. 

BUSINESS  MEN— Salesmen  wanted  every 
town  to  manage  local  mail  sales  and  jobbing 
agencv;  livest  proposition  in  America;  men 
now  making  $3,000  to  $5,000  yearly;  repeat 
order  products;  new  sales  plan,  folders, 
samples  furnished  free.  Small  capital  will 
create  steady  life  income.  Address  Manu- 
facturer, 3789  Broadway,  New  York. 

AGENTS  — SALARY  OR  COMMISSION. 
Greatest  seller  yet.  Every  user  of  pen  and 
ink  buys  on  sight.  200  to  500  per  cent  "profit. 
One  agent's  sales  $820  in  six  days;  another 
$32  in  two  hours.  Monroe  Mfg.  Co.,  X-3, 
La  Crosse,  Wis. 

GOLD  SIGN  LETTERS-Immense  prof- 
its.  Instructions  for  making.  $1.00.  Sample 
free.    Johnston  Mfg.  Co.,  Quincy,  111. 


ANALYSIS  AND  FORMULAS  BUSINESS  0PP0  RT  UN1TI  ES    Continued 


CHEMICAL  and  microscopical  analyses. 
Investigations.  Formulas  furnished.  Levin- 
son,  29  West  114th  Street,  New  York. 


ANY  FORMULAS  YOU  WISH  TO  KNOW? 
Correspond  with  Information  Bureau,  Dept. 
B,  128  George  Street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


AUTOMOBILES   AND    ACCESSORIES 


WANTED-PARTIES  INTERESTED  IN 
reducing  fuel  cost  of  operation  of  automo- 
biles and  trucks  to  secure  particulars  con- 
cerning GARBUTTS  ECONOMIZERS. 
Sold  on  a  positive  guarantee  to  give  nmrc 
mileage  per  gallon  and  increase  efficiency 
of  motor.  Patent  allowed  April  17,  1911. 
A.  G.  Garbutt.  Statenville.  Ga. 

CYCLECAR— all  parts.  Motors,  Frames, 
Steering  Gear,  Hubs.  Spokes,  Rims,  Tires, 
Parts.  Catalogue  free.  Palmer  Bros., 
Coscob,  Conn.  


USED  CARS  can  be  quickly  sold  through 
these  columns.  Very  low  rate.  Write  Ad- 
vertising Manager.  5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago,  for  information. 


GASOLINE  ENGTNES-A11  kinds.  Send 
for  List  No.  28.  Lucas  &  Son.  Bridgeport. 
Conn.  • 


PAINT  YOUR  CAR  YOURSELF— Save 
$25  to  $75  by  doing  the  work  at  home  with 
the  Arsenal  system.  Our  big  free  Imoklet, 
"The  Car  Beautiful."  tells  how.  Send  for 
it  today.  Arsenal  Varnish  Co.,  Dept.  T., 
Rock  Island.  111. 

BOOKS 


BECOME  AN  EXPERT  in  Mathematics. 
Anyone  can  work  all  arithmetical  and  geo- 
metrical calculations  with  ease  and  accu- 
racy by  latest  method  of  cancellation.  Big 
saving  of  figures.  Acme  of  simplicity.  This 
book  is  being  highly  endorsed  by  educators. 
1914  copyright.  145  pages.  Thoroughly 
demonstrated.  $1.00,  postpaid.  Herrick  & 
Horton,  publishers,  Princeton,  111. 

Fascinating  books,  samples  and 

catalog,  10c.    Taylor  Brothers.  R-2129  Clif- 
ton, Chicago. 


BUSINESS  OPPORTUNITIES 


WILL  PAY  RELIABLE  WOMAN  $250.00 
for  distributing  2000  FREE  packages  Per- 
fumed Soap  Powder  in  your  town.  No  mon- 
ey required.  U.  Ward  &  Co.,  218  Institute 
Place,  Chicago. 


CASH  FOR  YOUR  BUSINESS  or  real 
estate.  I  bring  buyers  and  sellerstogether. 
If  vou  want  to  buy,  sell  or  trade,  address 
Frank  P.  Cleveland,  1311  Adams  Express 
Bldg..  Chicago.  111.     Established  1881. 


START  AN  ORIGINAL  MAIL  ORDER 
or  Parcel  Post  business.  Honest,  inde- 
pendent, small  capital.  New  Methods. 
Big  money.  W.  Clement  Moore,  Business 
Specialist,  New  Egypt,  N.  J. 


WOULD  you  like  to  own  a  good  paying 
mail  order  business?  We  have  a  line  that 
gets  repeat  orders  all  the  time;  you  can 
start  in  spare  time;  invest  a  dollar  or  two 
a  week  and  soon  own  a  nice  business  of  your 
own;  write  for  particulars.  Nadico,  1655 
Belmont  Ave..  Chicago. 

SPARE  Time  Mail-Order  Business.  Com- 
plete trial  outfits,  free  printed  matter,  en- 
velopes, letterheads,  circulars,  mailing 
boxes,  rubber  stamps,  etc.,  included.  Guar- 
anteed sellers.  Small  outlay.  Particulars. 
Rollins  A  Co.,  Dept.  H.  Boston. 

LEARN  to  collect  money.  Good  income: 
quick  results.  Send  for  free  booklet, 
^Skillful  Collecting."  Collectors'  Asso- 
ciation.  Tech  Street.  Newark.  Ohio. 

START  a  profitable  business,  through 
agents,  in  your  spare  time.  Samples  and 
particulars,  10  cents  (silver).  Walbrook 
Watch  Co..  Walbrook  W„  Baltimore,  Md. 


A  PECAN-SATSUMA  GROVE  will  make 
your  old  age  easy  and  your  children  inde- 
pendent. We  helD  you.  Write.  Pensa- 
cola  (Fla.)  Seed  &  Nursery  Co. 


LEARN  the  Real  Estate  Business.  Our 
complete  instruction  book.  Excels  corr**s- 
pondence  course.  Buckeye  16mo,  75c.  Silk 
cloth,  $1.00,  postpaid.  Realty  Book  Com- 
pany,  6001  Euclid  Ave..  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

ARE  YOU  PLANNING  TO  ENTER  THE 
mail  order  field?  You  can  reach  750,000 
readers  through  these  columns  at  an  un- 
usually low  rate.  We  will  gladly  prepare 
your  copy  and  give  you  any  information  or 
advice  desired.  Write  Advertising  Manager, 
5758  Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  for  particulars. 

CAMERAS 


50c  OFFER  FOR  10c— Rend  We  and  roll 
of  film,  any  size  6  or  12  exposure:  we  will 
furnish  6  prints  from  good  negatives.  Beau- 
tiful work,  prompt  service,  9g36  mounted 
enlargements.  25c.  Roanoke  Cycle  Com- 
pany, Roanoke,  Va. 

COINS    AND   STAMPS 


$1.25  EACH  paid  for  U.  S.  Flying  Eagle 
Cents  dated  1856.  Keep  all  money  dated  be- 
fore 1895,  and  send  10c  at  once  for  New  Il- 
lustrated Coin  Value  Book,  4x7.  It  may 
mean  your  fortune.  Clarke  A  Co.,  Coin 
Dealers.  Box  142,  Le  Roy.N.  Y. 


STAMPS  FREE— 100  DIFFERENT  Foil 
the  names  of  two  collectors  and  two  cents 

postage.  10  different  foreign  coins  15c;  20 
Russian  stamps,  10c.  Lists  free.  Toledo 
Stamp  Co.,  Toledo,  Ohio. 

STAMPS  —  105  CHINA,  ETC..  STAMP 
Dictionary  and  list,  2c.  Billiard,  Sta.  A4. 
Boston. 

CORRESPONDENCE   SCHOOLS 


OOLLEGE!!-WHY  NOT  0O1   WB  CAN 

easily  and  quickly  prepare  you  for  entrance 
to  a  school  of  Medicine,  Dentistry.  Phar- 
macy, Bacteriology,  Osteopathy,  Law,  Engi- 
neering, or  a  University,  Investig 
New  Method  Residential  and  Home  Study 
Courses:  also  Relf-Help  Plans.  Send  today 
for  Booklet  telling  how  to  successfully  pre- 

§are  for  1914  registration.    Brooks  Classical 
chool,  Dept.  T-W.  Schiller  Bldg..  C: 

STUDY  THE  BIBLE  and  master  the 
world.  Correspondence  course,  $2.  Mission 
Churchman,  Amarillo,  Texas. 


DRAWING   MATERIALS 


DRAWING  MATERIALS.  BIG  CATA- 
logue  free.  Btevenot  Company,  14  Cooper 
Union,  New  York  City. 


FOR    THE    HOME 


SHOW  HOUSEWIVES  the  comfort,  the 
rest,  and  steps  saved,  and  the)  buy  > '-  I 
our  kitchen  high  chair,  dish-cart,  and  in- 
valid table  combination,  which  folds  to  put 
away.  They  can't  help  it.  B  B  Manufac- 
turing Company,  Racine.  W  tsconara. 


HELP  WANTED 


REPORT  INFORMATION.  NEWS. 
NAMES,  etc..  to  us.  No  canvassing-  spare 
time.  We  have  established  markets.  Par- 
ticulars for  stamp.  "Nisor  HCr  - 
Cincinnati. __^„ 

ANY  INTELLIGENT  PERSON  MAY 
earn  steady  Income  corresponding  fornews- 

fapers.     Experience  unnecessary.     Address 
ress  Corresponding  Bureau.  Washington, 
D.  C. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


955 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS— Continued 


HELP  WANTED  — Continued 


DUAL  REPRESENTATIVE  WANTED 
—Splendid  income  assured  right  man  to  act 
as  our  representative  after  learning  oar 
hu-iness  thoroughly  by  mail.  Former  ex- 
perienoe  unnecessary.  All  we  require  is 
.  ability,  ambition  and  willingness 
to  learn  a  lucrative  busine-<  No  soliciting 
or  traveling.  All  or  spare  time  only.  This 
i«  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  a  man  in 
your  section  to  get  into  a  big  paying  busi- 
ness  without  capital  and  become  independ- 
ent for  life.  Write  at  once  for  full  par- 
ticulars. National  Co-Operative  Realty 
Company,  L-136,  Marden  Ruilding,  Wash- 
ington. D.  C. 

I  WILL  START  YOU  earning  $4  daily  at 
home  in  spare  time  silvering  mirrors;  no 
capital;  send  for  free  instructive  booklet, 
giving  plans  of  operation.  G.  F.  Redmond, 
Dept.  HI'.  Boston,  .Mass. 

FREE  ILLUSTRATED  HOOK  tells  of 
about  800,000  protected  positions  in  U.  8. 
mrrioo.   fhoiwaBda  of  vacancies  cvnry  year. 

■  hance  here  for  you,  sure  and 
generous  pay,  lifetime  employment.  Just 
a«k  for  booklet  B-2.  No  obligation.  Earl 
Hopkins.  Washington.  D.  C. 


MEN  OF  IDEA8  and  inventive  ability 
should  write  for  new  "Lists  of  Needed  In- 
ventions."  "Patent  Buyers'*  and  "How  to 
<  lei  You*  Patent  and  Your  Money."  Advice 
r  REE.  Randolph  4  Co.,  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept,  V?.  Washington,  D.  C. 

THOrSAND8  OF  GOVERNMENT  life 
open  to  men  and  women.  S65to 
$150  month.  No  layoffs.  Summer  vacations 
with  full  pay.  Common  education  sum- 
■  ii-nt.  Full  directions  showing  how  to  get 
position,  fr»*e.  Writ*'  Immediately.  Frank- 
lin Institute,  Dept.  J  29,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


MEN  WANTED  — A  corporation  soon  to 
build  a  large  eastern  hydroelectric  plant 
will  require  several  hundred  men.  Ex- 
perience not  required.  Highest  wages; 
reasonable  hours;  free  trade  school.  Ad- 
•x  763,  Crockett,  California,  enclos- 
ing return  postage. 


INSTRUCTION 


SHORTHAND  self-instruction  book  by 
the  world's  greatest  court  stenographer, 
11. .VI,  including  preliminary  correspondence 
instruction.  nspoodby  8chool  Stenography, 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 

RAILWAY  SHORTHAND  in  7  lessons. 
Better  than  the  rest  by  actual  test.  En- 
dorsed by  the  Railway  Educational  Bureau. 
Two  sample  lessons.  25c.  Money  returned 
if  not  satisfied.  Word-Line  Co.,  Omaha, 



MACHINERY 


INVENTORS:       We    manufacture    metal 

of  all  kind*,  to  order.     Also,  special 

machinery,  tools  and  die*,  punching*,  lathe 

■  .v  machine  work,  metal  spinnings. 

castings,  plating,  wood  and  metal  patterns, 

etc.     Send  sample  for  estimate  and  expert 

fr.e-.      I  HE    EAGLE    -MFG.    CO.. 

!>.■). t     E,  Cincinnati.  O. 

WOJt    HALE  — 25    Lincoln    type     milling 
nes,  $40.00  each.  Lucas  4  Son.  Bridge- 
port. Conn. 


MISCELLANEOUS 


INSECTS  WANTED.  ALL  8ALARLE. 
-S1.00  to  $5,000.  Get  instruction  book, 
■■imp.    J.  Sinclair,  D-20.  Los  Angeles, 




LANG1    LGK8I     en  NVERSATIONAL 
us*'  of  4000  words  in  a  short  time.    Easiest, 
it,  best   method  for  self-instruction 
in    French,    German,    Spanish    or    Italian. 
a  million  successful  users.    Refer  to 
any    language    student.     Complete    course, 
each  language,  including  correction  of  les- 
sons and   exercises.  10  parts  Sn.00.   payable 
BOO  down.  $1.00  monthly.     The   Ro-enthal 
Method.  92   Putnam   Building,  2  West   45th 
S.  V. 


MISCELLANEOUS      Continued 


35  YEARS  OF  NERVOUSNESS  AND 
How  It  Was  Mastered,  by  The  Man  \\  ho  Did 
It.  Given  with  Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox's  New- 
Thought  booklet  and  three  months*  trial 
subscription  to  Nautilus  magazine  of  self- 
help,  for  10  cents.  The  Elizabeth  Towne 
Co.,  Dept.  776.  Holyoke,  Mass. 


"SEXUAL  PHILOSOPHY."  12c.  CLEAR, 
specific,  authoritative,  complete.  Satisfies. 
leaches.  Fred  E.  Kaessmann,  Lawrence, 
Mass. 


CLASSIFIED  ADVERTISERS  GET  BIG 
returns  from  Technical  World  Magazine. 
Any  classification.  Low  rate.  We  prepare 
OOpT  without  charge  if  desired.  Write  Ad- 
vertising Manager,o75SDrexel  Ave.,Chicago, 
for  information. 

NICKELED  STEEL  BICYCLE 
wrenches,  by  mail  15  cents  each.  Walsh's 
Sons  4  Co.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

12  FINEST  KENTUCKY  VIEWS,  25c;  30 
for  50c.    Harry  Baker,  Dept.  9,  Fristoe,  Ky. 

ROCKING  BATH  TUB.  Attach  to  any 
faucet.  Used  wherever  there  is  no  bath- 
room. Splendid  for  shower  bath.  Cheaply 
manufactured.  U.  S.  and  Canadian  pat- 
ents. Particulars  free.  B.  F.  Rusch,  3033 
Quinn  St..  Chicago. 

PHOTOS—  "Beautiful  Women,"  24  beauty 
poses,  10c.  Normal  Specialty  Co.,  J  9, 
Englewood.  Chicago. 

MULTIGRAPHING,  form  letters,  letter- 
heads, billheads,  envelopes,  statements, 
copy  prepared  that  pulls;  prices  lowest  con- 
sistent with  good  work.  Direct  Advertising 
Company,  Akron,  Ohio. 


200  VARIETIES  IRON  PUZZLES-Cat- 
alog  and  leader.  10c.  Western  Puzzle 
Works,  Sta.  2,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


CHEMICALS  for  renewing  old  dry  bat- 
teries:  large  supply  with  directions,  35  cts. 
Scientek  Laboratories,  Dept.  G.  Madison, 
Maine. 


HUMAN  SKULLS  FOR  SALE  — In  per- 
fect condition.  Sent,  prepaid.  $10.00.  Prof. 
Campbell.  721  E.  161st  St.,  New  York. 


CLEANNOTE  PAD  saves  tunes,  talks. 
Improves  tone.  Lessens  scratch.  Trebles 
life  records.  25c.  Get  circular.  Agents 
wanted.  Vox  Humana  Talking  Machine 
Co.,  Nantucket,  Mass. 


START  MAIL  ORDER  HERB  BUSI- 
NESS—New  idea  instruction  book  worth 
dollars  and  herb  catalog.  onlylOc.  Indian 
Herb  Gardens,  Box  M,  Hammond,  Ind. 


2,000  RURAL  NAMES  ANI>  ADDRESS, 
direct  from  1914  assessor  books,  $1.  AJB, 
Box  207,  Mohall.  N.  D. 


REAL  PHOTOS,  foreign  models.  Catalog 
and  samples,  10c.  De  Vitto  (5),  New  Dorp, 
N.  Y.         


ALL   FOR   30c.     A  25c.   California   gold 

riiece.  A  premium  coin  catalog.  A  selling 
1st.  A  pocket  piece.  A  lucky  seed.  C.  J. 
Carey,  Dept  T  W,  New  Kochelle.  N.  Y. 


DUB  NEW  TANGO  Havana  Smoker  is 
hand  made,  i%  inches  long:  a  ten  cent 
value.  $2.00  will  bring  to  your  desk  a  box  of 
50,  and  its  return,  less  five  cigars  for  trial, 
will  automatically  cause  the  refund  of  your 
money.  You  risk  nothing.  Send  your  order 
today.  A.  Ramirez  4  Co.,  Dept.  G,  P.  O. 
Box  99S,  Tampa,  Fla. 


FAMOUS  8PRINGDALE  FRUIT  DI8- 
trict.  $10,000  controls  fully  equipped  apple 
orchard;  1914  crop  estimated  5.000  barrels- 
should  pay  balance  purchase  money.  Sure, 
permanent  income;  no  failures  here.  Fred- 
ricks,  Springdale.  Arkansas. 

FLORIDA  HOTEL  BUILDING  site  given 
away  free  to  party  building  and  operating 
Tourist  Hotel.  Particulars,  address  "Own- 
er," Box  82,  South  Jacksonville.  Florida. 

COOPERATIVE  Colony  locating  here. 
<\ -n.tors  invited.  Edward  Miller,  Crys- 
tal Springs,  Flu. 


MOTORS 


GUARANTEED  new  single  phase  alter- 
natingourrent  motors,  latest  typeKH.  P.. 
$18;  1-6  H.  P..  $21;  M  H.  P.,  $24.  Special 
bargains  in  rebuilt  motors,  both  alternating 
and  direct  current.  Motors  bought,  sold, 
repaired.  Hyre  Electric  Co.,  607  So.  Dear- 
born St.,  Chicago. 


MOTION  PICTURE  PLAYS 


WRITE  MOVING  PICTURE  PLAYS:  $50 
each;  all  or  spare  time;  correspondence, 
course  unnecessary.  Details  free.  Atlas 
Publishing  Co.,  329,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


EARN  EXTRA  MONEY  WRITING  Mov- 
ing picture  plays.  We  show  you  how  to 
WRITE  and  SELL.  Send  for  free  book  of 
valuable  information,  special  prize  offer. 
Chicago  Photo- Playwright  College,  Box  278 
N.  W.,  Chicago. 


I  GUARANTEE  $10  FOR  FIRST  PHOTO- 
play  you  write  by  my  method.  Obtain  free 
booklet  "How  to  write  Photoplays.''  Elbert 
Moore,  Box-772  GG,  Chicago. 


WRITE  PHOTOPLAYS— Big  demand. 
Instruction  book,  containing  sample  scen- 
ario, etc.,  50c.  Labberton  Co.,  1308  Hoe 
Avenue,  New  York. 


MOTORCYCLES 


MOTORCYCLES.  Everybody  rides  them. 
Whydon'tyou?  You'renext.  Weguarantee 
to  save  you  $25  to  $50.  Kultures,  Yales, 
Readings,  Indians,  Excelsiors,  Thors,  Bar- 
leys, Hendersons,  Pierces.  Curtiss.  Single 
and  Twins.  $25  to  $100.00.  Tires  $4.00.  Belts 
$5.00.  Send  for  catalog.  Deninger  Cycle 
Co..  Rochester,  N.  Y. 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 


WANTED -AN  IDEA!  Who  can  think 
of  some  simple  thing  to  patent?  Protect 
your  ideas,  they  may  bring  you  wealth. 
Write  for  "Needed  Inventions'  and  "Pat- 
ent Buyers.''  Randolph  4  Co..  Patent  At- 
torneys,  Dept.  272,  Washington,  D.  C. 

BUSINESS  GOES  WHERE  INVITED 
and  stays  where  well  treated.  My  27  years 
of  personal  attention  has  procured  patents 
forsuccessful  inventors  and  manufacturers. 
Grasp  this  opportunity  to  get  the  same  ser- 
vice. Write  and  send  sketch.  Vernon  E. 
Hodges,   630    Barrister  Hldg..  Wash.,  P.  C. 

PATENT  YOUR  INVENTION.  Send 
sketch  for  free  expert  search  and  report  as 
to  patentability.  Books  on  inventions  and 
patents,  and  book  of  references  from  con- 
gressmen, manufacturers,  bankers  and  in- 
ventors sent  free.  John  S.  Duffie  4  Co., 
606  F.  St.,  N.  W..  Washington,  D.  C. 

PATENTS  WANTED  AND  BOUGHT  BY 
manufacturers.  For  interesting  and  valu- 
able information,  send  6  cents  postage  for 
large  Illustrated  paper  Visible  Results  and 
Terms  Book.  -R.  8.  4  A.  B.  Lacey,  Dept.  O, 
Washington,  P.  C  Estab.  1NP9. 

INVENTORS-WRITE  FOR  OUR  SPE- 

cial  offer  securing  patents.  Send  sketch 
for  FREE  SEARCH.  Wm.  N.  Moore4Co., 
706  Loan  4  Trust  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

INVENTIONS  DEVELOPED  BY  PRAC- 
tical  manufacturers.  We  have  designed  and 
manufactured  the  simplest  and  most  com- 
plicated  devices.  References  furnished. 
Russell  Machine  Company,  Live  Oak  and 
Central.  Dallas,  Texas.       

PROTECTIVE  PATENTS  PROCURED 

prompt! v.  Patent  books  free.  Trademarks 
registered.  Robb  4  Robb,  204-208  Southern 
Building,  Washington.  D.  C. 

O.  L.  PARKER,  Patent  Attorney.  944 
G  Street,  Washington,  D.  C.  Inventor's 
handbook.  "Protecting,  Exploiting  and 
Selling  Inventions."  sent  free  upon  request. 

"PATENTS  AND  PATENT  POSSIB1L- 
itles"  is  a  72-page  treatise  which  tells  all 
about  patents,  what  to  invent  and  where  to 
sell  it.  It  gives  honest  advice  to  inventors 
and  is  full  of  valuable  and  interesting  in- 
formation. Write  for  it  today!  It  is  FREE. 
H.  8.  Hill. '907  McLachlen  Building.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  whin  writing  advertisers. 


956 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


OPPORTUNITY  COLUMNS-Continued 


PATENTS  AND  PATENT  ATTORNEYS 

(Continued) 

A  SMALL  "AD"  IN  THESE  COLUMNS 
will  find  a  buyer  for  your  patent  at  a  tri- 
fling  cost.  Write  Advertising  Manager,  5766 
Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  for  information. 

PATENTS  without  advance  attorney's 
feet*.  Send  sketch  for  free  report.  Books 
free.    Fuller  A  Fuller,  Washington,  D.  0. 

,  PATENTS  — HERBERT  JENNER.  pat- 
ent attorney  and  mechanical  expert,  606  F 
St..  Washington,  I>.  C.  I  report  free  of 
charge  if  a  patent  can  be  had  and  its  exact 
cost.    Send  for  circular. 

PATENTS  THAT  PROTECT.  Advice  and 
booksfree.  Highest  references.  Bestresults. 
Send  sketch  or  model  for  free  Bearch. 
Watson  E.  Coleman,  Patent  Lawyer,  624  F 
Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 

PATENT  VOl'R  INVENTION.  $10,000 
offered  for  inventions  wanted.  Bookletand 
opinion  free.  Milo  B.  Stevens  &  Co.  Es- 
tablished 1H64.  612  F  St.,  Washington;  336 
Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 

INCORPORATE.  Our  lawyers  do  the 
work,  saving  you  time,  annoyance  and 
money  in  Incorporating  under  the  moat  lib- 
eral laws  of  Arizona.  Laws  and  forms  free. 
Southwestern  Securities*  Investment  Co., 
Box  4SH.  Phoenix.  Ariz. 

INVENTORS— Write  for  list  of  inventions 
wanted  and  book,  "The  Last  Word  on  Pat- 
ents." Manufacturers,  write  for  patents 
procured  by  me.  Prompt,  reliable  service. 
Sanders.  1.".6  Webster  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

WANTED  to  manufacture  Patents  on 
small  articles.  8,  Box  2142,  Bridgeport, 
Conn. 


PRINTING 


GUMMED  LABELS  — 3,000,  $1-00;  32  p. 
catalog,  2c.  MacTaggart,  1235  Arch,  Phila- 
delphia.  Pa. 

BETTER  PRINTING;  LOWER  COST. 
1,000  leiter  heads,  cards,  bill  heads,  circu- 
lars or  labels,  82.60.  Catalogs,  too.  Send 
your  samples  for  prices.  Van  Meter- Welch 
Service,  New  Richmond,  Wisconsin. 


PRINTING      Continued 


EMBOSSED  LETTERHEADS  AND  EN- 
velopes  price  of  common  or  flat  printing. 
Sena  for  samples.  Turner  &  Dunlap, 
Wilkes-Barre.  Pennsylvania. 

125  WHITE  BOND  LETTERHEADS  AND 
125  envelopes,  printed.  $1.00,  prepaid.  D. 
Lutz  Printing  Co.,  York,  Pa. 


FOR    SALE 


FOR  SALE— Mounted  moose,  elk,  deer 
heads.  Animals  and  birdH.  Reul>en  Sayler. 
497  Broadway,  Dayton.  Ohio. 

FOR  SALE  —  Royalty,  most  simple  auto- 
matic brake  for  talking  machines.  Write 
Box  215,  Reno.  Nev. 

FOR  SALE-UNITED  STATES-CANADA 

Patents.  Gas  Furnace.  Operated  cheaper; 
lasts  longer  than  Coal  Furnaces.  Geo. 
Sweet,  Webster  St..  Oakland,  Cal. 


TECHNICAL  BOOKS 


FOR  SALE— 10  Vol.  Cyclopedia  Architec- 
ture, Carpentry  and  Building,  8  Vol.  Civil 
Engineering,  4  Vol.  Auto.  Engineering,  2 
Vol.  Motion  Picture,  4  Vol.  Fire  Prevention 
and  Insurance.  Latest  books  on  these  sub- 
jects. Also  one  12  Vol.  Complete  Engineer- 
ing Reference  Library,  6  Vol.  Cyclopedia 
Advertising.  These  books  are  in  first  class 
condition— never  uf-ed.  Special  low  prices 
for  quick  sale.  Engineering  hand  books 
covering  every  subject.  Let  me  know  your 
wants.  Can  make  prompt  shipment.  Ad- 
dress C.  H.  W..  care  of  Technical  World 
Magazine,  Chicago.  111. 

START  YOUR  LIBRARY  OF  PRAC- 
tical  Handbooks  now.  Send  for  our  latest 
catalog  and  make  selection  from  our  line  of 
single  volumes  covering  the  following  sub- 
jects: Civil,  Mechanical,  Steam,  Electrical, 
Automobile,  and  Aeronautical  Engineer- 
ing, Architecture,  Carpentry  and  Building, 
and  Business.  These  books  are  made  up  or 
material  comprising  our  cyclopedias,  and 
are  constantly  revised  so  as  to  contain  the 
most  up-to-date  information  on  the  subjects 
covered.  American  Technical  Society. 
Chicago,  111. 


TECHNICAL    BOOKS-- Continued 


JUST  OFF  THE  PRESS.  BUSINESS 
English  and  Correspondence,  by  Charles  R. 
Barrett,  Ph.  D.  A  praotfoaJ  treatise  on  the 
methods  by  which  expert  correspondents 
produce  clear  and  forceful  letters  to  meet 
modern  business  requirements.  American 
Technical  Society,  Publishers,  Chicago. 


BOOKS  ABOUT  ELEVATORS.  Circular- 
free.  Morse,  21  Union  Place,  Vonkers.  V  V 


TELEPHONES 


TELEPHONES,  large  Wall  riasvSOfa,  x 
8  in. x  8  in.,  sold  regularly  at  $18.00.  Our 
bargain  price  $3.50  each,  while  they  Uwt. 
Send  your  order  immediately  upon  reading 
this  advertisement.  Cosmos  Electric  ('<>.. 
IM  M.  Liberty  St..  New  York. 

"HYDE'S  TELEPHONE  TROUBLES 
and  How  to  Find '1  hem."  Well  Illustrated, 
26c.  Hyde  Book  Co.,  1886th  St..  Milwaukee, 
Wis. 


TYPEWRITERS 


LARO  EST  STOCK  OF  TYPEWRITERS 
in  America.  All  makes.  Underwoods, 
Olivers,  Kemingtons.  etc.  H  to  i3  M  f r- .' 
prices.  Jli  up— rented  anywhere— applying 
rent  on    price.      Free  Trial.      Installment 

Payments  if  desired.     Write  for  Catalog  120. 
vpewriter    Emporium    (Eatab.  1892),  34-36 
W.  Lake  St..  Chicago,  111. 


SAVE  835  to  $50  ON  MANUFACTURERS' 
prices.  Buy  our  Factory  Rebuilt  Type- 
writers. Nearest-to-new  on  the  market. 
Have  trademark  and  guarantee  like  nev. 
machines.     Are  thoroughly  rebuilt,  highly 

folished,  and  perfect  in  appearance.  Batia> 
action  guaranteed.  We  are  the  largest 
rebuilt  typewriter  concern  in  the  world. 
Branch  stores  in  leading  cities.  Write  for 
catalog  of  standard  makes.  American  Writ- 
ing Machine  Co.,  Inc.,  345  Broadway.  N.  Y. 

$35.00  BLICKENSDERFEB  portable  type- 
writer, with  carrying  case,  $10.00.  Clifford 
Scott,  Dumont,  New  Jersey. 


from  us  direct.     Postage  prepaid 


riQHFRMFNV    A  Wonderful  New  FishCatchingBait 
I^rifc"»"lfcr«   -Use  One  Live  Minnow  All  Day 

This  is  the  new,  live  minnow  bait  that  is  making  such 
a  great  record  for  itself —that  is  the  talk  of  the  count  ry. 
■el»  all  other  artificial  bait.  Strong,  clear,  magnifying  glass  tube, 
housing  a  live  minnow.  Wonderful  power  of  attracting  fish  lies  in  the 
fact  that,  when  in  water,  the  glat-s  apparently  disappears,  leaving  minnow 
clearly  visible  and  greatly  magnified.  Minnow  has  fresh  water;  stays 
alive;  never  mutilated;  can  be  used  all  day.  Experienced  fishermen  tell 
us  that  it  is  the  most  wonderful  bait  they  have  ever  used. 

Lafayette  Blvd.,  Wist 
Detroit.  Michigan 


DETROIT  GLASS  MINNOW  TUBE  CO. 48 


i  i  Earn  Larger  Salaries  Than  Any  Other  Class  of  Men 

We  will  teach  you  to  be  a  high  prade  salesman,  in 
eight  weeks  by  mail  and  assure  you  definite  propositions  from  a 
large  number  of  reliable  firms  who  will  offer  you  opportunties 
to  earn  good  wages  while  you  are  learning.  No  former  ex- 
perience required^  t  \7rite  today  for  particulars,  list  of  hun- 
dreds of  good  openings  and  testimonials  from  hundreds  of  our 

atudenta  now  earning  $100   to  S500  a  month.      Address  nearest  office 
Dept  \  -1\  NATIONAL  SALESMEN'S  TRAINING  ASS'N. 

Chicago  Kansas  City  New  York  San  Francisco 


Engines  of  both  2-cycle  and  4-eycle  tjv  - 
for  boats  of  all  sizes.     Material  and1 
workmansh ip    absolute] y    guaranteed.- 
We    are    largest    builders    of    2-cycleT 
marine  engines  In  the  world  and  there  t 
are  over  1000  dealers  who  sell  Gray  En-C. 
gines  and  give  Gray  service.    Write  to- 
day for  our  three  valuable  books  abort  t  Gray  Motors  and  complete 
Motor  Boats.     CRAY  MOTOR  CO.,  Sjgj  Cray  Malar  fllda..  Detroit,  Mich. 


Learn  the  ¥"J  • 

Motion   Picture    DUSinCSS 

You  can  earn  from  $15  t«  $20  per  week  in  your  spare  time,  oper- 
ating a  moving  picture  machine.  Any  man  of  average  intelligence  can 
master  this  profession  in  a  few  weeks  by  our  easy  method  Write  for 
full  particulars  to-day. 

American  School  of  Correspondence 

5758  Drexel  Avenue  Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


TECHNICAL    WORLD   MAGAZINE 


957 


RED  DEVIL"  No.  542 

The  Most  Powerful  Nipper  Made 


It  has  a  leverage  ratio  of  20  to  1. 
<HThat  means,  for  every  pound  of  pres- 
sure on  the  handles,  you  get  20  pounds 
power  at  the  cutting  edges. 

an  get  this,    or    any    other    RED 

from  your  dealer.     If  not,  we  will 

sample  only,  postpaid,  on  receipt 

of    75    cents,    together    with   booklet  of  3,000  f~ 

RED  DEVILS.  <J  Send  for  booklet  anyhow. 

SMITH  &  HEMENWAY  CO..  Inc. 
14S  Chamber*  Street  New  York  City 


No.  81 


NEW— 

Advanced  ideas* 
brought  to  perfection, 
make  this  new- 
comer among 
die-stocks  a  won- 
derful littletool. 
Every  die-stock 
user  wants  it  on 
sight.  It  has 
added  to  the  fame  of 

OSTER 

PIPE-THREADING    TOOLS 

No.  SI  it*  an  absolutely  self-contained  stock  threading  pipe 
from  >i  inch  to  %  inch  on  one  set  of  dies.    It  combines  ail 
five  big  OHter  features.    Write  for  the  booklet  describing 
OsterNo.  81  today. 
THE  OSTER  MFG.  CO.,  1963  E.  61st  St.,  Cleveland,  O. 


The  IRWIN  Bit 

Req.U.S  PatOffice 


"Stamped  on  the 
shank  of  every 
genuine     IRWIN 

BIT.    ' 


T 


A  Bit  of  Toughest  Steel! 


That's  what  you  pet  when  you  buy  a 
genuine   "IRWIN."     A   bit 
that's    trip-hammer 

forged   from  one  fc^^^^^^  °f 

solid  piece  ^&*e*Z  Irwin  Cruci- 

ble Steel  —  a  bit 
whose  cutters  are  hand- 
filed  to  perfection — a  bit  that  you 
can  rely  upon  to  stand  up  under  all  the 
yanking  and  straining  you  may  put  it  to.    Insist 
on  getting  the  genuine  "IRWIN" — look  for  the  trademark. 

THE  IRWIN  AUGER  BIT  CO. 

WILMINGTON,  OHIO 


30  DAYS  FREE  TRIAL 


1915 

Model 


with  freight  prepaid,  on 
the  new  1915  'RANGER' 
bicycle  if  you  write  at 
once  for  big  catalog 
k  and  special  offer. 
Marvelous  im- 
provement*. Ex- 
traordinary values  in 
Four  1915  price  offers. 
r¥ou  cannot  afford  to 
buy  without  getting 
our  latest  propositions.  TIRES,  equipment,  sundries 
and  everything  in  the  bicycle  line  half  usual  prices. 
RIDER  AGENTS  WANTED.  You  can  make  bur  money 
taking  orders  for  bicycles  and  sundries.  Do  business  direct 
with  the  leading  bicycle  house  in  America.    Writo  to  us. 


i^nTrmn 


3  CUSTOM  SHIRTS  FOR  $5.00 


I  make  shiits  that  fit  you,  because  I  make  your  shirts  from  your  meas- 
urements and  guarantee  to  take  them  back  if  they  do  not  satisfy  you. 

I  send  you  100  samples  to  select  from 

I  send  you  measurement  blank  with  rules.     I  send  you  the  finished  shirts 

express  prepaid.      No  ready-made  shirts  in  my  shop,  but  facilities  for 

quick  delivery  of  the  highest  grade  of  custom  work.     Write  for  mv 

samples.     (Higher-priced   fabrics,  too.)     Summer  samples  now  ready. 

No  agents. 

(LARENCE  E.  HEAD  (Master  of  Hlitrtcraft) 

120  University  St.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Big  Commissions  for  Agents 

Technical  World  Magazine  pays  liberally  for  new 
subscriptions.     Its  inducements  are  most  attractive. 


Write  to-day  for  full  particulars  of  our  terms  to  agents 


Kindly  mention  Technical  World  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers. 


958 


TECHNICAL    WORLD    MAGAZINE 


SETTING  A  BEAR  TRAP 

JP  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains, 
only  a  few  hours  ride  from  New 
York  City,  there  are  plenty  of 
hears  living  in  the  forests  and 
every  year  some. of  the  natives 
trap  them  with  success.  It  is  a 
profitahle  occupation  because  the 
bear  meat  brings  a  high  price  in 
the  city,  being  generally  sold 
direct  to  the  steward  of  some  big 
hotel.  The  skin  also  brings  a 
good  price,  and  in  some  counties 
there  is  a  bounty. 

The  most  successful  method 
of  trapping  bears  has  been  to 
build  a  little  hut  or  coop  of  logs, 
set  the  trap  inside  of  this,  and 
put  the  bait  beyond  so  that  the 
bear  has  to  step  in  the  trap  while 
attempting  to  get  at  the  bait.  In  most 
of  the  traps  of  this  nature  a  sort  of 
combination  deadfall  is  made  and, 
while  the  bear  is  floundering  about 
after    being    caught    in    the    trap,    he 


knocks  out  some  props  and  several  of 
the  heavy  logs  fall  on  him,  making  his 
capture  doubly  certain. 

Usually  the  animal  is  killed  by  the  fall 


M'* 

Old  Rails  Hold  Up  Bridge 

When  the  repair  work  was  RoinK  on  they  were  used  successfully  for 

spans  up  to  fifteen  feet. 


of  logs  and  hence  there  is  not  the  terri- 
ble suffering  usual  to  the  trapped  beast 
between  the  capture  and  the  arrival  01 
the  trapper  who  dispatches  it.  As  a  con- 
sequence humane  persons  need  not  worry. 


FOR  BEAR  HUNTING  ON  NEW  YORK'S  OUTSKIRTS 


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Get  Your  *l 
Canadian  Home 

from  the 

Canadian  Pacific 


OUR  new  home  is  ready  for  you  in  the  fertile  Canadian  West,  with  its 
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This  land  is  offered  only  to  farmers  or  to  men  who  will  actually  occupy 
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no  better  land  than  this  rich  virgin  Canadian  soil.  The  enormous  crop 
yield  per  acre  proves  this  every  season. 

We  Give  You  20  Years  to  Pay 

We  will  sell  you  rich  Canadian  land  for  from  $11  to  $30  per  acre— in  irrigation  districts 
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down,  and  then  the  balance  in  19  equal  annual  payments  with  interest  at  6%.  Long  before 
your  final  payment  comes  due  your  farm  will  have  paid  for  itself  over  and  over  again. 
Many  good  farmers  in  Western  Canada  have  paid  for  their  farms  with  one  crop.  Here  are 
some  of  the  startling  features  of  the  most  remarkable  land  offer  you  have  ever  read: 

We  Lend  You  $2,000  for  Farm  Improvements 

This  offer  of  a  loan  up  to  $2,000  is  for  farm  development  only,  with  no  other  security  than  the  land  itself, 
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traffic  for  our  lines.  This  loan  will  help  you  in  providing'  buildings,  fencing,  sinking  well  and  breaking,  and 
you  are  given  twenty  years  in  which  to  fully  repay  this  loan.  While  enjoying  the  use  of  this  money, 
you  pay  only  interest  at  six  per  cent. 

Advance  Live  Stock  on  Loan  Basis 

The  Company,  in  the  case  of  the  approved  land  purchaser  who  is  in  a  position  and  has  the  ability 
to  take  care  of  his  stock,  will  advance  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  up  to  the  value  of  $1,000  on  the  basis  of 
the  settler's  note  with  interest  at  eight  per  cent,  to  enable  him  to  develop  more  rapidly,  on  the  right 
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Farm  MariV  R*>arlv  nv  FvnArfc  if  TWiVpfl  If  ^o?  want  a  place  already  established,  select  one 
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This  Great  Offer  Is   Based   on   Good   Landl 

The  Canadian  Pacific  offers  you  the  finest  land  on  earth  for  grain  growinjr,  cattle,  hog,  sheep  and.horse  raising,  dairying,  poul- 
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[IJ 

3D 


mixed  and  grain  farming.  REMEMBER,  THESE  lands  ARE  LOCATED 
ON  OR  NEAR  ESTABLISHED  LINKS  OF  RAILWAY,  NEAR  ESTAB- 
LISHED TOWNS.  And  you  can  start  on  an  irrigated  or  non-irrigated 
farm,  improved  or  unimproved. 

Your  new  home  and  your  fortune  are  ready  for  you  In  the  famous. 
fertile  Canadian  West,  with  its  magniiicent  soil,  good  climate,  churches, 
public  schools,  good  markets,  good  hotels,  unexcelled  transportation  — 
and  20  years  in  which  to  pay  for  your  farm  and  repay  the  improvemeut  loan. 

Here  is  the  Last  Best  West — where  your  opportunity  lies.  Don't 
delay.  Mail  the  coupon  here  at  once.  The  best  land  will  be  taken  first 
— so  time  is  precious  to  you.     WRITE  TODAY. 

H.  E.  THORNTON,   Colonization  Agent 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  Colonization  Department 

112  West  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  III. 
FOR  SALE — Town  Lots  in  all  growing  towns,  on  fines  of 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway.       Ask  for  information  concerning 
Industrial  and  Business  openings  in  these  towns. 


Irrigation 
Farming 
Book  on 

Manitoba 


□ 


Book  on  Alberta  - 
Saskatchewan 
Information  on  Business  and 


I       I  Industrial  Opportunities 
(Make  a  cross  in  the  square  opposite  the  book  wanted.) 
H.  E.  THORNTON,  Colonization  Agent 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  Colonization  Department 
112  West  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  III. 
Please  send  the  books  indicated  above. 


Name 

Address 

Town State. 


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